SiddharthaPorwal 12/19/2013

The objective of this report is to present the transient effects of motor starting on the system voltage. Electric motors are one of the most common items of electrical equipment in service. Despite the usefulness of electric motors, there are issues in starting motors - One of the most common side effects of starting large motors is a serious voltage dip on the buses throughout the facility. Particular concern is the growth of magnetic fields and back emf during starting leading to large currents and torque during this period. These currents and torque can have negative effects on both the electrical system and mechanical load. A motor starting study is performed to determine the voltages, currents, and starting times involved when starting large motors. Such a study is therefore critical before installing a large motor to make certain that the system can start the motor successfully. It may also be performed anytime a change in the power supply is implemented. Usually only the largest motor on a bus or system is modeled, but the calculation can in principle be used for any motor. It's important to note that motor starting is a transient power flow problem and is normally done iteratively by computer software. However, a static method is shown here for first-pass estimates only. The information was gathered from a number of journals and research articles as well as several motor manufacturers informational websites. From the sources reviewed I ultimately arrived at the conclusion that the above study can help select the best method of starting, the proper motor design, or the required system design for minimizing the impact of motor starting on the entire system.

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StartingOfAMotorandits EffectonSystemVoltage

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Table of Contents
Cover page 1 1 2

Abstract

Table of Contents Introduction Principle

Methods Discussion

Motor Starting Analysis Study

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Motor Controller : Application & Types Overload Relays

Motor Starting Time Calculation Worked Example

Calculating the Transient Effects of motor starting on the System Voltages Worked Example

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References

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Conclusions

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Appendix A1

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Design and Procedure

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Introduction:
Electricmotorsareoneofthemostcommonpiecesofelectricalequipmentinservice.Fromtoysand householdappliancestothelargestmachinesontheplanetelectricmotorsareused.Motorsasthesin glebiggestelectricityusersareestimatedtoaccountforbetween43and46%oftotalglobalelectricity. Foroverahundredyears,wehavebeenusingmotorsandduringthattimetherehasbeenrelatively littlechangeinhowtheyfunction.Ofallmotortypes,theinductionmotorisbyfarthemostwidely usedinindustrialandbuildingapplications.Withinthisarticle,I'llprimarilybeconcentratingontheap plicationofmotorstartinginconnectionwithinductionmotors.

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Figure1: http://myelectrical.com/Portals/0/SunBlogNuke/2/WindowsLiveWriter/MotorStarting Introduction_BC07/Motor%20Staring%20Current_2.jpg

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Inductionmotorsconvertelectricalpowerintorotatingpowerandrelyontheinteractionofmagnetic fieldstoachievethis.Motorstartingistheperiodoftimefromwhentheelectricalsupplyisconnected tothemotoruntilthemotoracceleratestofullspeed.Duringthistime,thebuildupofmagneticfields andbacke.m.fintroducetransientconditionsontheelectricalsystem.Thesetransienteventscanaffect theelectricalsupplysystemandotherequipmentconnectedtoit.Limitingthetransienteffectsand ensuringthatmotorsacceleratethemechanicalloadcorrectlyarethekeyreasonsconsiderationisgiven tomotorstarting.

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Principle :
Duringthestartingperiodthemagneticfieldswithinthemotorandbackemfareincreasing;theme chanicalloadisacceleratingandacurrentsignificantlylargerthanthemotorsnormalfullloadrunning currentisdrawn.Thisstartupcurrentcanbeashighasfivetoeighttimesthefullloadcurrent. Durationofthestartingperiodisdependentonthecombinationofthemotorandmechanicalloadand canbeanythingfromafractionofasecondtothirtysecondsorlonger.Duringthestartupperiod,the highlevelsofcurrentrequiredcanhavedetrimentaleffectsontheelectricalsupplysystemandother connectedequipment.

DesignandProcedures

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Methods :

Subsequentpostswilllookatsomeofthemorecommonlyusedmethodsofmotorstarting,whichtryto addresstheproblemsofstartingcurrentandtorque,eachofwhichhasitsownadvantagesanddisad vantages: 1.) DirectOnLineisthesimplestandmostcosteffective,withthemotorsimplyconnectedtothe supply.Thismethodofstartingsuffersfromhighcurrent/torqueduringstarting.Duetoitssim plicityitismypreferredmethodofstarting;however,therearemanyinstanceswhereitsdis advantagesmakeitimpractical. 2.) StarDeltaisareducedvoltagestartingmethodwherebythestatorwindingsareinitiallycon nectedinastarconfigurationandthenswitchedtodeltawhenthemotorhasaccelerated.In star,thevoltageacrosseachwindingisreducedbyafactorof3resul nginalowerstar ng currentandastartingtorqueofapproximately33%thefullvoltagetorque.

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Overcomingtheseproblemshasbeenaconcernofengineerssincemotorsfirststartedtoachievewide spreadadoption.Overtheyears,manymethodsandtechniqueshavebeendevelopedtoaddressthese issues;eachwithitsownadvantagesandlimitations.Recentdecadeshaveseenmassivestridesinthe utilizationofelectronicsinprovidingelectricalpowertomotors;whichnotonlyenableagreatdealof controloverthestartingcurrent,butcanallowthemotortooperatewithveryspecificacceleration characteristics.

