Soil Engineering

Soil
Earthquake
Earthquake
Structure
Last Updated:
26/9/2009
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Bearing Capacity for Pile Foundations

For Coarse Grained Soils
Pile Data
D
L
Soil Data
f
cu
Pile Radius
Pile Length
Angle of Shearing Resistance ( f )
Cohesion
0.65 m
20.00 m
0
2
5.00 ton/m
3
Soil ( g )
Nq
Nc
Ng
Unit Weigth
Coefficient
Coefficient
Coefficient
Ap
As
a
fsi
Area of pile point

Surface area of pile shaft
Adhesion Coeficient
Skin Friction Resistance
0.33 m
2
40.82 m
0.9
4.5
Qp
Qs
Pile Tip / Base Resistance

Pile Skin Friction Resistance
14.92 ton
183.69 ton
Qult
Ultimate Pile Load
198.61 ton
FS
Qallow
Safety Factor
Allowable Pile Capacity
2.5
79.45 ton
QB
Building of Structural Load per Pile
1.85 ton/m
1.0
9.0
0.0
2
75 ton
Safety
2
4.50 ton/m
#DIV/0!
Parameter Estimation
cu
a
Cohesion
Adhesion Coeficient
SPT
fsi
fsi
Blow Count
Skin Friction resistance
Skin Friction resistance
5.00 ton/m
0.90
0.90
30
2
4.91 ton/m
2
2.45 ton/m
Figu
Figure. Undrained shear strength (cu) and adhesion cofficient ( a) relationships (Tomlinson, 1980)
Bearing Capacity for Pile Foundations

For Fine Grained Soils
Pile Data
D
L
Pile Radius
Pile Length
Soil Data
cu
Cohesion
5 ton/m
Nc
Coefficient
a
fsi
Adhesion Coeficient
Friction resistance
0.9
4.5
Ap
As
Area of pile point

Surface area of pile shaft
0.33 m
2
40.82 m
Qp
Qs
Pile Tip / base resistance

Pile Skin Friction Resistance
14.92 ton
183.69 ton
Qult
FS
Qallow
Ultimate Pile Load

Safety Factor
Allowable Pile Capacity
198.61 ton
2.5
79.45 ton
QB
Building of Structural Load per Pile
0.65 m
20.00 m
2
4.50 ton/m
2
75 ton
Safety
Figure. For Piled foundations, Angle of Shearing Resistance (f) and Nq relationships.
) and Nq relationships.
Profile
VP normal (m/sn)
P Revers (travel time), msn
2 Layer State
S Revers (travel time), msn
Distance (m)
P normal (travel time), msn
SEISMIC REFRACTION STUDIES
118
109.5
101
92.5
84
75.5
67
58.5
50
41.5
28.5
13.5
0
36
34
32
30
28
26
24
22
20.5
19
13.6
6.5
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
0
0
6.5
13.6
19
20.5
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
1. Layer
2. Layer
t1 (msn)
282
282
133
1000
1000
235
12.7
12.7
16
VP revers (m/sn)
VS (m/sn)
282
2
2
12
Shot Offset
Geophone Space (m)
Number of Geophone
TICKNESS (VP normal)
h1
TICKNESS (VP revers)
h'1
1000
10
10
1.87
1.87
1.87 m
1.87 m
1.87
Last h
h4
h3
h2
h1
10
10
1.9
1.9
Last h'
h4'
h3'
h2'
h1'
Geophysical Soil Section
Surface
Seismic Line Serim
D
e
p
t
P revers (travel time), msn
t2 (msn)
t3 (msn)
2000
2000
500
12
12
33
33
P Revers (travel time), msn
3. layer
45
44
43
42
41
40
36
32
28
24
15
6.5
0
0
6.5
15
24
28
32
36
40
41
42
43
44
45
1. Layer
2. Layer
235
235
150
500
500
275
235
500
2000
3 Layer State
Profile
VP normal (m/sn)
91
87
83
79
75
71
67
58.5
50
41.5
28.5
13.5
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
0
VP revers (m/sn)
VS (m/sn)
Average Vp (m/sn)
2
2
12
Shot Offset
Geophone Space (m)
Number of Geophone
TICKNESS (VP normal)
h1
TICKNESS (VP revers)
h'1
1.6 m
1.6 m
h1 ort.
h2 ort.
1.6 m
1.2 m
h2
h'2
1.2 m
1.2 m
SEISMIC TIME- DISTANCE GRAPH (2 LAYER MODEL)

140
140
120
120
100
100
80
80
ell
60
P revers
60
P normal
40
40
20
20
0
0
10
12
14
Distance (m)
16
18
20
22
24
Time (ms)
S revers
SEISMIC TIME- DISTANCE GRAPH (3 LAYER MODEL)
140
140
120
120
S revers
100
100
80
80
60
60
P normal
P revers
40
40
20
20
0
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
Presentation and Evaluation of Electrical (Resitivity) Data

Apparent Resistivity
25.2
20
16
12
9.9
8.5
6.8
6.1
6.6
5.95
6.28
6.7
6.45
6.7
6.43
6.38
5.3
5.5
Evaluation Results
Layers
Ticknes
h1
10
h2
10
h3
15
h4
20
h5
h6
h7
h8
h9
20
True Resistivity
25
8
7
100
100
Resistivity (ohm.m)
AB/2
3
4
5
7
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
120
10
1
1
10
100
Electrod Space (AB/2)
1000
TREE LAYERS RESISTIVITY MODELLING

Model Parameters
Resistivity (ohm-m)
25
8
6
Rho1
Rho2
Rho3
Ticknes of Layers (m)
d1
d2
d3
2.5
9
infinite
Apprent Resistivity
100
10
1
Electrod Space
Model Curve
Field Data
h1
h2
h3
h4
h5
h6
h7
h8
h9
Point 1
10
10
15
20
0
0
0
0
20
Point 2
10
10
15
20
0
0
0
0
20
GeophysicalS
oil Section
Electric Array
GWL
Surface
D
e
p
t
Three layer resistivity example. Depth and distance

in meters, resistivity is in ohm-meters. Apparent
resistivity is for the Schlumberger electrode arrange
Layer resistivities and thickness, from top to bottom
seed:
Xinc:
n
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
2.556757 includes phase shift for O'Neill's coeffici

-0.16667 to get 6 samples per integer power of te
L Ld2>230?tanh(Ld2)
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31 ######
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
######
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######
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######
######
Three layer resistivity example. Depth and distance are

n meters, resistivity is in ohm-meters. Apparent
esistivity is for the Schlumberger electrode arrangement.
ayer resistivities and thickness, from top to bottom:
includes phase shift for O'Neill's coefficients

to get 6 samples per integer power of ten
T2 Ld1>230?tanh(Ld1)
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T1
######
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O'Neill convolve x = 1/L
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-0.0003
0.0021
-0.005
0.0113
-0.0252
0.0581
-0.1436
0.393
-1.1324
2.7044
-3.4507
0.4248
1.1817
0.6194
0.2374
0.0869
########
########
########
########
########
########
########
8.408953
7.468465
6.825966
6.413380
6.194637
6.091567
6.044524
6.022995
6.012963
1.000000
1.467799
2.154434
3.162277
4.641587
6.812919
9.999997
########
########
########
########
########
########
########
########
########
98
102
83
34
30
51
89
140
######
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-2
-3
-4
-5
0.0235 6.007991 ########

0.0128 6.005229 ########
-0.0012 6.003545 ########
0.003
175
BOREHOLE
LOG
AND
BX..................m
HX..................m
external radiusInternal Radius
external radius
Internal Radius
external radius
Internal Radius
73 mm
65.0mm
88.9mm
SPT1
14
SPT2
15
10 21
18
39
2m
4m
SPT3
5 m
6m
SPT4
11
SPT5
8 12
11
23
SPT6
8 20
20
40
SPT7
6 10
12
22
SPT8
15 15
16
31
7m
8 m
9m
10 m
11 m
12 m
13 m
SPT9
13
19
SPT10
12
21
SPT11
19 22
23
45
SPT13
17 17
30
47
14 m
15 m
16 m
17 m
18 m
\10
10
20
30
40
\20 \30 \40
50
\50
FIELD RECORDS
SPT(N) 30
SPT (N) & Depth
30-45cm
(Definition,
Color, Density,
Texture, Ground
waater situation
etc.)
Blow count
1m
3m
80.9mm 114.3mm 104.7mm
SPT TEST
FORMATION PROPERTIES
15-30cm
Ferhat zep
RQD %
CAROTE %
DEPT (m)
SAMPLE TYPE and NO
BOREHOLE DEPT:18 m
BOREHOLE SITE: STANBUL (Avclar)
GROUND WATER LEVEL (GWL) : 3m
DATE: 3-4 MAY 2004
ENGINEER:
BORING NO:1
SPT
TEST
0-15 cm
Department of Geophysics
BOREHOLE METHOD
SOIL PROFILE
Istanbul University
Table 1.
SPT (N)
Internal Radius
Angle of Shearing Resistance (f)

Peck (1974)
Meyerhof (1956)
<4
(4 - 10)
(10 -30)
(30-50)
>50
<29
29-30
30-36
36-41
>41
<30
30-35
35-40
40-45
>45
Table for Depth and SPT (N) Graph

14
Derinlik (m)
SPT (N)
-1.5
14
15
39
11
23
40
22
31
19
21
45
47
15
-3
39
-4.5
11
-6
23
-7.5
40
-9
22
-10.5
31
-12
19
-13.5
21
-15
45
-16.5
47
-18
Table 2
SPT (N)
2
4
8
qu, kg/cm2
0.25
0.5
1
15
30
2
4
Estimation of Boring Depth for Site Investigation

Store Number
Boring Depth (Db)
Boring Depth (Db)
3m
6.5 m
12.9 m
SPT CORRECTIONS
GWL (m)
70
N (X)
AD
SPT (Field)
g (gr/cm3)
CN
CB
CS
CR SPT(corrected)
N55
1.8
15
1.8
1,7
1.0
1.0
0.80 #VALUE! ###### ##### #VALUE!
3.3
15
1.8
1.67
1.0
1.0
0.80
20.1
16.4
15.1
12.9
4.8
15
1.8
1.45
1.0
1.0
0.80
17.4
14.2
13.1
11.20
6.3
15
1.8
1.30
1.0
1.0
0.80
15.6
12.8
11.7
10.0
7.8
15
1.8
1.19
1.0
1.0
0.80
14.2
11.7
10.7
9.2
N1(60)
9.3
15
1.8
1.10
1.0
1.0
0.80
13.2
10.8
9.9
8.5
10.8
15
1.8
1.05
1.0
1.0
0.80
12.6
10.3
9.5
8.1
12.3
15
1.8
0.97
1.0
1.0
0.80
11.6
9.5
8.7
7.5
13.8
15
1.8
0.92
1.0
1.0
0.80
11.0
9.0
8.3
7.1
15.3
15
1.8
0.89
1.0
1.0
0.80
10.7
8.8
8.0
6.9
16.8
15
1.8
0.84
1.0
1.0
0.80
10.1
8.2
7.6
6.5
18.3
19.8
21.3
15
15
15
1.8
1.8
1.8
0.81
0.78
0.75
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.80
0.80
0.80
9.7
9.3
9.0
7.9
7.6
7.4
7.3
7.0
6.8
6.2
6.0
5.8
SPT(corr.)
15.6
14.2
13.2
Estimation of Aveage SPT Value

