NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

First Year Engineering Course

FE1073 : An Introduction to Engineering and Practices

Laboratory Manual For Experiment C1

Resu t!nts !n" E#ui i$rium %& F%r'es

Laboratory: Protective Engineering Location: N1.1 ! "1 #c$ool o% Civil and Environ&ental Engineering 'CEE(

#ession )"1* + )"1,

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RESULTANTS AN( E)UILI*RIU+ OF FORCES

/$is e01eri&ent consists o% t2o 1arts. In Part I3 2e 2ill &easure t$e %orce vectors and resultants and observe e4uilibriu& o% concurrent %orce syste&s. In Part II3 2e 2ill &easure t$e %orces on an elastic body and c$ec5 t$e e4uilibriu& o% t$e %orces. ,!rt I- Resu t!nts !n" e#ui i$rium %& '%n'urrent &%r'es I.1. O*/ECTIVE /o &easure %orce vectors3 %orce resultants3 and observe e4uilibriu& o% concurrent %orce syste&s. I.0. THEORY In Figure 13 t$e ob6ect A is sub6ected to ) %orces indicated by vectors F1 and F). #ince t$ese %orces are acting on t$e sa&e 1oint o% t$e ob6ect A3 t$ey are called concurrent %orces. As 2it$ any vector 4uantity3 eac$ %orce is de%ined bot$ by its direction 7t$e direction o% t$e arro28 and by its &agnitude3 2$ic$ is 1ro1ortional to t$e lengt$ o% t$e arro2.

Fi1ure 1 Resu t!nt %& '%n'urrent &%r'es !n" e#ui i$r!nt /$e total %orce on t$e ob6ect A can be deter&ined by adding vectors F1 and F). In t$e illustration s$o2n in Figure 13 t$e 1arallelogra& &et$od is used. /$e diagonal o% t$e 1arallelogra& de%ined by F1 and F) is Fr3 2$ic$ is t$e vector indicating t$e &agnitude and direction o% t$e total %orce acting on t$e ob6ect. Fr is called t$e resultant o% F 1 and F ). Anot$er use%ul vector is Fe3 t$e e4uilibrant o% F1 and F). Fe is t$e %orce needed to e0actly o%%set t$e co&bined e%%ect o% F1 and F ). F e $as t$e sa&e &agnitude as Fr3 but is in t$e o11osite direction. As 2e 2ill see in t$e %ollo2ing e01eri&ent3 t$e e4uilibrant 1rovides a use%ul e01eri&ental &et$od %or %inding t$e resultant o% t2o or &ore %orces. I.3. E)UI,+ENT E01eri&ent oard3 #1ring alance3 9egree #cale3 Force :ing3 Mass ;angers3 Pulleys3 Masses3 #tring.

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I.2. THE E3,ERI+ENT

Fi1ure 0 Experiment! setup &%r ,!rt I 718 Follo2 Figure ) and use 1ulleys and $anging &asses to setu1 t$e e4ui1&ent so t$at t2o 5no2n %orces3 F1 7 = M 1 g 8 and F) 7 = M ) g 83 are 1ulling t$e on t$e %orce ring. <se t$e ;olding Pin to 1revent t$e ring %ro& &oving. /$e ;olding Pin 1rovides a %orce3 Fe3 2$ic$ is e0actly o11osite to t$e resultant o% F1 and F). Ad6ust t$e #1ring alance to deter&ine t$e &agnitude o% Fe. As s$o2n3 5ee1 t$e #1ring alance vertical and use a 1ulley to direct t$e %orce %ro& t$e s1ring to2ard t$e desired direction. Move t$e #1ring alance to2ard or a2ay %ro& t$e 1ulley to vary t$e &agnitude o% t$e %orce. Ad6ust t$e 1ulley and #1ring alance so t$at t$e ;olding Pin is centered in t$e Force :ing.

7)8

Note: to minimize the effects of the friction in the pulleys, tap as needed on the Experiment Board each time you reposition any component. This will help the Force ing come to its true e!uili"rium position. 7*8 :ecord t$e value o% t$e $anging &asses M1 and M) 7including t$e &ass o% t$e &ass $angers8= t$e &agnitude in Ne2ton o% F13 F) and Fe= and also 13 ) and e3 t$e angle eac$ vector &a5es 2it$ res1ect to t$e >ero. degree li ne on t$e degree scale. ?ary t$e &agnitudes and directions o% F1 and F) and re1eat ste1s 718 to 7*8 %or one &ore ti&e.

