Major herbicides use in Cambodia Prepared by lecturer Hing Thida Major herbicides use in Cambodia

I.Extremely herbicide hazardous class Ia II.Highly herbicide hazardous class Ib III.Moderately herbicide hazardous II IV.Slightly herbicide hazardous class III V.Herbicides in class IV

I. Extremely herbicide hazardous class Ia 1 - eQaHBaNiCkm Alachlor - eQaHTUeTA Alachlor - RkumKImI Chloroacetanilide - karcuHbBaI GnuBaateGayeRbIR)as;beNaHGasn (Restrected) - EbbEpnnGMeBI Systemic - PaBCMerIs Selective Alachlor is an herbicide from the chloroacetanilide family. How to use: Alachlor is mixed well with other herbicides , and is found in mixed formulations with trazine, glyphosate, trifluralin, and imazaquen. It is most commonly available as micro granules containing 15% a.i. Kind of crop that be use: Alachlor is used mainly to control annual grass and broad leaf weeds in corn, soybean, and peanuts.

Alachlor

III. Moderately herbicide hazardous class II 1 - eQaHBaNiCkm 2,4 D - eQaHTUeTA 2,4 D

- RkumKImI PAA - karcuHbBaI GnuBaateGayeRbIR)as; (Permitted) - EbbEpnnGMeBI Systemic - PaBCMerIs Selective

III. Moderately herbicide hazardous class II 2 - eQaHBaNiCkm Anco 720 DD - eQaHTUeTA 2,4 D - RkumKImI PAA

- karcuHbBaI GnuBaateGayeRbIR)as; (Permitted) - EbbEpnnGMeBI Systemic - PaBCMerIs Selective

I. Moderately herbicide hazardous class II 3- eQaHBaNiCkm Hai-Bon-D 480DD - eQaHTUeTA 2,4 D - RkumKImI PAA

- karcuHbBaI GnuBaateGayeRbIR)as; (Permitted) - EbbEpnnGMeBI Systemic - PaBCMerIs Selective

III. Moderately herbicide hazardous class II 4- eQaHBaNiCkm Ok683DD - eQaHTUeTA 2,4 D

- RkumKImI PAA - karcuHbBaI GnuBaateGayeRbIR)as; (Permitted) - EbbEpnnGMeBI Systemic - PaBCMerIs Selective

III. Moderately herbicide hazardous class II 5 - eQaHBaNiCkm Paraquat - eQaHTUeTA )a:ra:hat - RkumKImI BP

- karcuHbBaI minGnuBaateGayeRbIR)as; (Banned) - EbbEpnnGMeBI Contact - PaBCMerIs Nonselective

III. Moderately herbicide hazardous class II 6 - eQaHBaNiCkm Paraquat Dichloride - eQaHTUeTA Paraquat - RkumKImI BP

- karcuHbBaI minGnuBaateGayeRbIR)as; (Banned) - EbbEpnnGMeBI Contact - PaBCMerIs Nonselective

III. Moderately herbicide hazardous class II 7 - eQaHBaNiCkm Patonox - eQaHTUeTA 2,4 D - RkumKImI PAA

- karcuHbBaI GnuBaateGayeRbIR)as; (Pesrmitted) - EbbEpnnGMeBI Systemic - PaBCMerIs Selective

III. Moderately herbicide hazardous class II 8 - eQaHBaNiCkm Vi 2,4 D 720 DD - eQaHTUeTA 2,4 D

- RkumKImI PAA - karcuHbBaI GnuBaateGayeRbIR)as; (Permitted) - EbbEpnnGMeBI Systemic - PaBCMerIs Selective

III. Moderately herbicide hazardous class II 9 - eQaHBaNiCkm Vi 2,4 D 80 BT - eQaHTUeTA 2,4D

- RkumKImI PAA - karcuHbBaI GnuBaateGayeRbIR)as; (Permitted) - EbbEpnnGMeBI Systemic - PaBCMerIs Selective

