Content Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO LECO 1.1 History of LECO 1.2 Mission of LECO 1.3 Vision of LECO 1.

4 Present performance of the company 1.5 Organization tr!ct!re of the company 1.5.1 "ranches an# the C!stomer er$ice Centers of the company 1.5.2 Hierarchica% Le$e%s 1.& er$ice 'ss!rances 1.( )ea*nesses Chapter 2 TECHNICAL 2.1 +esign phi%osophy 2.1.1 High Vo%tage 2.1.2 Lo, $o%tage 2.2 C%earance parameters 2.2.1C%earances from gro!n# an# str!ct!res 2.2.2 C%earances from rai%,ay %ines 2.2.3 C%earances from other con#!ctors 2.2.4 afety c%earances 2.3 +istri0!tion Contro% Centre 2.3.1 Loa# rea#ings 2.3.2 Mimic #iagram 2.4 1P 213 2.4.1 Ho, 1P ,or*s 2.4.2 Errors in 1P 2.4.3 Proce#!re of 1P 213 mapping 2.5 E4!ipments an# materia%s !se# in the fie%# 2.5.1 Po%es 2.5.2 3ns!%ators i

page

1 1 1 2 2 2 4 5 5

( ( ( . 1/ 1/ 11 11 11 12 13 13 13 15 15 1.

2.5.3 +istri0!tion 5ransformers 2.5.4 ,itches 2.5.5 Con#!ctors 2.5.& Oi% tester 2.& Energy meters 2.&.1 3n#!ction type energy meters 2.&.2 5esting of in#!ction type energy meters 2.&.3 Ca%i0rating of in#!ction type energy meters 2.&.4 E%ectronic meters Chapter 3 MANAGEMENT 3.1 Hea# Office acti$ities 3.2 "ranch Office acti$ities 3.3 C!stomer er$ice Centre acti$ities 3.4 Contri0!tion of +CC 3.4.1 3nterr!ption che#!%ing 3.4.2 ,itching operation sche#!%ing 3.4.3 +ai%y report 3.4.4 Month%y reports 3.4.5 Management 3nformation system report 3.4.& Permit to )or* 3.5 Proc!rement ection 3.5.1 Persona% in$o%$e# in proc!rement proce#!re 3.5.2 Proc!rement proce#!re 3.& 1P 213 3.( Loa# forecasting 3.- Loa# f%o, t!#y Chapter 4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 4.1 !mmary 4.2 Conc%!sions REFERENCES ii

1. 22 22 25 25 25 22. 3/

32 32 33 33 33 34 34 34 35 35 3& 3& 3& 3& 33-

4/ 41 42

LIST OF TABLES
5a0%e 5a0%e 2.16 C%earances of o$erhea# %ines from con#!ctors 5a0%e 2.26 Po%e %engths 5a0%e 2.36 H7C f!se ratings 5a0%e 2.46 8o of 9+ :s ,ith transformer capacities 5a0%e 2.56 ser$ice con#!ctor characteristics ;sing%e phase t,in< 5a0%e 2.&6 ser$ice con#!ctor characteristics ;3 phase fo!r core t,iste#< 5a0%e 2.(6 ser$ice con#!ctor characteristics ;4=sing%e '%< 5a0%e 2.-6 'cc!racy tests Page 1/ 121 21 21 24 24 2-

LIST OF FIGURES
9ig!re 9ig!re1.16 Hierarchica% %e$e%s 9ig!re 2.16 3nterconnection 0et,een three segments 9ig!re 2.26 1!y ,ires 9ig!re 2.36 tr!t po%es 9ig!re 2.46 +istri0!tion transformer 9ig!re 2.56 chematic #iagram of a three phase >)h meters 9ig!re 2.&6 5esting of sing%e phase >)h meters Page 4 12 1( 1( 1. 2( 2.

iii

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO LECO

1.1 Hi t!r" !# LECO
CE" an# se$era% %oca% ,ere engage# in #istri0!tion of e%ectricity in the is%an#? prior to the formation of LECO. Loca% a!thorities p!rchase# po,er from CE" an# #istri0!te# to c!stomer 0y the %oca% a!thorities ,ere at $ery %o, stan#ar#. 5he system:s %osses ,ere $ery high an# as ,e%% re%ia0i%ity of s!pp%y ,as $ery %o,. +!e to ins!fficient system capacities ne, c!stomers ha# to ,ait %ong perio#s to o0tain s!pp%y. 5he re$en!e co%%ection ,asn:t #one in a proper manner. 5he go$ernment? recognizing the ,ea*nesses of the system? appointe# a committee to st!#y the system. 3mpro$e the 4!a%ity of the e%ectricity s!pp%y 7e#!ction of e%ectricity ,astage. 3mpro$ement of 0i%%ing? re$en!e co%%ection an# payments to CE" for 0!%* p!rchases. Minimization of #isparities in the retai% price of e%ectricity in #ifferent areas. 3mpro$ement in c!stomer re%ations? prompt attention to Comp%aints an# o$era%% efficiency. 3mpro$ement of 4!a%ity of management.

On the recommen#ations of the Committee? the Lan*a E%ectricity Company ;Pri$ate< Limite# ,as esta0%ishe# in eptem0er 1.-3 !n#er the Companies 'ct.

1.2 Mi i!$ !# LECO

5o 0e the 0est in the E%ectricity +istri0!tion 3n#!stry an# to acti$e%y contri0!te to #e$e%op a Competiti$e E%ectricity 3n#!stry in ri Lan*a for the "enefit of E%ectricity Cons!mers.

1.3 %i i!$ !# LECO

En@oy 0eing the %ight for %i$es of peop%e thro!gh inno$ati$e ecoAfrien#%y 0!siness 1

1.4 &re e$t per#!r'a$(e !# the (!'pa$"

LECO no, operates in 32 Loca% 1o$ernment areas an# has gro,n from 12?/// to o$er 4-/?/// C!stomers in the )estern an# o!thern coasta% 0e%t to,nships 0et,een 8egom0o an# 1a%%e an# has a staffAstrength of aro!n# 1?5//.3t #oes po,er #istri0!tion on%y. LECO p!rchases po,er from Cey%on E%ectricity "oar# an# #istri0!tes to the c!stomers in a0o$e mentione# areas. 3t is act!a%%y a 15B of tota% po,er #istri0!tion in ri Lan*a. 7est part is #one 0y CE".

1.) Or*a$i+ati!$a, tr-(t-re !# the (!'pa$"

LECO #istri0!tion area is #i$i#e# in to ( 0ranches an# f!rther to 25 c!stomer ser$ice centers for efficient an# effecti$e ser$ice. '%% the 0ranches are in#epen#ent 0o#ies centra%%y contro%%e# 0y the corporate management of LECO. 1.).1 Bra$(he A$. the C- t!'er Ser/i(e Ce$ter !# the C!'pa$"

5here are 3A5 C!stomer ser$ice Centers !n#er E$ery "ranch. 5he hea# of a C C is C!stomer er$ice !per$isor. 5ypica% C C has a net,or* ,ith approCimate%y 2/?/// connecte# cons!mers.

8egom0o 8egom0o DaAE%a ee#!,a

+a%!gama >an#ana Mahara )atta%a

>a%aniya

"ora%asgam!,a 8!gego#a Maharagama 8!gego#a Pita*otte >otte >o%onna,a >oti*a,atta Morat!,a 8orth Morat!,a Pana#!ra Morat!,a o!th >ora%a,e%%a >ese%,atta >a%!tara >a%!tara Payaga%a '%!thgama

1a%%e 1a%%e Hi**a#!,a 'm0a%ango#a

1.).2 Hierar(hi(a, Le/e,

9ig!re 1.16 Hierarchica% %e$e%s 4

1.0 Ser/i(e A -ra$(e

E%ectricity as a form of energy has 0ecome $ery pop!%ar an# !sef!% #!e to its characteristics s!ch as transporta0i%ity? con$erti0i%ity? %o, po%%!tion at the cons!mer en# etc. 3n ri Lan*a a%so? e%ectricity has 0ecome a part of %ife of peop%e #!e to its !sef!%ness to the society. o to ma*e its c!stomers comforta0%e LECO offers some ser$ice ass!rances. 1 Ne1 (!$$e(ti!$ e ti'ate i$ 14 .a" ,hen someone as*s for a ne, connection or reA%ocation of ser$ice? LECO iss!es the estimate ,ithin 14 #ays free of charge 2 Ne1 (!$$e(ti!$ i$ 14 .a" Once someone pay in f!%% for the ne, connection? his e%ectricity s!pp%y ,i%% 0e connecte# ,ithin 14 #ays if there are no o0@ections for ro!ting of the %ine 3 Meter te ti$* i$ 14 .a" 3f anyone thin* his meter is #efecti$e? he can re4!est for the meter to 0e teste# 0y paying fee of 7 .&2/2A ;ref!n#a0%e if the meter is #efecti$e< at the "ranch Office of his ser$ice area. Meter ,i%% 0e teste# ,ithin 14 #ays 4 S-pp," /!,ta*e LECO maintains the s!pp%y $o%tage ,ithin the range 21& Vo%ts to 244 Vo%ts? ;i.e. 23/ Vo%ts E &B<. 3n case the $o%tage is o!tsi#e this range? they correct the sit!ation ,ithin 12 ,ee*s. 5 I$.e'$it" !# (!$ -'er2 app,ia$(e if e%ectrica% app%iances are #amage# #!e to #efects in LECO e%ectricity net,or*? eCc%!#ing those #!e to ca!ses 0eyon# LECO contro%? they !n#erta*e to 0ear the repair cost.