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Duringthedesignofanyelectricalsystem,considerationisgiventotheensuringthatthesteadystate runningperiodconditionsareadequatelycateredfor.Cablesaresizedforthisandvoltagedropsacross theelectricalsystemcalculatedonthisbasis.Duringstartinghowever,cablesaregoingtobecarrying morecurrentandthesystemvoltagedropswillbecomemuchlarger.Thisisparticularlyapparentif largemotorsarestartedand/ormanymotorsarestartedatthesametime.Voltagedropswithinan electricalsystemmayaffectotherequipment;eventotheextentofcausingfailures.Inaddition,ifthe voltagedroptothemotoritselfistoogreat,themotormaybeunabletodevelopsufficienttorqueto acceleratethemechanicalload.

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Discussion

MotorStartingAnalysisStudy:

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Amotorstartingstudyisperformedtodeterminethevoltages,currents,andstartingtimesinvolved whenstartinglargemotors.Suchastudyiscriticalbeforeinstallingalargemotortomakecertainthat yoursystemcanstartthemotorsuccessfully.Itmayalsobeperformedanytimeachangeinthepower supplyisimplemented.

Startinglargemotorscancausedisturbancestothemotorandotherloadsonotherbuses.Intheworst casesthestartingmotormaystallandbeunabletostartthedrivenload.Ingeneral,amotorstarting studyshouldbemadeifthemotorshorsepowerexceedsapproximately30%ofthesupplytransformers basekVArating.Ifageneratorissupplyingthemotor,use1015%ofthegeneratorkVArating.Motor startingstudiescanvaryfrombasicvoltagedroponthesystemtoadetailedwaveformpresentationof motorbusvoltage,motorspeedandmotortorque,accelerationtorque,loadtorque,powerfactor,ro torandstatorcurrents,motorslip,real,reactiveandtotalpower. Oneofthemostcommonsideeffectsofstartinglargemotorsisaseriousvoltagediponthebuses throughoutthefacility.Thisvoltagedipwillcauseothermotorstoslowdown,inseverecasesothermo torsmayreachthestallpointcausingadominoeffecttothevoltagedrop.Controlrelaysmaynothold 5

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FordetailedcomparisonkindlycheckthecomparisontableinAppendixA1attheend.ThetableA1 summarizesthecharacteristics,advantagesanddisadvantagesofvariousstartingmethods.

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3.) AutoTransformerisanotherreducedvoltagemethod,wherebyanautotransformerprovides thestartingvoltage.Usinganautotransformerallowsthelevelofvoltage(consequentlycur rentandtorque)tooneofawiderangeofvalue.Withtappedautotransformers,itisalsopos sibletovarythestartingcharacteristicsduringtherunupperiod. 4.) PrimaryResistanceinthismethodoneormorebanksofresistorsareinsertedintothestator windingduringstarting.Voltagedropacrosstheresistorsresultinareducedvoltageatthemo torterminalsandimprovedstartingcharacteristics.Asthemotorcurrentdecreases(andvolt agedropacrosstheresistors),voltageonthewindingincreasesresultinginafastincreasein torqueduringstarting. 5.) RotorResistancelikeprimaryresistance,startingiscontrolledbytheintroductionofresistance banks,however,intherotor(notstator).Duringrotorresistancestarting,thetorqueisapprox imatelyproportionaltothemotorcurrent.Selectionoftheresistorbankscanachieveaclose matchtotherequiredmechanicalcharacteristicsduringstarting. 6.) ElectronicSoftStartinwhichbacktobackthyristorsareswitchedtorampupthevoltagedur ingstarting(orrampdownduringstopping).Selectionofdifferentrampcharacteristics,initial startingvoltageandcurrentlimitingfunctionsallowsoftstarterstomatchtherequirementsof themechanicalload,providesmoothaccelerationandensurethatreasonablevaluesofstarting currentaredrawnfromthesupply.

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andauxiliaryequipmentmaybeaffected.Inadditiontothesesecondaryeffectsthelifeofallmotorson thesystemmaybeshortened.Ideallyatransientmotorstartingstudyshouldbepreformedwhich showsatime/voltagewaveformforthemotorbus.Motorstartingstudiesshouldbeperformedpriorto theorderingoflargemotors,suchthatthemotorcanbeinstalledwithconfidencethatthemotorslife andapplicationsperformancewillbesatisfactoryandtheremainderofthepowerdistributionsystem willnotbeadverselyaffected. Byusingmotorstartingstudytechniques,theseproblemscanbepredictedbeforetheinstallationofthe motor.Itmayalsobeperformedanytimeachangeinthepowersupplyisimplemented.Ifastartingde viceisneeded,itscharacteristicsandratingscanbeeasilydetermined.Also,voltageatimportantloca tionsthroughoutthesystemduringstartupcanbemonitored.Thestudycanhelpselectthebestmeth odofstarting,thepropermotordesign,ortherequiredsystemdesignforminimizingtheimpactofmo torstartingontheentiresystem.