III. Moderately herbicide hazardous class II 10- eQaHBaNiCkm Zico 729 SL - eQaHTUeTA 2,4D

- RkumKImI PAA - karcuHbBaI GnuBaateGayeRbIR)as; (Permitted) - EbbEpnnGMeBI Systemic - PaBCMerIs Selective

IV. Slightly herbicide hazardous class III 1 - eQaHBaNiCkm Glyphosan - eQaHTUeTA Glyphosate

- RkumKImI OP - karcuHbBaI GnuBaateGayeRbIR)as; (Permitted) - EbbEpnnGMeBI Systemic - PaBCMerIs Nonselective

IV. Slightly herbicide hazardous class III 2 - eQaHBaNiCkm Glyphosate - eQaHTUeTA Glyphosate

- RkumKImI OP - karcuHbBaI GnuBaateGayeRbIR)as; (Permitted) - EbbEpnnGMeBI Systemic - PaBCMerIs Nonselective

IV. Slightly herbicide hazardous class III 3 - eQaHBaNiCkm Luxenfosate - eQaHTUeTA Glyphosate - RkumKImI OP

- karcuHbBaI GnuBaateGayeRbIR)as; (Permitted) - EbbEpnnGMeBI Systemic - PaBCMerIs Nonselective

IV. Slightly herbicide hazardous class III 4 - eQaHBaNiCkm Onecide 15 ND - eQaHTUeTA Fluagifop butyl - RkumKImI OOG

- karcuHbBaI GnuBaateGayeRbIR)as; (Permitted) - EbbEpnnGMeBI - PaBCMerIs

V. Herbicides class IV 1 - eQaHBaNiCkm ALMIX 20WP - eQaHTUeTA Mesulfuron methyl - RkumKImI No

- karcuHbBaI GnuBaateGayeRbIR)as; (Permitted) - EbbEpnnGMeBI - PaBCMerIs

V. Herbicides class IV 2 - eQaHBaNiCkm ATRAZINE 80 - eQaHTUeTA Atrazine - RkumKImI Triazin

- karcuHbBaI GnuBaateGayeRbIR)as; (Permitted) - EbbEpnnGMeBI - PaBCMerIs

V. Herbicides class IV 3 - eQaHBaNiCkm LYRIN 480 DD - eQaHTUeTA Glyphosate - RkumKImI OP

- karcuHbBaI GnuBaateGayeRbIR)as; (Permitted) - EbbEpnnGMeBI Systemic - PaBCMerIs Nonselective

V. Herbicides class IV 4 - eQaHBaNiCkm MICO 60 EC - eQaHTUeTA Butachlor - RkumKImI OC

- karcuHbBaI GnuBaateGayeRbIR)as; (Permitted) - EbbEpnnGMeBI Systemic - PaBCMerIs Selective

IV. Herbicides class IV 5 - eQaHBaNiCkm UNO CHEM - eQaHTUeTA Glyphosate

- RkumKImI OP - karcuHbBaI GnuBaateGayeRbIR)as; (Permitted) - EbbEpnnGMeBI Systemic - PaBCMerIs Nonselective

IV. Herbicides class IV 6 - eQaHBaNiCkm Viphosate 480DD - eQaHTUeTA Glyphosate

- RkumKImI OOG - karcuHbBaI GnuBaateGayeRbIR)as; (Permitted) - EbbEpnnGMeBI Systemic - PaBCMerIs Nonselective

V. Herbicides class IV 7 - eQaHBaNiCkm WEESHOT - eQaHTUeTA Quinelorac - RkumKImI OC

- karcuHbBaI GnuBaateGayeRbIR)as; (Permitted) - EbbEpnnGMeBI - PaBCMerIs

I. 2,4 D (WSA, BSI) - Trade Name: Aqua kleen, Aresol, Butoxone, Barweel, Chloroxone, Crag Herbicide-1, Cornox, Dicotox, 2,4-D NaS, 2,4 DLVE, 2,4 DE, DMA-4, Dacamine, 2,4-DA, Easteron 99 Con., Fernoxone,Hexama 2,4-D,,,,,,

-Origin: Amchem Product Tnc. (1942) -Chemical name: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid -Type of herbicide: Selective translocated, belong to phenoxy group.