1.3

4ea5$e e

LECO p!rchases e%ectricity from CE" an# se%% it to the cons!mers. 5hey #on:t ha$e their o,n po,er p%ants for generating e%ectricity. 3f they o,n some po,er p%ants it ,ii 0e m!ch more 0eneficia% than this. 5ho!gh it is a profit ma*ing company? no, there is some,hat %oss in their profit margin in the recent years. LECO is not 0eing a0%e to 0eneficia% in a%% the areas as 0efore. 3 thin* it is #!e to $ario!s reasons. Most of the 5

soft,ares !se# 0y are not appropriate to the system. Ca%c!%ations #one !sing these soft,are are not $ery acc!rate. Especia%%y %oa# forecasting is #one 0y M ECce%. o the forecaste# $a%!es are not correct. "!t the system p%anning is #one for the f!t!re fi$e years? !sing these $a%!es. LECO has starte# to remo$e transformers ,ith conser$ator tan*s an# rep%ace them ,ith hermitica%%y sea%e# type transformers. "!t they %ife time is %ess. 3t:s not 0eneficia% for the company.

Chapter 2
&

TECHNICAL
2.1 De i*$ phi,! !ph"
2.1.1 Hi*h %!,ta*e 5he #esign of the 11 *V e%ectrica% #istri0!tion system is primari%y to ser$e s!0!r0an areas 0ase# on an interconnecte# ra#ia% system ,ith sectiona%ize# s,itching to gi$e a%ternati$e s!pp%ies. 3n or#er to pro$i#e an a%ternati$e s!pp%y #!ring fa!%t or maintenance con#itions? the 11*V Loa# "rea* ,itches are to 0e insta%%e# 0et,een s!0stations. O$erhea# 11 *V %ines are genera%%y ro!te# a%ong roa#s thro!gh areas ,ith the %argest no. of cons!mers to maCimize their cost effecti$eness. 5he #istri0!tion system is #esigne# main%y ,ith o$erhea# circ!its? ,ith high $o%tage ca0%es 0eing %imite# to short ca0%es r!ns from the s!0station in#oor HV s,itch gear to the o$erhea# circ!its? an# for short #e$iations of %ine ,here str!ct!res? 0!i%#ings? airport r!n,ay approaches an# trees of re%igio!s significance present physica% o0stac%es. 2.1.2 L!1 /!,ta*e Lo, $o%tage system comprises of o$erhea# three phase fo!r ,ire circ!it !sing ins!%ate# a%!min!m 0!n#%e# con#!ctor ,ith a%!min!m a%%oy messenger ,ire? or stran#e# a%% a%!min!m? or copper 0are con#!ctors. treet %ight con#!ctor ,i%% 0e insta%%e# ,here it is re4!ire#. '%so rec%aime# materia%s from eCisting system are !se# to for ne, %o, $o%tage constr!ction. "!n#%e# con#!ctor constr!ction has no, 0een ,i#e%y accepte# 0eca!se of its simp%icity of constr!ction? easy maintenance? its a#$antages in tree# areas? an# more sec!rity against theft e%ectricity. 8e, %o, $o%tage constr!ction is !n#er 0!i%t on po%es carrying 11 *V fee#ers? #istri0!tors? sp!rs.

2.2 C,eara$(e para'eter

(

5his section %ist the c%earances from gro!n# an# str!ct!res? an# safety c%earances. 5he c%earances are inten#e# to ren#er the o$erhea# con#!ctors inaccessi0%e to any person or $ehic!%ar traffic? ,ith a s!ita0%e a%%o,ance for safety an# en$ironmenta% consi#erations. 2.2.1 C,eara$(e #r!' *r!-$. a$. tr-(t-re a< '0o$e gro!n# 33*V Aa%ong or across any roa# or street Aacross farm %an# an# rice fie%#s Aacross s,amp an# marsh 11 *V Aacross any roa# or street Aa%ong any roa# or street Ain any other p%ace inaccessi0%e to $ehic%es Lo, $o%tage an# ser$ice %ines Aacross any roa# or street Aa%ong any roa# or street Ain any other p%ace inaccessi0%e to $ehic%es 5.5 m 5./ m 4.& m &.1 m 5.2 m 4.. m &.4 m &.1 m 4.. m

er$ice %ines ;for the %ast span in any p%ace other than a p%ace to ,hich the p!0%ic ha$e access< Ain p%ace !se# or %ia0%e to 0e !se# 0y $ehic%es Ae%se,here 3.5 m 2.( m

9%ying g!y ,ires Aacross any roa# or street 5.5 m

0< 9rom 0!i%#ings? other str!ct!res? an# trees 33 *V A$ertica% c%earance Ahorizonta% c%earance 3./ m 2./ m

11 *V A$ertica% c%earance Ahorizonta% c%earance 2.( m 1.5 m

Lo, $o%tage ins!%ate#;,hen not attache# to a 0!i%#ing< A$ertica% F horizonta% c%earance /.15 m

Lo, $o%tage 0are A$ertica% c%earance Ahorizonta% c%earance 2.4 m 1.5 m

2.2.2 C,eara$(e #r!' rai,1a" ,i$e O$erhea# %ine con#!ctors sha%% ha$e the fo%%o,ing minim!m c%earance from rai%. a< 33 *V 0< 11 *V c< Lo, $o%tage (./ m &.( m &.( m

8o po%e or s!pport sha%% 0e erecte# nearer than 3.1 m on si#ings? an# 4./ m in a%% other cases? form the centre of the nearest rai%,ay trac* to the nearer face of the po%e or s!pport. 5he span crossing the rai%,ay %ine #oesn:t eCcee# 5/ m. 'n# no @oints are ma#e in the crossing span. 'n# a%so a cra#%e g!ar# is insta%%e# 0et,een #istri0!tion %ine an# rai%,ay %ine ,ith 5./ m a0o$e the gro!n#.

2.2.3 C,eara$(e #r!' !ther (!$.-(t!r

a< O$erhea# %ine con#!ctors ha$e the fo%%o,ing c%earances from the con#!ctors. LV Lo, $o%tage A$ertica% c%earance Ahorizonta% c%earance 11 *V A$ertica% c%earance Ahorizonta% c%earance 33 *V A$ertica% c%earance Ahorizonta% c%earance 1./ m /.. m /.& m /.( m 1.2 m /.. m /.& m /.3 m 1.2 m 1.2 m 1.5 m 1.5 m 11 *V 33 *V

5a0%e 2.16 c%earances of o$erhea# %ines from con#!ctors 0< 9rom te%ephone %ines A33 *V A11 *V A0are %o, $o%tage A%o, $o%tage ins!%ate# 2.2.4. Sa#et" (,eara$(e 3n the interests of personne% safety? safe ,or*ing c%earances are as fo%%o,s. A33 *V A11 *V A%o, $o%tage 0are &1/mm 3//mm 15/mm 1.-m 1.-m 1.2 m /.&m

Operators of any mechanica% e4!ipment s!ch as #iggers? cranes? .etc or #ri$ers of $ehic%es ,ith high %oa#s are re4!ire# to maintain a minim!m safety #istance of 3.5 m 0et,een their p%ants an# any con#!ctor of any %i$e o$erhea# %ine.