Motorcontroller:

ApplicationofMotorController:

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Thesimplestcaseisaswitchtoconnectamotortoapowersource,suchasinsmallappliancesorpower tools.Theswitchmaybemanuallyoperatedormaybearelayorcontactorconnectedtosomeformof sensortoautomaticallystartandstopthemotor.Theswitchmayhaveseveralpositionstoselectdiffer entconnectionsofthemotor.Thismayallowreducedvoltagestartingofthemotor,reversingcontrolor selectionofmultiplespeeds.Overloadandovercurrentprotectionmaybeomittedinverysmallmotor controllers,whichrelyonthesupplyingcircuittohaveovercurrentprotection.Smallmotorsmayhave builtinoverloaddevicestoautomaticallyopenthecircuitonoverload.Largermotorshaveaprotective overloadrelayortemperaturesensingrelayincludedinthecontrollerandfusesorcircuitbreakersfor overcurrentprotection.Anautomaticmotorcontrollermayalsoincludelimitswitchesorotherdevices toprotectthedrivenmachinery. Morecomplexmotorcontrollersmaybeusedtoaccuratelycontrolthespeedandtorqueofthecon nectedmotor(ormotors)andmaybepartofclosedloopcontrolsystemsforprecisepositioningofa drivenmachine.Forexample,anumericallycontrolledlathewillaccuratelypositionthecuttingtoolac cordingtoapreprogrammedprofileandcompensateforvaryingloadconditionsandperturbingforces tomaintaintoolposition. 6

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Everyelectricmotorhastohavesomesortofcontroller.Themotorcontrollerwillhavedifferingfea turesandcomplexitydependingonthetaskthatthemotorwillbeperforming.

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Amotorcontrollerisadeviceorgroupofdevicesthatservestogoverninsomepredeterminedmanner theperformanceofanelectricmotor.Amotorcontrollermightincludeamanualorautomaticmeans forstartingandstoppingthemotor,selectingforwardorreverserotation,selectingandregulatingthe speed,regulatingorlimitingthetorque,andprotectingagainstoverloadsandfaults

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Typesofmotorcontrollers:
Motorcontrollerscanbemanually,remotelyorautomaticallyoperated.Theymayincludeonlythe meansforstartingandstoppingthemotorortheymayincludeotherfunctions.Anelectricmotorcon trollercanbeclassifiedbythetypeofmotoritistodrivesuchaspermanentmagnet,servo,series,sepa ratelyexcited,andalternatingcurrent.Amotorcontrollerisconnectedtoapowersourcesuchasabat terypackorpowersupply,andcontrolcircuitryintheformofanalogordigitalinputsignals.

Motorstarters

Asmallmotorcanbestartedbysimplypluggingitintoanelectricalreceptacleorbyusingaswitchor circuitbreaker.Alargermotorrequiresaspecializedswitchingunitcalledamotorstarterormotorcon tactor.Whenenergized,adirectonline(DOL)starterimmediatelyconnectsthemotorterminalsdirectly tothepowersupply.Reducedvoltage,stardeltaorsoftstartersconnectsthemotortothepowersup plythroughavoltagereductiondeviceandincreasestheappliedvoltagegraduallyorinsteps.Insmaller sizesamotorstarterisamanuallyoperatedswitch;largermotors,orthoserequiringremoteorauto maticcontrol,usemagneticcontactors.Verylargemotorsrunningonmediumvoltagepowersupplies (thousandsofvolts)mayusepowercircuitbreakersasswitchingelements.Adirectonlinestartercan beusedifthehighinrushcurrentofthemotordoesnotcauseexcessivevoltagedropinthesupplycir cuit. Areversingstartercanconnectthemotorforrotationineitherdirection.Suchastartercontainstwo DOLcircuitsoneforclockwiseoperationandtheotherforcounterclockwiseoperation,withmechani calandelectricalinterlockstopreventsimultaneousclosure.Forthreephasemotors,thisisachievedby transposinganytwophases.SinglephaseACmotorsanddirectcurrentmotorsrequireadditionaldevic esforreversingrotation.

Reducedvoltagestarters

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Adjustablespeeddrives

Twoormorecontactorsmaybeusedtoprovidereducedvoltagestartingofamotor.Byusinganauto transformeroraseriesinductance,alowervoltageispresentatthemotorterminals,reducingstarting torqueandinrushcurrent.Oncethemotorhascomeuptosomefractionofitsfullloadspeed,the starterswitchestofullvoltageatthemotorterminals.Sincetheautotransformerorseriesreactoronly carriestheheavymotorstartingcurrentforafewseconds,thedevicescanbemuchsmallercompared tocontinuouslyratedequipment.Thetransitionbetweenreducedandfullvoltagemaybebasedon elapsedtime,ortriggeredwhenacurrentsensorshowsthemotorcurrenthasbeguntoreduce.

Anadjustablespeeddrive(ASD)orvariablespeeddrive(VSD)isaninterconnectedcombinationof equipmentthatprovidesameansofdrivingandadjustingtheoperatingspeedofamechanicalload.An electricaladjustablespeeddriveconsistsofanelectricmotorandaspeedcontrollerorpowerconverter plusauxiliarydevicesandequipment.Incommonusage,thetermdriveisoftenappliedtojustthe controller

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Intelligentcontrollers:
AnIntelligentMotorController(IMC)usesamicroprocessortocontrolpowerelectronicdevicesusedfor motorcontrol.IMCsmonitortheloadonamotorandaccordinglymatchmotortorquetomotorload. ThisisaccomplishedbyreducingthevoltagetotheACterminalsandatthesametimeloweringcurrent andkvar.Thiscanprovideameasureofenergyefficiencyimprovementformotorsthatrununderlight loadforalargepartofthetime,resultinginlessheat,noise,andvibrationsgeneratedbythemotor.