Data Number = 3
SPT (Average) = 14.3
CN
CS
CB
for SPT(N), effective overburden presure correction factor

sampling = 1
Bore radius correction. If bore radius is betwen 65 and 115 mm, then CB is 1
If it has 150 mm radius, then CB is 1,05, and if it has 200 mm radius, then CB is 1,15.
rt gerilemsi
efektf rt gerilems,
suieren tabaka kaslnl
CN katsatys
tabak aklnl
31.8
23.9
0.80
0.80
2.0440
1.8
58.3
35.7
2.30
2.30
1.6735
1.5
84.8
47.5
3.80
3.80
1.4513
1.5
111.2
59.3
5.30
5.30
1.2991
1.5
137.7
71.0
6.80
6.80
1.1866
1.5
164.2
82.8
8.30
8.30
1.0990
1.5
186.3
90.2
9.80
9.80
1.0532
1.5
217.2
106.3
11.30
11.30
0.9697
1.5
243.7
118.1
12.80
12.80
0.9201
1.5
265.8
125.5
14.30
14.30
0.8928
1.5
296.7
323.1
349.6
376.1
141.7
153.4
165.2
177.0
15.80
17.30
18.80
20.30
15.80
17.30
18.80
20.30
0.8402
0.8073
0.7780
0.7517
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
ESTIMATION OF GEOTECHNICAL PARAMETERS FROM

GEOPHYSICAL DATA ( For 2 Layers)
Measured Geophysical Parameters
SYMBOL
UNITE
1.LAYER
2.LAYER
Vp
Vs
h
r
m/s
282
1000
m/s
133
235
1.87
ohm-m
22
Derived Geotechnical Parameters
SYMBOL
UNITE
1.LAYER
2.LAYER
For 30m, Avarage S (SHEAR) WAVE VELOCITY
Vs (30)
g
Gmax
E
n
K
To
qu
ZB
SPT(30)
w
P WAVE VELOCITY
S WAVE VELOCITY
DEPTH OF LAYER
RESISTIVITY VALUES
DENSITY (Gardner at al., 1974)

MAX SHEAR MODULUS (Kramer, 1996)
YOUNG MODULUS (Bowles, 1988)
POISSON RATIO (Bowles, 1988)
BULK MODULUS (Bowles, 1988)
SOIL FUNDAMENTAL PERIOD (Kanai, 1983)
qa (Uchiyama et al. 1984)
SOIL AMPLIFICATION (Midorikawa (1987)
SPT (N) VALUE (Imai and Yoshimura, 1977)
WATER CONTENT (Ozcep et al, 2009)
m/sn
224
gr/cm3
1.27
1.74
kg/cm2
224.4
961.2
kg/cm2
608.9
2827.5
0.36
0.47
709.5
16124.2
kg/cm
sn
kg/cm2
0.9
0.98
Relative
3.55
2.6
Blow Count
31
45
45
34
34
ESTIMATION OF GEOTECHNICAL PARAMETERS FROM GEOPHYSICAL DATA

( For 3 Layers)
Measured Geophysical Parameters
SYMBOL
UNITE
1.LAYER
2.LAYER
3.LAYER
Vp
Vs
h
r
m/s
235
500
1500
m/s
150
275
500
1.6
1.2
ohm-m
Derived Geotechnical Parameters
SYMBOL
UNITE
1.LAYER
2.LAYER
3.LAYER
For 30m, Avarage S (SHEAR) WAVE VELOCITY
Vs (30)
g
Gmax
E
n
K
To
qu
ZB
SPT(30)
w
m/sn
P WAVE VELOCITY
S WAVE VELOCITY
DEPTH OF LAYER
RESISTIVITY VALUES
DENSITY (Gardner at al., 1974)

MAX SHEAR MODULUS (Kramer, 1996)
YOUNG MODULUS (Bowles, 1988)
POISSON RATIO (Bowles, 1988)
BULK MODULUS (Bowles, 1988)
SOIL FUNDAMENTAL PERIOD (Kanai, 1983)
qa (Uchiyama et al. 1984)
SOIL AMPLIFICATION (Midorikawa (1987)
SPT (N) VALUE (Imai and Yoshimura, 1977)
WATER CONTENT (Ozcep et al., 2009)
433
gr/cm3
1.21
1.46
kg/cm2
272.7
1106.9
4815.7
kg/cm2
630.5
2840.6
13845.1
0.16
0.28
0.44
kg/cm2
305.7
2183.3
36920.3
sn
kg/cm2
1.93
0.4
1.29
Relative
5.07
19.54
1.8
Blow Count
49
REF
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
#VALUE!
stp1
spt2
5
31
stp1
8
spt2
49
spt3
301
Athanasopoulos (1995)
Kiku at al. (2001)
Sykora and Stokoe (1983)
Lee (1990)
All Soils
Clay
All Soils
All Soils
Clay
Silt
Sand
Sand
Clay
Sand
HalocenePleistocene
Clay
All Soils
Gravel
Gravelly Sand
Coarse Sand
Middle Sand
Fine Sand
Clay
Gravel
Gravelly Sand
Coarse Sand
Middle Sand
Fine Sand
Clay
All Soils
Halocene
Imai (1978)
Depth (m)
SPT (N)
Depth (m)
All Soils
Pleistocene
PliestoceneOkamoto at al. (1989)
yisan (1994)
Ohta and Goto (1978)
Sand
Ohba andToriumi (1970)
Imai and Yoshimura (1977)
SPT (N) - Vs Velocity Relationships
Vs (m/s)
1.8
151 160 134 147 144 153 155 195 103 112 110 118 119 150 151
233 186 161 208 189 159 206 218 184 125
193 227
3.3
151 160 152 165 162 173 174 220 116 127 125 133 134 169 151
233 186 161 208 189 159 206 218 184 125
193 227
4.8
151 160 164 178 175 186 188 237 126 137 134 143 144 182 151
233 186 161 208 189 159 206 218 184 125
193 227
6.3
151 160 173 188 185 197 199 250 133 144 142 151 152 192 151
233 186 161 208 189 159 206 218 184 125
193 227
7.8
151 160 180 196 193 205 207 261 138 151 148 158 159 201 151
233 186 161 208 189 159 206 218 184 125
193 227
9.3
151 160 187 203 200 213 215 271 143 156 153 163 165 208 151
233 186 161 208 189 159 206 218 184 125
193 227
10.8
151 160 192 210 206 219 221 279 148 161 158 168 170 214 151
233 186 161 208 189 159 206 218 184 125
193 227
12.3
151 160 197 215 211 225 227 286 152 165 162 173 174 220 151
233 186 161 208 189 159 206 218 184 125
193 227
13.8
151 160 202 220 216 230 232 293 155 169 166 177 178 225 151
233 186 161 208 189 159 206 218 184 125
193 227
15.3
151 160 206 225 221 235 237 299 158 173 169 180 182 229 151
233 186 161 208 189 159 206 218 184 125
193 227
16.8
151 160 210 229 225 240 242 305 161 176 173 184 185 234 151
233 186 161 208 189 159 206 218 184 125
193 227
18.3
151 160 214 233 229 244 246 310 164 179 176 187 189 238 151
233 186 161 208 189 159 206 218 184 125
193 227
19.8
151 160 217 237 232 248 250 315 167 182 178 190 192 242 151
233 186 161 208 189 159 206 218 184 125
193 227
21.3
151 160 220 240 236 251 253 319 169 184 181 193 194 245 151
233 186 161 208 189 159 206 218 184 125
193 227
22.8
151 160 223 243 239 255 257 324 171 187 183 195 197 249 151
233 186 161 208 189 159 206 218 184 125
193 227
24.3
151 160 226 247 242 258 260 328 174 189 186 198 200 252 151
233 186 161 208 189 159 206 218 184 125
193 227
25.8
151 160 229 250 245 261 263 332 176 192 188 200 202 255 151
233 186 161 208 189 159 206 218 184 125
193 227
27.3
151 160 232 252 248 264 266 336 178 194 190 203 204 258 151
233 186 161 208 189 159 206 218 184 125
193 227
28.8
151 160 234 255 250 267 269 339 180 196 192 205 207 260 151
233 186 161 208 189 159 206 218 184 125
193 227
30.3
151 160 236 258 253 270 272 343 181 198 194 207 209 263 151
233 186 161 208 189 159 206 218 184 125
193 227
Kiku at al. (2001)
Sand
Clay
Sand
Clay
Sand
Sand
Silt
Clay
All Soils
All Soils
Clay
All Soils
10
72
44
49
33
32
15
3.3
150
35
21
24
16
16
15
4.8
150
23
14
15
11
10
15
6.3
150
17
10
11
15
7.8
150
13
15
9.3
150
10
15
10.8
150
15
12.3
150
15
13.8
150
15
15.3
150
15
Gravel
15
Clay
Gravel
Clay
All Soils
Gravelly Sand
Coarse Sand
Middle Sand
Fine Sand
Gravelly Sand
Coarse Sand
Middle Sand
Fine Sand
HalocenePleistocene
150
Vs (m/s)
All Soils
Halocene
Lee (1990)
1.8
Depth (m)
All Soils
Pleistocene
Imai (1978)
Sykora and Stokoe (1983)
yisan (1994)
Ohta and Goto (1978)
PliestoceneOkamoto at al. (1989)
Ohba andToriumi (1970)
Imai and Yoshimura (1977)
Vs Veleocity - SPT (N) Relationships
SPT (N)
16.8
150
15
18.3
150
15
19.8
150
15
21.3
150
15
22.8
150
15
24.3
150
15
25.8
150
15
27.3
150
15
28.8
150
15
30.3
150
15
14
17
31
16
11
UNIFIED SOIL CLASSIFICATION
Sample 1
Liquit Limid (%) =
Plastic Limit (%) =
Plastisity Index (%) =
Sample 2
Liquid Limit (%) =
Plastic Limit (%) =
Sample 3
75
60
15
45
30
15
Liquid Limit (%) =

Plastic Limit (%) =
Sample 4
Liquid Limit (%) =
Plastic Limit (%) =
55
20
35
45
20
25
60
Sample 1
Sample 3
Plastisity Index PI (%)
50
Sample 2
Sample 4
A Line
40
CH
30
MH & OH
20
CL
10
CL&ML
ML & OL
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Liquit Limid LL (%)
Figure 1. LL-PI curve
100
Percentage Fine (%)
90
Sample A
80
Sample B
70
Sample C
60
Sample D
50
Sample E
40
30
20
10
0
0.001
0.01
0.1
Grain Size (mm)
Figure 2. Granulometry Curve
10
100
D10 (mm)
D30 (mm)
D60 (mm)
0.9
3
7
Cu (uniformity coeficient)
Cz
7.78
1.43
Sieve No 200
First and or Second letter

