The Present Study Situation of Seismic Isolation by Sand Gravel Underlayer and Several Questions Concerned

JIANG Xiaomin1, YAO Xuequn2 1. Capital Construction Department of South-west Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R.China, 610500 2. Urban & Country Construction and Engineering Management Department of Kunming University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650216 Abstract: Expatiate the application of sand gravel underlayer for seismic isolation and Productions about these that have been studied. Offered disagreement about the calculation mode of sand cushion for some scholars. Suggested it should allow a certain extent sliding displacement take place of constructions building on sand cushion. Also suggested the content of define the vibration reduction ratio. Keywords: sand gravel underlayer, seismic isolation, calculation mode, sliding displacement responses spectrum, vibration reduction ratio

1 Introduction
Now we have recognized that traditional seismic techniques used by "Ying Kang" measures, that is used to strengthen the structure, bold elements section, even be reinforced components, and other methods to improve structural rigidity to resist earthquakes, ultimately because of the greater stiffness , the greater the earthquake, not the economy, not necessarily safe. The traditional seismic design "minor earthquake, the earthquake can repair, earthquake is not down" of the seismic fortification goal, the structure may be under strong earthquakes seriously damaged and can not guarantee the time of severe earthquake safety of life and property. The use of seismic isolation, energy dissipation and other control techniques are consistent with current performance-based seismic design, a better guarantee strong earthquake occurs, personnel, equipment, apparatus safety, has been showing good prospects for the development and application .

2 Ground Isolation Technology Brief

Isolation and energy dissipation technology, the idea is that the seismic effect of earthquakes from the "anti" to "guide", is not relying on seismic structure itself, but through the addition of some of the device isolation, energy dissipation or damping. Isolation unit set up by different parts, it will be isolated and divided into: isolation, base isolation, foundation isolation. At present the use of more mature technology is the basis for isolation. "Seismic Design of Buildings" (G B50011-2001) The isolation method is used in base isolation method. Isolation mainly by setting the bottom and the foundation of the building between the top surface of the isolation damper, seismic energy absorption and dissipation, and thus significantly reduce the earthquake response of buildings to isolate the transmission of seismic energy structure of the Department up to reduce the vibration of the superstructure to prevent earthquake damage. Research and application programs over a wide range of base isolation are: isolation rubber program (including natural rubber, the standard multi-layer rubber mat, high-damping rubber pads and lead multi-layer rubber mat, etc.) and use of talcum powder, flexible graphite , PTFE sheet, lubricating materials such as steel sliding friction sliding material hysteretic isolation programs and steel ball bearing support, double roller bearings, ball bearing sliding isolation box columns and other programs. Ground isolation is the basis by setting the building and the soil between the bottom of sand, stone cushion, or composite materials, or other ground handling to reduce the seismic energy to pass up the
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structure of the Department of isolation purposes, are mattresses layer isolation of the area, its isolation, damping mechanism and base isolation method is different compared to the current standard recommended by the base isolation rubber bearing isolation method, sand, stone cushion method isolated more low cost, construction simple, although some of China's ancient architecture (such as the famous arch bridge) by this method successfully to resist occurred several times in history, earthquakes and other natural disasters, and stand tall, but the sand cushion the vibration theory currently In the study, only in some rural towns have houses built in the use of sliding sand cushion technology has not been adopted by national norms, only the formulation of Shaanxi and Liaoning provinces on the corresponding sliding technology, local standards, but also enrich the theory, also need more validation experiments and engineering practice.