1/

2.3 Di tri6-ti!$ C!$tr!, (e$ter

Main responsi0i%ities of +istri0!tion Contro% Center are? interr!ption sche#!%ing s,itch operation sche#!%ing *eeping recor#s of ,or* permits. preparing o!tage report preparing management information system report preparing ser$ice ca%%s report Comm!nicating an# 7ea% time mar*ing changes of #istri0!tion system on a mimic 0oar#. 2.3.1 L!a. rea.i$* +CC sho!%# recor# the #ay an# night pea* %oa#s of a%% 11*V fee#ers ser$ing LECO system on at!r#ay? !n#ay an# Mon#ay of e$ery ,ee*. 's far as possi0%e +CC sho!%# o0tain these rea#ings on the same #ay itse%f. 2.3.2 Mi'i( Dia*ra' +CC maintains a mimic contro% 0oar# ,ith acc!rate an# !p to #ate information a%% times. 5his mimic #iagram in#icates a%% 11*V %ines? a%% s,itches? primary s!0stations ,ith 11*V fee#er capacities. 3t:s the responsi0i%ity of the contro%%er on #!ty to !p#ate the #iagram imme#iate%y after he is informe# a0o!t any change ta*en p%ace? that is after any s,itching is #one. +ifferent co%ors are !se# to i#entify the #ifferent constr!ctions. 7e# Gnorma%%y c%ose# He%%o,Anorma%%y open )hiteAnorma%%y c%ose# 0!t temporari%y open 7e# ,ith )hite stripesAnorma%%y open 0!t temporari%y c%ose# 1reenAtemporari%y o!t of ser$ice "%ac*Atemporary %in* 11

"%!e an# a tagAEarthe# an# ta*en for maintenance ,or*

2.4 G&S7GIS
13 is a system that stores information specific to a graphica% point. 3t can 0e consi#ere# as an information system of assets s!ch as transformers? po%es an# s,itches. 5he techno%ogy !se# to i#entify the %ocation is 1P ;1%o0a% Positioning ystem<.C!rrent 1P consists of 3 ma@or segments. 1. pace segment 24A32 n!m0ers of sate%%ites rotate in siC or0its. Each sate%%ite has a rotationa% time of 12 hrs. 5hese sate%%ites 0roa#cast signa%s? a%%o,ing 1P recei$ers to #etermine their c!rrent %ocation? time an# $e%ocity. 2. Contro% segment ca%c!%ate the sate%%ite paths an# c%oc* correction coefficients 3. Iser segment !se# to rea# the coor#inate system of its position. 5his consist of antenna? 1P recei$er an# #ata %ogger. 3nterconnection 0et,een three segments is sho,n 0e%o,.

9ig!re 2.16 3nterconnection 0et,een three segments

2.4.1 H!1 G&S 4!r5

12

Coor#inates of the position on earth can 0e ca%c!%ate# 0y meas!ring the #istance from a gro!p of sate%%ites to the position. 5he 1P recei$er compares the time a signa% ,as transmitte# 0y a sate%%ite ,ith the time it ,as recei$e#. )hen this time #ifference m!%tip%y 0y the spee# of %ight it te%%s the 1P recei$er ho, far a,ay the sate%%ite is. 's this meas!rement #epen#s on the acc!racy of the c%oc*s atomic c%oc*s p%ace# in each an# e$ery sate%%ite. 5he acc!racy of the meas!rement increases as the !se# n!m0er of sate%%ites increases. 2.4.2 Err!r i$ G&S 3t is ass!me# that the ra#io signa%s tra$e%s at the spee# of %ight. 5his res!%ts in an incorrect ca%c!%ation. M!%tipath interference can intro#!ce errors to the 1P . 5his occ!rs ,hen sate%%ite signa% is ref%ecte# on other o0@ects. 5he can 0e errors #!e to #!e to the improper position of the sate%%ite to each other from the recei$er:s $ie,. 5o increase the acc!racy #ifferentia% correction is !se#. 5his is #one !sing a recei$er at a *no,n %ocation. 5his %ocation is ca%%e# a 0ase station. 5hen the error can 0e ca%c!%ate# ,ith reference to the 0ase station. o the 1P error of the !n*no,n %ocation #epen#s on the 0ase station. 2.4.3 &r!(e.-re !# G&S7GIS 'appi$* 5he coor#inates of their #istri0!ting area are co%%ecte# an# they are p%otte# ,ith %in*s to their #etai%s. 3t is easy to get information for assets management ,itho!t $isiting their #istri0!ting areas. )hen LECO ,ants to !p#ate 13 ? #ata co%%ection is #one 0ranch ,ise. +ra!ghtsman an# t,o technicians of a 0ranch go to each an# e$ery asset of LECO an# co%%ect information. 'fter co%%ecting #ata mapping is #one. 5he proce#!re of 1P 213 mapping is sho,n 0e%o,.

Open pathfin#er soft,are an# connect the 1P #ata %ogger

13

3mport ;.ssf< fi%e to pathfin#er +ifferentia% correction ECport #ata fi%e ;.#Cf< pathfin#er 3mport ;.#Cf< fi%e to '!toC'+ map

9eat!re specific #ata of transformers? ,itches? po%es an# protecti$e E4!ipments 3mport #ata fi%e to M 'ccess

positioning the po%es #ra, %o, $o%tage %ines #ra, high $o%tage %ines '## transformer F ,itch sym0o%s

+ra, roa#s 9ina% preparation of map 'ttach #ata fi%e

1P map

2.) E8-ip'e$t a$. Materia, U e. i$ the #ie,.

14

2.).1 &!,e a< 'ccor#ing to the position they occ!py in the %ine po%es are c%assifie# as fo%%o,s. 1. 2. 5ermina% po%e A)here the %ine is terminate# ,ith tension ins!%ators on one si#e of the po%e. ection po%e A)here the %ine is terminate# ,ith tension ins!%ators on 0oth si#es of the po%e 3. 3nterme#iate po%e A)here the %ine is !n0ro*en an# s!pporte# on pin ins!%ators LECO !ses 2 types of po%es. 7C po%es ;reinforce# concrete po%es< P po%es ;preAstresse# po%es< Po%e spacing an# positioning is go$erne# 0y the area the %ine ,i%% pass thro!gh an# the p!rpose of the %ine? ,hether s!0 transmission or #istri0!tion. 3n resi#entia%? commercia% or in#!stria% areas? po%es are genera%%y space# at more fre4!ent inter$a%s than for r!ra% areas. 3n theory the i#ea% %ocation for po%es in a 0!i%t !p area is on e$ery secon# property 0o!n#ary. "!t if property ,i#ths are great this may not 0e practica%. )hen a %ine changes #irection? an a##itiona% force is intro#!ce# at the ang%e po%e. 5his force is the res!%tant of %ine tensions acting at the po%e hea#. Po%e an# %ine ,ith no change in #irection
PJ5ension of o$erhea# %ine 1-// po%e

PJ5ension of o$erhea# %ine

Here there is no res!%tant force ten#ing to p!%% the po%e o$er. 'ng%e po%e an# %ine ,ith sma%% change in #irection
9J7es!%tant force P

15

'ng%e po%e an# %ine &/ change in #irection

/

9JP

's the res!%tant force tries to mo$e the po%e to,ar#s its #irection these forces #!e to ang%es are $ery consi#era0%e. 5o *eep ,ithin factors of safety either the po%e m!st 0e $ery %arge an# strong or some means m!st 0e !se# co!nteract the ang%e force. )hen the forces on po%e are too %arge for the po%e to 0e se%fAs!pporte# then it m!st 0e g!ye#. 5his is #one 0y means of a g!y ,ire attache# at the hea# of the po%e an# sec!re# to an anchor 0!rie# in the gro!n#.

5ermination g!y for 11*V on 11m po%e

45/ 5ermination g!y for LV on .m po%e 45/

-.&5m 2m 45/ 2m 5.5m minim!m

(.3m

5ota% #istance re4!ire#J1/.&5m

5ota% #istance re4!ire#J..3m

7oa# ,ay 1&

9%ying g!y ..3 from g!y po%e re4!ire#

.m po%e

3//

(.3m

'ng%e g!y for 11*V 11m po%e ma%% ang%e 9ig!re 2.2 1!y ,ires 'nother metho# sometimes !se# to s!pport a po%e in #iffic!%t sit!ations ,here g!ying is not possi0%e? is to str!t or 0race the po%e ,ith another po%e.

+irection of p!%%

tr!t po%e

9ig!re 2.3 tr!t po%e 0< Po%e %engths 1(

5here are po%es ha$ing the %engths of -m? .m? 11m an# 13m. Po%es sho!%# 0e 0!rie# to a #epth of 12& of po%e height. Po%e %engths are 0ase# on the re4!isite a0o$e gro!n# c%earance for the $o%tage %e$e%? con#!ctor sag? 0!rie# #epth? $ertica% circ!it c%earances ,here app%ica0%e.