7,8

I.4. RE,ORT ,ART5I 7Accuracy u1 to 1 degree %or angles and "."1N %or %orces are re4uired8

FE1"-*.C1

7i8 7ii8

Co&1lete t$e data s$eet and attac$ it to t$e re1ort. <se t$e values you recorded to construct F13 F) and Fe on a se1arate s$eet o% 1a1er. C$oose an a11ro1riate scale 7suc$ as 1"c&+Ne2ton8 and &a5e t$e lengt$ o% eac$ vector 1ro1ortional to t$e &agnitude o% t$e %orce. Label eac$ vector and indicate t$e &agnitude o% t$e %orce it re1resents. @n your diagra&3 use t$e 1arallelogra& &et$od to dra2 t$e resultant o% F1 and F). Label t$e resultant Fr. Measure t$e lengt$ o% Fr to deter&ine t$e &agnitude o% t$e resultant %orce and record t$is &agnitude on your diagra&. 9oes t$e e4uilibrant %orce vector3 Fe3 e0actly balance t$e resultant vector3 FrA I% not3 2$at is t$e 1ercentage errorA 9iscuss t$e 1ossible sources o% error in your &easure&ents and constructions.

7iii8

7iv8

Furt6er "is'ussi%n &%r F%rm! Rep%rt 7v8 For t$e given &asses M13 M) and t$e &easured angles 13 )3 calculate t$e e4uilibrant Fe and its direction e using t$e e4uilibriu& conditions. Co&1are t$e calculated results 2it$ t$e &easured values and discuss 1ossible 2ays to i&1rove t$e &easure&ent accuracy.

,!rt II- E#ui i$rium %& ri1i" $%"7 II.1.O*/ECTIVE /o &easure %orce vectors3 ar& o% t$e %orce3 and calculate all t$e &o&ent o% t$e rotational a0is to c$ec5 e4uilibriu& o% rigid body. II.0.THEORY In Figure *a3 an ob6ect is %i0ed at 1oint A using a bolt suc$ t$at it is %ree to rotate about A. I% t$e ob6ect is sub6ected to a %orce F1 2it$ an ar& o% L1 to 1oint A3 it 2ill rotate about t$e bolt since t$ere is a &o&ent along t$e bolt 2it$ &agnitude M 7MBF1L18. ;o2ever3 it does not $ave any translation because t$e reaction at t$e bolt cancels out t$e %orce F1.
F*

A
L1 F1

F1
Y

L* L1

L)

F)
Y

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7a8

7b8

Fi1ure 38!9 R%t!tin1 %$:e't su$:e'te" t% %ne &%r'e !n" 8$9 St!$ e %$:e'ti;e <it6 t<% m%re &%r'es. In Figure *b3 t$e ob6ect is 5e1t in balance 2$en sub6ected to t2o &ore %orces F) and F*. /$e balance condition indicates t$at t$e su& o% all t$e &o&ents due to t$e t$ree %orces about t$e bolt &ust be >ero3 t$at is3 F1 #1 F) #) F* #* = " 718

Please bear in &ind t$at t$e ob6ect $as no translation because t$e reaction at t$e bolt cancels out t$e t$ree acting %orces. /$is &eans t$at t$e su& o% all %orces in any directions &ust be >ero. It is su%%icient to consider only 0 and y directions %or 1lanar %orces. Conse4uently3 2e can conclude t$at t$e conditions o% t$e e4uilibriu& o% a rigid body are:

="

="

="

7)8

FoGy FoG0 @G $"

#

&g

/ cos E

L1 F

L) / sin E

Fi1ure 2 F%r'e m%"e %& t6e e !sti' m%"e in t6e experiment Figure , gives t$e %ree body diagra& o% t$e rigid ar& used in t$e e01eri&ent. /$e rigid ar& is %i0ed at 1oint @D but can rotate about @D. In t$is %igure3 F re1resents t$e total 2eig$t o% $anging &asses and &ass $anger3 / is t$e reading %ro& s1ring scale3 &g is t$e 2eig$t o% s1ring scales3 F@D0 and F@Dy are t$e reactions at 1oint @D and E is t$e angle bet2een t$e s1ring scale and t$e $ori>ontal direction. F$en t$e ob6ect is in balance3 2e can obtain t$ree e4uations based on E4uation 7)8. #ince 2e are not interested in t$e reactions at 1oint @D3 2e only a11ly t$e t$ird e4uation to c$ec5 t$e e4uilibriu&. /a5ing &o&ent about @D3 t$e e4uilibriu& e4uation can be e01ressed as %ollo2s: F x #& ' (T cos ) ho ) mg (#* ' + cos , ' (T sin ) #* 7*8