3 Gravel Cushion Isolation, Damping Mechanism and Research

3.1 The basic principle of sand and gravel bedding isolation Gravel cushion isolation, need to lay the building foundation and a certain thickness between the foundation, density and water content of sand or stone (also available on the sand mixed with gravel) cushion, sand and gravel are coarse grained soil, the nature widely distributed, abundant, because of its compaction properties, absorb water, filling density, shear strength, subsidence deformation is small, capacity of advanced engineering features is an efficient natural building materials. Isolated use of sand and gravel bedding sand friction coefficient is high and easy to sand movement, the characteristics of tensile stress can not be passed through the large gravel surface deformation to the impact of energy consumption, reduce the ground motion on structures to ensure the safety of buildings. From the perspective of mechanics, due to the superstructure stiffness, and stiffness of the foundation soil, earthquake, the entire system will be part of the deformation of soil borne by the foundation, while the upper structure and the occurrence of cushion with a degree of rigid flat action. In this way, sand and gravel stratum and soil constitutes a natural isolation, seismic energy through gravel and soil deformation is absorbed, thereby reducing the seismic structure of the transfer of energy to top, to achieve the effect of isolation. 3.2 The Results of Present Research Liu Xiaoli, etc. on the sand cushion thickness and substrate pressure on the seismic response of the ground has been studied[1], when used in the study seismic safety evaluation of engineering software (ESE) in the SLRA module seismic dynamic response of foundation soil Analysis of the module to the soil shear force method of equivalent linearization analysis of observed soil depth of the seismic response of any. With thickness lm, shear wave velocity is 200m / s of the sand cushion, base pressure is 50kPa, 100 kPa,, 200 kPa three levels, input EI-Centro wave (peak acceleration is 200gal), results show that: Sand Pad basal layer in different seismic response of the average pressure similar to, that is, the average pressure and substrate size. Thickness for the sand cushion the impact of seismic response on the ground doing the earthquake simulation, the shear wave velocity of sand cushion as 200m/s, taking into account the actual situation of construction and economy, changes in sand cushion thickness 0.5, 1. 0, 1. 5, 2. 0, 3. 0m total of five sections, enter the EI-CentrO wave, moving Bo and Parkfield wave, adjust their peak acceleration were 200ga1 (1gal = 1cm/s2), 100ga1 and 200gal, seismic response results show that, compared to the corresponding results of the whole clay section, when the input EI-Centro wave and the Parkfield wave, the general trend for the sand blanket thicker, the better shock absorption. But the input move Bo, the damping effect is not clear, it is clear the input moving Bo's case, the thickness of sand cushion the impact on the value of acceleration is not. Liu Xiaoli, etc. in the input ground motion on the sand cushion the impact of isolation[2], enter the three types of seismic waves peak acceleration of 50, 100, 200, 300 and 400gal, seismic intensity corresponding to 6 degrees, 7 degrees, 8 degrees and 9 degrees. The results show that: the role of small earthquakes under the sand cushion and no sand cushion the acceleration response time close to the
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foundation; in the role of a major earthquake under the sand cushion significant damping effect. Enter the EI-Centro, wave, equivalent to 8 degrees in the intensity of earthquake situation best, and maximum shock absorption 23%. However, the acceleration peak 50gal, enter the EI-Centro wave acceleration slightly enlarged, but add no more than 4% of earthquakes. Bo and Parklield wave input to move, regardless of the size of peak acceleration, can play a role in reducing the earthquake. Liu Xiaoli, etc. Also on the sand cushion stiffness on seismic response of the ground has been studied[3], the study will cushion thickness on the value, change the stiffness of cushion (to cushion the shear wave velocity measured value) , in 120, 150, 180,200, 230, 250, 280, 300m / s shear wave velocity of the 8 cases, the input EI-Centro wave, moved to Bo and Parkfield wave (peak acceleration, respectively 200ga1, 100ga1 and 200ga1), Under the assumption in its model to calculate the stiffness of sand cushion in less than 200 ~ 250m / s (in secret), the acceleration value increases with the stiffness of sand cushion the increase, over this range but decreased after the acceleration , then curve to flatten (300m / s to drop by less than 5%). Also calculate the dense sand cushion under different damping ratio, on average, concluded that the loose sand cushion in the state (120m / s) under the damping effect is better, especially in Parkfield damping effect of wave action best, 39.8%; sand blanket in the dense state (150-250m / s) and dense state (280-300 m / s) under, EI-Centro wave damping effect of the best, followed by Parkfield wave, moving Bo worst. Douyuan Ming and other properties of the sand cushion vibration isolation table test[4], confirm with the sand cushion density (sand cushion stiffness) increases, damping effect has been reduced; input EI-centro wave, sand cushion thickness, vibration reduction increased input sine wave, the thickness has little effect on the damping effect. Zhao Shaowei, also using sine wave and the EI-Centro wave in the shaking table test of[5] found that the relative effect of a single particle size of the isolation is better graded, also found that a single particle size than in the 5.0mm 2.5mm of the effect, regardless of the changes in the thickness of sand cushion, 5.0 mm diameter sand cushion can always be ideal isolation effect. analyze the reasons is the larger size of sand cohesion between the poor's sake, If you use pellets sand screening, isolation may have better results. Liu Darong Isolation of sand cushion in its[8], considering the load and the isolation and other factors made the isolation of sand cushion design for non-collapsible region isolation design of some reference effect.