P!rpose LV on%y 11*V on%y 11*V ,ith LV 1.2m !n#erneath 11*V #o!0%e circ!it ,ith LV !n#erneath 33*V sing%e circ!it 33*V #o!0%e circ!it 33*V ,ith 11*V F LV !n#erneath

Po%e %ength ;m< . 11 11 13 11 13 13

5a0%e 2.26 Po%e %engths (.&m po%es are !se# as ser$ice po%es. 11m po%e can 0e !se# ,here LV 0!n#%e# con#!ctors is !se#. 5he maCim!m span %imit #oes not eCcee# 45m for spans a%ong roa#s an# 35m for spans %ai# across roa# or street. )hen c< Po%e top %oa# 5he maCim!m force that the po%e can 0ear in its trans$erse #irection ;perpen#ic!%ar #irection to the %ine< at the #istant of /.4m from the top of the po%e. 5his is the meas!rement of ho, strong the po%e is. 3t:s meas!re# in K+an:;+eca 8e,ton<

1-

)hen a po%e is se%ecte# po%e? top %oa# m!st 0e consi#ere#. Po%e heights ,ith po%e top %oa#s are as fo%%o,s. .22//? .235/? .25// 1122//? 11235/? 1125//? 112-5/? 11212// 13235/? 1324//? 132-//? 13212// 2.).2 I$ -,at!r 5here are 3 types of ins!%ators. tring ins!%ators ;s!spension? #isc< Ama#e of porce%ain an# !se# for s!spension or termination po%es. Line post ins!%ators A,hen the %ines are #irect%y eCpose# to the sea these are !se# for 33*V F 11*V %ine constr!ction. Aso%i# core? one piece of porce%ain type ,ith st!#? n!t an# ,ashers. Pin ins!%ators Ama#e of porce%ain an# the pin is ha$ing 1.mm of #iameter. A!se# in 11*V %ine constr!ction an# a%so !se# as 33*V @!mper ins!%ators 2.).3 Di tri6-ti!$ Tra$ #!r'er 5ransformers !se# in LECO are G 11*V to 415V step #o,n transformers of #ifferent >V' $a%!es. 's the concept of LECO is sma%% transformers an# short fee#ers on%y the transformers ,ith %arge capacities are not !se# 0y LECO. "y !sing sma%% transformers LECO has re#!ce# its system %osses. On%y the transformers ,ith fo%%o,ing capacities are !se# 0y LECO.
Conser$ator tan*

5/>V'? 1//>V'? 1&/>V'? 25/>V'

f%!gs "!shings

1.

7a#iator 0ars

9ig!re 2.46 +istri0!tion transformer 5here are t,o types of transformers !se# 0y LECO. 5ransformers ,ith conser$ator oi% tan*s Hermitica%%y sea%e# type transformers

5here are ra#iator 0ars ;coo%ing sheets< 0asica%%y co$ering t,o si#es of the transformer. 5his he%ps in the coo%ing process of the transformer. )hen the oi% insi#e the transformer is heate# press!re goes high. o there is a press!re re%ief $a%$e to re%ief press!re. 3t operates a!tomatica%%y ,hen press!re reaches /.350ars. 3n transformers ,ith conser$ator tan*? conser$ator tan* is another metho# to contro% press!re. 9rom top an# 0ottom transformer sho!%# 0e earthe#. Copper ,ires sho!%# 0e for earthing. Earth resistance sho!%# 0e %ess than 2/ohms. 3f necessary? para%%e% copper e%ectro#es can 0e !se# to re#!ce the earth resistance. 8e!tra% sho!%# 0e earthe# separate%y. 3ns!%ation resistance sho!%# 0e meas!re# !sing a meggar ohm meter. 3ns!%ation resistance 0et,een HV ,in#ing an# earth is ta*en 0y app%ying a $o%tageL25//V 3ns!%ation resistance 0et,een LV an# earth is ta*en 0y app%ying a $o%tageL1///V 3ns!%ation resistance 0et,een LV an# HV ,in#ing sho!%# 0e ta*en 0y app%ying a $o%tageL1///V 3ns!%ation resistance sho!%# 0e greater than &//ohm.

2/

a< +rop o!t f!ses Protection an# iso%ation for #istri0!tion transformers are pro$i#e# 0y 11*V po%e mo!nte# #ropAo!t f!ses. 5hey are capa0%e of 0eing opene# from the gro!n# !sing a ro# !n#er norma% %oa# c!rrents to permit transformer iso%ation. Each !nit is fitte# ,ith 5*' %ighting arresters an# s!pp%ie# as one assem0%y. 0< H7C f!ses Lo, $o%tage po%e mo!nte# H7C f!ses incorporating a three po%e s,itch ;f!se #isconnection s,itch< are pro$i#e# at #istri0!tion transforms for o$er%oa# F short circ!it protection of LV #istri0!tion circ!its. 9!ses may 0e change# an# the s,itches operate# from the gro!n# !sing an operating ro#.

5ransformer Capacity ;>V'< 5/ 1// 1&/ 25/ 4// &3/

9!%% %oa# rating ;'< (2 144 231 3&1 5(( ./.

O!tgoing LV circ!it

Circ!it f!se rating ;'<

5/ mm2 5/mm22(/mm2 0!n#%e# 5/mm22(/mm2 0!n#%e# (/mm2 0!n#%e# Cons!mer specia% ser$ice Cons!mer specia% ser$ice

&3 1// 125 1&/ 315 315

5a0%e 2.36 H7C f!se ratings

52f capacity ;>V'< 8o of 9+ :s

5/

1//

1&/

25/

4//

&3/

5a0%e 2.46 8o of 9+ :s ,ith transformer capacity

21

c<

!rge arresters

)hen an o$er $o%tage occ!r? the arrester imme#iate%y %imits the o$er $o%tage to the re4!ire# protecti$e %e$e% 0y con#!cting necessary %e$e% of s!rge c!rrent to earth. 'fter o$er $o%tage con#ition passe# the arrester ret!rns to its initia% con#ition once again con#!cting on%y the %ea*age c!rrent. 5here are gap%ess arresters an# arresters ,ith gaps. +!ring stea#y state con#itions %ine to ro!n# $o%tage is contin!o!s%y across the arrester termina%s. 3n gap%ess arresters as there are a meta% oCi#e insi#e con#!ction occ!rs thro!gh meta% oCi#e ,hi%e in arresters ,ith gaps? con#!ction occ!rs thro!gh air. 2.).4 S1it(he a< Loa# "rea*ing ,itches ,itching sectiona%izing an# iso%ating on the HV system is #one 0y o!t#oor po%e top mo!nte# %oa# 0rea* s,itches.L" is of 3 po%e? sing%e thro,? an# horizonta% mo!nte# type. 'n# it:s fitte# ,ith %oa# 0rea* hea#s an# man!a%%y operate# from gro!n# %e$e%. 0< '!tomatic 7ec%osers 3t has the faci%ity to sense o$er c!rrent con#itions on phase fa!%t an# earth fa!%t to time an# interr!pt s!ch fa!%t c!rrents an# to reAenergize the %ine 0y rec%osing a!tomatica%%y after a pre#etermine# time. 3f the fa!%t is permanent? the rec%oser %oc* ,i%% open after a preset n!m0er of operations an# iso%ate the fa!%ty section. 2.).) C!$.-(t!r a< 3nsta%%ing %o, $o%tage 0!n#%e# con#!ctors 5he %o, $o%tage 0!n#%e# con#!ctor system consists of one '%!min!m '%%oy ne!tra% messenger ,hich ta*es the tota% tension forces res!%ting from the ,eight an# ,in# of a%% LV con#!ctors. 3 ''C phases an# in some cases p!0%ic %ighting con#!ctor are t,iste# aro!n# the ne!tra%. '%% con#!ctors are ins!%ate# an# no other ins!%ation is re4!ire#. '%% s!pport fittings m!st 0e app%ie# on%y to the ne!tra% messenger. 3n a 0!n#%e# con#!ctor sizes of three phases? ne!tra% an# the street %ighting con#!ctor are as fo%%o,s. 5here are t,o types. 22

