IEEE-Interational Conference On Advances In Engineering, Science And Management (ICAESM -2012) March 30, 31, 2012 10

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AkhiIcshKumar
Department of Electronics Design &Technology
National Institute of Electronics and Information
Technology
Gorakhpur India 273010
akhilpb@gmail.com
KamtaNathMishra
Department of Electronics Design &Technology
National Institute of Electronics and Information
Technology
Gorakhpur India 273010
mishrakamtanat@yahoo.com
Abstract-This paper will describe the signal processing and
channel enhancement using MIMO technology In order to have
fexibility in transmission system, wireless systems are always
considered better as compared to wired channel. Having known
the drawbacks of the Single Input Single Output system, and
having computed the advantages of Multiple Input Multiple Out,
several techniques have been developed to implement space
multiplexed codes. In wireless MIMO the transmitting end as
well as the receiving end is equipped with multiple antenna
elements, as such MIMO can be viewed as an extension of the
very popular 'smart antennas'. In MIMO though the transmit
antennas and receive antennas are jointly combined in such a
way that the quality (Bit Error Rate) or the rate (Bit/Sec) of the
communication is improved. At the system level, careful design of
MIMO signal processing and coding algorithms can help increase
dramatically capacity and coverage.
!cvordshrclcss, ^A|, Chunncl, 1runsm//cr, Acccvcr.
I. Introduction
The paper will present a continuous higher data rate for
wireless system under limited power, bandwidth and
complexity. Another domain can be exploited to signifcantly
increase channel capacity: the use of multiple transmit and
receive antennas.MIMO channel capacity depends heavily on
the statistical properties and antenna element correlations of
the channel [1].Antenna correlation varies drastically as a
fnction of the scattering environment, the distance between
transmitter and receiver, the antenna confgurations, and the
Doppler spread [3]." The channel gain matrix is very small,
leading to limited capacity gains.We focus on MIMO channel
capacity in the Shannon theoretic sense.
For single-user MIMO channels with perfect transmitter and
receiver CSI the ergodic and outage capacity calculations are
straightforward since the capacity is known for every channel
state. In multiuser channels, capacity becomes a -dimensional
region defming the set of all rate vectors (RJ, .. ,Rk)
AbhayMukhcrjcc
Department of Electronics Design &Technology
National Institute of Electronics and Information
Technology
Gorakhpur India 273010
abhaymukherjee40@gmail.com
AniIKumarChaudhary
Department of Electronics Design &Technology
National Institute of Electronics and Information
Technology
Gorakhpur India 273010
ani !.viet@yahoo.com
simultaneously achievable by all ! users. The multiple
capacity defmitions for time-varying channels under different
transmitter and receiver CSI and CDI assumptions extend to
the capacity region of the multiple-access channel (MAC) and
broadcast channel (BC) in the obvious way. However, these
MIMO multiuser capacity regions, even for time-invariant
channels, are difcult to fnd. Few capacity results exist for
time varying multiuser MIMO channels, especially under the
realistic assumption that the transmitter(s) and/or receiver(s)
have L1 only. Many practical MIMO techniques have been
developed to capitalize on the theoretical capacity gains
predicted by Shannon theory. A major focus of such work is
space-time coding: recent work in this area is summarized in.
Other techniques for MIMO systems include space-time
modulation, adaptive modulation and coding, space-time
equalization, space-time signal processing, space-time
CDMA and space-time OFDM.
II.MIMO CHANNEL MODELING
It is common to model a wireless channel as a sum of two
components, a LOS component and a NLOS component
. LOS Component Model
The Rician factor is the ratio between the power of the LOS
component and the mean power of the NLOS component [6].
For MIMO systems, however, the higher the Rician factor !,
the more dominant NLOS becomes. Since NLOS is a time
invariant, it allows high antenna correlation, low spatial degree
of feedom, hence, a lower MIMO capacity for the same
SNR.In fxed wireless network (macro cell) MIMO improve
the quality of service in areas that are far away fom the base
station, or are physically limited to using low antennas. In an
indoor environment, many simulations and measurements
have shown that typically the multipath scattering is rich
enough that the LOS component rarely dominates. This plays
in favor of in-building MIMO deployments (e.g., WLAN).
ISBN: 978-81-909042-2-3 2012 IEEE
IEEE-Interational Conference On Advances In Engineering, Science And Management (ICAESM -2012) March 30, 31, 2012 11
Z Correlation Model for NLOS Component:
In the absence of a LOS component, the channel matrix
modeled with Gaussian random variables (i.e., Rayleigh
fading). The antenna elements can be corelated, ofen due to
insuffcient antenna spacing and existence of few dominant
scatters. Antenna correlation is considered the leading cause of
rank defciency in the channel matrix, to obtain the highest
diversity.
In the Rician channel case, the channel matrix can be
represented as a sum of the line-of-sight (LOS) and non-Iine
of-sight (NLOS) components
H = H
LOS
H
NLOS
Where, H
LOS
E{H} and H
NLOS
H - H
LOS'
According to this model
H
NLOS
= (Rr)
II
H
"(
R
R)
'