OverloadRelays:

Therearetwotypesofthermaloverloadrelay:

MotorStartingTimeit'salittlecomplicated
GraphG1:Motor SpeedVs.Torque Link: http://myelectrical. com/notes/entryid/ 107/howto calculatemotor startingtime

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ThefirstthingtolookatinthepreviousGraphG1isthemotorcharacteristic.Theimageshowsatypical motortorquecurveandahypotheticalloadtorquecurvesuperimposed.Thetorqueavailabletoaccel eratethemotoruptospeedisgivenbythedifferencebetweenmotortorqueandloadtorque:

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Asecondtypeofthermaloverloadrelayusesaeutecticalloy,likeasolder,toretainaspringloadedcon tact.Whentoomuchcurrentpassesthroughtheheatingelementfortoolongatime,thealloymelts andthespringreleasesthecontact,openingthecontrolcircuitandshuttingdownthemotor.

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Inonetype,abimetallicstriplocatedclosetoaheaterdeflectsastheheatertemperaturerisesuntilit mechanicallycausesthedevicetotripandopenthecircuit,cuttingpowertothemotorshoulditbe comeoverloaded.

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Astarterwillcontainprotectivedevicesforthemotor.Ataminimumthiswouldincludeathermalover loadrelay.Thethermaloverloadisdesignedtoopenthestartingcircuitandthuscutthepowertothe motorintheeventofthemotordrawingtoomuchcurrentfromthesupplyforanextendedtime.The overloadrelayhasanormallyclosedcontactwhichopensduetoheatgeneratedbyexcessivecurrent flowingthroughthecircuit.Thermaloverloadshaveasmallheatingdevicethatincreasesintemperature asthemotorrunningcurrentincreases.

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C(a)=C(M)C(L) Where,C(a)torquetoacceleratethemotor,N.m C(M)motortorque,N.m&C(L)loadtorque,N.m Ascanbeseen,asthespeedincreasesboththemotorandloadtorquevary.Themotortorquecharac teristicisalsoafunctionofthedesignandconstructionofthemotorandcanvarysignificantlyformo torsofthesamerating.Startingmethodsalsoaffecttheavailablemotortorqueandcanevenaffectthe shapeofthecurve. Anytorqueusedforacceleration,needstoovercomeboththeinertiaofthemotorandtheload.By usingthisandknowingabitofmechanicalengineering(ReferenceNo.#),itispossibletoderivean equationforthetimetoacceleratefromzerototherunningspeed:

Where: tatimetoacceleratetorunningspeed,s nrmotorrunningspeed,rpm CMmotortorque,N.m CLloadtorque,N.m JMinertiaofthemotor,kg.m2 JLinertiaoftheload,kg.m2

StartingTimeaneasier[rough]approximation
Byintroducingsomesimplifications,itispossibletohaveaneasiertouseformulaetogiveanapproxi mationforthestartingtime.Thefirstsimplificationistouseanaveragevalueofmotortorque,

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Where Cstheinrushtorque,N.m Cmaxthemaximumtorque,N.m Boththesefiguresareavailablefromthemanufacturer. Forreducedvoltages,torqueisreducedbythesquareofthereduction,soItshouldbepossibletoadjust theaveragetorqueforreducedvoltagestarting(i.e.stardelta).

ThesecondsimplificationistouseanadjustmentfactorKLtotakecareofvaryingloadtorqueCLdueto speedchanges: 9

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Type of Load Load Factor, KL Lift Fans 1 0.33 Piston Pumps 0.5 Flywheel 0

Usingthesimplifications,theapproximatestartingtimeisgivenby:

WhereCaccistheeffectiveaccelerationtorqueandisgivenby

Anexamplewillshowhowthisworks:

A90kWmotorisusedtodriveafan.Fromthemotormanufacturerandmechanicalengineerwehave: MotorRatedSpeed(nr)1500rpm MotorFullLoadSpeed1486rpm MotorInertial(JM)1.4kg.m2 MotorRatedTorque549Nm MotorInrushTorque(CS)1563Nm MotorMaximumTorque(Cmax)1679Nm LoadInertia(JL)30kg.m2 LoadTorque(CL)620Nm LoadFactor(KL)0.33

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CalculatingtheTransientEffectsofmotorstartingontheSystemVoltages
Thisarticleconsidersthetransienteffectsofmotorstartingonthesystemvoltage.Usuallyonlythelarg estmotoronabusorsystemmodeled,butthecalculationcaninprinciplebeusedforanymotor.It's importanttonotethatmotorstartingisatransientpowerflowproblemandisnormallydoneiteratively bycomputersoftware.Howeverastaticmethodisshownhereforfirstpassestimatesonly. Whydothecalculation?