1. 3=5/mm2M35mm2M1&mm2 2. 3=(/mm2M5/mm2M35mm2 0< 3nsta%%ing o$erhea# con#!ctors +!ring r!nning o!t? the ca0%e #r!m sho!%# 0e sec!re%y s!pporte# on #r!m @ac*s? ,ith an aC%e. 5he con#!ctor sho!%# 0e p!%%e# from the top of the #r!m. Cross arm con#!ctor ro%%ers sho!%# 0e insta%%e# on e$ery po%e an# con#!ctors sho!%# 0e p!%%e# 0y han# after passing the con#!ctor o$er each ro%%er. Vehic%es sho!%# not 0e !se# to r!n o!t con#!ctors. )hen r!nning o!t con#!ctors near other eCisting e%ectrica% system specia% care sho!%# 0e ta*en. +!ring an# after r!nning o!t con#!ctors sho!%# 0e inspecte#. c< 5ensioning 5he con#!ctors sho!%# 0e tensione# !sing appro$e# tensioning e4!ipment an# ,ire grips. One en# of the con#!ctor ha$ing fiCe#? the s%ac* is p!%%e# !p 0y ,inch? tractor or tr!c* or in the case of %ight %ines 0y han#. 5he norma% practice is to p!%% !p the centre con#!ctor first an# o0taine# the correct sag an# tension. 5he 2 o!ter con#!ctors are then p!%%e# !p an# sagge# too match the first con#!ctor. "asica%%y LECO !ses 0!n#%e# con#!ctors. )hen !sing 0!n#%e# con#!ctors on%y the ne!tra% is tensione#. #< Con#!ctor attachments +ea# en# fittings sho!%# 0e app%ie# first at each en# of the section 0eing erecte#. 3nterme#iate fittings sho!%# 0e then app%ie# commencing at ma@or ang%es an# then the sma%%er ang%es. e< 3nsta%%ing connectors Compression type '% fittings sho!%# 0e !se# for a%% tension connections an# termina% connections. 5here sho!%#n:t 0e more than one sp%ice per con#!ctor in any span an# no tension connector sho!%# 0e %ocate# ,ithin 3m of the con#!ctor. 9or mi# span @ointing tension connectors are !se# on ne!tra% messenger on%y. 8onAtension connectors can then 0e app%ie# to a%% other con#!ctors ens!ring that no tension force is app%ie# to these other con#!ctors. 23

f< 5eeAoff @ointing 3ns!%ation piercing connectors sho!%# 0e !se# for a%% teeAoff @ointing. 5hese are f!%%y ins!%ate# an# contain antioCi#ant grease. 5hey are app%ie# o$er the ins!%ation of the con#!ctors. 5he ins!%ate# piercing @a,s are scre,e# #o,n into the con#!ctor !sing specia% shear scre,s. 5hese m!st 0e tightene# !nti% shearing ta*es p%ace. g< ser$ice con#!ctors sing%e phase t,in a%!min!m con#!ctor

ize ;mm2<

stran#ing

5herma% rating ;'<

8omina% rating ;'< 15 3/

9!se size ;'<

1/ 1&

(21.35 (21.(/

5&.

15 3/

5a0%e 2.56 ser$ice con#!ctor characteristics ;sing%e phase t,in< 3 phase fo!r core t,iste# '% con#!ctor stran#ing 5herma% rating ;'< 1/ 1& 25 (21.35 (21.(/ (22.21 45. (( 8omina% rating ;'< 15 3/ &3 15 3/ &3 9!se size ;'<

ize ;mm2<

5a0%e 2.&6 ser$ice con#!ctor characteristics ;3 phase fo!r core t,iste#< 3 phase 4= sing%e '% con#!ctor stran#ing 5herma% rating ;'< 1/ (21.35 48omina% rating ;'< 15 15 9!se size ;'<

ize ;mm2<

5a0%e 2.(6 ser$ice con#!ctor characteristics ;3 phase 4=sing%e '%<

24

2.).0 Oi, te ter 5ransformers are fi%%e# ,ith transformer oi%. 5his oi% acts as a #ie%ectric me#i!m to a$oi# spar*ing as ,e%% it he%ps in the coo%ing process of the transformer. )hen it is necessary to *no, the #ie%ectric strength ;the capa0i%ity of ins!%ation< of oi% insi#e the transformer oi% tester is !se#. Oi% tester is fi%%e# ,ith transformer oi% ,hich is to 0e teste#. 5here are 2 e%ectro#es *ept at 2.5mm from each other. ' $o%tage is app%ie# to these e%ectro#es an# it is increase# gra#!a%%y. 3f the oi% is in goo# con#ition there sho!%#n:t 0e any spar*ing !nti% the $o%tage reaches 3/*V. 3f #!st is miCe# ,ith oi% or if oi% is contaminate# oi% sho!%# 0e fi%tere#.

2.0 E$er*" Meter

's a po,er #istri0!tion company? energy cons!mption of c!stomers sho!%# 0e meas!re# $ery acc!rate%y. "eca!se they are #oing a 0!ying an# se%%ing 0!siness. 5heir tota% income #epen#s on acc!racy of meters. they are proper%y ,or*ing. 5esting an# ca%i0ration of ne, meters 0efore insta%%ing 5esting an# reca%i0ration of o%# an# fa!%ty meters 7epairing fa!%ty meters 5esting insta%%e# 0!%* s!pp%y meters !##en 3nspection on i%%ega% a#@!stments of meters. o LECO a%,ays try to !se acc!rate energy meters. 9o%%o,ing f!nctions are #one 0y LECO to *eep energy meters so that

5here are t,o types of energy meters accor#ing to the ,or*ing princip%e. 3n#!ction type meters E%ectronic meters C52P5 !nits

2.0.1 I$.-(ti!$ t"pe e$er*" 'eter 5hese types of meters are ,or*ing accor#ing to the 9erraris princip%e. 25

3n 1--5 1a%i%eo 9erraris ;1-4(A1-.(< #isco$ere# that a #ri$ing tor4!e can 0e pro#!ce# ,hen t,o a#@acent a%ternating f%!Ces tra$erses a free%y mo$a0%e armat!re ;in the meter a%!min!m #isc<N pro$i#e# one f%!C %ags the other 0y some ang%e. Here #ri$ing tor4!e is pro#!ce# 0y the e%ectromagnetic f%!Ces of the $o%tage an# c!rrent coi%s an# it is proportiona% to the acti$e po,er cons!me# 0y the %oa#. Main categories of in#!ction type meters are as fo%%o,s. ing%e phase *)h meters 5hree phase *)h meters 5hree phase *V' meters

Main components of in#!ction type meters C!rrent coi% C!rrent coi% is connecte# in series ,ith the %oa#. o the %oa# c!rrent f%o,s thro!gh this coi%. One c!rrent coi% is emp%oye# in sing%e phase meters ,hereas three in 3 phase meters. Press!re ;Vo%tage< coi% Vo%tage coi% is connecte# in para%%e% ,ith the %oa#. !pp%y $o%tage is #irect%y app%ie# to this coi%. One $o%tage coi% is emp%oye# in sing%e phase meters ,hereas three in 3 phase meters. "rea*ing magnet 5his can 0e !se# to ca%i0rate the meter. 5his is a permanent magnet %ocate# c%oser to the #isc. 7otating '%!mini!m #isc. 5here are t,o #is*s in some *)h meters on%y. ing%e phase meters ha$e an# most of three phase meters ha$e on%y one #isc. ' shaft? ,orm gear an# 0earing s!rfaces are attache# to it ,ith antiAcreep ho%es an# timing mar* on it. Mechanica% register 2&

tan#ar# type register has fi$e n!m0er ,hee%s? %ight ,eight an# ma#e to rotate smooth%y. "earing De,e% or magnetic 0earings are !se#. 5he rotating #is* is mo!nte# on the 0earing . Other than a0o$e mentione# components? meter co$er? termina% co$er? termina% 0%oc*? 0ase? namep%ate are a%so a$ai%a0%e in each meter. '%so there is a %oc*ing mechanism to a$oi# re$erse rotation of the #isc. a< ing%e phase *)h meters

ing%e phase *)h meters are ,i#e%y !se# for #omestic cons!mers ,ho nee# consi#era0%y %o, %oa#. 5hese meters are a$ai%a0%e as 5;15< '? 5;3/< '? 1/;3/< '? 1/;4/< '...etc. here first n!m0er in#icates the 0ase c!rrent ;30< an# the other $a%!e ,hich is ,ithin 0rac*ets in#icates maCim!m c!rrent. 5hese meters are 23/$? 5/ Hz an# ha$e meter constant eCact%y 12// re$2*)h or c%oser $a%!e. 0< 5hree phase *)h meters 5hree phase *)h meters are a%so ,or*ing as same princip%e as sing%e phase meter. 5he #ifference is ha$ing three press!re coi%s? three c!rrent coi%s? an# some times t,o #iscs. 8orma%%y they are ha$ing 415 V? 5/ Hz? 2/;&/< '? (5 re$2*)h or -/ re$2*)h ratings.

