Curvature of Multiply Warped Products With An Affine Connection - Wang

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Curvature of multiply warped products with
an ane connection
Yong Wang
School of Mathematics and Statistics, Northeast Normal University,,
Changchun Jilin, 130024, China; E-mail: wangy581@nenu.edu.cn
Abstract
In this paper, we study the Einstein multiply warped products with a semi-
symmetric non-metric connection and the multiply warped products with a semi-
symmetric non-metric connection with constant scalar curvature, we apply our
results to generalized Robertson-Walker spacetimes with a semi-symmetric non-
metric connection and generalized Kasner spacetimes with a semi-symmetric non-
metric connection and nd some new examples of Einstein ane manifolds and
ane manifolds with constant scalar curvature. We also consider the multiply
warped products with an ane connection with a zero torsion.
Keywords: Multiply warped products; semi-symmetric non-metric connec-
tion; Ricci tensor; scalar curvature; Einstein manifolds
1 Introduction
The (singly) warped product B
b
F of two pseudo-Riemannian manifolds (B, g
B
)
and (F, g
F
) with a smooth function b : B (0, ) is the product manifold B F
with the metric tensor g = g
B
b
2
g
F
. Here, (B, g
B
) is called the base manifold
and (F, g
F
) is called as the ber manifold and b is called as the warping function.
Generalized Robertson-Walker space-times and standard static space-times are two
well-known warped product spaces.The concept of warped products was rst intro-
duced by Bishop and ONeil (see [BO]) to construct examples of Riemannian mani-
folds with negative curvature. In Riemannian geometry, warped product manifolds
and their generic forms have been used to construct new examples with interesting
curvature properties since then. In [DD], F. Dobarro and E. Dozo had studied from
the viewpoint of partial dierential equations and variational methods, the problem
of showing when a Riemannian metric of constant scalar curvature can be produced
on a product manifolds by a warped product construction. In [EJK], Ehrlich, Jung
and Kim got explicit solutions to warping function to have a constant scalar curvature
for generalized Robertson-Walker space-times. In [ARS], explicit solutions were also
obtained for the warping function to make the space-time as Einstein when the ber
is also Einstein.
1
One can generalize singly warped products to multiply warped products. Briey,
a multiply warped product (M, g) is a product manifold of form M = B
b
1
F
1
b
2
F
2

bm
F
m
with the metric g = g
B
b
2
1
g
F
1
b
2
2
g
F
2
b
2
m
g
Fm
, where for each
i {1, , m}, b
i
: B (0, ) is smooth and (F
i
, g
F
i
) is a pseudo-Riemannian man-
ifold. In particular, when B = (c, d) with the negative denite metric g
B
= dt
2
and
(F
i
, g
F
i
) is a Riemannian manifold, we call M as the multiply generalized Robertson-
Walker space-time. In [DU], Dobarro and

Unal studied Ricci-at and Einstein-
Lorentzian multiply warped products and considered the case of having constant
scalar curvature for multiply warped products and applied their results to general-
ized Kasner space-times.
Singly warped products have a natural generalization. A twisted product (M, g) is
a product manifold of form M = B
b
F, with a smooth function b : BF (0, ),
and the metric tensor g = g
B
b
2
g
F
. In [FGKU], they showed that mixed Ricci-
at twisted products could be expressed as warped products. As a consequence,
any Einstein twisted products are warped products. In [Wa], we dene the mul-
tiply twisted products as generalizations of multiply warped products and twisted
products. A multiply twisted product (M, g) is a product manifold of form M =
B
b
1
F
1
b
2
F
2

bm
F
m
B
b
2
1
g
F
1
b
2
2
g
F
2
b
2
m
g
Fm
, where
for each i {1, , m}, b
i
: B F
i
(0, ) is smooth.
The denition of a semi-symmetric metric connection was given by H. Hayden
in [Ha]. In 1970, K. Yano [Ya] considered a semi-symmetric metric connection and
studied some of its properties. He proved that a Riemannian manifold admitting the
semi-symmetric metric connection has vanishing curvature tensor if and only if it is
conformally at. Motivated by the Yano result, in [SO1], Sular and

Ozgur studied
warped product manifolds with a semi-symmetric metric connection, they computed
curvature of semi-symmetric metric connection and considered Einstein warped prod-
uct manifolds with a semi-symmetric metric connection. In [Wa], we considered mul-
tiply twisted products with a semi-symmetric metric connection and computed the
curvature of a semi-symmetric metric connection. We showed that mixed Ricci-at
multiply twisted products with a semi-symmetric metric connection can be expressed
as multiply warped products which generalizes the result in [FGKU]. We also studied
the Einstein multiply warped products with a semi-symmetric metric connection and
multiply warped products with a semi-symmetric metric connection with constant
scalar curvature, we applied our results to generalized Robertson-Walker spacetimes
with a semi-symmetric metric connection and generalized Kasner spacetimes with
a semi-symmetric metric connection and we found some new examples of Einstein
ane manifolds and ane manifolds with constant scalar curvature. We also classi-
ed generalized Einstein Robertson-Walker spacetimes with a semi-symmetric metric
connection and generalized Einstein Kasner spacetimes with a semi-symmetric met-
ric connection. In [AC1,2], Agashe and Chae introduced the notation of a semi-
symmetric metric connection and studied some of its properties and submanifolds
of a Riemannian manifold with semi-symmetric non-metric connections. In [SO2],
they studied warped product manifolds with a semi-symmetric non-metric connec-
tion. The purpose of this paper is to study the Einstein multiply warped products
2
with a semi-symmetric non-metric connection and multiply warped products with a
semi-symmetric non-metric connection with constant scalar curvature.
This paper is arranged as follows: In Section 2, we compute curvature of multi-
ply twisted products with a semi-symmetric non-metric connection. In Section 3, we
study the special multiply warped products with a semi-symmetric non-metric con-
nection. In Section 4, we study the generalized Robertson-Walker spacetimes with
a semi-symmetric non-metric connection. In Section 5, we consider the generalized
Kasner spacetimes with a semi-symmetric non-metric connection. In Section 6, we
compute curvature of multiply twisted products with an ane connection with a zero
torsion.
2 Preliminaries
Denition 2.1 A multiply twisted product (M, g) is a product manifold of form
M = B
b
1
F
1
b
2
F
2