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Thiscalculationismoreorlessdonetoverifythatthelargestmotordoesnotcausesystemwideprob lemsuponstarting.Thereforeitshouldbedoneafterpreliminarysystemdesigniscomplete.Thefollow ingprerequisiteinformationisrequired: Keysinglelinediagrams Preliminaryloadschedule Tolerablevoltagedroplimitsduringmotorstarting,whicharetypicallyprescribedbytheclient CalculationMethodology ThiscalculationisbasedonstandardimpedanceformulaeandOhm'slaw.Totheauthor'sknowledge, therearenointernationalstandardsthatgovernvoltagedropcalculationsduringmotorstart.

Itshouldbenotedthattheproposedmethodisnot100%accuratebecauseitisastaticcalculation.In reality,thevoltagelevelsarefluctuatingduringatransientcondition,andthereforesoaretheloadcur rentsdrawnbythestandingloads.Thismakesitessentiallyaloadflowproblemandamorepreciseso lutionwouldsolvetheloadflowproblemiteratively,forexampleusingtheNewtonRhapsonorGauss Siedelalgorithms.Notwithstanding,theproposedmethodissuitablyaccurateforafirstpasssolution.

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Asystemwidevoltagedropcanhaveanumberofadverseeffects,forexample: Equipmentwithminimumvoltagetolerances(e.g.electronics)maymalfunctionorbehaveaber rantly Undervoltageprotectionmaybetripped Themotoritselfmaynotstartastorqueisproportionaltothesquareofthestatorvoltage,soa reducedvoltageequalslowertorque.Inductionmotorsaretypicallydesignedtostartwitha terminalvoltage>80% Whentodothecalculation?

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Whenamotorisstarted,ittypicallydrawsacurrent67timesitsfullloadcurrentforashortduration (commonlycalledthelockedrotorcurrent).Duringthistransientperiod,thesourceimpedanceisgen erallyassumedtobefixedandtherefore,alargeincreaseincurrentwillresultinalargervoltagedrop acrossthesourceimpedance.Thismeansthattherecanbelargemomentaryvoltagedropssystem wide,fromthepowersource(e.g.transformerorgenerator)throughtheintermediarybuses,allthe waytothemotorterminals.

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Thecalculationhasthefollowingsixgeneralsteps:

Step1:Constructthesystemmodelandassembletherelevantequipmentparameters Step2:Calculatetherelevantimpedancesforeachequipmentiteminthemodel Step3:Referallimpedancestoareferencevoltage Step4:Constructtheequivalentcircuitforthevoltagelevelsofinterest

Step5:Calculatetheinitialsteadystatesourceemfbeforemotorstarting Step6:Calculatethesystemvoltagesduringmotorstart

Step1:ConstructSystemModelandCollectEquipmentParameters

Thefirststepistoconstructasimplifiedmodelofthesystemsinglelinediagram,andthencollectthe relevantequipmentparameters.Themodelofthesinglelinediagramneedonlyshowthebusesofin terestinthemotorstartingcalculation,e.g.theupstreamsourcebus,themotorbusandpossiblyany intermediateordownstreambusesthatmaybeaffected.Allrunningloadsareshownaslumpedloads exceptforthemotortobestartedasitisassumedthatthesystemisinasteadystatebeforemotor start. Therelevantequipmentparameterstobecollectedareasfollows:

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NetworkFeeders

Networkfeeders:faultcapacityofthenetwork(VA),X/Rratioofthenetwork Generators:perunittransientreactance,ratedgeneratorcapacity(VA) Transformers:transformerimpedancevoltage(%),ratedtransformercapacity(VA),ratedcur rent(A),totalcopperloss(W) Cables:lengthofcable(m),resistanceandreactanceofcable( ) Standingloads:ratedloadcapacity(VA),averageloadpowerfactor(pu) Motor:fullloadcurrent(A),lockedrotorcurrent(A),ratedpower(W),fullloadpowerfactor (pu),startingpowerfactor(pu)

Step2:CalculateEquipmentImpedances Usingthecollectedparameters,eachoftheequipmentitemimpedancescanbecalculatedforlateruse inthemotorstartingcalculations.

Giventheapproximatefaultlevelofthenetworkfeederattheconnectionpoint(orpointofcommon coupling),theimpedance,resistanceandreactanceofthenetworkfeederiscalculatedasfollows:

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Where isimpedanceofthenetworkfeeder()

isreactanceofthenetworkfeeder() isthenominalvoltageattheconnectionpoint(Vac)

isX/Rratioofthenetworkfeeder(pu) SynchronousGenerators

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Where

isthetransientreactanceofthegenerator()

istheresistanceofthegenerator()

isavoltagecorrectionfactor(pu) istheperunittransientreactanceofthegenerator(pu)

isthenominalgeneratorvoltage(Vac) isthenominalsystemvoltage(Vac)

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Thetransientresistanceandreactanceofasynchronousgeneratorcanbeestimatedbythefollowing:

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isthefaultlevelofthenetworkfeeder(VA) isavoltagefactorwhichaccountsforthemaximumsystemvoltage(1.05forvoltages<1kV,1.1for voltages>1kV)

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isresistanceofthenetworkfeeder()

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istheratedgeneratorcapacity(VA) istheX/Rratio,typically20for 100MVA,14.29for 100MVA,and6.67forallgen

isthepowerfactorofthegenerator(pu) Transformers

Theimpedance,resistanceandreactanceoftwowindingtransformerscanbecalculatedasfollows:

Where

istheimpedanceofthetransformer()

istheresistanceofthetransformer()

istheratedcapacityofthetransformer(VA)

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isthenominalvoltageofthetransformeratthehighorlowvoltageside(Vac)

istheratedcurrentofthetransformeratthehighorlowvoltageside(I)

isthetotalcopperlossinthetransformerwindings(W) Cables CableimpedancesareusuallyquotedbymanufacturersintermsofOhmsperkm.Theseneedtobecon vertedtoOhmsbasedonthelengthofthecables:

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isthereactanceofthetransformer() istheimpedancevoltageofthetransformer(pu)

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eratorswithnominalvoltage 1kV isavoltagefactorwhichaccountsforthemaximumsystemvoltage(1.05forvoltages<1kV,1.1for voltages>1kV)

Where

istheresistanceofthecable{)

isthereactanceofthecable{) isthequotedresistanceofthecable{/km) isthequotedreactanceofthecable{/km) isthelengthofthecable{m) StandingLoads

Theimpedance,resistanceandreactanceofthestandingloadiscalculatedby:

Where

istheimpedanceofthestandingload{)

isthereactanceofthestandingload{)

isthestandingloadnominalvoltage(Vac) isthestandingloadapparentpower(VA) Motors istheaverageloadpowerfactor(pu)

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Where

Themotor'stransientimpedance,resistanceandreactanceiscalculatedasfollows:

istransientimpedanceofthemotor() 15

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istheresistanceofthestandingload{)

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Standingloadsarelumpedloadscomprisingallloadsthatareoperatingonaparticularbus,excluding themotortobestarted.Standingloadsforeachbusneedtobecalculated.

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istransientresistanceofthemotor() istransientreactanceofthemotor() isratioofthelockedrotortofullloadcurrent isthemotorlockedrotorcurrent(A) isthemotornominalvoltage(Vac) isthemotorfullloadpowerfactor(pu) isthemotorstartingpowerfactor(pu) Step3:ReferringImpedances

Thewindingratioofatransformercanbecalculatedasfollows:

Where

isthetransformerwindingratio

isthetransformernominalsecondaryvoltageattheprincipaltap(Vac) isthetransformernominalprimaryvoltage(Vac) isthespecifiedtapsetting(%) Usingthewindingratio,impedances(aswellasresistancesandreactances)canbereferredtothepri mary(HV)sideofthetransformerbythefollowingrelation:

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Where

istheimpedancereferredtotheprimary(HV)side()

istheimpedanceatthesecondary(LV)side() isthetransformerwindingratio(pu) Conversely,byrearrangingtheequationabove,impedancescanbereferredtotheLVside:

Step4:ConstructtheEquivalentCircuit

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Wheretherearemultiplevoltagelevels,theequipmentimpedancescalculatedearlierneedtobecon vertedtoareferencevoltage(typicallytheHVside)inorderforthemtobeusedinasingleequivalent circuit.

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isthemotorratedpower(W)

 Figure2."Near"Thveninequivalentcircuit

Theequivalentcircuitessentiallyconsistsofavoltagesource(fromanetworkfeederorgenerator)plus asetofcompleximpedancesrepresentingthepowersystemequipmentandloadimpedances. ThenextstepistosimplifythecircuitintoaformthatisnearlytheThveninequivalentcircuit,witha circuitcontainingonlyavoltagesource( ). ),sourceimpedance( )andequivalentloadimpedance(

Step5:CalculatetheInitialSourceEMF

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Assumingthatthesystemisinitiallyinasteadystatecondition,weneedtofirstcalculatetheinitialemf producedbythepowersource(i.e.feederconnectionpointorgeneratorterminals).Thisvoltagewillbe usedinthetransientcalculations(Step6)astheinitialsourcevoltage. Assumptionsregardingthesteadystatecondition: Thesourcepointofcommoncoupling(PCC)isatitsnominalvoltage Themotorisswitchedoff AllstandingloadsareoperatingatthecapacitycalculatedinStep2 AlltransformertapsaresetatthosespecifiedinStep2 Thesystemisatasteadystate,i.e.thereisnoswitchingtakingplacethroughoutthesystem

SinceweassumethatthereisnominalvoltageatthePCC,theinitialsourceemfcanbecalculatedby voltagedivider:

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Thiscanbedoneusingthestandardformulaeforseriesandparallelimpedances,keepinginmindthat therulesofcomplexarithmeticmustbeusedthroughout.Thissimplificationtoa"Near"Thvenin equivalentcircuitshouldbedonebothwiththemotoroff(opencircuit)andthemotorinastartingcon dition.

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 Where istheinitialemfofthepowersource(Vac)

isthenominalvoltage(Vac)

istheequivalentloadimpedancewiththemotorswitchedoff() Step6:CalculateSystemVoltagesDuringMotorStart

Next,weneedtocalculatetheoverallsystemcurrentthatissuppliedbythepowersourceduringthe motorstartingperiod.Todothis,weusethe"Near"Theveninequivalentcircuitderivedearlier,butnow includethemotorstartingimpedance.Anewequivalentloadimpedanceduringmotorstarting willbecalculated.Thecurrentsuppliedbythepowersourceistherefore:

Where

isthesystemcurrentsuppliedbythesource(A)

istheequivalentloadimpedanceduringmotorstart() isthesourceimpedance() Thevoltageatthesourcepointofcommoncoupling(PCC)is: Where isthevoltageatthepointofcommoncoupling(Vac)

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istheinitialsourceemf(Vac) isthesourceimpedance()

isthesystemcurrentsuppliedbythesource(A)

ThedownstreamvoltagescannowbecalculatedbyvoltagedivisionandsimpleapplicationofOhm's law.Specifically,we'dliketoknowthevoltageatthemotorterminalsandanybusesofinterestthat couldbeaffected.