Supply

Load U V W N

9ig!re 2.56 chematic #iagram of a three phase *)h meter

c< *V' meters

2(

5here is a specia% mechanism to get the maCim!m #eman# !sing *V' meters. 3f the act!a% maCim!m #eman# at any moment goes high? the *V' in#icator of the meter a%so rotates c%oc* ,ise an# stop at re%e$ant $a%!e. 5his proce#!re contin!es !nti% maCim!m #eman# starts to fa%%. 5his in#icator is mechanica%%y %oc*e# 0y another co!nter for each 15 min!tes so that it can:t rotate in re$erse #irection? a%tho!gh maCim!m #eman# fa%%s #o,n. 3f maCim!m #eman# ,ithin neCt fe, secon#s fa%%s 0e%%o, the c!rrent%y in#icating $a%!e? the in#icator ,i%% not rotate in anti c%oc* ,ise #irection. 5here fore !sing this ,e can ha$e the maCim!m *V' $a%!e for a partic!%ar perio#. 2.0.2 Te ti$* !# i$.-(ti!$ t"pe 'eter . LECO test %a0 has t,o teat 0enches for meter testing. 7epaire# meters an# ne,%y 0o!ght meters are teste# here.1/ meters can 0e fiCe# to one 0ench at one time ,hereas 2/ meters can 0e fiCe# to the other. )hen fiCing meters to 0ench? it sho!%# 0e caref!% to se%ect meters ha$ing same meter constant an# same c!rrent range ;e.g. 5;15< ' an# 12// re$2*)h<. 'n# a%so test %in*s of each meter sho!%# 0e open an# eCact%y 23/ V is s!pp%ie# to each press!re coi%. 'fter that 0ase c!rrent sho!%# 0e gi$en to a%% meters for 15 min!tes to ta*e them to norma% operating con#itions.
a< 5esting of sing%e phase *)h meters

9o%%o,ing tests are #one for sing%e phase meters. )hi%e these tests are #one the appropriate a#@!stments ;ca%i0rating< are a%so #one. 't first fo!r acc!racy tests ha$e to 0e #one in the fo%%o,ing ,ay.

C!rrent 5B30 1//B30 30 3m

Po,er factor 1./ 1./ /.5 1./ 2.-6 'cc!racy tests

Error %imit M2A 3.5B M2A2.5B M2A3./B M2A2.5B

2-

Creep test 'pp%y -/B an# 11/B of the nomina% $o%tage an# chec* ,hether the #isc rotates ,itho!t s!pp%ying c!rrent.

+ia% 5est Chec* ,hether 1*) rea#ing is #isp%aye# after #isc rotating re$o%!tions e4!a% to the meter constant

9ig!re 2.&6 testing of sing%e phase *)h meter 2.0.3 Ca,i6rati$* !# i$.-(ti!$ t"pe 'eter Meter ca%i0ration is #one after each test mentione# a0o$e. 5here are three a#@!stments !n#er ca%i0rating. F-,, L!a. a.9- t'e$t 5his is #one 0y t!ning the micrometric scre,. 3n this case the effect of the f%!C pro#!ce# 0y 0rea* magnet? on the rotating #isc is a#@!ste#. L!1 ,!a. a.9- t'e$t Lo, %oa# a#@!stment is carrie# o!t 0y mo$ing the %o, %oa# a#@!sting %e$e% to the right or %eft. 5his %e$e% is %ocate# on yo*e of the potentia% core. 3n this case effect of f%!C pro#!ce# 0y press!re coi%? on the #isc is a#@!ste#. &!1er #a(t!r a.9- t'e$t 5his is #one 0y $arying the resisti$e $a%!e of the resister connecte# in series ,ith the sha#ing coi%N this is %ocate# at the center of the c!rrent core. 2.

2.0.4 E,e(tr!$i( 'eter 8o,a#ays LECO has #eci#e# to !se e%ectronic meters instea# of in#!ction type meters. ensors are !se# for meas!rements. E%ectronic meters are goo# in acc!racy compare# to in#!ction type meters. Is!a%%y they can pro$i#e more feat!res than in#!ction meters s!ch as *)h? *V'? *V'r Oetc. 5hese meters ha$e an optica% port ,hich can 0e connecte# to a %aptop or PC. 5hese meters can 0e programme# any no. of time 0y !sing a soft,are ,hich is specia%%y ma#e for that p!rpose. 5herefore ,e can rea#2 ,rite #ata from2 to the meter #esira0%y. )hen programming? it is important to set the time? #ate? C5 ratio? resetting #ay of the month. 5his type of meters a%so has the capa0i%ity of storing #ata re%ate# to %arge n!m0er of months.

Chapter 3
3/

MANAGEMENT
5he LECO management is han#%e# 0y fo!r #i$isions !n#er the s!per$ision of the 1enera% Manager? ,ho is the chief eCec!ti$e officer of the company. 5he fo!r #i$isions are manage# !n#er the s!per$ision of fo!r #i$isiona% managers. 5he fo!r #i$isions are name%y Operations? Engineering? 9inance an# '#ministration. 5he operations #i$ision is main%y responsi0%e for carrying o!t #ay to #ay #istri0!tion system operations s!ch as contro%%ing? !pgra#ing an# cons!mer re%ations in the net,or*. Engineering #i$ision is responsi0%e for p%anning? #esigning of #istri0!tion system? carrying o!t specia% pro@ects? proc!rement of goo#s an# training of LECO staff. 5he 9inance #i$ision is responsi0%e for a%% financia% contro%s? management acco!nting an# the treas!ry management of LECO. 5he H!man 7eso!rces an# '#ministration #i$ision carries o!t a#ministration an# the personne% management f!nction of LECO. "ranch a#ministration is carrie# o!t 0y a "ranch Manager. "M reports e$erything to the Operations Manager an# to other +i$isiona% Managers f!nctiona%%y. ' 0ranch in#epen#ent%y carry o!t their financia% an# energy acco!nting systems an# are responsi0%e for the technica% an# economica% operations of their regiona% gri#s. "ranch hea#e# 0y a "ranch Manager is assiste# 0y a "ranch Engineer? "ranch 'cco!ntant an# '#ministrati$e Officer. "ranch Engineer is responsi0%e for the net,or* operations an# c!stomer ser$ices ,hi%e the "ranch Constr!ction an# P%anning engineer is responsi0%e for the asset management f!nction. 5he "ranch 'cco!ntant is responsi0%e for the financia% acco!nting an# the "ranch '#ministration Officer is han#%ing the a#ministration of the 0ranch. 5he Engineering +i$ision is s!0 #i$i#e# into three sections? 5raining? ystem

+e$e%opment an# 3nformation 5echno%ogy. 5he 5raining section is responsi0%e for the LECO interna% an# eCterna% training programs an# the ystem +e$e%opment +i$ision is responsi0%e for net,or* p%anning? net,or* #e$e%opment? engineering proc!rement an# %oa# st!#y f!nctions. 5he 3nformation 5echno%ogy section is responsi0%e for the entire LECO 35 system comprising of Enterprise 7eso!rce P%anning ystem ;E7P<? "i%%ing ystem? 1eographic 3nformation 1enera% 35 f!nctions. 31 ystem? +istri0!tion Management ystem an# the

5he 9inance +i$ision is responsi0%e for the 0asic financia% acco!nting f!nctions inc%!#ing in$oicing? 0i%% co%%ections? energy p!rchases an# interna% fisca% contro%s? monitoring management information system an# the corporate a!#iting. 5he '#ministration +i$ision is s!0 #i$i#e# into t,o sections? H!man 7eso!rce Management section carries o!t personne% recr!itments? promotions an# the H7 management? an# the '#ministration section carries o!t the 0asic a#ministrati$e f!nctions of the company.

3.1 Hea. O##i(e A(ti/itie

1. etting !p proce#!res an# g!i#e %ines

2. 3mp%ementing an# monitoring proce#!res an# g!i#e%ines 3. P!0%ishing acti$ity in me#ia ;paper< 4. Preparing man!a%s AConstr!ction man!a% Ap%anning man!a% Astan#ar# cost man!a% ;ann!a%%y< A%oa# forecast man!a% ;ann!a%%y< 5. Con#!cting "Ms meeting 4!arter%y an# re$ie, progress &. 5ariff ana%ysis an# %oa# f%o, ana%ysis (. Comm!nicating ,ith CE" an# P -. C!stomer care .. Pro$i#e #ata to ministries ,hen re4!este#

3.2 Bra$(h O##i(e A(ti/itie

1. Monitoring the acti$ities at C C:s 2. Co%%ection of re$en!e 3. "i%% printing an# #e%i$ering to C C:s 4. ystem reha0i%itation an# impro$ements 5. Monitoring re$en!e? posting #isconnection notices an# #isconnection or#ers to C C &. Monitoring ser$ice ass!rances (. Comm!nicate ,ith hea# office 32

-. C!stomer care

3.3 C- t!'er Ser/i(e Ce$ter A(ti/itie

1. Pro$i#e ne, connections 2. 3ss!ing e%ectricity 0i%%s month%y 3. Monitoring 72O performance 4. 'tten#ing to 0rea*#o,ns 5. 'tten#ing to system maintenance As!0station A%ine A,ay %ea$es A$o%tage &. C!stomer care (. Carry o!t #isconnection #!e to non payments of the c!stomers an# reconnecting them to the system after payments.