bm
F
m
B
b
2
1
g
F
1
b
2
2
g
F
2
b
2
m
g
Fm
,
where for each i {1, , m}, b
i
: B F
i
(0, ) is smooth.
Here, (B, g
B
) is called the base manifold and (F
i
, g
F
i
) is called as the ber manifold
and b
i
is called as the twisted function. Obviously, twisted products and multiply
warped products are the special cases of multiply twisted products.
Let M be a Riemannian manifold with Riemannian metric g. A linear connection
on a Riemannian manifold M is called a semi-symmetric connection if the torsion
tensor T of the connection
T(X, Y ) =
X
Y
Y
X [X, Y ] (2.1)
satises
T(X, Y ) = (Y )X (X)Y, (2.2)
where is a 1-form associated with the vector eld P on M dened by (X) =
g(X.P). is called a semi-symmetric metric connection if it satises g = 0. is
called a semi-symmetric non-metric connection if it satises g = 0.
If is the Levi-Civita connection of M, the semi-symmetric non-metric connec-
tion is given by
X
Y =
X
Y +(Y )X, (2.3)
(see [AC1]). Let R and R be the curvature tensors of and respectively. Then R
and R are related by
R(X, Y )Z = R(X, Y )Z+g(Z,
X
P)Y g(Z,
Y
P)X+(Z)[(Y )X(X)Y ], (2.4)
for any vector elds X, Y, Z on M [AC1]. By (2.3) and Proposition 2.2 in [Wa], we
have
Proposition 2.2 Let M = B
b
1
F
1
b
2
F
2

bm
F
m
be a multiply twisted product
and let X, Y (TB) and U (TF
i
), W (TF
j
) and P (TB) . Then
3
(1)
X
Y =
B
X
Y.
(2)
X
U =
X(b
i
)
b
i
U.
(3)
U
X = [
X(b
i
)
b
i
+(X)]U.
(4)
U
W = 0 if i = j.
(5)
U
W = U(lnb
i
)W+W(lnb
i
)U
g
F
i
(U,W)
b
i
grad
F
i
b
i
b
i
g
F
i
(U, W)grad
B
b
i
+
F
i
U
W if i =
j.
b
1
F
1
b
2
F
2

bm
F
m
i
), W (TF
j
) and P (TF
k
) . Then
(1)
X
Y =
B
X
Y.
(2)
X
U =
X(b
i
)
b
i
U +g(P, U)X.
(3)
U
X =
X(b
i
)
b
i
U.
(4)
U
W = g(W, P)U if i = j.
(5)
U
W = U(lnb
i
)W+W(lnb
i
)U
g
F
i
(U,W)
b
i
grad
F
i
b
i
b
i
g
F
i
(U, W)grad
B
b
i
+
F
i
U
W+
(W)U if i = j.
By (2.4) and Proposition 2.4 in [Wa], we have
b
1
F
1
b
2
F
2

bm
F
m
be a multiply twisted product and
let X, Y, Z (TB) and V (TF
i
), W (TF
j
), U (TF
k
) and P (TB).
Then
(1)R(X, Y )Z = R
B
(X, Y )Z.
(2)R(V, X)Y =
_
H
b
i
B
(X,Y )
b
i
+g(Y,
X
P) (X)(Y )
_
V.
(3)R(X, V )W = R(V, W)X = R(V, X)W = 0 if i = j.
(4)R(X, Y )V = 0.
(5)R(V, W)X = V X(lnb
i
)W WX(lnb
i
)V if i = j.
(6)R(V, W)U = 0 if i = j = k or i = j = k.
(7)R(U, V )W = g(V, W)
g
B
(grad
B
b
i
,grad
B
b
k
)
b
i
b
k
U g(V, W)
P(b
i
)
b
i
U , if i = j = k.
(8)R(X, V )W = [WX(lnb
i
)]V g(W, V )
_
B
X
(grad
B
b
i
)
b
i
+
grad
F
i
(Xlnb
i
)
b
2
i
+
P(b
i
)
b
i
X
_
if i =
j.
(9)R(U, V )W = g(U, W)grad
B
(V (lnb
i
)) g(V, W)grad
B
(U(lnb
i
)) + R
F
i
(U, V )W
_
|grad
B
b
i
|
2
B
b
2
i
+
P(b
i
)
b
i
_
[g(V, W)U g(U, W)V ] if i = j = k.
b
1
F
1
b
2
F
2

bm
F
m
i
), W (TF
j
), U (TF
k
) and P (TF
l
).
Then
(1)R(X, Y )Z = R
B
(X, Y )Z.
(2)R(V, X)Y =
H
b
i
B
(X,Y )
b
i
V if i = l
(3)R(V, X)Y =
H
b
i
B
(X,Y )
b
i
V (V )
Y (b
i
)
b
i
X if i = l
4
(4)R(X, V )W =
X(b
l
)
b
l
(W)V if i = j.
(5)R(V, W)X =
l
i
(V )
b
i
X(b
i
)W +
l
j
(W)
b
j
X(b
j
)V if i = j.
(6)R(X, Y )V = (V )
_
X(b
l
)
b
l
Y
Y (b
l
)
b
l
X
_
.
(7)R(V, W)X = V X(lnb
i
)W WX(lnb
i
)V
l
i
X(b
i
)
b
i
[(V )W (W)V ] if i = j.
(8)R(V, W)U = 0 if i = j = k or i = j = k.
(9)R(U, V )W = g(V, W)
g
B
(grad
B
b
i
,grad
B
b
k
)
b
i
b
k
Ug(W,
V
P)U+(W)[(V )U(U)V ], if i =
j = k.
(10)R(X, V )W = [WX(lnb
i
)]V g(W, V )
B
X
(grad
B
b
i
)
b
i
grad
F
i
(Xlnb
i
)g
F
i
(W, V ) +
X(b
l
)
b
l
(W)V g(W,
V
P)X +(V )(W)X if i = j.
B
(V (lnb
i
)) g(V, W)grad
B
(U(lnb
i
)) + R
F
i
(U, V )W
|grad
B
b
i
|
2
B
b
2
i
(g(V, W)U g(U, W)V ) if i = j = k = l.
B
(V (lnb
i
)) g(V, W)grad
B
(U(lnb
i
)) + R
F
i
(U, V )W
|grad
B
b
i
|
2
B
b
2
i
(g(V, W)U g(U, W)V ) + g(W,
U
P)V g(W,
V
P)U + (W)[(V )U
(U)V ] if i = j = k = l.
By proposition 2.4 and 2.5, we have
b
1
F
1
b
2
F
2