4 Questions for Further Study

4.1 Calculation of model sand and gravel bedding problem isolation Liu Xiaoli in the literature[3], the simplified model assumed in calculating Figure 1, that take into account the flexibility of buildings and infrastructure is much smaller than sand cushion, it can be omitted and the quality of them as a focus; the other hand , the quality of sand cushion than the quality of buildings and infrastructure is much smaller, it can also be omitted, but the sand cushion as spring; sand cushion itself based on internal friction and the friction between and around the constraints from the damping effect, they could be together as a damper. Will be placed in the sand cushion on the basis of quality as a single degree of freedom (the basis of quality) of a spring system (spring on behalf of the elastic nature of the sand cushion, spring constant k) of a damping system (damping on behalf of the damping properties of sand cushion, damping coefficient c).
The quality of foundation

Fig.1

Sketch Map Of Seismic Isolation of Sand Cushion 623

I believe that this assumption the model is problematic, perhaps because reference on Maximum Qing-Shan Li, etc. carried out on the sand cushion closed underground explosion measured[9] The reasons for the model. Single degree of freedom of the system to represent the spring with a sand cushion of flexibility, the prior condition is fixed the upper sand cushion can provide the basis and level of force, in fact, easy flow of sand can not pass the level of tensile stress, while the literature[9] in the shock isolation bed system, is composed of viscous dampers and spring isolation devices can not be simply applied to the calculation of sand cushion isolation building model. Sand cushion damping system represents the actual damping force most of the internal friction of sand cushion and the base itself and the friction between the surrounding constraints. Should be simplified model[6] in the model, &0 + & &) + F = 0 . shown in Figure 2. The equation of motion should be used as reference[7]: m( & x x Where F is frictional force, F = sgn( x) f k mg , f k is dynamic sliding friction coefficient,

sgn( x) is sign function.

Fig.2 Sliding Isolation System of SDOF

Fig3 Sliding Isolation System of MDOF

Reference[6] also presented a model of multi-mass system, shown in Figure 3, the equation of motion should reference[7] using the equation expressed in matrix form and instructions. 4.2 Isolation of sliding sand and gravel bedding deformation Many scholars believe that the basis of a simple sliding can not solve the excessive slip deformation and the problem can not be reset, so isolation device should be equipped with adequate damping (such as lead rubber bearings, such as mild steel dampers ) to provide resilience against the unpredictable effect of strong earthquakes occurred in a large displacement. However, these results show that the sand cushion under strong earthquake has obvious damping effect, and the other by the peak in the literature[10], using the equivalent linearization method, given by the stochastic model of rigid frictional base isolation Structure slip response spectrum (see Figure 4). a m is maximum acceleration of seismic ground mean, we can see even more than 9 degrees corresponding to the ground acceleration, to 750cm/s2, the dynamic friction coefficient of sand cushion the maximum slip value of 0.2 responses (single-particle displacement relative to ground), but about 7cm , while the calculations described in the evidence with great credibility, such as[11] to the proof in the epicenter of the 1976 Tangshan earthquake intensity of the urban culture of 10 degrees the same way two three-story brick building, a collapse, one does not collapse, This is a building foot of the wall did not collapse the entire building has a level of office crack, cracks can be seen clearly in the sliding traces of brick walls between the upper and lower part of the residual displacement 6cm. The author believes that as long as the structural integrity after the earthquake, resulting in less than 15cm slip displacement on such a small building used has little impact on the general structure of architectural fashion and the peak to some extent to allow the horizontal displacement across sand cushion earthquake should also be allowed housing housing relative to some extent sand cushion slip. This is also the future research in this area
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and the development of standards or norms should be added to the content. 4.3 Definition of vibration reduction ratio Different scholars in their research, to facilitate their research defines the different damping rates, such as Liu Xiaoli in the literature[3] definition of damping rate a = [baseline profile output maximum acceleration - a sand cushion the maximum output acceleration] / baseline profile of the maximum acceleration of output x 100%, while Zhao Shaowei in the literature[5] definition of damping ratio = [input acceleration absolute - the absolute value of the output acceleration] / input acceleration absolute value, I believe that what indicators to use how scientific and reasonable measure of the damping effect of sand cushion is worth studying.
The mean of the maximum slip response(cm) The mean of the maximum slip response(cm) Dynamic friction coefficient

Dynamic friction coefficient The mean of the maximum slip response(cm)

The mean of the maximum slip response(cm)