3.4 C!$tri6-ti!$ !# DCC

3.4.1 I$terr-pti!$ S(he.-,i$* LECO C!stomer er$ice Centers sho!%# 0e sent a re4!est to +CC to iso%ate high $o%tage. 'n# CE" a%so sen#s a %etter if they nee# LECO to 0e ma#e arrangements for po,er interr!ptions. "asica%%y it is sent 0y E%ectrica% Engineer. 7e4!ire# #ate? interr!ption time perio# an# #escription of the %ine to 0e iso%ate# or the fee#er to 0e iso%ate# sho!%# 0e mentione# in that re4!ests. )hen the re4!ests are recei$e# to +CC 0efore the gi$en #ate interr!ption sche#!%ing is #one 0y the senior contro%%er ,ith the assistance of the contro% engineer. 'fter sche#!%ing ne,spaper a#$ertisement is prepare# an# p!0%ishe# ,ith the #etai%s of interr!ptions in the %ast ,ee* of the month. 9or a%% 0!%* cons!mers of iso%ate# area %etters are sent. 's the sche#!%ing is to 0e #one for the neCt month a #ate is gi$en for a%% the re4!ests. 9or a%% LECO C C:s re4!ests sho!%# 0e sent 0efore 1/th of e$ery month an# for CE" the #ate is 15th. che#!%ing for the neCt month is to 0e #one 0efore 2/th. 33

3.4.2 S1it(hi$* Operati!$ S(he.-,i$* Ma@or things ,hich are inc%!#e# in s,itching sche#!%e are.. Preparing the s,itching instr!ctions ;,here? ,hich s,itches? s,itching or#er an# etcO< Preparing a #iagram of section nee# to iso%ate from gri# an# sen# it to 0ranch office. 3.4.3 Dai," Rep!rt 5he #ai%y report is prepare# ,ith the o0@ecti$e of presenting a s!mmary of operationa% #ata on a #ai%y 0asis? for the information of a%% concerne# #epartments of LECO. 3t is the #!ty of the Contro% Engineer to s!0mit the #ai%y report to the re%e$ant a!thorities 0y 1/.// am on the fo%%o,ing #ay. 5his report contain the #ata of HV an# LV fai%!res? cons!mer comp%aints? p%anne# o!tages an# any other ma@or inci#ents ta*en p%ace ,ithin 24 ho!rs of the #ay. 3.4.4 M!$th," Rep!rt 5he system performance #ata is presente# on month%y 0asis 0y +CC to i#entify the areas to 0e impro$e#. 5his can 0e #i$i#e# into categories. a< E%ectricity !pp%y O!tage 7eport 5his contains #ata re%ating to the o!tages too* p%ace ,ithin the month. cons!mer ho!rs %ost an# ca!ses for the o!tages. 5he o!tages sho!%# 0e minimize# 0eca!se they ca!se for the #issatisfaction of the c!stomers a0o!t the ser$ice as ,e%% it has great impact on company financia% performance. 5o ta*e actions regar#ing minimizing the o!tages? this report is important. +CC he%ps in this aspect 0y ana%yzing the ca!ses of the fai%!res !sing statistica% metho#s an# a%so ana%yzing the fre4!ency of fai%!res fee#er ,ise? $o%tage %e$e%s ,ise an# on a 0ranchAC C 0asis. Consi#er a0o!t 4 in#ices re%ate# on the 4!a%ity of the e%ectrica% s!pp%y ca%%e# 7P3 s '3+3 ;Hrs2Connecte# cons.2Month<Asystem a$erage interr!ption #!ration in#eC

34

'393 ;3nterr!ptions2Connecte# Cons.2Month<Afre4!ency in#eC C'393 ;Hrs2Cons. 3nterr!pte#<Ac!stomer #!ration in#eC M'393 ;Momentary 3nterr!ptions2Connecte# Cons.2Month<Amomentary a$erage interr!ption fre4!ency in#eC A3nc%!#es 0oth p%ane# an# fa!%t interr!ptions A 'ccor#ing to a0o$e topics 0oth tota% an# 0ranch ,ise #ata are inc%!#e# in o!tage report.

0< Cons!mer er$ice Ca%%s 7eport Cons!mer is the 0iggest asset of LECO. o it is consi#ere# necessary to present a report month%y ana%yzing cons!mer ca%%s. 5his is an in#ication of ho, fast LECO reacts to the cons!mer ca%%s of fai%!res. 5his contains #ata s!ch as n!m0er of fai%!res an# ca!ses for fai%!res an# spee# of restoration. 5his report is important to ta*e actions to impro$e its ser$ice to the cons!mers an# increase the effecti$eness an# efficiency of the 0rea*#o,n ser$ices. 3.4.) Ma$a*e'e$t I$#!r'ati!$ S" te' Rep!rt M3 inc%!#es a%% the s!mmarize# information financia% #ata of the company for that month. 3t is important for the management to impro$e the efficiency of the tota% system an# to re#!ce the %osses. 3.4.0 &er'it t! 4!r5 8o person is a%%o,e# to ,or* on any HV e4!ipment ,hich has 0een insta%%e# in the LECO system ,itho!t a Ppermit to ,or*Q. 5his is iss!e# on%y ,ith the consent of the +CC an# it assigns a n!m0er to each permit. On%y a!thorize# persons are a%%o,e# to iss!e a Ppermit to ,or*Q an# the recei$er sho!%# 0e a competent person !n#er ,hose charge of ,or* is carrie# o!t. Person ,ho has o0taine# the P5) is not eCpecte# to %ea$e ,hi%e the ,or* is in progress. )hen a P5) is iss!e# to ,or* in a certain area? that section sho!%# 0e i#entifie# an# mar*e# on the mimic #iagram at the +CC. )hen the ,or* for ,hich a P5) has 0een iss!e#? has 0een comp%ete# or s!spen#e# the person in charge sho!%# sign the c%earances an# han# o$er the car# to the a!thorize#

35

person? ,ho is then o0tain the consent of +CC an# cance% the P5). +CC sho!%# ma*e %og entries regar#ing a%% iss!es an# cance%%ation of a%% P5).

3.) &r!(-re'e$t Se(ti!$

"!ying goo#s an# ser$ices in a stan#ar# proce#!re? *eeping transparency of p!rchasing processes is #one 0y the proc!rement section of LECO. 3.).1 &er !$a, i$/!,/e. i$ pr!(-re'e$t pr!(e.-re ystem #e$e%opment manager Proc!rement an# s!pp%y engineer E%ectrica% engineer toc* contro%%er toc* officer

3.).2 &r!(-re'e$t pr!(e.-re Proc!rements are #one thro!gh 0oth foreign an# %oca% s!pp%iers. toc* acco!nting is #one 0y a #ata0ase management system ca%%e# P7O85O 2///."ac*!ps of the #ata0ase are ta*en #ai%y. 5ra#itiona% "38 car# system has a%so !se# for safety. toc* contro%%er chec*s the stoc* %e$e% !sing pronto system. 3f the stoc* %e$e% is 0e%o, reor#er %imit he prepares a re4!isition note? sen#s it to the proc!rement section of the hea# office. Proc!rements are #one as ten#ers an# 4!otations. Each an# e$ery C C of LECO maintains a stoc*. tore assistant !p#ates the !sage of materia%s. ProntoAmateria% co#e is !se# in this !p#ating process. tore in#eC /(1/? /(1' ;8!gego#a C <

3f materia%s are to 0e or#ere#? or#ers sho!%# 0e p%ace# thro!gh pronto system. Materia%s are #e%i$ere# once in a t,o ,ee*s. Materia%s for 8egom0o? >a%aniya? 8!gego#a an# >otte are iss!e# 0y E*a%a ,areho!se. Materia%s for morat!,a? >a%!tara an# 1a%%e are iss!e# 0y )s*a#!,a ,areho!se. 3&

3.0 G&S7GIS
3#entifying the ,ea%th of ha$ing 0etter asset #ata0ase to %e$erage more a#$ance# geographica%%y #i$erse asset management system ,hich res!%ts efficient an# effecti$e #istri0!tion net,or*? LECO has #ep%oye# its o,n team to #e$e%op tai%orAma#e 1eographica% information system ;13 <. "asica%%y there are three ,or*s #one 0y LECO 1P 213 !nit. Mapping? 'ssets