G=Gravel
S=Sand
M=Silt
C=Clay
O=Organic
Pt=Peat
Second Letter
W= well graded
P=poorly graded
M=Silt
C=Clay
L= Low Plastisity
H= High Plastisity
Passed
45
Retained
55
COARSE GRAINED SOILS
Use the Sieve 4 's Results !
Soil Type is such as:
GM,GC,SM,SC
COARSE GRAINED SOILS

Main Symbol
Sieve No 4
Type
Main Symbol
Passed
40
GRAVEL
G
Retained
60
WELL
POORLY
Sub-Symbol (1)
Cz
Grading
Sub-Symbol
Soil Symbol
1.43
POORLY
P
GP
Sub-Symbol (2)
PI
8
LL
25
Soil Sub-Symbol
C
3.5
PI
M
PI Koulu
Alt Simge
A izgisi Kolu
Alt Simge
C
C
FINE GRAINED SOIL
PI
Main Symbol
32
C
LL
Second Symbol
48
L
19.6
PI
Soil Symbol
FALSE
CL
FALSE
Unified Soil Classification System

Sample A
Sample B
Sample C
Grain Size
(mm)
Percentage
Fine (%)
Grain Size
(mm)
Percentage
Fine (%)
Grain Size
(mm)
Percentage
Fine (%)
37.500
20.000
14.000
10.000
6.300
3.350
1.180
0.6
0.212
0.063
95.00
89.60
86.40
82.90
72.30
35.70
15.400
9.60
1.2
0.8
37.500
20.000
14.000
10.000
6.300
3.350
1.180
0.6
0.212
0.063
85.00
85.00
75.00
65.00
55.00
45.00
14.000
5.00
4
0.9
37.500
20.000
14.000
10.000
6.300
3.350
1.180
0.6
0.212
0.063
92.00
87.00
84.00
79.00
72.00
55.00
22.000
14.00
4
1
Soil Type is such as:

GM,GC,SM,SC
LL
0.0
25.5
30.0
PI
4.0
4.0
7.3
1000.0
30.0
715.4
7.3
1000.0
892.8
50
50.0
0
1000.0
ion System
Sample D
Sample E
Grain Size
(mm)
Percentage
Fine (%)
Grain Size
(mm)
Percentage
Fine (%)
37.500
20.000
14.000
10.000
6.300
3.350
1.180
0.6
0.212
0.063
98.00
88.00
75.00
74.00
72.30
46.00
19.000
9.00
6
1
37.500
20.000
14.000
10.000
6.300
3.350
1.180
0.6
0.212
0.063
93.00
88.00
86.40
81.00
73.00
31.00
21.000
13.00
3
0.9
SOIL BEARING CAPACITY

(STATIC & DYNAMIC)
Structural Data
Depth of Footing beneath ground surface, m
Df
Footing Width, m
B
L
R
4
5
3
2.1
g1
1.8
Footing Length, m
Radius for Circular Foundation, m
Laboratory Data and Coefficients

Cohesion, ton/m2
Unit Weigth of Backfill Soil, ton/m
Unit Weigth of Soil beneath Footing, ton/m3 / Lower Layer from

g2 Foundations 1.8
Angle of Shearing Resistance (o)
30
Foundation Slope from vertical direction (0)
Bearing Capacity Coefficients
Nq
22.4

Nq
Nc
Nc
Ng
Ng
Kp
18.3
37.0
30.0
22.3
15.6
2.993
37.0
Shape Coefficients
sc
1.479
30.0
Shape Coefficients
sq
sg
dc
dq
1.239
1.239
1.259
1.130
dg
ic
1.130
1.000
iq
ig
1.000
1.000

Shape Coefficients
Depth Coefficients
Depth Coefficients
Depth Coefficients
Slope Coefficients
Slope Coefficients
Slope Coefficients
If foundation is below the groundwater level, please use the effective unite weigth !
gw
1.0
Saturate Unit Weigth, ton/m3
gs
1.8
Effective Unit Weigth, ton/m3
g
0.8
Water Unit Weigth, ton/m3
Unit Conversion
1
10
100
kg/cm2
ton/m2
kN/m2 or kPa
10
1
100
ton/m
kg/cm2
2
kN/m or kPa
100
10
1
kN/m or kPa
2
ton/m
2
kg/cm
1.478825
Unit Conversion
2
Unit Conversion
SPT (N) Value

f
2
c, ton/m
10
30
6.54
3.0
1.239412409
1.239412409
1
1
1.129744692
1.129744692
1
1
1.259489
RESULTS
Safety Factor
3
From Laboratory Data
Fondation Type
Terzaghi (1943)'e Gre

qa , kPa
qult, ton/m2
Strip Foundation
278.69
Rectengular Foundation
284.50
Circular Foundation
257.86
Square Foundation
285.95
929
948
860
953
Meyerhof (1963)
qa , kPa
qult, ton/m2
334.46
1115
From in Situ Tests
Avarage Value
from the Footing depth to 2B depth
SPT (corrected)
20
Bowles (1996)
From SPT(N) Data

qa , kPa
295
Meyerhof (1956)
151
For Max 25 mm settlement
GWL (m)
Df (m)
B (m)
Cw (water corr. coefficient)
1
1.5
2
0.8
With Burland ve Burbridge (1985) Approch

SPT (N) (Uncorrected)
12
B (m)
2
Ic
0.053
qa , kPa
292
Seismic Soil Bearing Capacity (Richards at al., 1993)

Horizontal Acceleration
Vertical Acceleration
Acceleration Coefficient
Angle of Shearing Resistance (o)
kh
kv
q
f
d
KpE
0.3
0.2
20.57
30
0
2.238
NqE
NcE
NgE
22.0
13.7
22.0
17.0
Seismic Bearin Capacity Factors
Foundation Type
Strip Foundation
Circular Foundation
Square Foundation
qult , ton/m2
181.25
170.69
182.90
Safety Factor
3
qa , kPa
Strip Foundation
Circular Foundation
Square Foundation
604
569
610
For Sandy Soils

With Zeveaert (1983) Approch, variation of Angle of Shearing Resistance with Acceleration
f static
Acceleration (g)
c (coeficient)
f dynamic
30
0.2
0.666666667
24
With Okamoto (1984) Approch, variation of Angle of Shearing Resistance with Acceleration
f static
Acceleration (g)
kh
SPT(N)
f dynamic
30
0.2
0.1
10
26
c*ivvme
2/3*sinfi
1-2/2sinfi
0.133333333
0.333180068
0.666819932
0.199954031
0.800045969
0.399839056
Soil Bearing Capacity (qa)

With Geophysical (Vs velocity ) Data
(Tezcan at al, 2006)
Avarage Value
from the Foundation depth to 2B depth
Vp
600 m/sn
Vs
400 m/sn
1.5 m
Soil Type
gp
a
qa
18
birim hacim
kN/m3
0.97
169 kPa
qa
qa
qa
165 kN/m2
175 kN/m2
184 kN/m2
qa
204 kN/m2
Tr 1
Tr 2
Tr 3
17.2 kN/m3
18.2 kN/m3
19.2 kN/m3
Tr 4
21.2 kN/m3
vs>500
sv
qa
qa
175
#NUM!
#NUM!
175
alfa1
alfa2
alfa3
1
0.965
0.815
0.82
alfa
0.71
Table 1.
gp = go + 0.002 vp
(kN/m3)
go = 16 for loose sandy, silty and clayey soils (Soil Type1)

go = 17 for dense sand and gravel (Soil Type2)
go = 18 for mudstone, limestone, claystone, conglomerate, etc. (Soil Type 3)
go = 20 for sandstone, tuff, graywacke, schist, etc. (Soil Type 4)
qa = 0.024 g vs a
If Vs>500 m/sn,
qa = 0.024 g vs sv a 30.6 g
sv = 1 3 x 10 -6 ( vs- 500 ) 1.6
If B value is 0 B 1,2 m, then a = 1

If B value is 1,2 B 3,0 m, then a = (1,13-0,11*B)
If B value is 3,0 B 12 m , then a = (0,83 - 0,001*B)
If B value is bigger then 12, then a = 0,71.
, etc. (Soil Type 3)
sptden treyen vs hz
sptdz st snr
#DIV/0!
#REF!
spt
0
yas
0
0.00
0.00
294.8814
327.2727
196.0364
151.4357
SETTLEMENT ANALYSIS (Static& Dynamic)

Structure Data
Contact Presure, ton /m2
q
Df
B
L
g
qnet
Depth of Footing, m
Width of Footing , m
Footing Length, m
Unit Weigth, ton/m3
Net Contact Presure
100
2
3
2
1.8
96.4
ton/m
945.4
kN/m2 yada kPa
Analysis with Static Loads

Settlement (Immediate, Coarse Grained Soils)
Burland ve Burbrigde (1985) Approach

q
L
B
H
t
ton/m
m
m
m
yl
Df
g
100
2
3
5
10
10
2
1.8
Ic
r
r3
Z1
7
0.2
0.3
2.2 m
SPT(N)Correct.
m
ton/m3
-0.7
fs
f
ft
0.8
1.0
1.4
2
96.40 ton/m
2
945.4 kN/m
qnet
Average (mm)
Si (Settlement)
161.2
53.7
2
Settlemet (Consolidation) II
mv
H
qnet
E (kN/m )
n (poison ratio)
2
mv (m /kN)
2
0.0001 m /kN
3m
2
145 kN/m
Sc (Settlement)
43.5 mm
12000
0.3
0.00010000
Settlement (Clayed Soils) III

g
m0
m1
q
B
L
Df
H
Ed
qnet
Si
20
0.9
0.55
240
3
6
1.5
3.5
7
210
kN/m
Sands (normallly Consalidated)

2
kN/m
m
m
m
m
2
MN/m
kN/m2
44.55 mm
Figure 3. Impact factors for settlements
Settlement IV
q
L
B
Df
g
n
E
qnet
Is
Is
240
6
3.5
2
20
0.5
7
200
1.44
1.11
kN/m
m
m
m
kN/m3
2
MN/m
2
kN/m
Fexible Foundation
Rigit Foundation
Settlement (Si)
107.9 mm
83.2 mm
(Flexible Foundation)
(Rigit Foundation)
Simple Approaches (1)