Where, RR is the M xMcorrelation matrix of the receive

antennas, Rr is the N x N correlation matrix of the transmit
antennas, and H
"is a complex N xMmatrix whose elements
are zero-mean independent and identically distributed
(i.i.d)complex Gaussian random variables
For a MIMO system the channel matrix is written as
[ '11 ' 1
&
.

Where, h_ +}
Fig .. l Model For Gaussian Channel Matrix
According to Fig.l, The M-element receive array then
samples this feld and generates the Mx 1 signal vector YA(t) at
the array terminals. Noise in the system is typically generated
in the physical propagation channel (interference) and the
receiver font-end electronics (thermal noise). To simplif the
discussion, we will lump all additive noise into a single
contribution represented by the Mx 1 vector 1(t) that is
injected at the receive antenna terminals. The resulting signal
plus noise vector YA(t) is then down converted to produce the
Mx 1 baseband output vector y(t). Finally, y(t) is passed
through a matched flter whose output is sampled once per
symbol to produce y(k), afer which the space-time decoder
produces estimatesof the originally transmitted symbols.
III.SP ACE DIVERSITY
Diversity techniques can be used to improve system
performance in fading channels. Instead of transmitting and
receiving the desired signal through one channel, we obtain L
copies of the desired signal through M different channels [7].
The idea is that while some copies may undergo deep fades,
others may not. We might still be able to obtain enough energy
to make the corect decision on the transmitted symbol.
Another approach to achieve diversity is to use M antennas
to receive M copies of the transmitted signal shown in fg.2.
The antennae should be spaced far enough apart so that
different received copies of the signal undergo independent
fading. Different fom fequency diversity and temporal
diversity, no additional work is required on the transmission
end, and no additional bandwidth or transmission time is
required.



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cr
Fig. 2. Space diversity
However, physical constraints may limit its applications.
Sometimes, several transmission antennae are also employed
to send out several copies of the transmitted signal. Spatial
diversity can be employed to combat both fequency selective
fading and time selective fading.
IV. INTRODUCTION TO V ARIOUS SYSTEMS
ISBN: 978-81-909042-2-3 2012 IEEE
IEEE-Interational Conference On Advances In Engineering, Science And Management (ICAESM -2012) March 30, 31, 2012 12
-3
.
-3
.

.

_
.
FIg 3.: Antenna confguratIOns In dIfferent systems
Presently four different types (Input and output refers to
number of antennas) of systems can be categorized as far as
diversity is concerned (as shown in fgure 3.).
l.Single Input Single Output (SISO)-No diversity
This system has single antenna both side. Due to single
transmitter and receiver antenna, it is less complex than
mUltiple input and multiple output (MIMO).SISO is the
simplest antenna technology.

`
Lo
SISO Tx
F
i
g.4. 1 SISO System
Capacity [10] of a h`\ is g
i
ven by:
f ,,+p
lhI
2
)b/s/H
z(2)
Where h is the normalized complex gain of a fxed wireless
channel and ls the SNRthe plot between the C and SNR will
be

^
.

...... .... ...... .. ..

l

Z.
.


.
.......... ...........

.... .......... .........

. A It
NF(d|)
Z
Fig 4.1 Graph Between C And SNR(SISO)
In some environments, SISO systems are vulnerable to
problems caused by multipath effects.!n a digital
communications system, it can cause a reduction in data speed
and an increase in the number of errors.
Z. MuItipIcnputs5ingIcOutput(M5O)-Trunsmit
divcrsity
It's a system with Multiple-antenna arrays are known to
perform better than their single-antenna counterparts, because
they can more effectively counter the effects of mUltipath
fading and interference. However, the enhanced performance
depends on the amount of channel information at the
transmitter and on whether the transmitter is able to take
advantage of this information. [3]
We 0Vc a multiple input- single-output (MISO)
system with J_ antennas and the capacity is given by [3]
Where the normalization by N ensures a fxed total transmitter
power and show the absence of array gain in that case
MIMO
Tx
Fig. 5. A MISO System
MIMO
Rx
Graph between C and SNR is given by for 2 transmitting
antennas
'

,
. .