Management an# P%anning are the processes interact ,ith one another. 5hose *in#s of processes are re4!ire# to gi$e effecti$e? acc!rate an# ,e%% manage# ser$ices to their c!stomers. 5o#ay LECO is pro!# of ha$ing comprehensi$e%y !p#ate# 13 mapping system of ha%f meter acc!racy for entire franchise area that %ea# to 0etterment of c!stomer ser$ices? pro#!cti$ity? ,or*f%o, an# in$estment p%anning. 5his 1P 0ase# system in LECO is !se# to *eep trac* of the assets of the LECO ,ith respect to their 1P important. coor#inates. 5his is #one to prepare maps for the $ario!s mo#ification of the net,or*? an# for %oa# f%o, ana%ysis? this 1P 0ase# system is $ery

Mappi$*

5he coor#inates of their #istri0!ting area are co%%ecte# an# they are p%otte# ,ith %in*s to their #etai%s. 3t is easy to get information for assets management ,ith o!t $isiting their #istri0!ting areas. A et Ma$a*e'e$t

Ising co%%ecte# #etai%s attache# to the map? ,e can manage a%% the assets s!ch as '!toA rec%osers? ectiona%izers? C52P5 s? con#!ctors ect.. 3f there are any mo#ifications an# ne, insta%%ations? the assets entang%e# ,ith that process m!st 0e !p#ate# an# financia% ca%c!%ations can 0e #one easi%y ,ith ai# of 13 . &,a$$i$*

's a po,er #istri0!tion company? p%anning is ma#e ,ith $a%i#ity of f!t!re fi$e yrs. 8e, concepts? mo#ern techno%ogies an# a%% the 0eha$ior of the organization are p%anne# an# 3(

financia% $a%!es are ca%c!%ate# for p%anne# perio#.

3.3 L!a. #!re(a ti$*

9or p%anning an# #esigning the f!t!re eCpansion of po,er systems or to get the optima% !se of the eCisting system forecasting is important. 1. D!#gmenta% metho# 2. 5ime series metho# 3. 7egression metho# LECO !ses regression metho#. 3n regression metho# there are t,o types. Linear an# po%ynomia%. Here forecasting is #one 0y %inear regression metho# for the f!t!re fi$e years. C!stomers? *)h an# *V' are forecaste#. 's LECO !ses %inear regression metho#? 0y ca%c!%ating gra#ient an# intercept? #ata can 0e fitte# to a %ine an# then f!t!re $a%!es can 0e forecaste#. 9orecasting is #one for eCisting tariff categories of the system. +omestic? re%igio!s? in#!stria%? hote%s? !n0i%%e# F temporary. 3n #omestic? re%igio!s? in#!stria% an# hote%s there are se$era% 0%oc*s. 9orecasting sho!%# 0e #one in 0ranch ,ise an# fina%%y for tota% LECO. Loa# forecast report for f!t!re fi$e years is then prepare#.

3.: L!a. #,!1 t-."

5his is important in p%anning an# #esigning the f!t!re eCpansion of the system an# ens!ring the optima% contro% of eCisting systems. 5he main information o0taine# from this st!#y is the magnit!#e an# the phase $o%tage at each 0!s 0ar an# reacti$e po,er f%o,ing in each %ine. LECO !ses %oa# f%o, st!#y to ana%yze the system 0eha$ior. 3nformation o0taine# sho!%# 0e informe# to the management of LECO an# CE" for carrying o!t imp%ementations. 3t re$ea%s #ata to i#entify the neCt fi$e year system #e$e%opment re4!irements of a 0ranch area. LECO %oa# f%o, proposa%s are ma#e consi#ering the %east cost option. 5hose proposa%s inc%!#e? 1. Loa# transfers 2. 8e, %ine constr!ctions 3. Primary s!0station constr!ctions 4. Changing L" %ocations 3-

5. 8e, L" insta%%ations &. 7earranging fee#er %oa# Man!a% ca%c!%ations of %oa# f%o, st!#y are inefficient an# time cons!ming. o no, P 2'+EP5 ;Po,er ystem sim!%ator2'#$ance# #istri0!tion Engineering Pro#!cti$ity 5oo% < soft,are is !se# to #esign an# ana%yze e%ectrica% #istri0!tion systems for %oa# f%o, st!#ies. 5his soft,are ena0%es graphica%%y #esigning e#iting an# sim!%ating systems.

Chapter 4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

3.

4.1 SUMMARY
+!ring the training perio# 3 ha# to go #ifferent p%aces ,ith my co%%eag!e trainee. 9irst ,e ,ere sent to the 0ranch office. 5he staff ,as frien#%y. 3 got a chance to ,or* most%y ,ith the e%ectrica% engineer an# the 52O of the 0ranch as ,e%% the 0ranch engineer. "ranch engineer ,as a $ery senior engineer ,ith %ot of eCperiences. 9rom there ,e ha# to go to the c!stomer ser$ice center? ee#!,a. 5he staff ,as more frien#%y. )e spent 2 ,ee*s there. C!stomer ser$ice s!per$isor? the hea# ,as $ery *in# to !s. He a%,ays trie# to teach something to !s. )e got a chance to go o!t ,ith 52O an# technicians to ,or* ,ith them as a team. +!ring that time of 2 ,ee*s ,e ,ent e$ery,here in ee#!,a an# >at!naya*a area to pro$i#e ne, connections? for repair 0rea*#o,ns an# for maintenance ,or*. )e %earnt a %ot from the technicians. 3 !n#erstan# ho, honest they are to their @o0. 5hey ,or*e# $ery har# an# efficient%y. 5hey ,ere a%,ays rea#y to share their eCperiences ,ith !s to get o!r *no,%e#ge ,i#er. 5hen ,e ,ere transferre# to the technica% training centre DaAE%a. 5here ,ere meter %a0 an# transformer repair ,or*shop. 5est engineer of the test %a0 ,as one of the h!m0%e persons i ha$e e$er met. )e ,ere ne$er re%!ctant to ta%* to him an# as* something. 5ho!gh there are trainees #!ring the entire year the ,or*ers in transformer ,or*shop an# meter %a0 ,ere ne$er fe# !p of the 4!estions as*e# 0y the trainees. )e spent the other ( ,ee*s in the hea# office? *o%%!pitiya. )e ,ere at +istri0!tion Contro% Centre for 2 ,ee*s an# %ast 5 ,ee*s ,e ,ere in engineering #i$ision. )e met $ario!s *in#s of engineers there. 3 can honest%y say that 0y %oo*ing at them an# their #!ties 3 got an i#ea of ,ho an engineer is an# responsi0%e he is to the company. +!ring that perio# of 3 months 3 gathere# many things for my %ife. 3 met #ifferent types of peop%e an# 3 eCperience# the office en$ironment. pent the time in the fie%# as a team. 3 got practica% *no,%e#ge of ,hat ,e are %earning in the fac!%ty ,ith the s!pport of a %ot of peop%e. 3 thin* it ,as a perio# in ,hich my heart sai# me to 0e a goo# engineer to the p%ace ,here 3R%% 0e ,or*ing.

4.2 CONCLUSIONS

4/

'fter 2 years of aca#emic ,or* of 9ac!%ty of Engineering? Ini$ersity of 7!h!na ,e got the opport!nity of ha$ing the first in#!stria% training eCperience in or#er to fami%iarize# ,ith the in#!stry an# get the practica% *no,%e#ge of ,hat ,e %earnt at the !ni$ersity. ' person ,ho ,ants to get training in the po,er #istri0!tion fie%# Lan*a E%ectricity Company is the 0est p%ace. "eca!se the system is not $ery comp%eC. My training perio# at LECO ,as a time of gaining eCperiences. 3 got an opport!nity to ,or* ,ith #ifferent types of peop%e. 'part from technica% *no,%e#ge 3 co!%# see ho, peop%e corporate ,ith each other. 3tRs high%y apprecia0%e that ,e co!%# get a goo# assistance from LECO staff at e$ery p%ace ,e ha# 0een traine#..,e co!%# get c%oser to a gro!p of peop%e of o!r co!ntry in #ifferent ,ays. "!t on the other han# 3 face# some #iffic!%ties #!ring my training perio#. )e ha# to go to se$era% p%aces #!ring that perio# of 3 months. 3f ,e ha# 0een gi$en the sche#!%e 0efore ,e co!%# ha$e fo!n# accommo#ation c%ose to a%% the p%aces that ,e ha# to go. "eca!se it ,as not easy for !s to change 0oar#ing p%aces ,hene$er the training p%ace change# or to tra$e% to the p%ace #ai%y ,hi%e staying in the same p%ace. "!t 3Rm g%a# to say that my first training t!rne# my ,ay to a #ifferent path. 3Rm 4!ite satisfie# ,ith it 0eca!se it ca!se# to enhance the interest in my min# to,ar#s e%ectrica% ;po,er< engineering fie%#.

REFERENCES
41

1. ,,,.%eco.%* 2. Constr!ction man!a%? LECO 3. P%anning man!a%? LECO

42