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RYERSON UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS II CVL 420

LABORATORY MANUAL

Prepared by K. M. Anwar Hossain, Ph.D., P.Eng. Department of Civil Engineering Ryerson University

K.M. Anwar Hossain, PhD, PEng;

Ryerson University

General Instructions for Laboratory

REQUIREMENTS: To fulfil the requirements of the course, the student must perform the assigned experiments, and submit a report for each experiment performed. If a student has a failing grade in the laboratory portion of the course, he/she may be required to repeat the course regardless of his overall performance in the course. LAB SCHEDULE: The class will be divided into parties of five to eight students. Laboratory schedules will be provided at the beginning of each semester or at a date decided by the Instructor. All laboratories are conducted in Strength of Materials Laboratory (Room MON414), Monetary Times Building. PREPARATION FOR LABS: The student should prepare for the laboratories by reading the laboratory instruction sheets.The library has several books on mechanical testing of engineering materials. For example, Mechanics of materials by Riley, Sturges & Morris- Wiley , The Testing and Inspection of Engineering Materials by Davis Troxell and Wiskocil - McGraw-Hill Book Company. In addition, there are the Standards put forth by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM Standards). HEALTH AND SAFETY: Students must be aware of the safety regulations in the laboratory and strictly follow those regulations. Wearing steel toe boot during experimental testing is mandatory they will not be allowed to the lab without fulfilling the safety regulations. Students should ensure lab equipments and instrumentations are properly handled and put them after the tests where they belong Students should keep lab neat and tidy. Damage of equipments and instrumentation should be immediately reported to the supervisor LAB MARKS: Laboratory reports are due two weeks from the date of experiment. The reports will be marked, assigned a grade out of 10, and may be returned to the students during the laboratory period (or as per decided by the instructor). REPORT: The report should be written on standard letter size paper. It should be submitted securely bound in a folder. It need not be typed, but neatness and orderliness should be strictly observed. If handwritten, it should be in ink. Generally, laboratory reports should include the following: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Object of the experiment: Use laboratory sheets provided. Statement of theoretical models and hypothesis Equipment and Specimen description Procedure: Use laboratory sheets provided but indicate any changes from procedure outlined. Data sheets and results obtained: Use tables if provided or prepare your own. Indicate clearly all the results of the experiment. (must submit a copy of the original data sheet of the group signed by each of the members and laboratory supervisor in addition to the formal data sheet prepared later for the report).

K.M. Anwar Hossain, PhD, PEng;

Ryerson University

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6) 7) Sample computations: Include at least one sample calculation for each type of calculation required in the experiment. Graphs and sketches: All curves should be plotted using the available MS excel at the civil engineering computer laboratory. The coordinates should be clearly indicated and the units or scale should be noted. Each graph should have a title and date. Observations and conclusions: This is probably the most important part of the report as it indicates whether or not the student really understood what he/she did in the laboratory. Observations and conclusions should be clearly and precisely stated. Often this can be done in point form. References: Cite source reference in the text and provide a reference section in the report

8)

9)

Note: Lab report should be submitted in group. However, students should demonstrate their contributions to the group.

Laboratory performance and Lab reports will be judged based on the demonstration of the some of the following attributes:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Apply mathematical principles, skills, and tools to solve engineering problems highlighting limitations or a range of applications (1b) Apply science knowledge, skills and competency in modeling and solving engineering problems in components, process and systems; Demonstrate and apply core engineering principles and concepts to solve engineering problems (1c). Evaluate sources of information (2a) Formulate mathematical models using scientific and engineering principles; Justify model assumptions and understand their limitations (2b) Determine the data that are appropriate to collect; Group information and data; Design experiments and investigations (3a) Describe the limitations of both theory and measurement, including precision/accuracy; Apply mathematical and scientific principles to predict behaviour of systems or processes (3b). Estimate errors, uncertainty, and sensitivity in measurement, instrumentation, and results; Conduct statistical processing /modeling of experimental data (3c). Articulate the constraints and assumptions for the experiment; Construct hypothesis or problem statement consistent with the information available and the constraints/parameters of the problem (3d). Uses technical knowledge, design methodology and appropriate design tools and related resources (4a). Apply engineering principles and theories to define an accurate problem statement; Recognize that good problem definition assists the design process (4b) Describe differences between methods, perform a specified method in hypothetical design situation (4d). Develop further knowledge of uses of modern instrumentation, data collection techniques, and equipment to conduct experiments and obtain valid data (5a) Verify and validate experimental results; Interpret results with regards to given assumptions and constraints, and how they relate to theoretical nature or system; Assess accuracy/precision of results (5b). Manage own time and processes effectively to achieve personal and team goals (6a). Give, receive, and act on constructive criticism (6c). Produce documents using appropriate format, grammar, and citation styles for technical and nontechnical audiences; Cite evidence to construct and support an argument; Reads and appropriately responds to technical and nontechnical written documents (7a). Illustrates concepts in graphical form (7d).