Settlemet (from qa obtained SPT value) V
qnet
qa
2
240 kN/m
2
250 kN/m
Settlement (Si)
24.0 mm
from SPT Value (Meyerhof Approach) VI
qnet
SPT (N)
B
2
240 kN/m
15
1.5 m
Settlement (Si)
25.2 mm
30.4 mm
form SPT values (Terzaghi and Peck Approach) VII
2
qnet
240 kN/m
SPT (N)
15
B
1.5 m
Df
1.5 m
G.W.L.
3m
Settlement (Si)
34.6 mm
25.2
20.3

form SPT value (Bowles, 1977) VIII
SPT
B
q
15
1.5 m
2
240 KN/m
24
20.809712
22.998982
Settlement (Si)
23.0 mm
from SPT value (Meyerhof, 1974) IX
SPT
B
q
15
1.5 m
2
240 KN/m
for Silty Sand

for Sand and Gravel
Settlement (Si)
32.7 mm
16.3 mm

form SPT value (Meyerhof 1965) X
SPT
B
q
15
1.5 m
2
240 KN/m
24
33.295539
34.498474
Settlement (Si)
34.5 mm
Analysis with Dynamic Loads (1)

Ishihara ve Yoshimine (1992) Approach
For this analysis, you must do soil liquefaction analysis and must find Safety factor (SF) !
SF
N1(60)
Dr
h (m)
N1
DH/H %
0.45
6
40
1
6.6
4.2
Settlement Sd
4.2
cm

Tokimatsu ve Seed (1984) Approach
For this analysis, you must do soil liquefaction analysis and must find CSR !
CSR
N1(60)
h (m)
DH/H%
0.4
10
10
2.5
Settlement Sd
25
cm
Settlement Sd
3.5
cm

For Dry Sands
Krinitsky et al. (1993)
Acceleration
N1(60)
h (m)
DH/H %
0.45
9
10
0.35
Table 1
r
r3
0.2
0.3
Estimation Elastisity Modulus form emprical relations

Estimation of Elastisity Modulus form SPT (N) Value for Sands
SPT (N) Value
5
E
2
Sands (normallly Consalidated)
9545 kPa
10 MN/m
2
21132 kPa
21 MN/m
2
Sands (Saturate)
4773 kPa
5 MN/m
2
Sands (Overconsolidated)
29250 kPa
29 MN/m
2
Gravelly Sand and Gravel
12109 kPa
12 MN/m
2
Clayed Sand
6109 kPa
6 MN/m
2
Silty Sand
3027 kPa
3 MN/m
Estimation of Elastisity Modulus form qu value for clays
qu
98 kPa
E
Ip > 30 min
max
Ip < 30 or Stiff Clay min
max
Normally Consollidated Sensitive Clay

Normally Consolidated Sensitive
and weak Consolidated Clay
Strong Overconsolidated Clay
4900
24500
24500
73500
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
4.9
24.5
24.5
73.5
MN/m2
MN/m2
MN/m2
MN/m2
Min
kPa
9800
MN/m2
10
Max
kPa
24500
MN/m2
25
36750
73500
37
74
58800
98000
59
98
Table 2 . Elastisity modulus for different type of soils

E Value (MN/m2)
Soil Types
Soft Clays
2 ila 5
Stiff Clay
4 ila 8
Firm Clay
7 ila 20
Sandy Clays
30 ila 40
Silty Clays
7 ila 20
Loose Sand
10 ila 25
Dense Sand
50 ila 90
Dense Gravel-Sand
100 ila 200
Table 3. Poison ratio for different types of Soils
Soil Type
n (poison Oran)
Satutated Clay
0,4-0,5
Unsturated Clay
or Sandy Clay
0,2-0,4
Sand (f = 40)
0,3-0,4
Sand (f = 20)
0,1-0,2
Silt
0,3-0,4
Rock
0,1-0,4
Flexible Foundation)
Safety Factor (SF)
Figure 4
Figure 1. Estiamtion of Ic coefficient form SPT Values For sands and gravels
(Burland ve Burbrigde (1985).
Estimation of elastisity modulus form SPT value

SPT value
5
E
2
Sand
9560 kPa
10 MN/m
2
Clayed Sand
3187 kPa
3 MN/m
2
Silt (with sand)
3237 kPa
4 MN/m
2
Gravel (with sand)
2747 kPa
3 MN/m
2
Sand(min)
23999 kPa
24 MN/m
2
Sand (max)
34284 kPa
34 MN/m
3630
2747
3237
12949
Estimation of elastisity modulus both SPT value and poison ratio
SPT value
Poison Ratio
0.3
5
E
Sand
3908 kPa
2
4 MN/m
D H / H (%)
Figure 5
For sands and gravels
Figure 6
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Acceleration (g)
0.5
ESTIMATION OF SUBGRADE REACTION COEFFICIENT

1. APPROACH
SPT Data
Scot (1981)
SPT (N) Value
ks
ks
15
3
2700 ton/m
3
27000 kN/m
2. APPROACH
From Figure
qu
SPT(N)
2
2.0 kg/cm
13
By using qu or SPT(N) values, Angle of Shearing Resistance or qu,
please estimate the subgrade reaction coefficient from following Figure1 !
Figure 1. Estimation od Subgrade Reaction coefficient ffrom SPT, qu and Angle of Shearing Resistance ( f ) (from ekerciolu, 2002)
3. APPROCH
Bowles (1988)
110 kN/m2
qa
SF (safety Factor)
3
17600 kN/m
ks
4. APPROCH
Bowles (1988)
qu
620
ks
24.000-48.000
kN/m
kN/m3
5. APPROCH
By using the following Table , please select the subgrade reaction coefficient !
Table (Bowles, 1988)
Soil Type
Loose Sand
Medium Dense Sand
Dense Sand
Silty Medium DenseSand
Clayed Medium Dense Sand
Clayed Soil (qu 200 kPa)
Clayed Soil (200 < qu 800 kPa)
Clayed Soil (qu > 800 kPa)
(ks), kN/m3
4.800 - 16.000
9.600 80.000
64.000 - 128.000
24.000 - 48.000
32.000 - 80.000
12.000 - 24.000
24.000 - 48.000
>48.000
0
7. YAKLAIM
Bowles (1988)Yaklam
S (Oturma)
qnet
ks
30 mm
2
250 kN/m
3
8333 kN/m
Birim Dnm
1
10
100
kg/cm2
2
ton/m
kN/m yada kPa
Birim Dnm
10
ton/m2
kg/cm2
100
kN/m2 yada kPa
Birim Dnm
kN/m2 yada kPa
100
ton/m2
10
kg/cm2
1
SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS ( STATIC AND DYNAMIC)

Necessary Data
Slope angel, a
Angle of Shearing Resistance, f
Acceleration (g)
Cohesion, c
g (Unit weigth)
15
25
0.4
3
ton/m2
1.7
ton/m3
1. Approch : With Static Loads

For Sandy Soils
Slope Angle, a
24
36
FS
Figure 1. Slope Parameters
1.6
2. Approach: With Dynamic (Earthquake) Loads (Siyahi and Ansal, 1993)

Earthquake Acceleration (g)
Slope Angle, a
N1(min)
0.4
45
29
2.17
FS
0
3.90
1.2
1.2
MEDIUM RISK / BSL
0.1
3.42
0.2
2.93
Figure 2. Variation of N1(min) values with acceleration and slope angle (Siyahi and Ansal, 1993)
3. Approch: Slope triggered earthquake, and estimation of critical acceleration (ac) (Wilson et al., 1979)
g (gravitation)
c (cohesion)
Slope Angle, a
2
980 cm/sn
2
3 ton/m
35

g (Unit weigth)
h ( sliding layer tickness)
24
3
1.7 ton/m
3m
ac
0.38 g
ad
0.30 g
NO RISK
4. Approch: Slices Method (Static State)
FS
slice number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
1.1
slice width
slice
length
Slice
length
under
GWL
unite
weigth
b (m)
h (m)
hw (m)
g (kN/m3)
c'
f'
3.0
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
1.6
1.5
1.0
2.5
4.2
5.8
7.0
8.0
8.9
9.4
9.6
9.5
8.8
7.1
4.5
1.6
1.0
2.4
4.0
5.4
6.4
7.4
7.6
7.5
6.1
6.1
4.9
2.8
0.2
0.0
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
-22.0
-18.0
-9.0
-3.0
1.0
7.0
13.0
19.5
26.0
33.0
40.5
48.5
56.7
65.5
12
12
12
18
12
12
18
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
24
24
24
24
24
24
45
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
angle form cohesion

vertical
(kN/m2)
Angle of
Shearing
Resistance
5. Approch: Slices Method (Dynamic/Earthquake State) (Das, 1993)
slice number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
kh
R
0.12
22.83
FS
0.8
unite
weigth
angle form
vertical
g (kN/m3)
a
-22.0
-18.0
-9.0
-3.0
1.0
7.0
13.0
19.5
26.0
33.0
40.5
48.5
56.7
65.5
slice width
slice length
slice
length
under
GWL
b (m)
3.0
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
1.6
1.5
h (m)
1.0
2.5
4.2
5.8
7.0
8.0
8.9
9.4
9.6
9.5
8.8
7.1
4.5
1.6
hw (m)
1.0
2.4
4.0
5.4
6.4
7.4
7.6
7.5
6.1
6.1
4.9
2.8
0.2
0.0
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
L
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
cohesion
(kN/m2)
Angle of
Shearing
Resistance
c'
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
f'
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
0
#DIV/0!
0
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
R, Odaktan Uzaklk (km)
#REF!
0.3
2.52
0.4
2.17
Table 1. Risk Levels for Microzonation

SF
<=1
Risk Level
Higher Risk
Symbol
ASL
1< GK <=2
Medium Risk
BSL
>2
Lower Risk
CSL
Dilim Arl
wi
bi/cosai
wi.cosai
ui
ubi/cosai
(7)-(9)
57
114
192
264
319
365
406
429
438
433
401
324
137
46
3.24
2.52
2.43
2.40
2.40
2.42
2.46
2.55
2.67
2.86
3.16
3.62
2.91
3.61
52.85
108.43
189.16
264.12
319.15
362.08
395.45
404.08
393.50
363.38
305.23
214.63
75.16
18.93
10
24
40
54
64
74
76
75
61
61
49
28
2
0
32
61
97
130
154
179
187
191
163
175
155
101
6
0
21
48
92
134
166
183
208
213
231
189
151
113
69
19
1836
39.25
Dilim Arl
wi
bi/cosai
wi.cosai
ui
ubi/cosai
(7)-(9)
57
114
192
264
319
365
406
429
438
433
401
324
137
46
3.24
2.52
2.43
2.40
2.40
2.42
2.46
2.55
2.67
2.86
3.16
3.62
2.91
3.61
52.85
108.43
189.16
264.12
319.15
362.08
395.45
404.08
393.50
363.38
305.23
214.63
75.16
18.93
10
24
40
54
64
74
76
75
61
61
49
28
2
0
32
61
97
130
154
179
187
191
163
175
155
101
6
0
21
48
92
134
166
183
208
213
231
189
151
113
69
19
1836
39.25
wi.sinai
tanfi
tan fi x 7-9
-21
-35
-30
-14
6
44
91
143
192
236
261
242
114
41
0.444974
0.444974
0.444974
0.444974
0.444974
0.444974
0.999204
0.444974
0.444974
0.444974
0.444974
0.444974
0.444974
0.444974
9.122033
21.29868
40.92385
59.77795
73.65573
81.49757
208.0902
94.84067
102.626
84.03431
67.02298
50.40111
30.85433
8.425168
932.5705
1270
toplam bi/cosa i * cohesion