-General Dosage: - 4 kg/ha. -Application: Mainly post emergence and pre-emergence.

-Uptake and Mode of Action: Systemic effect on plants. It is absorbed and translocated by the plants. -Important weed controlled: Convolvulus arvensis; Stellaria sp; Xanthium strumarium; Amaranthus ( pig weed).

-Residue Information: It is registered for use on Asparagus, corn, Rice, Sugarcane. The chemical is readily absorbed by the organic matter and soil colloids, there by losing some of its biological activity. In the soil 2,4-D acid is broken down by microorganism within 3-6 weeks if there is moisture and fertility in the soil; but under dry and cold condition the chemical remains in the soil for much longer time.

-Miscellaneous Information: The small amount of the chemical may seriously effect the crops, like cotton, tomato, grapes, fruit trees and some ornamentals.

The use of the chemical therefore will be hazardous in the mixed crop area. The spray drift should be avoided when the wind velocity is high (i.e excess of 10 km per hour). -Formulation: Soluble liquid, emulsifiable liquid, granular form & soluble amines.

II . Propanil (WSA) -Trade Name: Dipran, propanid, Rogue, Stam F. 34, Surcopur. -Origin: Rohm and Hass chemical Company and Monsanto chemical company.

-Chemical name: 3,4-dichloropropionanilide

-Type of herbicide: contact herbicide, belong to analide group.

-General dosage( ) : 3-8 kg/ha -Application: post-emergence (treat rice when grass weeds are 1-3 leaf stage, higher dosage is required to control grasses in 4-leaf stage). -Uptake and Mode of action: contact -Residue Information: Registered only for rice

-Important weed controlled: Echinochloa crusgalli; Digitaria sp; Eleusine sp; Cyperus rotundus; Eleocharis sp; Scirpus sp; Alternanthera philoxeroides. The chemical does not control Leptochloa sp.

-Miscellaneous Information: May cause temporary yellowing and tip burn to rice after treatment but no severe injury will result. The efficacy of the chemical depends on temperature.

When the temperature is about 23.88 degree C its activity increase; if below 12.77 degree C activity diminishes. Avoid drift as the chemical may go to nearby crops like cotton, legumes, and may cause them injury. Do not apply when rain is expected within 5-6 hours.

III. Butachlor (WSA) -Trade name: CP 53619, Machete -Origin: Mansanto chemical Campany

-Chemical name: 2-chlorro-2,6-diethyl-N-(butoxy methyl) acetanilide

-Type of herbicide: Selective, belong to acetanilide group. -General dosage: 1.5-2 kg/ha

-Application: Pre-emergence -Uptake and Mode of action: Absorbed primarily between the seed and first node of germinating seedling. -Important weed controlled: Eleusine indica; Echinochloa crusgalli; Portulaca oleracea; Cyperus sp; Sorghum halepense; Amaranthus sp; Monocots and Dicots weed in paddy.

-Miscellaneous information: The chemical can control weeds in wheat, cotton, paddy, peanut and several Brassica crops.

In case of accidental skin contact, wash immediately with plain water or soap and water. If eye are effected, flush with water immediately and continue at last 15 minutes.

IV. Fluorodifen

-Trade name: Preforan, Soyex, C-6989 -Origin: Ciba & Geigy -Chemical name: p-nitrophenyla,a,a-trifluoro-2-nitro-p-tofyl ether

-Type of herbicide: Selective -General dosage: 3-6 kg/ha -Application: Pre-emergence -Uptake & Mode of action: Not clearly understood -Important Weeds controlled: Most annuals grasses and broad leaf weeds are controlled. -Miscellaneous Information: Keep out of reach of children and animals. May cause irrigation.

V. Benthiocarb -Trade name: Saturn -Origin: Kumiai Chemical Industry Co. Ltd, Tokyo (Japan)

-Chemical name: S-(4-chlorobenzyl)-N,N- diethythiolcarbamate

-Type of herbicide: Selective: -General dosages: 4-8 kg/ha

-Application: Pre-emergence -Important Weeds controlled: Echinochloa crusgalli, all brad-leaf weeds, Scirpus sp., Alisma plantago. -Miscellaneous Information: .Before transplanting- soil application with granules. .After transplanting- Broadcast granules or spraying or after sowing seed but before 3-leaf stage of paddy.