K.M. Anwar Hossain, PhD, PEng;

Ryerson University

EXPERIMENT 1
DEFLECTION OF TIMBER AND COMPOSITE BEAMS
Objective: 1. To determine the deflection of timber beams of different configurations 2. To determine the modulus of elasticity of timber by means of load-deflections relationship. 3. To evaluate the increase in bending stiffness of the beam with different cross-section configurations. Equipment: Testing frame Scales Weights Specimens available: Group (1): Four sets of composite timber beams of different cross-section configurations (Choose Only one) Group (2): Five sets of timber beams of different cross-section configurations (Choose Only one )

Procedure: 1. 2. 3. For each beam, determine the beam span, load locations and cross-section dimensions. Locate the dial gauge at the mid-span section and then zero the dial gauge. The maximum load to be applied to each beam will be indicated by the instructor. Apply the load in five increments. While maintaining the load, read and record the deflection. Record the deflection reading after unloading.

Report: This lab report must have the following sections (as described before): Objective of the experiment, Statement of Theoretical models and hypothesis, Equipment and Specimen description, Lab Procedure, Data sheets and results obtained, Sample computations, Graphs and sketches, Observations and conclusions and References. In addition, the report must also include the following: 1. 2. 3. Complete the drawings and tables, as indicated below, for each of the beam tested. Draw a net sketch of the experimental set-up showing loading. Calculate the modulus of elasticity corresponding to each load increment, and then determine the average modulus of elasticity.

K.M. Anwar Hossain, PhD, PEng;

Ryerson University

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o o You have to derive the equation for deflection for the beams using available methods (superposition or integration) You can also use formulas provided in Table B-19 of Appendix B of your text book Mechanics of Materials; Fifth Ed. By Riley, Sturges and Morries for calculating maximum deflection Explain the limitation of the theoretical equations Calculate I of the beams as well from geometric dimensions

o o 4. 4. 5.

Calculate the change in deflection of each beam with respect to the reference beam, set (1) for each group. Comment on the difference between the deflection values of the beams with graphical illustration. Articulate the constraints and assumptions for the experiment; Construct hypothesis or problem statement consistent with the information available and the constraints/parameters of the problem. Define a problem statement based on the engineering principles and theories used in this experiment. Justify that that good problem definition assists the design process. Describe the limitations of both theory and measurement. Estimate errors, uncertainty, and sensitivity in measurement, instrumentation, and results; Conduct statistical processing /modeling of experimental data, if necessary. Verify and validate experimental results; Interpret results with regards to given assumptions and constraints, and how they relate to theoretical nature or system; Use appropriate format, grammar, and citation styles for technical audiences. Write at least one argument from the experiments and provide evidence to support the argument. Write a discussion on how you manage your own time and processes effectively to achieve personal and team goals. How you give, receive, and act on constructive criticism of your group members.

6. 7.

8. 9. 10. 11.

K.M. Anwar Hossain, PhD, PEng;

Ryerson University

K.M. Anwar Hossain, PhD, PEng;

Ryerson University

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Deflection values for group (1) specimens Load increment (N) (1) Central Deflection (mm) Beam Set number (2) (3)

(4)

Unloading

Deflection values for group (2) specimens Load increment (N) (1) (2) Central Deflection (mm) Beam Set number (3)

(4)

(5)

Unloading

K.M. Anwar Hossain, PhD, PEng;

Ryerson University

EXPERIMENT 2
FLEXURAL STRESSES IN BEAMS
Objective: 1. To determine the flexural stress distribution on a cross-section of beams. The flexural stresses will be determined with the aid of electrical resistance strain gauges. 2. To compare the experimental results with those determined by the flexure formula,

=
where: y M I Equipment:

M .y I

= bending stress at distance y from neutral axis; = distance from neutral axis to the location at which the stress is calculated = bending moment = moment of inertia of cross-section about the axis of bending

Testing frame, jacking system, load cell Electrical strain indicator, and switch and balancing unit Scales Weights

Specimens: One simply supported I- beam made of aluminium or One cantilever aluminum box beam

Procedure: 1. For the beam, measure the span length and cross-sectional dimensions. the location of the gauges the distance of each gauge on the gauge line from the top (or the bottom) of the beam the location of the applied loads 2. Zero each strain gauge channel of the acquisition system using Switch and Balancing Unit. 3. The maximum load to be applied to each beam will be indicated by the instructor. Apply the load in four increments. While maintaining the load, read and record the strain in each of the strain gauges.