38.8242
30.28055
29.15863
43.25923
28.80438
29.01606
44.33516
30.55058
32.03934
34.33355
37.86292
43.44275
34.94454
43.35046
500.2023
tanfi
tan fi x 7-9
0.444974
0.444974
0.444974
0.444974
0.444974
0.444974
0.444974
0.444974
0.444974
0.444974
0.444974
0.444974
0.444974
0.444974
9.122033
21.29868
40.92385
59.77795
73.65573
81.49757
92.66854
94.84067
102.626
84.03431
67.02298
50.40111
30.85433
8.425168
817.1489
wi.sinai kh wi (L/R)
-21
-35
-30
-14
6
44
91
143
192
236
261
242
114
41
1270
6.3
12.0
19.1
25.0
28.5
30.7
32.0
31.5
29.9
27.3
23.2
17.0
6.5
1.9
291.0
toplam bi/cosa i * cohesion

38.8242
30.28055
29.15863
28.83948
28.80438
29.01606
29.55677
30.55058
32.03934
34.33355
37.86292
43.44275
34.94454
43.35046
471.0042
PROBABILISTIC SEISMIC HAZARD ANALYSIS

Year Interval
105
4.5 M <5.0
28
5.0 M < 5.5

11
5.5 M <6.0
5
6.0 M <6.5
1
6.5 M <7.0
1
4.7
47
0.447619048
-0.349091441
5.2
19
0.180952381
-0.742435698
5.7
8
0.076190476
-1.118099312
6.2
3
0.028571429
-1.544068044
6.7
2
0.019047619
-1.720159303
a
b
2.735499955
-0.669693076
Poison Probability Distribution

Point number for regression
Magnitude Intervals
Ni (Occurence Numbers)
Average Magnitude M or (Xi)
SNi (cummulative)
SNi/t
Log SNi/t yada (Yi)
35.7000000
-7.4950431
216.7900000
-47.5254136
1274.4900000
SXi
SYi
SXi^2
SXiYi
S(Xi)^2
Log (N) = a - b* M
Magnitude - Frequency Relation

(Recurrence Relationships)
FREQUENCY (N)
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-2.0
-2.5
y = -0.6697x + 2.7355
R = 0.9865
MAGNTUDE
Poison Probability Distribution

Risk = Rm = 1- e-(N(M) *D)
Average
Probability (%) For D (Year)
N(M)
0.2438
0.1128
0.0522
0.0241
0.0112
0.0052
Magnitude
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
10
91.3
67.6
40.6
21.4
10.6
5.0
50
100.0
99.6
92.6
70.1
42.8
22.7
D (year)
30
a (g)
Probability of Exceedence (%)
20
Return Period
75
100.0
100.0
98.0
83.6
56.7
32.1
100
100.0
100.0
99.5
91.0
67.2
40.3
H, Focal depth (km)
25
15
29.2
Esteva (1970)
Donavan(1973c)
Oliviera (1974)
Joyner ve Boore (1981)
Campbell (1997)
0.14
0.21
0.14
0.37
0.38
-0.223143551
-0.007438118
-4.901137368
-2.128536914
-4.864036869
0.64
8.2
-0.051293
-0.00171
-6.371393
-2.767061
########
Joyner ve Boore (1981) Attenuation Relationship
5
alma olasl
byklk
20
50
0.49
0.37
40
30
7.7
7.3
20
10
-0.105360516
-0.223143551
0
-0.0035120170.10
-0.007438118
0.20
0.30
-5.651564709
-4.901137368
-2.454443367
-2.128536914
-5.189943322
-4.864036869
Figure. Hazard Curve
4
9
19
41
90
194
M (magnitude)
7.3
, Epicentral Distance (km)
90
80
70
10
60
(Yl)
40
80
0.27
0.18
6.7
6.0
-0.510825624
-1.609437912
-0.017027521
-0.05364793
0.40
0.50
0.60
-4.072924374
-2.925312386
Acceleration
(g)
-1.768848581
-1.270447027
-4.504348536
-4.005946982
0.70
Spectral Acceleration Attenuation Relationship by Boore et al. (1997)

Design Earthquake Magnitude (Mw)
Rjb
Vs, 30
unspecified faulting mechanism
7.3
20
800
strike-slip fault
reverse-slip fault
Acceleration (g)
Period (s)
0.0
0.2
1.0
0.18
0.42
0.17
0.17
0.38
0.16
0.20
0.45
0.18
Acceleration (g)
Spectral Acceleration Attenuation Relationship

0.50
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
unspecified
faulting
mechanism
strike-slip fault
revers-slip fault
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Period (s)
bss
brv
ball
b2
b3
b5
bv
-0.313
-0.117
-0.242
0.527
0
-0.778
-0.371
0.999
1.17
1.089
0.711
-0.207
-0.924
-0.292
-1.113
-1.009
-1.08
1.036
-0.032
-0.798
-0.698
Va
h
1396
5.57
2118
7.02
1406
2.9
-0.105360516
-0.00210721
-6.162390333
-2.676292117
-4.722921644
10
alma olasl
byklk
10
20
40
80
0.64
0.64
0.46
0.32
0.20
8.2
8.2
7.7
7.0
6.2
-0.105361
-0.002107
-6.16239
-2.676292
########
-0.105360516
-0.00210721
-6.162390333
-2.676292117
-4.722921644
-0.223143551
-0.004462871
-5.411962992
-2.350385664
-4.397015191
-0.510825624
-0.010216512
-4.583749998
-1.99069733
-4.037326857
-1.609437912
-0.032188758
-3.43613801
-1.492295777
-3.538925304
GUMBEL EXTREME VALUES

Seismic Hazard Analysis
Point Number for Regression
7.0 M <7.5
1
7.2
1
0.00952381
-2.0211893
t (year interval)
70
G(M)
0.7042
0.7465
0.7606
0.8028
0.8169
0.8310
0.8451
0.8592
0.8873
0.9296
0.9437
0.9577
0.9718
0.9859
0.9859
0.9859
0.9859
0.9859
0.9859
0.9859
0.9859
0.9859
0.9859
0.9859
0.9859
0.9859
0.9859
0.9859
0.9859
0.9859
0.9859
[-lnG(M)]
0.3507
0.2924
0.2737
0.2196
0.2022
0.1851
0.1683
0.1518
0.1195
0.0730
0.0580
0.0432
0.0286
0.0142
0.0142
0.0142
0.0142
0.0142
0.0142
0.0142
0.0142
0.0142
0.0142
0.0142
0.0142
0.0142
0.0142
0.0142
0.0142
0.0142
0.0142
14
Magnitude (xi)
Occurence Numbers, J
4.5
4.6
4.8
5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
6.1
6.4
6.7
7.4
50
3
1
3
1
1
1
1
2
3
1
1
1
1
J / (t+1)
0.7042
0.0423
0.0141
0.0423
0.0141
0.0141
0.0141
0.0141
0.0282
0.0423
0.0141
0.0141
0.0141
0.0141
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
70
MAGNITUDE- FREQUENCY RELATIONS
Yi
[log[-lnG(M)]]
-0.4551
-0.5340
-0.5627
-0.6583
-0.6941
-0.7325
-0.7738
-0.8187
-0.9225
-1.1365
-1.2367
-1.3648
-1.5440
-1.8482
SXi
SYi
MAGNITUDE- FREQUENCY RELATIONS

(Recurrence Relationships)
0.0
FREQUENCY
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
77.55
-13.2820501
SXi^2
SXiYi
S(Xi)^2
438.6525000
-78.0680836
6014.0025000
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-2.0
y = -0.495x + 1.7932
R = 0.983
MAGNITUDE
0.434294482
a
ln b
b
a
1.793211066
-0.494996841
G (M) = exp (-a D exp (-b M))
PROB= 1 - G(M)
M (MAGNITUDE)
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
Gumbel Extreme Values
1
18.8
11.1
6.4
3.7
2.1
1.2
1.14
62.12
10
87.5
69.2
48.6
31.4
19.2
11.3
D (year)
25
99.4
94.7
81.1
61.0
41.3
26.0
50
100.0
99.7
96.4
84.8
65.5
45.2
100
100.0
100.0
99.9
97.7
88.1
70.0
-0.105360516
Probability of
D (year)
30
Exceedence (%)
10
, Epicentral Distance (km)
H, Focal depth (km)
50
15
52.2
Esteva (1970)
Donavan(1973c)
Oliviera (1974)
Joyner ve Boore(1981)
Campbell (1997)
0.20
0.25
0.20
0.35
0.71
M (magnitude)
8.6
-9.780585779
Joyner ve Boore (1981) Attenuation Relationship
10
90
0.50
0.35
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
-0.051293294 10
-0.105360516
2.75251E-05 0
5.65387E-05
0.00-9.780585779
0.10
-10.5004137
9.2
8.6
Acceleration (g)
5.65387E-05
Figure. Hazard Curve
20
0.24
40
0.16
-0.223143551
-0.510825624
0.000119744
0.00027412
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
-9.030158439
-8.201945444
7.9
7.2
Acceleration (g)
80
0.09
-1.609437912
0.000863658
0.60
-7.054333456
6.2
0.0190476
-1.72015930
2004
2000
1996
1992
1988
1984
7.2
1
0.0095238
-2.02118930
1980
1976
1972
1968
1964
6.7
Year2
1960
1956
1952
6.2
3
0.0285714
-1.54406804
1948
1944
1940
1936
5.7
8
0.0761905
-1.118099
1932
1928
1924
1920
5.2
19
0.1809524
-0.74243570
1916
1912
1908
4.7
47
0.4476190
#########
1904
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1900
Frequency
TIME DISTRIBUTION OF EARTHQUAKES
Years
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
Numbers of Eartquakes
1
1
7
5
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
2
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
3
1
3
9
5
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
7
1
3
2
1
3
1
1
4
5
1
5
2
1
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2
4
3
1
2
2
2
1
3
6
3
1
2
1
2
2
4
1
9
Magnitude Number
2.1
200
2.2
200
2.3
200
2.4
200
2.5
200
2.6
200
2.7
200
2.8
200
2.9
200
3.0
100
3.1
100
3.2
100
3.3
100
3.4
100
3.5
100
3.6
100
3.7
100
3.8
100
3.9
100
4.0
25
4.1
25
4.2
25
4.3
20
4.4
15
4.5
15
4.6
14
4.7
14
4.8
12
4.9
12
5.0
10
5.1
3
5.2
2
5.3
2
5.4
3
Magnitude
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
Number
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Realesed Total Energy