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/$e le%t $and side contains t$e counter cloc52ise ter&s o% t$e &o&ent3 and t$e rig$t $and side contains t$e cloc52ise ter&s. II.3.E)UI,+ENT E01eri&ent 1ac5et3 9ro1 Feig$t3 Mass ;angers3 Masses3 #1ring #cale3 #tring3 :ulers. +!teri! s #tudent needs to bring t$e %ollo2ing ite&s: a8 1"c& Protractor 7Mar5ing angles8 b8 *"c& :uler c8 A, Friting Pad d8 A, gra1$ 1a1ers 7, s$eets8 II.2.E3,ERI+ENT @G d" $"

; Control roll A @

#li1 band

Fi1ure 4 Experiment instrument 718 As s$o2n in Figure !3 t$e e01eri&ent instru&ent is %i0ed on t$e board. <se t2o dro1 2eig$ts3 s$o2n as arro2$ead3 to obtain t2o 1oints A and @. /$en ad6ust t$e instru&ent and &a5e sure A@ and t$e sli1 band are aligned. /$e 1oint @ s$ould coincide 2it$ t$e le%t edge o% t$e sli1 band. Measure t$e $eig$t o% t$e instru&ent %ro& @D to t$e board and 2rite do2n t$e value -. Measure t$e interval distance o% t2o $oles d. and t$e $eig$t o% t$e to1 o% t$e instru&ent h..

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@G $"

L1

L)

@ L

Fi1ure = Experiment! setup &%r ,!rt II 7)8 Put t2o &asses 2it$ t$e &ass $anger at t$e ) nd $ole on le%t side. Put t$e s1ring scale at t$e )nd $ole on t$e rig$t side and &a5e t$e string attac$ed to and go t$roug$ t$e control rolls. 7*8 <sing e4uation tan =
3 calculate t$e value o% # 2it$ a given angle 7around #

,!"8. Measure a distance # %ro& t$e edge o% sli1 band @ to 1oint . Move t$e le%t control to 1oint and %i0ed. Ad6ust t$e rig$t control until t$e instru&ent is in balance 7t$e rigid ar& at to1 s$ould be 5e1t $ori>ontal83 as s$o2n in Figure H. :ecord t$e %orce / %ro& t$e reading o% s1ring scale. 7,8 ?ary t$e direction o% t$e s1ring scale suc$ t$at is around H"" and re1eat ste1 7*8. ?ary t$e direction o% t$e s1ring scale again suc$ t$at is around -!" and re1eat ste1 7*8. Note: The angle of the spring scale should not "e too small "ecause the maximum /alue of the spring scaling is &.N. 0n this experiment, the smallest angle of 12 degree is recommended. 7!8 C$ange t$e &asses suc$ t$at t$e total 2eig$t F is 1.- N. Move t$e &ass $anger to t$e 1st $ole on t$e le%t side and 1ut t$e s1ring scale at t$e )nd $ole on t$e rig$t side. :e1eat ste1s 7*8 and 7,8. 7H8 C$ange t$e &asses suc$ t$at t$e total 2eig$t F is *.) N. Move t$e &ass $anger to t$e )nd $ole on t$e le%t side and 1ut t$e s1ring scale at t$e 1 st $ole on t$e rig$t side re1eat ste1s 7*8 and 7,8. 3lease note that # is the distance from the edge of slip "and to the target position. 7 tan =
8 # d"

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II.4.RE,ORT ,ART5II 7i8 7ii8 7iii8 Co&1lete t$e data s$eet and attac$ it to t$e re1ort. ased on t$e t$eory &entioned above3 use t$e values you recorded to calculate t$e counter cloc52ise 7MI8 and cloc52ise 7M.8 &o&ents. 9oes t$e counter cloc52ise &o&ent MI e0actly balance t$e cloc52ise &o&ent M.A I% not3 2$at is t$e 1ercentage errorA 9iscuss t$e 1ossible sources o% error in your &easure&ents and calculations.