Dynamic friction coefficient Fig.4

Dynamic friction coefficient

Sliding Displacement Responses Spectrum of Base Isolation Rigid Structure

WANG Yayong in the literature[12] discussed the design acceleration response spectra for seismic design of the limitations of the energy method using velocity response spectrum and response spectrum analysis of the feasibility of displacement. This is because the building used for functions and earthquake damage, it has been generally agreed that the structure of the deformation or displacement by force than the structures more important. Do not fall down and decided to housing more directly the deformation or displacement, rather than internal forces, while the displacement and energy (potential energy) linked to, force and acceleration are related. The paper quoted the analysis shows that single degree of freedom system in the different energy distribution of seismic waves in the elastic stage, the maximum instantaneous input energy and maximum displacement has a good relationship, seismic wave energy distribution and structure ductility have little impact, structural plastic into more complicated
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situation after the seismic wave energy distribution and structure of the natural cycle has an impact on this relationship are, for the energy on the edge of the seismic waves of short period structure and energy distribution of seismic waves (such as EI-Centro and artificial waves) under the long-period structure, the maximum instantaneous input energy and maximum displacement has a good relationship. For the analysis of single degree of freedom system has proven that a relationship exists. Because the instantaneous energy reflects the characteristics of seismic waves, in theory, should also be multi-degree of freedom system has a corresponding relationship exists. In particular, the earthquake, the isolated structure because most of the deformation occurred in the soil and the cushion or slip on the deformation of the structure itself is relatively small, making the general structure of the elastic state. From this analysis, the future of various isolation or energy dissipation structure of the damping effect, with a shock absorber damping measures, measures and no two structures, or internal forces of change in acceleration compared to measure the damping effect is inadequate Department, and the change of displacement is more desirable in the literature[10] for the rigid structure of sliding friction base isolation displacement response spectrum in the future research of great value, I believe that the rate and vibration damping and non-isolation of the maximum rate of change of displacement between layers is more realistic.

5 Conclusion
This paper reviews the use of isolation technology isolated sand cushion some of research results; in the analysis of the sand cushion of isolation mechanism, the computational model of some scholars questioned whether the right; and based on seismic design and slip displacement spectra data have been proposed in the research and development of isolated sand cushion the housing standards or norms should be allowed to have some sand cushion housing relative displacement, a measure of how scientific and reasonable damping sand cushion damping rate effects and the definition put forward their own proposals. As sand, stone cushion method isolated more low cost, simple construction methods, in the future the use of natural materials in isolated areas of the foundation needed to continue in-depth, state standards have yet to be formed.

References
[1]. Liu Xiaoli, Wang Jiang, Douyuan Ming, Liu Chih-Yuan. Sand cushion thickness and substrate pressure on the seismic response of the ground. [J] North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering in June 2004 Volume 14, No. 2 (in Chinese) [2]. Liu Xiaoli, historical Court, Song Yimin, Douyuan Ming, Liu Chih-Yuan. Input ground motion on the sand cushion the impact of isolation. [J] North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering in September 2004 Volume 14 No. 3 (in Chinese) [3]. Liu Xiaoli, Zhang Chunmei, Douyuan Ming, Liu Chih-Yuan. Sand cushion stiffness on seismic response of the ground. [J] North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering in December 2004 Volume 14 No. 4 (in Chinese) [4]. Douyuan Ming, Liu Xiaoli, Zhao Shaowei, Liu Chih-Yuan. Sand cushion isolation Experimental Research. [J] Building Structures .2005 Feb. 26 No. 1 (in Chinese) [5]. Zhao Shaowei, Douyuan Ming, Guo Rong, Cai Xiuyan. Based on performance under the sand cushion vibration isolation table test. [J] .2005 Hebei University of Technology June 34 No. 3 (in Chinese) [6]. Isolation Systems group. Structural base isolation system for research. [J] East China Jiaotong University in August 2004 Volume 21 No. 4 (in Chinese)

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[7]. Li Li, Liu Dexin. Buildings sliding isolation [A]. You Long Wang, Wei Lian, Lee Kang-chi, etc.. Isolated Structures Research and Application [M]. Beijing: Earthquake Press, 1991:60 1 69. (in Chinese) [8]. Liu Darong. Based on response spectrum theory FBI and the isolation of sand cushion. [D] .007 Hohai University, a master's degree thesis in May (in Chinese) [9]. on Maximum Qing-Shan Li surface caused by underground explosion shock closure and isolation. [J] Vibration and Shock .1996 Volume 15 No. 1. (in Chinese) [10]. Peak , Wang Yun-hong . friction base isolation sliding rigid structure to determine response spectra. [J]. World Earthquake Engineering Volume 14, 1998 2 (in Chinese) [11]. Wen-Ming Wang. Sand sliding isolation [A]. You Long Wang, Wei Lian, Lee Kang-chi, etc.. Isolated Structures Research and Application of [MJ. Beijing: Earthquake Press, 1991:99 1 109 (in Chinese) [12]. WANG Yayong. On the design spectrum, time history method and the Energy Method. [J] Building Structures. February 2000 Volume 21 No. 1 (in Chinese)

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