7.01597E+22 Erg
Mw
Ms
7
6.9
Ms
Mb
6.9
6.8
Mw
Mb
7
6.8
Ms
Md
6.9
6.9
3.8
Magnitude
Duration (Eartquake)
7.6
31 sn
38 sn
33 sn
MAXIMUM INTENSITY (Io) & MAGNITUDE AND ACCELARATION RELATION

Maximum Intensity (Io)
Magnitude (Gutenberg ve Richter, 1956)
Magnitude (pek)
Magnitude (Tabban ve Genolu)
Magnitude (Bath, 1973)
Magnitude (Karnik)
Magnitude (Ansal, 1997)
Maximum Intensity (Io)
Accel. (Gutenberg ve Richter, 1956)
Accel. (Bath, 1973)
Accel. (Wang ve Law, 1994)
Accel. (Wald ve di., 1999)
Accel. (Hessberger, 1956)
Accel. (Murphy, 1997)
8
6.3
6.4
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.1
8
0.15 g
0.15 g
0.26
0.43
0.34
0.18
g
g
g
g
FAULT RAPTURE & MAGNITUDE RELATION
4.2
3.8
3.8
5
4.2
5
6.9
6.9
6.9
Enerji
8.91251E+14
1.25893E+15
1.77828E+15
2.51189E+15
3.54813E+15
5.01187E+15
7.07946E+15
1E+16
1.41254E+16
1.99526E+16
2.81838E+16
3.98107E+16
5.62341E+16
7.94328E+16
1.12202E+17
1.58489E+17
2.23872E+17
3.16228E+17
4.46684E+17
6.30957E+17
8.91251E+17
1.25893E+18
1.77828E+18
2.51189E+18
3.54813E+18
5.01187E+18
7.07946E+18
1E+19
1.41254E+19
1.99526E+19
2.81838E+19
3.98107E+19
5.62341E+19
7.94328E+19
1.12202E+20
1.58489E+20
2.23872E+20
3.16228E+20
4.46684E+20
Toplam E
1.7825E+17
2.51785E+17
3.55656E+17
5.02377E+17
7.09627E+17
1.00237E+18
1.41589E+18
2E+18
2.82508E+18
1.99526E+18
2.81838E+18
3.98107E+18
5.62341E+18
7.94328E+18
1.12202E+19
1.58489E+19
2.23872E+19
3.16228E+19
4.46684E+19
1.57739E+19
2.22813E+19
3.14731E+19
3.55656E+19
3.76783E+19
5.3222E+19
7.01662E+19
9.91124E+19
1.2E+20
1.69505E+20
1.99526E+20
8.45515E+19
7.96214E+19
1.12468E+20
2.38298E+20
2.24404E+20
3.16979E+20
2.23872E+20
6.32456E+20
4.46684E+20
Enerji
8.9E+14
1.3E+15
1.8E+15
2.5E+15
3.5E+15
5E+15
7.1E+15
1E+16
1.4E+16
2E+16
2.8E+16
4E+16
5.6E+16
7.9E+16
1.1E+17
1.6E+17
2.2E+17
3.2E+17
4.5E+17
6.3E+17
8.9E+17
1.3E+18
1.8E+18
2.5E+18
3.5E+18
5E+18
7.1E+18
1E+19
1.4E+19
2E+19
2.8E+19
4E+19
5.6E+19
7.9E+19
1.1E+20
1.6E+20
2.2E+20
3.2E+20
4.5E+20
Fault Rapture (km)

110
Researcher
Ms (magnitude)
Conditions
Region
Abraseys ve Zatopek (1968)
7.4
between 5,8 and 8.0
Turkey
Bolinger (1968)
7.7
between 5,8 and 8.0 (shallow earthquakes)
World
Bolinger (1968)
7.5 between 5,8 and 8.0 (deep earthqaukes) World
Douglas ve Ryall (1975)
7.5
bigger than 6,4
Nevada
Ezen (1981)
7.3
6 ile 8
North Anatolia
Matsuda (1975)
8.2
Japan
Patwardan ve di. (1975)
8.4
smaller than 6
7.4
bigger than 6
Tocher (1958)
7.6
smaller than 6
Toksz ve di. (1979)
7.3
between 5,9 and 7,9
North Anatolia
Gndodu (1986)
7.4
Turkey
Wells ve Coppersmith (1994)
7.4
(Strike Slipe)
World
7.5
(Reverse)
World
7.6
(Normal)
World
7.4
(All Fault Types)
World
Ms (Magnitude)
7.6
Researcher
Abraseys ve Zatopek (1968)
Bolinger (1968)
Bolinger (1968)
Douglas ve Ryall (1975)
Ezen (1981)
Matsuda (1975)
Tocher (1958)
Toksz ve di. (1979)
Gndodu (1986)
Mw (Magnitude)
7.6
Fault Rapture (km)

Conditions
Region
176.8
between 5,8 and 8.0
Turkey
94.3
between 5,8 and 8.0 (shallow earthquakes)
World
134.9 between 5,8 and 8.0 (deep earthqaukes) World
162.2
bigger than 6,4
Nevada
156.7
6 ile 8
North Anatolia
45.7
Japan
56.0
smaller than 6
168.0
bigger than 6
98.2
smaller than 6
203.2
between 5,9 and 7,9
North Anatolia
161.1
Turkey
118.6
(Strike Slipe)
World
84.7
(Reverse)
World
61.7
(Normal)
World
105.7
(All Fault Types)
World
6.30957E+20 6.30957E+20 6.3E+20

8.91251E+20 8.91251E+20 8.9E+20
1.25893E+21
1.77828E+21
2.51189E+21
3.54813E+21
5.01187E+21
7.07946E+21
1E+22
1.41254E+22
1.99526E+22
0
0
0
0
1.25893E+21
1.77828E+21
2.51189E+21
3.54813E+21
5.01187E+21
7.07946E+21
1E+22
1.41254E+22
1.99526E+22
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.3E+21
1.8E+21
2.5E+21
3.5E+21
5E+21
7.1E+21
1E+22
1.4E+22
2E+22
2.8E+22
4E+22
5.6E+22
7.9E+22
1.1E+23
1.6E+23 1.45E+23
2.2E+23
DISPLACEMENT (max) & MAGNITUDE RELATION

Ms (Magnitude)
7.6
Mw (Magnitude)
7.6
Researcher
Chinery (1969)
Chinery (1969)
Ezen (1981)
Matsuda (1975)
Nikonow (1978)
Gndodu (1986)
Displacement
(m)
3.4
3.4
3.2
3.6
2.6
3.3
6.3
2.3
Conditions
between 3,4 and 8,3
bigger than 6,4
6 and 8
6 and 8,5
(Strike Slipe)
(Reverse)
Region
North Anatolia
Japan
Asia
Turkey
World
World

7.3
5.9
(Normal)
(All Fault Types)
World
World
Conditions
between 3,4 and 8,3
bigger than 6,4
6 and 8
6 and 8,5
(Strike Slipe)
(Reverse)
(Normal)
(All Fault Types)
Region
North Anatolia
Japan
Asia
Turkey
World
World
World
World
Displacement
(m)
5
Researcher
Chinery (1969)
Chinery (1969)
Ezen (1981)
Matsuda (1975)
Nikonow (1978)
Gndodu (1986)
Magnitude
7.8
7.8
7.9
7.8
7.9
7.9
7.4
6.8
7.1
7.2
Magnitude Type
Ms
Ms
Ms
Ms
Ms
Ms
Ms
Ms
Ms
Ms
Ms
Mw
Mw
Mw
Mw
Magnitude Type
Ms
Ms
Ms
Ms
Ms
Ms
Ms
Ms
Ms
Ms
Ms
Mw
Mw
Mw
Mw
Magnitude Type
Ms
Ms
Ms
Ms
Ms
Ms
Mw
Mw
Mw
Mw
Magnitude Type
Ms
Ms
Ms
Ms
Ms
Ms
Mw
Mw
Mw
Mw
Donovan (1973a)
Esteva and Villaverde (1973)
Donavan(1973b)
Donavan(1973c)
McGuier (1974)
Orphal and Lahoud (1974)
Shah et al. (1973)
Oliviera (1974)
Katayama
Esteva et al. (1978)
Joyner and Boore (1981)
Campbell (1981a)
H, focal depth (km)
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
Davenport (1972)
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
145
150
155
160
165
170
175
180
185
190
195
200
205
Esteva (1970)
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
7.3
, Epicentral Distance Uzaklk (km)
M (magnitude)
ACCELERATION ATTENUATION RELATIONSHIPS
0.15
0.13
0.11
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.38
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.17
0.15
0.13
0.11
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.30
0.26
0.23
0.21
0.19
0.17
0.15
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.10
0.09
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.41
0.36
0.32
0.29
0.26
0.23
0.21
0.19
0.17
0.16
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.11
0.10
0.09
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.20
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.22
0.20
0.18
0.16
0.15
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.10
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.29
0.26
0.23
0.21
0.20
0.18
0.17
0.15
0.14
0.13
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.11
0.10
0.10
0.09
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.72
0.60
0.51
0.44
0.38
0.34
0.30
0.27
0.25
0.23
0.21
0.19
0.18
0.16
0.15
0.14
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.11
0.10
0.10
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.37
0.32
0.29
0.26
0.23
0.21
0.19
0.17
0.15
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.10
0.09
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.15
0.13
0.11
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.26
0.23
0.21
0.19
0.17
0.15
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.10
0.09
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.22
0.17
0.13
0.10
0.09
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.38
0.31
0.26
0.22
0.19
0.17
0.15
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.16
0.15
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.10
0.09
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
Campbell (1981b)
Newmark and Roseblueth (1971)
Kanai (1966)
Esteva and Roseblueth (1964)
Fukishima et al. (1988)
Abrahamson and Litehiser (1989)
Campbel (1997)
Average
0.16
0.14
0.13
0.11
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.24
0.20
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.29
0.24
0.20
0.18
0.15
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.29
0.24
0.21
0.18
0.15
0.13
0.12
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.26
0.24
0.21
0.19
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.10
0.09
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.25
0.23
0.21
0.19
0.18
0.16
0.15
0.14
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.12
0.11
0.11
0.10
0.10
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.39
0.35
0.32
0.29
0.27
0.25
0.23
0.22
0.20
0.19
0.18
0.17
0.17
0.16
0.15
0.15
0.14
0.14
0.13
0.13
0.12
0.12
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.29
0.25
0.22
0.19
0.17
0.15
0.14
0.12
0.11
0.10
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
29.2
33.5
38.1
42.7
47.4
52.2
57.0
61.8
66.7
71.6
76.5
81.4
86.3
91.2
96.2
101.1
106.1
111.0
116.0
120.9
125.9
130.9
135.8
140.8
145.8
150.7
155.7
160.7
165.7
170.7
175.6
180.6
185.6
190.6
195.6
200.6
205.5
M (magnitude)
7.3
Esteva (1970)
Davenport (1972)
Donovan (1973a)
1.2
Esteva and Villaverde (1973)