,

'

-l [
g5.1 Graph Between C and SNR
3.Multiple Inputs Multiple Outputs (MIMO)-Transmit
receive diversity
ISBN: 978-81-909042-2-3 2012 IEEE
IEEE-Interational Conference On Advances In Engineering, Science And Management (ICAESM -2012) March 30, 31, 2012 13
Multiple antennas can be used either at the transmitter or
receiver or at both.
Compared to
Transmit Receive Data Single
Type
Antenna Antenna Rate Antenna
Technologies
SIMO Single Multiple Same Greater range
Same range
MISO Multiple Single Same but More
reliable
MIMO Multiple Multiple Greater Greater range
TABLE I. COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT ANTENNA
SYSTEMS
These various confgurations are referred to as multiple
input single output MISO, Single Input Multiple Output
SIMO, or Multiple Input Multiple Output MIMO.
The SIMO and MISO architectures are a form of receive
and transmit diversity schemes respectively. On the other
hand, MIMO architectures can be used for combined transmit
and receive diversity, as well as for the parallel transmission
of data or spatial mUltiplexing. When used for spatial
multiplexing MIMO technology promises high bit rates in a
narrow band-width and as such it is of high signifcance to
spectrum users [9].
V.MATHEMA TICAL MODEL OF MIMO
Consider a wireless communication system with Nt
transmit (T x) and Nr receive (Rx) antennas. The idea is to
transmit different streams of data on the different transmit
antennas, but at the same carrier fequency. The stream on
the p-th transmit antenna, as fnction of the time t, will be
denoted by s
p
(t). When a transmission occurs, the
transmitted signal fom the p-th T x antenna might fnd
different paths to arive at the q-th Rx antenna, namely, a
direct path and indirect paths through a number of
refections[ 4].
For such a system, all the multi-path components
between the p-th T x and q-th Rx antenna can be summed
up to one term, say h
q
(t). Since the signals fom all
transmit antennas are sent at the same fequency, the q-th
receive antenna will not only receive signals fom the p-th,
but fom all Nt transmitters. This 00 be denoted by the
following equation (the ddiI\c noise at the receiver 1b
omitted for clar
i
ty).
x(r) ,|_(r)s_(r),.... (4)
To capture all Nt received signals into one
equation, the matrix notation can be used:
x(t) h(t)s(t)................. (5)

<


Figure 6: Schematic Representation Of A MIMO
Communication System
where, set) is an Ncdirensional column vector with s
p
(t)
being its p-th element, x(t) is Nr-dimensional with x
q
(t) on its
q-th position and the matrix H(t) is Nr ^ Nt with h
q
(t) as its
(q,p)-th element, with p = 1, ... , Nt and q = , ... , N" A
schematic representation of a MIMO communication scheme
can be found in Figure 6.
Mathematically, a MIMO transmission can be seen as a set
of equations (the recordings on each Rx antenna) with a
number of unknowns (the transmitted signals). If every
equation represents a unique combination of the unknown
variables and the number of equations is equal to the
number of unknowns, then their exists a unique solution
to the problem. If the number of equations is larger than
the number of unknowns, a solution can be found by
perfonning a projection using the least squares method ,
also known as the Zero Forcing (ZF) method. For the
symmetric case, the ZF solution results in the unique
solution.
VI.
CAPACITY ENHANCEMENT USING MIMO
MIMO technologies overcome the defciencies of these
traditional methods through the use of spatial diversity. Data
in a MIMO system is transmitted over T transmit antennas
through what is referred to as a "MIMO channel" to R receive
antennas supported by the receiver tenninal.
For 3 memor less l^1 (SISO) system the capacity is
given by:
f ,,+jl|l)/^^^(>/
Where h is the normalizes complex gain of a fxed wireless
channel or that of a particular realization of a random channel.
ISBN: 978-81-909042-2-3 2012 IEEE
IEEE-Interational Conference On Advances In Engineering, Science And Management (ICAESM -2012) March 30, 31, 2012 14
As we deploy more Rx antennas the statIstics of
capacity will improve and with M Rx antennas, we have a
SIMO system vIh capacity given by
Where is the gain of Rxantenna.
Now, we consider the use of diversity at both transmitter and
receiver giving I\Sc to a MIMO system. For N T x and M Rx
antennas, we havc the now famous capacity equation [3], [4],
[5]
Where , ) means transpose-conjugate and H is the MxN
channel matrix.
For the i.i.d. Rayleigh fading case we have the impressive
linear capacity growth discussed above. For a wider range of
channel models including, for example, correlated fading and
specular components, we must ask whether this behavior still
holds. Below we report a variety of work on the effects of
feedback and different channel models. It is important to note
that (8) can be rewritten as [4].
.