Furt6er "is'ussi%n &%r F%rm! Rep%rt 7iv8 #$o2n as Figure !3 given t$e 2eig$ts F 2it$ 5no2n 1osition 7)nd $ole at t$e le%t83 t$e angle o% s1ring scale and t$e 1osition o% t$e s1ring scale 7)nd $ole at t$e rig$t83 1redict t$e t$eoretical %orce T 7ignore t$e 2eig$t o% t$e s1ring scale8. 9iscuss 1ossible 2ays to i&1rove t$e accuracies o% t$e &easure&ents.

7v8

Conclusions Jee1ing t$e ob6ectives o% t$e e01eri&ent in &ind3 conclude your %indings.

Experiment C1- Resu t!nts !n" E#ui i$rium %& F%r'es

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(ATA SHEET

Na&e: Lrou1 No.:

9ate: Lecturer:

T!$ e 1- Resu t!nt !n" e#ui i$rium %& '%n'urrent &%r'es

C!se 1

M1 7g8

M) 7g8

1 7degree8

) 7degree8

F1BM1g 7N8

F)BM)g 7N8

Fe 7N8

e 7degree8

C!se 0

M1 7g8

M) 7g8

1 7degree8

) 7degree8

F1BM1g 7N8

F)BM)g 7N8

Fe 7N8

e 7degree8

T!$ e 0- E#ui i$rium %& Ri1i" *%"7

(ATA SHEET

FE1"-*.C1

1"

C!se 1 F B ).)N3 Feig$t o% s1ring scale mg B ".,KN. F 1osition: )nd $ole 7le%t83
; 7&&8 d" 7&&8

/ 1osition: )nd $ole 7rig$t8

$" 7&&8 L1 7&&8 L) 7&&8 # 7&&8

Angle E Around ,! Around H" Around -!

9istance L 7&&8

:ecord / 7N8

Counter cloc52ise Mo&ent +> 7N&&8

Cloc52ise Mo&ent +5 7N&&8

Error |7MI8 7M.8| + 7MI8 7N8

Involved e4uations: MI: F #1 + T cos h"

tan =

M.: mg (#* ' + cos , ' (T sin ) #*

?(O NOT s6%< !n7 '! 'u !ti%ns %n t6e "!t! s6eets. S6%< t6e '! 'u !ti%ns ne!t 7 %n sep!r!te s6eets.@

T!$ e 0- E#ui i$rium %& Ri1i" *%"7

(ATA SHEET

FE1"-*.C1

11

C!se 0 F B 1.-N3 Feig$t o% s1ring scale mg B ".,KN. F 1osition: 1st $ole 7le%t83 / 1osition: )nd $ole 7rig$t8

; 7&&8

d" 7&&8

$ " 7&&8

L1 7&&8

L) 7&&8

# 7&&8

Angle E Around ,! Around H" Around -!

9istance L 7&&8

:ecord / 7N8

Counter cloc52ise Mo&ent +> 7N&&8

Cloc52ise Mo&ent +5 7N&&8

Error |7MI8 7M.8| + 7MI8 7N8

Involved e4uations: MI: F #1 + T cos h"

tan =

M.: mg (#* ' + cos , ' (T sin ) #*

T!$ e 0- E#ui i$rium %& Ri1i" *%"7

(ATA SHEET C!se 3

FE1"-*.C1

1)

F B *.) N3 Feig$t o% s1ring scale mg B ".,KN. F 1osition: )nd $ole 7le%t83

; 7&&8 d" 7&&8

/ 1osition: 1st $ole 7rig$t8

$ " 7&&8 L1 7&&8 L) 7&&8 # 7&&8

Angle E Around ,! Around H" Around -!

9istance L 7&&8

:ecord / 7N8

Counter cloc52ise Mo&ent +> 7N&&8

Cloc52ise Mo&ent +5 7N&&8

Error |7MI8 7M.8| + 7MI8 7N8

Involved e4uations: MI: F #1 + T cos h"

tan =

# d"

M.: mg (#* ' + cos , ' (T sin ) #*