Donavan(1973b)
1.0
Donavan(1973c)
McGuier (1974)
Acceleration (g)
Orphal and Lahoud (1974)
0.8
Shah et al. (1973)

Oliviera (1974)
Katayama
0.6
Esteva et al. (1978)

Joyner and Boore (1981)
Campbell (1981a)
0.4
Campbell (1981b)
Newmark ve Roseblueth (1971)
0.2
Kanai (1966)
Esteva ve Roseblueth (1964)
Fukishima et al. (1988)
0.0
25
40
55
70
85
100 115 130 145 160 175 190 205
Abrahamson ve Liehiser (1989)
Campbell (1997)
Epicentral Distance (km)
erde (1973)
blueth (1971)
ueth (1964)
iehiser (1989)
ACCELERATION / VELEOCITY / DISPLACEMENT SPECTRA

M
D
h1
h2
g1
VS1
g2
VS2
a
To
7.4
25
15
35
1.8
300
2.1
600
0.43
0.43
7.4
25
0.43
0.43
T
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
1.05
1.1
1.15
1.2
1.25
1.3
1.35
1.4
1.45
1.5
1.55
1.6
1.65
1.7
1.75
1.8
1.85
1.9
1.95
2
2.05
2.1
2.15
2.2
2.25
2.3
2.35
2.4
2.45
2.5
Earthquake & Soil Interaction

2
Accel. (cm/sn )
Displace. (cm)
Vel.(cm/sn)
2391
0.60
38
1629
0.92
39
1265
1.27
40
1071
1.68
42
979
2.21
47
989
3.04
55
1171
4.70
74
1103
5.61
79
679
4.26
54
493
3.74
43
398
3.60
38
339
3.60
35
299
3.68
33
269
3.79
32
245
3.93
31
225
4.09
30
209
4.26
30
195
4.43
29
184
4.61
29
173
4.80
29
164
4.98
29
156
5.18
28
148
5.37
28
142
5.57
28
136
5.76
28
130
5.96
28
125
6.16
28
120
6.36
28
116
6.56
28
112
6.77
28
108
6.97
27
105
7.17
27
102
7.38
27
99
7.58
27
96
7.79
27
93
7.99
27
90
8.20
27
88
8.40
27
86
8.61
27
84
8.82
27
81
9.02
27
80
9.23
27
78
9.44
27
76
9.65
27
74
9.85
27
73
10.06
27
71
10.27
27
69
10.48
27
68
10.69
27
II. Approach
Kawashima et al. (1984) Appraoch
Epicentral Distance (km)

Period
25
0.1
25
0.15
25
0.2
25
0.3
25
0.5
25
0.7
25
1
25
1.5
25
2
25
3
Accl. (SS)Accl. (MS)

804
668
950
832
841
1035
538
995
333
759
229
605
126
589
105
338
72
195
42
85
Accl. (LS)
434
529
529
499
646
820
734
530
328
145
Acceleration Spectra for different kind of Soils

1200
Acceleration (cm/sn2)
M
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
1000
Acceleration (Stiff Soil)
800
Acceleration (Medium Soil)
600
Acceleration (Loose Soil)
400
200
0
0.5
1.5
Period (s)
2.5
3.5
III. Approach
Acceleration Estimation by Boore et al. (1997) Approach

Mw
Rjb
Vs, 30
7.3
25
250
Mechanism
Uncertain
Strike
Slipe Fault
Reverse Fault
Acceleration (g)
Period
0.0
0.2
1.0
0.24
0.49
0.31
0.22
0.44
0.30
0.27
0.53
0.34
Acceleration Spectrum
Acceleration (g)
0.60
0.50
Mechamism
Uncertain
0.40
0.30
Strike Slipe
Fault
0.20
Reverse Fault
0.10
0.00
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Period (s)
bss
brv
ball
b2
b3
b5
bv
Va
h
-0.313
-0.117
-0.242
0.527
0
-0.778
-0.371
1396
5.57
0.999
1.17
1.089
0.711
-0.207
-0.924
-0.292
2118
7.02
-1.113
-1.009
-1.08
1.036
-0.032
-0.798
-0.698
1406
2.9
1.2
Soil Acceleraton Spectrum

3000
Acceleration (cm/sn2)
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
2.5
Period (sn)
Soil Displacement Spectrum

12.00
Displacement (cm)
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
0
0.5
1.5
T period (sn)
izelge. Kawashima ve di. (1984) Yaklam iin katsaylar
c
-1.18
-1.18
-1.18
-1.18
-1.18
-1.18
-1.18
-1.18
-1.18
-1.18
Sert Zemin
a
2420
2407
1269
575
212
103
40.1
7.1
5.8
1.7
b
0.21
0.22
0.25
0.27
0.3
0.32
0.34
0.43
0.42
0.46
Orta Zemin
a
848
629
466
267
102
34.3
5
0.72
0.35
0.36
b
0.26
0.29
0.32
0.35
0.39
0.44
0.55
0.63
0.64
0.59
Yumuak Zemin
a
1307
948
1128
1263
581
65.7
7.4
0.8
0.35
0.26
b
0.21
0.24
0.23
0.22
0.28
0.42
0.54
0.65
0.67
0.64
Soil Velocity Spectrum
90
80
70
Velocity (m/sn)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
0.5
1.5
Period (sn)
2.5
SOIL AMPLIFICATION ANALYSIS

Amplification Analysis (Relative) I
Midorikawa (1987)
Joyner and Fumal (1984)
Borcherdt et al. (1991)
Depth (m)
1.8
3.3
4.8
6.3
7.8
9.3
10.8
12.3
13.8
15.3
16.8
18.3
19.8
21.3
22.8
24.3
25.8
27.3
28.8
30
Weak Motion
Strong Motion
Tickness (m)
1.8
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.2
Amplification
A
A
AHSA
AHSA
2.8
2.1
3.5
3.0
Vs Velocity, (m/s)
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
Vs, 30 (m/s)
200.0
Amplification Analysis (for two layers) II

h1
30
vs1
140
r1
1.7
vs2
600
r2
2.1
To
0.86
p
3.14
a
0.19
Period
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
Relative Amplification
1.55
1.10
3.44
1.02
1.11
1.56
2.58
4.58
4.93
3.46
2.60
2.14
1.87
1.69
1.56
1.47
1.40
1.8
1.9
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
1.34
1.30
1.26
1.24
1.21
1.19
1.17
1.16
Amplification Spectrum (Two Layers)

6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
0
0.5
1.5
Period (sn)
2.5
Amplification Analysis (Damped Soil) III
h1
vs1
Damping
30
140
0.2
p
To
3.14
0.86
Period
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
0.36
0.62
1.08
0.84
0.95
1.30
1.94
2.82
3.24
2.86
2.39
2.05
1.82
1.66
1.54
1.45
1.39
1.34
1.29
1.26
1.23
1.21
1.19
1.17
1.16
Amplification Spectrum (Damped Soil)

3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
0
0.5
1.5
Period (s)
2.5
Amplification (Undamped Soil) IV

h1
vs1
30
140
Tz
p
0.86
3.14
Period
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
1.59
1.11
4.45
1.03
1.11
1.61
2.90
9.00
13.25
4.48
2.94
2.30
1.96
1.75
1.60
1.50
1.42
1.36
1.32
1.28
1.25
1.22
1.20
1.18
1.16
Amplification Spectrum (Undamped Soil)

14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
0
0.5
1.5
Period (s)
2.5
Shear Modulus, Gmax (kg/cm2)

750
0
Depth (m)
10
15
20
25
30
35
760
770
780
790
800
810
Shear Wave (Vs) Velocity, m/s

0
0
Depth (m)
10
15
20
25
30
35
50
100
150
200
250
Depth (m)
Gmax
1.8
3.3
4.8
6.3
7.8
9.3
10.8
12.3
13.8
15.3
16.8
18.3
19.8
21.3
22.8
24.3
25.8
27.3
28.8
30
760
760
760
760
760
760
760
760
760
760
760
760
760
760
800
800
800
800
800
800
Sear Wave Velocity (m/s) Density (gr/cm )

200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
Soil Liquefaction Analysis
WT (m)
rd
CSR (E)
0.4
sv' (kPa)
Acceleration, a (g)
sv (kPa)
1.1101602
7.2
FN=Fine Content
MSF
Magnitude
g (gr/cm3)
Depth
Data
G.W.L
1.8
3.3
4.8
6.3
7.8
9.3
10.8
12.3
13.8
15.3
16.8
18.3
19.8
1.7
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
30.0
56.5
83.0
109.5
136.0
162.5
188.9
215.4
241.9
268.4
294.9
321.4
347.9
22.2
33.9
45.7
57.5
69.3
81.0
92.8
104.6
116.3
128.1
139.9
151.7
163.4
0.80
2.30
3.80
5.30
6.80
8.30
9.80
11.30
12.80
14.30
15.80
17.30
18.80
0.9881470
0.9773893
0.9669309
0.9551352
0.9397014
0.9179441
0.8875651
0.8478937
0.8008678
0.7507104
0.7022129
0.6589112
0.6223666
0.348
0.423
0.456
0.473
0.480
0.478
0.470
0.454
0.433
0.409
0.385
0.363
0.344
21.3
1.8
374.3
175.2
20.30 0.5925368 0.329
Liquefaction Anaysis by Shear Wave Velocity
Depth
Vs (field) m/s
CV
Vs1, m/s
Vs1c
CRR (S)
SF
Lp (Vs1'den)
Lp Grubu
SvlamaDzeyi
Seismic Site Yalova

Seismic Point: SK1
1.8
3.3
4.8
6.3
7.8
9.3
10.8
12.3
13.8
15.3
16.8
18.3
19.8
21.3
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
1.46
1.31
1.22
1.15
1.10
1.05
1.02
0.99
0.96
0.94
0.92
0.90
0.88
0.87
174.88
157.22
145.94
137.81
131.54
126.48
122.26
118.67
115.54
112.79
110.34
108.13
106.13
104.30
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
220
0.1195
0.0937
0.0799
0.0709
0.0644
0.0594
0.0555
0.0522
0.0495
0.0471
0.0451
0.0433
0.0417
0.0403
0.3434
0.2215
0.1750
0.1498
0.1342
0.1242
0.1181
0.1150
0.1143
0.1153
0.1172
0.1194
0.1212
0.1225
11.2869
23.5720
34.8471
45.1239
54.3619
62.5137
69.5326
75.3839
80.0586
83.5837
86.0171
87.4270
87.8700
87.3782
BL
AL
AL
AL
AL
AL
AL
AL
AL
AL
AL
AL
AL
AL
SV
SV
SV
SV
SV
SV
SV
SV
SV
SV
SV
SV
SV
SV
Figure 1. CSR - Vs Relationships (Andrus and Stokoe, 2001)
Liquefaction Analysis by SPT Data
Depth
SPT (field)
CN
CB
CS
CR
N1(60)
CRR (Z)
SF
PL (%)
Boring Site Yalova