bm
F
m
and let X, Y, Z (TB) and V (TF
i
), W (TF
j
) and P (TB). Then
(1)Ric(X, Y ) = Ric
B
(X, Y ) +
m
i=1
l
i
_
H
b
i
B
(X,Y )
b
i
+g(Y,
X
P) (X)(Y )
_
.
(2)Ric(X, V ) = Ric(V, X) = (l
i
1)[V X(lnb
i
)].
(3)Ric(V, W) = 0 if i = j.
(4)Ric(V, W) = Ric
F
i
(V, W) +
_
B
b
i
b
i
+ (l
i
1)
|grad
B
b
i
|
2
B
b
2
i
+
j=i
l
j
g
B
(grad
B
b
i
,grad
B
b
j
)
b
i
b
j
+
m
j=1
l
j
Pb
j
b
j
+ (n 1)
Pb
i
b
i
_
g(V, W) if i = j,
where dimB = n, dimM = n.
Corollary 2.7 Let M = B
b
1
F
1
b
2
F
2

bm
F
m
dimF
i
> 1 and P (TB), then (M, ) is mixed Ricci-at if and only if M can be
expressed as a multiply warped product. In particular, if (M, ) is Einstein, then M
can be expressed as a multiply warped product.
b
1
F
1
b
2
F
2

bm
F
m
and let X, Y, Z (TB) and V (TF
i
), W (TF
j
) and P (TF
r
). Then
(1)Ric(X, Y ) = Ric
B
(X, Y ) +
m
i=1
l
i
H
b
i
B
(X,Y )
b
i
.
(2)Ric(X, V ) = (l
i
1)[V X(lnb
i
)] + (n 1)
X(br)
br
(V ).
(3)Ric(V, X) = (l
i
1)[V X(lnb
i
)] + (1 n)
X(br)
br
(V ).
(3)Ric(V, W) = 0 if i = j.
(4)Ric(V, W) = Ric
F
i
(V, W)+g(V, W)
_
B
b
i
b
i
+ (l
i
1)
|grad
B
b
i
|
2
B
b
2
i
+
j=i
l
j
g
B
(grad
B
b
i
,grad
B
b
j
)
b
i
b
j
_
+
5
(n 1)g(W,
V
P) + (1 n)(V )(W) if i = j,
Corollary 2.9 Let M = B
b
1
F
1
b
2
F
2

bm
F
m
dimF
i
> 1 and P (TF
r
), then (M, ) is mixed Ricci-at if and only if M can be
expressed as a multiply warped product and b
r
is only dependent on F
r
. In particular,
if (M, ) is Einstein, then M can be expressed as a multiply warped product.
b
1
F
1
b
2
F
2

bm
F
m
and P (TB), then the scalar curvature S has the following expression:
S = S
B
+ 2
m
i=1
l
i
b
i
B
b
i
+
m
i=1
S
F
i
b
2
i
+
m
i=1
l
i
(l
i
1)
|grad
B
b
i
|
2
B
b
2
i
+
m
i=1
j=i
l
i
l
j
g
B
(grad
B
b
i
, grad
B
b
j
)
b
i
b
j
+ (n 1)
m
i=1
l
i
P(b
i
)
b
i
+
m
i=1
m
j=1
l
i
l
j
P(b
j
)
b
j
+
m
i=1
l
i
[div
B
P (P)] . (2.5)
b
1
F
1
b
2
F
2

bm
F
m
and P (TF
r
), then the scalar curvature S has the following expression:
S = S
B
+ 2
m
i=1
l
i
b
i
B
b
i
+
m
i=1
S
F
i
b
2
i
+
m
i=1
l
i
(l
i
1)
|grad
B
b
i
|
2
B
b
2
i
+
m
i=1
j=i
l
i
l
j
g
B
(grad
B
b
i
, grad
B
b
j
)
b
i
b
j
+(1n)(P)+(n1)
lr
jr=1
jr
g(
E
r
jr
P, E
r
jr
). (2.6)
3 Special multiply warped products with a semi-symmetric
non-metric connection
Let M = I
b
1
F
1
b
2
F
2

bm
F
m
be a multiply warped product with the metric
tensor dt
2
b
2
1
g
F
1
b
2
m
g
Fm
and I is an open interval in R and b
i
C
(I).
Theorem 3.1 Let M = I
b
1
F
1
b
2
F
2

bm
F
m
be a multiply warped product with
the metric tensor dt
2
b
2
1
g
F
1
b
2
m
g
Fm
and P =

t
. Then (M, ) is Einstein
with the Einstein constant if and only if the following conditions are satised for
any i {1, , m}
(1)(F
i
,
F
i
) is Einstein with the Einstein constant
i
, i {1, , m}.
(2)
m
i=1
l
i
_
1
b
i
b
i
_
= .
6
(3)
i
b
i
b
i
(l
i
1)b
2
i
b
i
b
j=i
l
j
b
j
b
j
+b
2
i
m
j=1
l
j
b
j
b
j
= b
2
i
.
Proof. By Proposition 2.6, we have
Ric
_

t
,

t
_
=
m
i=1
l
i
_
1
b
i
b
i
_
; (3.1)
Ric
_

t
, V
_
= Ric
_
V,

t
_
= 0; (3.2)
Ric (V, W) = Ric
F
i
(V, W)+g
F
i
(V, W)
_
_
b
i
b
i
(l
i
1)b
2
i
b
i
b
j=i
l
j
b
j
b
j
+b
2
i
m
j=1
l
j
b
j
b
j
_
_
.
(3.3)
By (3.1)-(3.3) and the Einstein condition, we get the above theorem.
Denition 3.2 (M, ) is called pseudo-Einstein with the Einstein constant if
1
2
[Ric(X, Y ) + Ric(Y, X)] = g(X, Y ).
b
1
F
1
b
2
F
2

bm
F
m
be a multiply warped product with
the metric tensor dt
2
b
2
1
g
F
1
b
2
m
g
Fm
and P (TF
r
) and n > 2. Then
(M, ) is pseudo-Einstein with the Einstein constant if and only if the following
conditions are satised for any i {1, , m}
(1)(F
i
,
F
i
) (i = r) is Einstein with the Einstein constant
i
, i {1, , m}.
(2)
m
i=1
l
i
b
i
b
i
= .
(3)Ric
F
i
(V, W) g
F
i
(V, W)
_
b
i
b
i
+ (l
i
1)b
2
i
+b
i
b
j=i
l
j
b
j
b
j
+b
2
i
_
= (n 1)
_
(V )(W)
g(W,
V
P)+g(V,
W
P)
2
_
, for V, W (TF
r
), r = i.
(4)
i
b
i
b
i
(l
i
1)b
2
i
b
i
b
j=i
l
j
b
j
b
j
b
2
i
= 0, for i = r.
Proof. By Proposition 2.8, then ,
Ric
_