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istheinitialsourceemf(Vac)

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Itisassumedinthiscalculationthatduringmotorstarting,theinitialsourceemfcalculatedinStep5re mainsconstant;thatis,thepowersourcedoesnotreactduringthetransientperiod.Thisisasimplifying assumptioninordertoavoidhavingtomodelthetransientbehaviourofthepowersource.

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isthesourceimpedance()

WorkedExample Theworkedexamplehereisaverysimplepowersystemwithtwovoltagelevelsandsuppliedbyasingle generator.Whileunrealistic,itdoesmanagetodemonstratethekeyconceptspertainingtomotorstart ingcalculations. Step1:ConstructSystemModelandCollectEquipmentParameters

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Equipment

Thepowersystemhastwovoltagelevels,11kVand415V,andisfedviaasingle4MVAgenerator(G1). The11kVbushasastandingloadof950kVA(S1)andwewanttomodeltheeffectsofstartinga250kW motor(M1).Thereisastandingloadof600kVAat415V(S2),suppliedbya1.6MVAtransformer(TX1). Theequipmentandcableparametersareasfollows: Parameters =4,000kVA =11,000V =0.33pu =0.85pu

GeneratorG1

GeneratorCableC1

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Figure3.Simplifiedsystemmodelformotorstartingexample

Length=50m Size=500mm2 (R=0.0522\km,X=0.0826\km) 19

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=950kVA =11,000V =0.84pu =250kW =106.7A =6.5pu =0.85pu =0.30pu

11kVStandingLoadS1

MotorM1

=1,600kVA =11,000V =415V =0.06pu =0%

=12,700W

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415VStandingLoadS2

Step2:CalculateEquipmentImpedances Usingtheparametersaboveandtheequationsoutlinedearlierinthemethodology,thefollowingim pedanceswerecalculated: Resistance() Reactance() 0.65462 9.35457

Equipment

GeneratorG1

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TransformerCableC3

Length=60m Size=120mm2 (R=0.196\km,X=0.096\km) =600kVA

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=415V =0.80pu 20

TransformerTX1

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MotorCableC2

Length=150m Size=35mm2 (R=0.668\km,X=0.115\km)

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=11,000V

GeneratorCableC1 11kVStandingLoadS1 MotorM1 MotorCableC2

0.00261 106.98947 16.77752 0.1002

0.00413 69.10837 61.02812 0.01725 4.49762 0.00576 0.17223

TransformerCableC3 415VStandingLoadS2 Step3:ReferringImpedances

0.01176 0.22963

Theresistanceandreactanceofthestandingloadreferredtothe11kVsideisnow,R=161.33333and X=121.00. Step4:ConstructtheEquivalentCircuit

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11kVwillbeusedasthereferencevoltage.Theonlyimpedancethatneedstobereferredtothisrefer encevoltageisthe415VStandingLoad(S2).Knowingthatthetransformerissetatprincipaltap,wecan calculatethewindingratioandapplyittoreferthe415VStandingLoadimpedancetothe11kVside:

Figure4.Equivalentcircuitformotorstartingexample

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TransformerTX1(PrimarySide) 0.60027

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Theequivalentcircuitforthesystemisshowninthefiguretotheright.The"Near"Theveninequivalent circuitisalsoshown,andwenowcalculatetheequivalentloadimpedance dition(i.e.withoutthemotorandmotorcableimpedancesincluded): inthesteadystatecon

Step5:CalculatetheInitialSourceEMF

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Figure5."Near"Theveninequivalentcircuitformotorstartingexample

Assumingthatthereisnominalvoltageatthe11kVbusinthesteadystatecondition,theinitialgenera toremfcanbecalculatedbyvoltagedivider:

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Vac 22

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Similarlytheequivalentloadimpedanceduringmotorstarting(withthemotorimpedancesincluded) canbecalculatedasasfollows:

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Step6:CalculateSystemVoltagesDuringMotorStart Nowwecancalculatethetransienteffectsofmotorstartingonthesystemvoltages.Firstly,thecurrent suppliedbythegeneratorduringmotorstartiscalculated:

Next,thevoltageatthe11kVbuscanbefound:

Thevoltageatthemotorterminalscanthenbefoundbyvoltagedivider:

Thevoltageatthelowvoltagebusis:

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thenreferredtotheLVside=359.39Vac(or86.60%ofnominalvoltage)