VI. Oxadiazon -Trade name: Ronstar, 17623 RP, G-315 -Origin: Rhone-Poulene of France (1969)

-Chemical name: 2-tert butyl-4-(2,4-dichloro-5-isopropyloxy)-1,3,4- oxadiazoline

-Type of herbicide: Selective -General dosage: 1-3 kg/ha

-Application: Pre-emergence, also apply as post-emergence to weed in the young seedling stage. -Mode of action: The action is quick and complete when weeds are young or are growing fast. -Important weeds controlled: Cyperus difformis, Convolvulus arvensis, Echinichloa crusgalli, Echinochloa colonum,Eleocharis acicularis,

Leptochloa filiforma, Monochoria vaginalis, Scirpus mucronatus. -Miscellaneous information: In India the chemical is giving good result in control of weeds in paddy since last two years.

VII. Bentazone -Trade name: Basagran/Bentazone/Bendioxide -Origin: BASF (1968)

-Chemical name: 3-isopropil H-2,1,3-benzothiadrazin-4 (3H)-one 2,2-dioxide

-Type of herbicide: Selective -General dosage: 0.5-2 kg/ha

-Application: Post-emergence -Mode of action: After foliar absorption, it is very effective, non- staining contact chemical. -Important weeds controlled: Amaranthus spinosus, Abutilon theophrasti, Brassica nigra, Convolvulas arvensis, Ipomoea sp., Xanthium strumarium. -Miscellaneous information: we should protect the eyes while using this chemical.

VIII. Paraquat (WSA, BSI) -Trade name: Gramoxone, Orthoparaquat, Paraquat dichloride

-Origin: In Europe by plant Protection Ltd. (1961). In the USA it is sold by california Chemical Company. -Chemical name: 1,1-dimethyl-4,4-bipyridilium dichloride

-Type of herbicide: non selective, may be translocated up to some extent, more effective on grasses than broad leaves. -Application: Post-emergence -Uptake & Mode of Action: Contact -Important Information: Generally all annual weeds -Miscellaneous Information: Paraquat is rapidly absorbed and inactivated in the soil, so that it has little or no residual activity at weed control dosages.

IX. Dalapon (WSA, BSI) -Trade name: Basfapon, Dawpon, Radapon and Tafapon. -Origin: Dow Chemical Company (1950)

-Chemical name: 2,2-dichloro propionic acide

-Type of herbicide: Selective translocated herbicide, belong to aliphatic acid group.

-General dosage: 5-10 kg/ha in enough water for adequate coverage. -Application: Pre and post-emergence. -Uptake & Mode of action: The chemical is taken up through foliage and roots. -Important weeds controlled: Generally all annual and perennial grasses. The important weeds controlled are: Agropyron repens ( ..grass); Sorghum halepense (Johnoson grass); Cynodon dactylon,

Setaria sp, Digitaria sp, Typha sp, Poa annua (blue grass). -Miscellaneous Information: Do not use on fruit trees less than 4 years old, harmless to fish at low rates.

X. Glyphosate -Trade name: Round up -Origin: Monsanto Chemical Company.

-Chemical name: N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine (isopropylamine salt) -Structural formula:

-Type of herbicide: non selective

-Application: post-emergence -Dosage & application: 0.5- 4kg/ha -Mode of action: The chemical is to inhibit protein synthesis. -Important weeds controlled: Most of the perennial weeds which include: Agropyron repens, Amaranthus sp, convolvulus arvensis, Cynodon dactylon, Echinochloa crusgalli, Ipomoea sp, Stellaria sp, Xanthium strumarium.

-Residue information: As recommended dosages residue of glyphosate would be negligible in any crop planted .

Residue in the edible portion of the crops, seeds, fruits, oils, foliage or in potable (drinking) water are generally less than 5 ppm. These residue are considered negligible and are considered to present no hazards for human consumption or animal consumption of crops or water from area treated with the chemical.