t
,

t
_
=
m
i=1
l
i
b
i
b
i
; (3.4)
So we have
m
i=1
l
i
b
i
b
i
= .
Ric(V, W) = Ric
F
i
(V, W) +b
2
i
g
F
i
(V, W)
_
_
i
b
i
+ (l
i
1)
b
2
i
b
2
i
+
j=i
l
j
b
i
b
j
b
i
b
j
_
_
+(n 1)[g(W,
V
P) (V )(W)]. (3.5)
7
When i = r, then
V
P =
W
P = (V ) = 0, so
Ric(V, W) = Ric
F
i
(V, W)+b
2
i
g
F
i
(V, W)
_
_
i
b
i
+ (l
i
1)
b
2
i
b
2
i
+
j=i
l
j
b
i
b
j
b
i
b
j
_
_
= b
2
i
g
F
i
(V, W).
(3.6)
By variables separation, we have (F
i
,
F
i
) (i = r) is Einstein with the Einstein
constant
i
and
i
b
i
b
i
b
i
b
j=i
l
j
b
j
b
j
(l
i
1)b
2
i
= b
2
i
. (3.7)
When i = r, then
Ric
F
i
(V, W) g
F
i
(V, W)
_
_
b
i
b
i
+ (l
i
1)b
2
i
+b
i
b
j=i
l
j
b
j
b
j
+b
2
i
_
_
= (n 1)
_
(V )(W)
g(W,
V
P) +g(V,
W
P)
2
_
(3.8)
So we prove the above theorem.
When M = I
b
1
F
1
b
2
F
2

bm
F
m
be a multiply warped product and P =

t
,
by Proposition 2.10, we have
S = 2
m
i=1
l
i
b
i
b
i
+
m
i=1
S
F
i
b
2
i
+
m
i=1
l
i
i=1
l
i
(l
i
1)
b
2
i
b
2
i
i=1
j=i
l
i
l
j
b
i
b
j
b
i
b
j
+
m
i,j=1
l
i
l
j
b
j
b
j
. (3.9)
The following result just follows from the method of separation of variables and the
fact that each S
F
i
is function dened on F
i
.
Proposition 3.4 Let M = I
b
1
F
1
b
2
F
2

bm
F
m
be a multiply warped product and
P =

t
. If (M, ) has constant scalar curvature S, then each (F
i
,
F
i
) has constant
scalar curvature S
F
i
.
When P (TF
r
), by Proposition 2.11, we have
S = 2
m
i=1
l
i
b
i
b
i
+
m
i=1
S
F
i
b
2
i
+
m
i=1
l
i
(l
i
1)
b
2
i
b
2
i
+
m
i=1
j=i
l
i
l
j
b
i
b
j
b
i
b
j
+(P)(1n)+(n1)div
Fr
P.
(3.10)
b
1
F
1
b
2
F
2

bm
F
m
be a multiply warped product and
P (TF
r
). If (M, ) has constant scalar curvature S, then each (F
i
,
F
i
) (i = r)
has constant scalar curvature S
F
i
and if g
Fr
(P, P) and div
Fr
P are constants, then
S
Fr
is also a constant.
8
4 Generalized Robertson-Walker spacetimes with a semi-
symmetric non-metric connection
In this section, we study M = I F with the metric tensor dt
2
+f(t)
2
g
F
. As a
corollary of Theorem 3.1, we obtain:
Corollary 4.1 Let M = I F with the metric tensor dt
2
+ f(t)
2
g
F
and P =

t
.
Then (M, ) is Einstein with the Einstein constant if and only if the following
conditions are satised
(1)(F,
F
F
.
(2) f
= (1

l
)f.
(3)
F
+ (1 l)f
2
+ (
l
1 )f
2
+lf
f = 0.
By Corollary 4.1 (2) and elementary methods for ordinary dierential equations,
we get
Case i) < l, then f = c
1
e
at
+ c
2
e
at
, where a =
_
1

l
. By Corollary 4.1 (3),
then
F
+ 2c
1
c
2
_
l
1 + (l 1)a
2
_
+c
2
1
e
2at
_
(1 l)a
2
+ (
l
1 ) +la
_
+c
2
2
e
2at
_
(1 l)a
2
+ (
l
1 ) la
_
= 0. (4.1)
So
F
+ 2c
1
c
2
_
l
1 + (l 1)a
2
_
= 0; (4.2i)
c
2
1
_
(1 l)a
2
+ (
l
1 ) +la
_
= 0; (4.2ii)
c
2
2
_
(1 l)a
2
+ (
l
1 ) la
_
= 0. (4.2iii)
When c
1
= 0, c
2
= 0, by (4.2ii) and (4.2iii), then la = 0, this is a contradiction. When
c
1
= 0 and c
2
= 0, by (4.2iii), (1l)a
2
+(
l
1) = la. By a =
_
1

l
, then a = 1,
this is a contradiction. When c
1
= 0 and c
2
= 0, by (4.2ii), (1l)a
2
+(
l
1) = la,
then a = 1 and = 0. By (4.2i),
F
= 0. So we get
F
= = 0, f = c
1
e
t
.
Case ii) > l, f = c
1
cos(bt) +c
2
sin(bt), where b =
_
l
1. By Corollary 4.1 (3), we
have
F
+ (1 l)(c
1
bsin(bt) +c
2
bcos(bt))
2
+ (
l
1 )(c
1
cos(bt) +c
2
sin(bt))
2
+l(c
1
cos(bt) +c
2
sin(bt))(c
1
bsin(bt) +c
2
bcos(bt)) = 0. (4.3)
9
So
(1 l)c
2
1
b
2
+ (
l
1 )c
2
2
lc
1
c
2
b =
F
; (4.3i)
(1 l)c
2
2
b
2
+ (
l
1 )c
2
1
+lc
1
c
2
b =
F
; (4.3ii)
2(1 l)c
1
c
2
b
2
+ 2c
1
c
2
(
l
1 ) +l(c
2
1
+c
2
2
)b = 0. (4.3iii)
By (4.3i) and (4.3ii) and b
2
=