Anyothervoltagesofinterestonthesystemcanbedeterminedusingthesamemethodsasabove. Supposethatourmaximumvoltagedropatthemotorterminalsis15%.Fromabove,wehavefound thatthevoltagedropis12.08%atthemotorterminals.Thisisaslightlymarginalresultanditmaybe prudenttosimulatethesystemandthemotorwouldstartrunning. Iftheresultsofthecalculationconfirmthatstartingthelargestmotordoesnotcauseanyunacceptable voltagelevelswithinthesystem,thenthat'stheendofit(orperhapsitcouldbesimulatedinapower systemsanalysissoftwarepackagetobedoublysure!).Otherwise,theissueneedstobeaddressed,for exampleby: Reducethemotorstartingcurrent,e.g.viasoftstarters,stardeltastarters,etc Reducethesourceimpedances,e.g.increasethesizeofthegenerator,transformer,supplyca bles,etc Thecalculationshouldbeperformediterativelyuntiltheresultsareacceptable. 23

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Vac,

Vac(or87.92%ofnominalvoltage)

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Vac(or87.98%ofnominalvoltage)

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ComputerSoftware Motorstartingisastandardcomponentofmostpowersystemsanalysissoftware(e.g.ETAP,PTW, ERAC,etc)andthiscalculationisreallyintendedtobedoneusingthissoftware.Thenumericalcalcula tionperformedbythesoftwarealsosolvethepowerflowproblemthroughaniterativealgorithm(e.g. suchasNewtonRhapson).

Conclusion:

Motors,eitherloadedorunloaded,drawseveraltimesratedfullloadcurrentwhenstarting.Thisis termedlockedrotorcurrent,orstartingkVA(SkVA). Inrushcurrenttothemotorcausesarapiddropofgeneratoroutputvoltage.Inmostcases,a30%volt agedipisacceptable,dependingontheequipmentyoualreadyhaveonline.Thedegreeofdipmustbe identifiedbyanoscilloscope,sincemechanicalrecordersanddigitalmultimetersaretooslow.

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Changethestartingsequence,withlargestmotorsfirst.MoreSkVAisavailable,althoughitdoesnot providebettervoltagerecoverytime. Usereducedvoltagestarters.ThisreduceskVArequiredtostartagivenmotor.Ifyourestartingunder load,rememberthisstartingmethodalsoreducesstartingtorque. Specifyoversizedgenerators. Usewoundrotormotors,sincetheyrequirelowerstartingcurrent.Woundmotorstypicalcostmore, however. Provideclutchessomotorsstartbeforeloadsareapplied.WhileSkVAdemandisnotreduced,the timeintervalofhighkVAdemandisshortened. Improvethesystempowerfactor.Thisreducesthegeneratorsetrequirementtoproducereactive kVA,makingmorekVAavailableforstarting. Summarizingitup,forachievingmotorsystemoptimization,itrequirescarefulconsiderationofthe overallmotorsystemandselectionoftherightequipment,includingefficientmotorstakingtheir startupvoltageintoconsideration.

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Ifinanapplicationwheremotorstartingisaconcern,considerthefollowing:

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Motorstartingisanimportantissuewhichmustbeconsideredwhenapplyingageneratorset.Thehigh currentthatmotorsdrawwhenstartingcausesvoltagedipsinthesystem.Thismayrequireoversizing thegeneratororapplyingmotorstartingtechniqueswhichmaintainthisvoltagedipatacceptablelevels forthesystemanditsattachedcomponents.

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References:
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_controller http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_soft_starter 2. Threephaseasynchronousmotors Bibliography:Threephaseasynchronousmotors.GeneralitiesandABBproposalsforthecoordi nationofprotectivedevices.ABB,2008. 3. MotorStarting http://myelectrical.com/notes/entryid/107/howtocalculatemotorstarting time#sthash.0g4gZLvk.dpuf 4. MotorstartingandprotectionSchneiderElectric www.schneiderelectric.hu/.../asg4motorstartingandprotection.pdf 5. USA,DepartmentOfEnergy(DOE):ImprovingMotor&DriveSystemPerformance:ASource bookforIndustry https://www1.eere.energy.gov/manufacturing/tech_assistance/pdfs/motor.pdf 6. InductionMotorsProtectionandStartingbyVivCohenCircuitBreakerIndustries,P.O.Box 881,Johannesburg2000,SouthAfrica 7. MotorStartingProtectionandApplicationGuidebyVCohen.PublishedbyCircuitBreakerIn dustriesLimited. 8. MotorEfficiency,Selection,andManagement:AGuidebookforIndustrialEfficiencyPrograms September2013 www.motorsmatter.org/CEEMotorGuidebook.pdf

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AppendixA1:ComparingWaterJetCuttingwithVariousOtherManufacturing Processes
Thetablebelowsummarizesthecharacteristics,advantagesanddisadvantagesofvariousstarting methods.

Cost

++

+++

+++ 4.5

+++ <2.5

++++

StartingCurrent(xIn) 4to8 StartingTorque Adjustability 100%

1.3to2.6 1.7to4 33% + Low

40/65/80% 50% ++ Low ++ High

TypicalLoadInertia Any MechanicalImpact MotorType ResistorBank High

Moderate Moderate

Standard 6Terminal Standard

Note:Tabledataisindicative/typicalvariationscanoccur http://myelectrical.com/notes/entryid/95/motorstartingsummary#sthash.XzLD1UoO.dpuf

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High Any Moderate Low Low Standard Slipring Yes Yes

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2to5 10to70% +++ ++ Standard

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Direct Star OnLine Delta

Auto Primary Rotor Electronic Transformer Resistance Resistance SoftStart