Boring Point
S1
1.8
3.3
4.8
6.3
7.8
9.3
10.8
12.3
13.8
15.3
16.8
18.3
19.8
21.3
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
1.70
1.70
1.48
1.32
1.20
1.11
1.04
0.98
0.93
0.88
0.85
0.81
0.78
0.76
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
20.4
20.4
17.7
15.8
14.4
13.3
12.5
11.7
11.1
10.6
10.1
9.7
9.4
9.1
0.24473
0.24473
0.20983
0.18703
0.17127
0.15953
0.15035
0.14291
0.13674
0.13151
0.12701
0.12308
0.11962
0.11654
0.70353
0.5785
0.45974
0.39547
0.35708
0.33341
0.32001
0.31469
0.31583
0.32162
0.33001
0.33905
0.34732
0.35405
82
94
99
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Figure 2. CRR - N1 (60) Relationships
SPT (field)
Depth D50
1.8
0.1
3.3
0.5
4.8
0.5
6.3
0.5
7.8
0.5
9.3
0.5
10.8 0.5
12.3 0.5
13.8 0.5
15.3 0.5
16.8 0.5
18.3 0.5
19.8 0.5
21.3 0.5
FN
Iwasaki et al. (1978) Approach

D50, Fine Content (FC), SPT (N) value
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
M
vme, a (g olarak)
Factors
Soil
Earthq.
R
L
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.7
0.3
0.7
0.3
0.7
0.3
0.7
0.3
0.7
0.3
0.7
0.3
0.7
0.3
0.7
0.2
0.6
0.2
0.6
0.2
0.6
0.2
0.5
0.2
0.5
7.2
0.40
GK
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
R1
0.41085
0.38689
0.36668
0.34934
0.33425
0.32096
0.30914
0.29853
0.28895
0.28023
0.27226
0.26493
0.25817
0.25189
R2 (a)
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
R2
R2(b)
0.1224153
-0.0348529
-0.0348529
-0.0348529
-0.0348529
-0.0348529
-0.0348529
-0.0348529
-0.0348529
-0.0348529
-0.0348529
-0.0348529
-0.0348529
-0.0348529
R2( c )
-0.05
-0.05
-0.05
-0.05
-0.05
-0.05
-0.05
-0.05
-0.05
-0.05
-0.05
-0.05
-0.05
-0.05
R2
0.12242
-0.03485
-0.03485
-0.03485
-0.03485
-0.03485
-0.03485
-0.03485
-0.03485
-0.03485
-0.03485
-0.03485
-0.03485
-0.03485
R3
R3(a)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
R3(b)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
R3
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
LIQUEFACTION ANALYSIS BY RELATIVE DENSITY
Acceleration - Relative Density (%) Relationships

1
0.9
(No Risk)
Sample 1
Accl. (g) 0.2
Dr (%) 0.5
Dr (Relative Density) %
0.8
(Medium Risk)
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
(Higher Risk)
0.1
0
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Acceleration (g)
Figure 3. Liquefaction risk by relative density and acceleration(Tezcan ve Teri, 1996)
0.3
Table . Corrections to SPT as listed by Robertson & Wride (1998)(after Youd et al., 2001).
Liquefaction possibility of Silty and clayed sands (Andrews ve Martin, 2000)
Clay Content %
4
LL<32 SE SIVILAMAYA HASSAS, LL>=32 SE AYRINTI ALIMALAR GEREKR
VARIATION OF SAFETY FACTOR (SF) WITH DEPTH
SPT
Depth (m)
-10
-15
-20
SPT Data
Safety Factor Boundary
Vs Data
-25
SPT
Vs
0.70
0.58
0.46
0.40
0.36
0.33
0.32
0.31
0.32
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35
0.22
0.18
0.15
0.13
0.12
0.12
0.11
0.11
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.70
0.58
0.46
0.40
0.36
0.33
0.32
0.31
0.32
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35
0.22
0.18
0.15
0.13
0.12
0.12
0.11
0.11
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
21.3
0.35
0.12
0.35
0.12
SF
1.8
3.3
4.8
6.3
7.8
9.3
10.8
12.3
13.8
15.3
16.8
18.3
19.8
SF
-5
Vs
1.20
SF
1.00
SF
0.20
Depth (m)
0.00
0
Safety Factor (SF) & Depth

SF
0.40
0.60
0.80
oe, 2001)
Andrus andStokoe (1999)
Vs1
(N1)60
(N1)60
10
159 m/s
Vs1
159 m/sn
10
Estimation of treshold acceleration by shear wave velocity by Dobry ve di. (1981) approach
Vs
z
G/Gmax
Unite Shear Deformation
Treshold Acceleration Value (at)
Design Acceleration (ad)
Expected Acceleration (amax)
SF
200
3
0.8
0.0001
0.11
0.18
0.30
m/sn
m
g
g
g
0.6
Liquafaction
37.500
20.000
14.000
10.000
6.300
3.350
1.180
0.6
0.212
95.00
89.60
86.40
82.90
72.30
35.70
15.400
9.60
1.2
80
60
#4
#10
#40
100
Weight Percentange (%)
Grain Size Percentange

(mm)
Finer (%)
#200
Sample A
#100
GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION & LIQUEFACTION
Liquafection lower
limit
Liquefaction upper
limit
Critical
Zone
40
20
0
0.001
0.01
0.1
Grain Size (mm)
Figure. Liquefaction supectibility & grain size relationships (Finn, 1972)
EVALUATION OF MAXIMUM AREA FOR LIQUEFACTION
10
100
A) Earthquake magnitude (Mj) & maximum epicentral distance of liquefation

Mj
R (km)
R (km)
R (km)
6.5
25.4
108.8
52.5
B) Epicentral/Fault distance & triggering of liquefacion by earthquake magnitude (Mw)

Re (km)
Rf (km)
50.0
50.0
Mw
Mw
6.5
6.7
C) For Turkey, Earthquake magnitude (Ms) that trigger the liquefation (Ulusay et al. (2000)
R (km)
D (km)
h (km)
25
10
26.9
Ms
Ms
Ms
Ms
7.4
R (km)
106.4
66.4
26.4
5.2
6.3
7.4
Lower Limit
Medium
Upper Limit
Upper Limit
Medium
Lower Limit
Symbols/ Abreviations
sv =overburden presure
sv' =efective overburden presure
SITK = tickness of saturated soil layer (m)
D = Depth of Analysis (m)
FC =Fine Content
G.W.L.= Ground Water Level (m)
g = Unit weigth
M = Magnitude of design earthquake
Acceleration (a) = acceleration of design earthquake (g)
SPT fields = SPT(N) value in the field
N1(60) = corrected SPT (N) value
Vs (field)= shear wave velocity in the field
Vs1 = overburden stress corrected shear wave velocity
rd=Stres reduction factor
CN ve CV = for SPT(N) and Vs, efective presure correction facotor
CB, CS and CRfor
= SPTN (N), respectively Borehole Diameter, Sampling Method and Road Length correction factors
CSR and CRR = Cyclic Stress Ratio and Cyclic Resistance Ratio
MSF= Magnitude Scaling Factor
Dr (%) = Relative density (%)
Rf= Distance from active fault (km)
Re= Epicentral or hipocentral distance (km)
Mw= Moment magnitude
MJ=Japon Meteorology Agancy Magnitude Scale
SY = No Liquefaction, SO= Liquefaction Possible and SV=Liquefaction
Lp = Liquefaction Potential
PL = Liquefaction Probality
Not: Bu programda (1) eer su ieren tabaka kalnl sfrsa svlama olmayacandan otomatik olarak GK=2 alnmaktadr.
(2) Teorik olarak N1(60) deeri 30'dan, SPT (Arazi) deeri 50'den ve Vs1 deeri de vs1c (maksimum 220 m/sn)den byk deerlerde svlama beklenmez
Program bu deerden byk deerler iin, SY (Svlama Yok) ifadesi vermektedir.
rrection factors
These programs were prepared by Dr Ferhat OZCEP

E mail : ferozcep@istanbul.edu.tr
Web page: www.istanbul.edu.tr/eng2/jfm/ozcep
Attention !!!
Data must enter only via red colored cell/letters
To return begining, please click !!!
These programs were prepared by Dr Ferhat OZCEP

E mail : ferozcep@istanbul.edu.tr
Web page: www.istanbul.edu.tr/eng2/jfm/ozcep
Attention !!!
Data must enter only via red colored cell/letters
To return begining, please click !!!

Soil Engineering

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Soil

Bearing Capacity for Pile Foundations

Area of pile point

Pile Tip / Base Resistance

Ultimate Pile Load

Building of Structural Load per Pile

Bearing Capacity for Pile Foundations

Area of pile point

Pile Tip / base resistance

Ultimate Pile Load

Building of Structural Load per Pile

P Revers (travel time), msn

S Revers (travel time), msn

P normal (travel time), msn

SEISMIC REFRACTION STUDIES

TICKNESS (VP normal)

TICKNESS (VP revers)

Geophysical Soil Section

S Revers (travel time), msn

P revers (travel time), msn

P Revers (travel time), msn

S Revers (travel time), msn

TICKNESS (VP normal)

TICKNESS (VP revers)

SEISMIC TIME- DISTANCE GRAPH (2 LAYER MODEL)

SEISMIC TIME- DISTANCE GRAPH (3 LAYER MODEL)

Presentation and Evaluation of Electrical (Resitivity) Data

Electrod Space (AB/2)

TREE LAYERS RESISTIVITY MODELLING

Ticknes of Layers (m)

Three layer resistivity example. Depth and distance

Layer resistivities and thickness, from top to bottom

2.556757 includes phase shift for O'Neill's coeffici

Three layer resistivity example. Depth and distance are

ayer resistivities and thickness, from top to bottom:

includes phase shift for O'Neill's coefficients

O'Neill convolve x = 1/L

0.0235 6.007991 ########

\20 \30 \40

SPT (N) & Depth

80.9mm 114.3mm 104.7mm

SAMPLE TYPE and NO

Angle of Shearing Resistance (f)

Table for Depth and SPT (N) Graph

Estimation of Boring Depth for Site Investigation

0.80 #VALUE! ###### ##### #VALUE!

Estimation of Aveage SPT Value

for SPT(N), effective overburden presure correction factor

ESTIMATION OF GEOTECHNICAL PARAMETERS FROM

Derived Geotechnical Parameters

For 30m, Avarage S (SHEAR) WAVE VELOCITY

DENSITY (Gardner at al., 1974)

ESTIMATION OF GEOTECHNICAL PARAMETERS FROM GEOPHYSICAL DATA

Derived Geotechnical Parameters

For 30m, Avarage S (SHEAR) WAVE VELOCITY

DENSITY (Gardner at al., 1974)

Kiku at al. (2001)

Sykora and Stokoe (1983)

PliestoceneOkamoto at al. (1989)

Ohta and Goto (1978)

Ohba andToriumi (1970)

Imai and Yoshimura (1977)

SPT (N) - Vs Velocity Relationships

Kiku at al. (2001)