l
1, we get
_
(1 l)b
2
(
l
1 )
_
(c
2
1
c
2
2
) 2lc
1
c
2
b = 0, c
2
1
c
2
2
= 2c
1
c
2
b. (4.4)
By (4.4) and (4.3iii), we have c
1
c
2
= 0, then c
1
= c
2
= 0. This is a contradiction.
Case iii) = l and f = c
1
+c
2
t, by Corollary 4.1 (3), we get
F
+ (1 l)c
2
2
+ (
l
1 )(c
1
+c
2
t)
2
+l(c
1
+c
2
t)c
2
= 0. (4.5)
Then
(
l
1 )c
2
2
= 0; (4.6i)
2(
l
1 )c
1
c
2
+lc
2
2
= 0; (4.6ii)
F
+ (1 l)c
2
2
+ (
l
1 )c
2
1
+lc
1
c
2
= 0. (4.6iii)
By = l and (4.6i), then c
2
= 0. By (4.6iii), then c
1
=
_
F
l
. So we get = l, f =
_
F
l
.
We get the following theorem.
Theorem 4.2 Let M = I F with the metric tensor dt
2
+ f(t)
2
g
F
and P =

t
and dimF > 1. Then (M, ) is Einstein with the Einstein constant if and only if
(F,
F
F
and one of the following conditions
holds 1)
F
= = 0, f = c
1
e
t
2) = l, f =
_
F
l
.
By (3.9) and Proposition 3.4, we have
Corollary 4.3 Let M = I F with the metric tensor dt
2
+ f(t)
2
g
F
and P =

t
.
If (M, ) has constant scalar curvature S if and only if (F,
F
) has constant scalar
curvature S
F
and
S =
S
F
f
2
2l
f
f
l(l 1)
f
2
f
2
+l +l
2
f
f
. (4.7)
10
In (4.7), we make the change of variable f(t) =
_
v(t) and have the following
equation
v
(t) +
l 3
4
v
(t)
2
v(t)

l
2
v
(t)
l S
l
v(t)
S
F
l
= 0. (4.8)
2
+f(t)
2
g
F
and P =

t
and
dimF = l = 3. If (M, ) has constant scalar curvature S if and only if (F,
F
) has
constant scalar curvature S
F
and
(1) S <
75
16
and S = 3, v(t) = c
1
e
3
2
+
25
4

4
3
S
2
t
+c
2
e
3
2
25
4

4
3
S
2
t
+
S
F
S3
.
(2) S =
75
16
, v(t) = c
1
e
3
4
t
+c
2
te
3
4
t
+
S
F
S3
.
(3) S >
75
16
, v(t) = c
1
e
3
4
t
cos
_
3
4
S
25
4
2
t
_
+c
2
e
3
4
t
sin
_
3
4
S
25
4
2
t
_
+
S
F
S3
.
(4) S = 3, v(t) = c
1
2S
F
9
t +c
2
e
3
2
t
.
Proof. If l = 3, then we have a simple dierential equation
v
(t)
3
2
v
(t) + (
S
3
1)v(t)
S
F
3
= 0. (4.9)
If S = 3, we putting h(t) = (
S
3
1)v(t)
S
F
3
, it follows that h
(t)
3
2
h
(t)+(
S
3
1)h(t) =
0. The above solutions (1)-(3) follow directly from elementary methods for ordinary
dierential equations. When S = 3, then v
(t)
3
2
v
(t)
S
F
3
= 0, we get the solution
(4).
2
+f(t)
2
g
F
and P =

t
and
dimF = l = 3 and S
F
= 0. Let =
l
2
4
+
(l+1)(lS)
l
. If (M, ) has constant scalar
curvature S if and only if
(1) S <
l
3
4(l+1)
+l, v(t) =
_
c
1
e
l
2
+
2
t
+c
2
e
l
2
2
t
_ 4
l+1
.
(2)S =
l
3
4(l+1)
+l, v(t) =
_
c
1
e
l
4
t
+c
2
te
l
4
t
_ 4
l+1
.
(3)S >
l
3
4(l+1)
+l, v(t) =
_
c
1
e
l
4
t
cos
_
2
t
_
+c
2
e
l
4
t
sin
_
2
t
__ 4
l+1
.
Proof. In this case, the equation (4.8) is changed into the simpler form
v
(t)
v(t)
+
l 3
4
v
(t)
2
v(t)
2

l
2
v
(t)
v(t)

l S
l
= 0. (4.10)
Putting v(t) = w(t)
4
l+1
, then w(t) satises the equation w
l
2
w
+
(l+1)
4
(Sl)
l
w = 0,
by the elementary methods for ordinary dierential equations, we prove the above
11
theorem.
When dimF = l = 3 and S
F
= 0, putting v(t) = w(t)
4
l+1
, then w(t) satises the
equation
w
l
2
w
+
(l + 1)
4
(S l)
l
w
(l + 1)
4
S
F
l
w
1
4
l+1
= 0. (4.11)
5 Generalized Kasner spacetimes with a semi-symmetric
In this section, we consider the scalar and Ricci curvature of generalized Kasner
spacetimes with a semi-symmetric non-metric connection. We recall the denition of
generalized Kasner spacetimes ([DU]).
Denition 5.1 A generalized Kasner spacetime (M, g) is a Lorentzian multiply
warped product of the form M = I
p
1 F
1

pm F
m
with the metric g =
dt
2
2p
1
g
F
1

2pm
g
Fm
, where : I (0, ) is smooth and p
i
R, for any
i {1, , m} and also I = (t
1
, t
2
).
We introduce the following parameters =
m
i=1
l
i
p
i
and =
m
i=1
l
i
p
2
i
for gen-
eralized Kasner spacetimes. By Theorem 3.1 and direct computations, we get
p
1 F
1

pm F
m
be a generalized Kasner spacetime
and P =

t
. Then (M, ) is Einstein with the Einstein constant if and only if the
following conditions are satised for any i {1, , m}
(1)(F
i
,
F
i
i
, i {1, , m}.
(2) ( )
2
+
_
_
+
m
i=1
l
i
= 0.
(3)