;, .,,.+(]N)\ (9)
Where (i=l.. .... m) are the nonzero eignvalues of
W,m= min(M,N), and
{HH*, h N
,

H*H, N ~ M

``'
This formulation can be easily obtained fom the direct use of
Eigen value properties. Alternatively, we can decompose the
MIMO channel into m equivalent parallel SISO channels by
performing a singular value decomposition (SVD) of [4], [8].
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"'" ' \lL, l1FlFZ
` o

L
4
C

J U ZJ JU 4U LU oU U Cd JU iUU
!
Fig.7.Comparison between SISO,MISO and MIMO
M1!U`aac|ly
'c

~ S|SU

/
M|'!U |-|R-z

'
" M|'!U |-|R-J

'2
z
M|'!U |-|R-
/
_

`
, -

, ,

_
_

r
.
`
' ` ' '
7 "

'

'' '
r `` ''

' r

/
'
.!

`

'V _
/
/

/
/
_ ,



J |0 20 ?0 10 0 cJ 0 ?0 0 '00
S||
Fig .8. CapacityEnhancement in MIMO
VII.CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE TRENDS
This paper reviews the major features of MIMO links for
use in fture wireless networks. Information theory reveals the
great capacity gains which can be realized fom MIMO.
Whether we achieve this flly or at least partially in practice
depends on a sensible design of transmit and receive signal
processing algorithms. It is clear that the success of MIMO
algorithm integration into commercial standards such as 3G,
WLAN, and beyond will rely on a fne compromise between
rate maximization (BLAST type) and diversity (space-time
coding) solutions, also including the ability to adapt to the
time changing nature of the wireless channel using some form
of (at least partial) feedback. To this end more progress in
modelling, not only the MIMO channel but its specifc
dynamics, will be required. As new and more specifc channel
models are being proposed it will useful to see how those can
affect the performance tradeoffs between existing transmission
algorithms and whether new algorithms, tailored to specifc
models, can be developed. Finally, upcoming trials and
performance measurements in specifc deployment conditions
will be key to evaluate precisely the overall benefts of MIMO
systems in real-world wireless scenarios such as UMTS.
VIII.REFERENCES
[1] A. Goldsmith et aI., "Capacity Limits of MIMO
Channels," IEEE JSAC, vol. 21, June 2003, pp. 684-702.
ISBN: 978-81-909042-2-3 2012 IEEE
IEEE-Interational Conference On Advances In Engineering, Science And Management (ICAESM -2012) March 30, 31, 2012 15
[2] H. Weingarten, Y. Steinberg, and S. Shamai, "The
Capacity Region of the Gaussian MIMO Broadcast
Channel," Proc. Conf Info. Sciences and Systems (CISS),
Princeton, NJ, Mar. 2004.
[3] G. J. Foschini and M. J. Gans, "On limits of wireless
communicationsin a fading environment when using multiple
antennas," Wireless Pers.Commun., vol. 6, pp. 311-335, Mar.
1998.
[4] E. Telatar, "Capacity of multiantenna Gaussian channels,"
AT&T BellLaboratories, Tech. Memo., June 1995
[5] I. . Telatar, "Capacity of multi antenna Gaussian
channels," Eur. Trans.Commun., vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 585-595,
1999.
[6] Techniques for 3G and beyond. John Wiley and Sons,
January 2003
[7] Wireless Communication by Theodore S.Rappaport.
[81]Royal institute of technology, stockholm, lecture notes,
uri:
[9] Wikipedia.
ISBN: 978-81-909042-2-3 2012 IEEE