i
2p
i
p
i
( 1)p
i
2
+
= .
By (3.9) we obtain
p
1 F
1

pm F
m
and P =

t
. Then (M, ) has constant scalar curvature S if and only if each (F
i
,
F
i
)
has constant scalar curvature S
F
i
and
S =
m
i=1
S
F
i
2p
i
2
( +
2
2)
2
+ (n 1)
+ (n 1). (5.1)
Nextly, we rst give a classication of four-dimensional generalized Kasner space-
times with a semi-symmetric non-metric connection and then consider Ricci tensors
and scalar curvatures of them.
Denition 5.4 Let M = I
b
1
F
1

bm
F
m
with the metric g = dt
2
b
2
1
g
F
1

b
2
m
g
Fm
.
12
(M, g) is said to be of Type (I) if m = 1 and dim(F) = 3.
(M, g) is said to be of Type (II) if m = 2 and dim(F
1
) = 1 and dim(F
2
) = 2.
(M, g) is said to be of Type (III) if m = 3 and dim(F
1
) = 1, dim(F
2
) = 1 and
dim(F
3
) = 1.
By Theorem 4.2 and 4.4, we have given a classication of Type (I) Einstein spaces
and Type (I) spaces with the constant scalar curvature.
Classication of Einstein Type (II) generalized Kasner space-times with
a semi-symmetric non-metric connection
Let M = I
p
1 F
1
p
2 F
2
be an Einstein type (II) generalized Kasner spacetime
and P =

t
. Then = p
1
+ 2p
2
, = p
2
1
+ 2p
2
2
. By Proposition 5.2 , we have
( )
2
+
_
_
+ 3 = 0; (5.2i)
p
1
( 1)p
1
2
+
= ; (5.2ii)
2p
2
p
2
( 1)p
2
2
+
= . (5.2iii)
where
2
is a constant. Consider following two cases:
Case i) = 0
In this case, p
2
=
1
2
p
1
, =
3
2
p
2
1
. Then by (5.2), we have
2
+ 3 = 0, (5.3i)
p
1
_
+

2
2
_
= , (5.3ii)
p
1
1
2
p
1
_
+

2
2
_
= , (5.3iii)
Case i a) = 0, then p
i
= 0, by (5.3i), = 3. By (5.3ii), = 0, this is a
contradiction.
Case i b) = 0, then p
i
= 0.
Case i b)1)
2
= 0
by (5.3ii) and (5.3iii), = 0 and
+

2
2
= 0,

2
2
=
3
, (5.4)
then = c
0
e
t
which satises the rst equation in (5.4), so we get
= 0, = 0, =
F
= 0, = c
0
e
t
.
13
Case i b)2)
2
= 0
by (5.3ii) and (5.3iii), we have

2
p
1
=
3
2
, so is a constant. By (5.3ii), = 0, so
2
= 0, this is a contradiction.
Case ii) = 0,
then = 0. Putting =
, then
+
(3)
2
= 0. Hence,
(1) < 3, = c
1
e
(3)
2
t
+c
2
e
(3)
2
t
,
(2) = 3, = c
1
+c
2
t,
(3) > 3, = c
1
cos
__
(3)
2
t
_
+c
2
sin
__
(3)
2
t
_
.
We make (5.2) into
+
( 3)
2
= 0; (5.5i)
p
1
+
(
= ; (5.5ii)
2p
2
p
2
+
(
= . (5.5iii)
When p
1
= p
2
, the type (II) spaces turns into type (I) spaces, so we assume p
1
= p
2
.
By (5.5ii) and (5.5iii), then
=
p
1
(p
2
p
1
)
2
1
2p
2
2
. (5.6)
Case ii)(1) < 3, = c
1
e
at
+c
2
e
at
, where a =
_
(3)
2
.
By (5.6),
ac
1
e
at
ac
2
e
at
=
p
1
(p
2
p
1
)
2
(c
1
e
at
+c
2
e
at
)
1
2p
2
2
(c
1
e
at
+c
2
e
at
). (5.7)
Case ii)(1)(a) c
1
= 0,
then
_
a +

2
_
c
2
e
at
=
p
1
(p
2
p
1
)
2
(c
2
e
at
)
1
2p
2
. (5.8)
Case ii)(1)(a)1) p
1
2
= 0
then p
2
= 0 and = p
1
, = p
2
1
and = c
2
e
at
. By (5.5ii), we get a
2
a = and
3 = 3, this is a contradiction.
Case ii)(1)(a)2) p
1
2
= 0
If p
1
= 0, then = 2p
2
, = 2p
2
2
. By (5.8), a =
2
and
= c
2
e
2at
. By (5.5iii),
then
2
c
e
4p
2
at
2a
2
2a = , (5.9)
so
2
= 0 and 2a
2
2a = . By a =
2
, then = 0 and a = 0, this is a contradic-
tion.
14
If
2
= 0, p
1
= 0, by (5.5ii) and a =
2
and
= c
at
2
, then = 0 and a = 0,
this is a contradiction.
Case ii)(1)(b) c
2
= 0,
then
_
a

2
_
c
1
e
at
=
p
1
(p
2
p
1
)
2
(c
1
e
at
)
1
2p
2
. (5.10)
Case ii)(1)(b)1) p
1
2
= 0,
then p
2
= 0 and = p
1
, = p
2
1
and
3 =
2
. By (5.5ii), we get
a
2
+ a = and = 6, so
2
= 9. In this case, (5.2iii) holds, so we get
p
2
= 0, p
1
= 0, = 6,
2
= 9, = c
1
e
3t
.
Case ii)(1)(b)2) p
1
2
= 0,
if p
1
= 0, then = 2p
2
, = 2p
2
2
and = c
1
e
at
and a =

2
=

2
. By (5.5iii),
2
c
e
4p
2
at
2a
2
+ 2a = , (5.11)
so
2
= 0 and 2a
2
+ 2a = , then = a = 0, this is a contradiction. If
2
= 0, by
(5.5ii), then = a = 0, this is a contradiction.
Case ii)(1)(c) c
1
= 0, c
2
= 0,
If p
2
= 0, then e
at
, e
at
, (c
1
e
at
+c
2
e
at
)
1
2p
2
are linear independent, by (5.7), then

_
a

2
_
c
1
= 0,
_
a

2
_
c
2
= 0,
p
1
(p
2
p
1
)
2
= 0. (5.12)
So a = 0, this is a contradiction.
If p
2
= 0, then by (5.7),
a

2

p
1
(p
2
p
1
)
2
= 0, a

2

p
1
(p
2
p
1
)
2
= 0, (5.13)
so a = 0 and we get a contradiction.
Case ii)(2) = 3, = c
1
+c
2
t,
by (5.6), we have
c
2
=
p
1
(p
2
p
1
)
2
(c
1
+c
2
t)
1
2p
2
+
3
2
(c
1
+c
2
t). (5.14)
Case ii)(2)a) c
2
= 0,
so p
2
= 0. By (5.5iii), then
= c
0
e
(
2
+)t
and c
1
+ c
2
t = c
0
e
(
2
+)t
, this is a
contradiction with c
2
= 0.
Case ii)(2)b) c
2
= 0,
then and are constants, by (5.5ii), then = 0. This is a contradiction with = 3.
15
Case ii)(3) > 3, = c
1
cos (at) + c
2
sin (at) , where a =
_
(3)
2
. By (5.6), we
have
a(c
1
sin(at) +c
2
cos(at)) =
p
1
(p
2
p
1
)
2
(c
1
cos(at) +c
2
sin(at))
1
2p
2
2
(c
1
cos(at) +c
2
sin(at)). (5.15)
If p
2
= 0, then sin(at), cos (at), (c
1
cos(at) +c
2
sin(at))
1
2p
2
are linear indepdent, so

ac
1
=

2
c
2
, ac
2
=

2
c
1
and a = 0, this is a contradiction. If p
2
= 0, then
ac
1
=
p
1
(p
2
p
1
)
2
c
2
+

2
c
2
; ac
2
=
p
1
(p
2
p
1
)
2
c
1
+

2
c
1
. (5.16)
Then a = 0, this is a contradiction. By the above discussions, we get the following
theorem:
p
1 F
1

p
2 F
2
be a generalized Kasner spacetime and
dimF
1
= 1, dimF
2
= 2 and P =

t
. Then (M, ) is Einstein with the Einstein
constant if and only if (F
2
,
F
2
2
, and one
of the following conditions is satised
(1) = 0, = 0, =
F
= 0, = c
0
e
t
.
(2)p
2
= 0, p
1
= 0, = 6,
2
= 9, = c
1
e
3t
.
Type (II) generalized Kasner space-times with a semi-symmetric non-
metric connection with constant scalar curvature
By Proposition 5.3, then (F
2
,
F
2
) has constant scalar curvature S
F
2
and
S =
S
F
2
2p
2
2
( +
2
2)
2
+ 3
+ 3. (5.17)
If = 0, when = 0, then p
1
= p
2
= 0 and S = S
F
2
+ 3. If = 0, then
2
=
S
F
2
2p
2
+ (S + 3). (5.18)
If = 0, putting =
2
+
2
, we get
4
2
+
2
+
6
2
+
2
+ (S + 3) +S
F
2
1
4p
2
+
2
= 0. (5.19)
Type (III) generalized Kasner space-times with a semi-symmetric non-
metric connection with constant scalar curvature
16
By Proposition 5.3, then
S = 2
( +
2
2)
2
+ 3
+ 3. (5.20)
If = = 0, then p
1
= p
2
= p
3
= 0, we get S = 3.
If = 0, = 0, then [(ln)
]
2
=
S3
, so when S > 3, there is no solutions, when

S = 3, is a constant and when S < 3, = c
0
e
S+3
t
.
If = 0, then = 0, putting =
2
+
2
, then
3
2
+
(S 3)( +
2
)
4
2
= 0. (5.21)
Let =
9
4

(S3)(+
2
)
2
. So we get
(1) S <
9
2
4(+
2
)
+ 3, = c
1
e
3
2
+
2
t
+c
2
e
3
2
2
t
,
(2)S =
9
2
4(+
2
)
+ 3, = c
1
e
3
4
t
+c
2
te
3
4
t
,
(3) S >
9
2
4(+
2
)
+3, = c
1
e
3
4
t
cos
_
2
t
_
+c
2
e
3
4
t
sin
_
2
t
_
. So we get the following
theorem
p
1 F
1
p
2 F
2
p
3 F
3
and dimF
1
= dimF
2
= dimF
3
= 1, and P =

t
. Then S is a constant if and only if
one of the following case holds
(1) = = 0, S = 3.
(2) = 0, = 0, when S > 3, there is no solutions, when S = 3, is a constant and
when S < 3, = c
0
e
S3
t
.
(3) If = 0
(3a) S <
9
2
4(+
2
)
+ 3, =
_
c
1
e
3
2
+
2
t
+c
2
e
3
2
2
t
_ 2
+
2
,
(3b) S =
9
2
4(+
2
)
+ 3, =
_
c
1
e
3
4
t
+c
2
te
3
4
t
_ 2
+
2
,
(3c) S >
9
2
4(+
2
)
+ 3, =
_
c
1
e
3
4
t
cos
_
2
t
_
+c
2
e
3
4
t
sin
_
2
t
__ 2
+
2
.
Einstein Type (III) generalized Kasner space-times with a semi-symmetric
By Proposition 5.2, we have
_
+ ( )
2
+ 3 = 0, (5.22i)
p
1
_
+ ( 1)
2
_
+
= , (5.22ii)
17
p
2
_
+ ( 1)
2
_
+
= , (5.22iii)
p
3
_
+ ( 1)
2
_
+
= , (5.22iv)
If = = 0, by (5.22i), = 3, by (4.50ii), = 0, this is a contradiction.
If = 0, = 0, plusing (5.22ii),(5.22iii),(5.22iv), we get = 0. By (5.22i),

2
2
=
3
and = c
0
e
t
which satises (5.22ii), (5.22iii) and (5.22iv), so we obtain
= 0, = 0, = 0, = c
0
e
t
.
When = 0, if p
1
= p
2
= p
3
, we get type (I), so we may let p
1
= p
2
. By (5.22ii) and
(5.22iii), we have
(
= and
(
= 0, so
= c
1
+c
2
t and c
2
= (c
1
+c
2
t), then
c
2
= 0. When c
2
= 0, then = 0 and is a constant, so by (5.22i), then = 3
which is a contradiction. When = 0, then c
2
= 0 which is also a contradiction. We
get the following theorem.
p
1 F
1

p
2 F
2

p
3 F
3
be a generalized Kasner space-
time for p
i
= p
j
for some i, j {1, 2, 3} and dimF
1
= dimF
2
= dimF
3
= 1,
and P =

t
. Then (M, ) is Einstein with the Einstein constant if and only if
= 0, = 0, = 0, = c
0
e
t
.
6 Curvature of multiply twisted products with an ane
connection with a zero torsion
Let is the Levi-Civita connection of M, we dene
X
Y =
X
Y +(X)Y +(Y )X, (6.1)
which has no torsion. Let R and

R be the curvature tensors of and

respectively.
Then R and

R are related by
R(X, Y )Z = R(X, Y )Z +X((Y ))Z Y ((X))Z

+g(Z,
X
P)Y g(Z,
Y
P)X +(Z)[(Y )X (X)Y ] ([X, Y ])Z
= R(X, Y )Z +X((Y ))Z Y ((X))Z ([X, Y ])Z, (6.2)
for any vector elds X, Y, Z on M. By (6.1) and Proposition 2.2 in [Wa], we have
b
1
F
1

b
2
F
2

bm
F
m
be a multiply twisted prod-
uct and let X, Y (TB) and U (TF
i
), W (TF
j
) and P (TB) . Then
(1)

X
Y =

B
X
Y.
(2)

X
U = [
X(b
i
)
b
i
+(X)]U.
18
(3)

U
X = [
X(b
i
)
b
i
+(X)]U.
(4)

U
W = 0 if i = j.
(5)

U
W = U(lnb
i
)W+W(lnb
i
)U
g
F
i
(U,W)
b
i
grad
F
i
b
i
b
i
g
F
i
(U, W)grad
B
b
i
+
F
i
U
W if i =
j.
b
1
F
1
b
2
F
2

bm
F
m
i
), W (TF
j
) and P (TF
k
) . Then
(1)

X
Y =
B
X
Y.
(2)

X
U =
X(b
i
)
b
i
U +g(P, U)X.
(3)

U
X =
X(b
i
)
b
i
U +g(P, U)X.
(4)

U
W = (W)U +(U)W if i = j.
(5)

U
W = U(lnb
i
)W+W(lnb
i
)U
g
F
i
(U,W)
b
i
grad
F
i
b
i
b
i
g
F
i
(U, W)grad
B
b
i
+
F
i
U
W+
(W)U +(U)W if i = j.
By (6.2) and Proposition 2.4 and 2.5, we have
b
1
F
1
b
2
F
2

bm
F
m
i
), W (TF
j
), U (TF
k
) and P (TB).
Then
(1)
R(X, Y )Z =

R
B
(X, Y )Z,
(2)
R(X, Y )V = X((Y ))V Y ((X))V ([X, Y ])V,

and for other components,

R equals to R.
b
1
F
1
b
2
F
2

bm
F
m
i
), W (TF
j
), U (TF
k
) and P (TF
l
).
Then
(1)
R(V, W)X = R(V, W)X +V ((W))X W((V ))X ([V, W])X.

(2)
R(U, V )W = U((V ))W V ((U))W ([U, V ])W if i = k = j .

B
(V (lnb
i
)) g(V, W)grad
B
(U(lnb
i
)) + R
F
i
(U, V )W
|grad
B
b
i
|
2
B
b
2
i
(g(V, W)U g(U, W)V ) + g(W,
U
P)V g(W,
V
P)U + (W)[(V )U
(U)V ] +U((V ))W V ((U))W ([U, V ])W if i = j = k = l,
and for other components,

R equals to R.
By Proposition 6.3 and 6.4, we have
b
1
F
1
b
2
F
2

bm
F
m
and P (TB). Then

Ric = Ric.
Remark. By Proposition 6.5, then we can get the same conclusions for

and .
b
1
F
1
b
2
F
2

bm
F
m
and P (TF
r
). Then
19
Ric(V, W) = Ric(V, W) +
lr
jr=1
jr
g(V ((E
r
jr
))W E
r
jr
((V ))W ([V, E
r
jr
])W, E
r
jr
),
(6.3)
for V, W (TF
r
). For other components,

Ric = Ric.
Acknowledgement. This work was supported by Fok Ying Tong Education Foun-
dation No. 121003.
References
[AC1]N. Agashe, M. Chae, A semi-symmetric non-metric connection on a Rieman-
nian manifold, Indian J. Pure Appl. math. 23(1992) 399-409.
[AC2]N. Agashe, M. Chae, On submanifolds of a Riemannian manifold with a semi-
symmetric non-metric connection, Tensor(N.S.), 55(1994) 120-130.
[ARS]L. Alas, A. Romero, M. S anchez, Spacelike hypersurfaces of constant mean
curvature and Clabi-Bernstein type problems, Tohoku Math. J. 49(1997) 337-345.
[BO]R. Bishop, B. ONeill, Manifolds of negative curvature, Trans. Am. Math. Soc.
145(1969) 1-49.
[DD]F. Dobarro, E. Dozo, Scalar curvature and warped products of Riemannian man-
ifolds, Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 303(1987) 161-168.
[DU]F. Dobarro, B.

Unal, Curvature of multiply warped products, J. Geom. Phys.
55(2005) 75-106.
[EJK]P. Ehrlich, Y. Jung, S. Kim, Constant scalar curvatures on warped product
manifolds, Tsukuba J. Math. 20(1996) No.1 239-265.
[FGKU]M. Fern andez-Lopez, E. Garca-Ro, D. Kupeli, B.

Unal, A curvature condi-
tion for a twisted product to be a warped product, Manu. math. 106(2001), 213-217.
[Ha]H. Hayden, Subspace of a space with torsion, Proc. Lond. Math. Soc. 34(1932)
27-50.
[SO1]S. Sular, C.

Ozgur, Warped products with a semi-symmetric metric connection,
Taiwanese J. Math. 15(2011) no.4 1701-1719.
[SO2]S. Sular, C.

Ozgur, Warped products with a semi-symmetric non-metric con-
nection, Arab J. Sci. Eng. 36(2011) 461-473.
[Wa]Y. Wang, Multiply twisted products, arXiv:1207.0199.
[Ya]K. Yano, On semi-symmetric metric connection, Rev. Roumaine Math. Pures
Appl. 15(1970) 1579-1586.
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a

are linear independent, by (5.7), then

are linear indepdent, so

, so when S > 3, there is no solutions, when

R(X, Y )Z = R(X, Y )Z +X((Y ))Z Y ((X))Z

R(X, Y )V = X((Y ))V Y ((X))V ([X, Y ])V,

R(V, W)X = R(V, W)X +V ((W))X W((V ))X ([V, W])X.

R(U, V )W = U((V ))W V ((U))W ([U, V ])W if i = k = j .

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