K.M. Anwar Hossain, PhD, PEng;

Ryerson University

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Report: This lab report must have the following sections (as described before): Objective of the experiment, Statement of Theoretical models and hypothesis, Equipment and Specimen description, Lab Procedure, Data sheets and results obtained, Sample computations, Graphs and sketches, Observations and conclusions and References. In addition, the report must also include the following: 1. 2. 3. 4. Complete the drawings and tables, as indicated below, for the simply supported four point loaded beam tested. Draw a net sketch of the experimental set-up showing loading and strain gauges Calculate the moment of inertia of the beam. Prepare a graph by plotting distances of the gauge lines from top of beam as ordinates and stresses at various depths as abscissas (Bending stress distribution graphs). Note that some stresses are plus and others are minus. Plot the points for the stresses determined experimentally at each load, and draw the best straight line. Also draw a line indicating the theoretical stress distribution (using flexural stress formula) at each load. On the graphs described in (4) above, indicate the theoretical and experimental neutral axes. Articulate the constraints and assumptions for the experiment; Construct hypothesis or problem statement consistent with the information available and the constraints/parameters of the problem. Define a problem statement based on the engineering principles and theories used in this experiment. Justify that that good problem definition assists the design process. Describe the limitations of both theory and measurement. Estimate errors, uncertainty, and sensitivity in measurement, instrumentation, and results; Conduct statistical processing /modeling of experimental data, if necessary. Verify and validate experimental results with theory; Interpret results with regards to given assumptions and constraints, and how they relate to theoretical nature or system; Use appropriate format, grammar, and citation styles for technical audiences. Write at least one argument from the experiments and provide evidence to support the argument. Write a discussion on how you manage your own time and processes effectively to achieve personal and team goals. How you give, receive, and act on constructive criticism of your group members.

5. 12.

13. 14.

15. 16. 17. 18.

K.M. Anwar Hossain, PhD, PEng;

Ryerson University

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Simply supported I- beam test set-up

Cantilever aluminum box beam test set-up

Cross-section dimensions

Locations of strain gauges

K.M. Anwar Hossain, PhD, PEng;

Ryerson University

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Calculation of moment of Inertia of the beam:

Calculation of stresses from the flexural formula (Theory):

Load increment (N) Moment (N.mm) Stress, (1) (2)

=
(3)

M .y (N/mm2) I
(4) (5) (6) (1)

Strain, = / E use E = 71 GPa for aluminum (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

Calculation of stresses from the strain readings (Experiments)

Load increment (N) Strain indicator readings (micro-strain) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (1) (2) Stress = E strain (3) (4) (5) (6)

Unloading

K.M. Anwar Hossain, PhD, PEng;

Ryerson University

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EXPERIMENT 3
TORSIONAL BEHAVIOUR OF BEAMS
Objective:

1.

To determine the torsional stress distribution on a cross-section of beams. The torsional shear stresses will be determined with the aid of electrical resistance strain gauges installed in the beam. To compare the experimental torsional stress results with those determined by the Torsion formula,

2.

=
where: c T J 3. = = = =

T .c J

Tosional stress at distance c from the centre; distance from the centre of the crossection to the location at which the stress is calculated Applied torque Polar second moment of area of the cross-section of the beam

To calculate theoretically the angle of twist by using the formula,

=
where: L

TL GJ
where = Poissons ratio

G
E

= =
=

Length of the beam Modulus of rigidity of the material of the beam

Modulus of Elasticity, E = 2G (1 + )

Equipment: Testing frame and beam Electrical strain indicator, and switch and balancing unit, Data Logger Scales Weights Dial gauge Specimens: One cantilever aluminum beam with facilities to apply torque Procedure: 1. For the beam, measure the span length and cross-sectional dimensions. Determine the location of the gauges on the surface the location of the applied load to determine the torque 2. Zero each channel of the Switch and Balancing Unit being used (computer aided acquisition

K.M. Anwar Hossain, PhD, PEng;

Ryerson University

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system). 3. The maximum load to be applied to each beam will be indicated by the instructor. Apply the load in four increments. While maintaining the load, read and record the strain in each of the strain gauges and deflection at the point of load application (to calculate angle of twist). Record the strain reading for each gauge after unloading. Report: This lab report must have the following sections (as described before): Objective of the experiment, Statement of Theoretical models and hypothesis, Equipment and Specimen description, Lab Procedure, Data sheets and results obtained, Sample computations, Graphs and sketches, Observations and conclusions and References. In addition, the report must also include the following: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) Complete the drawings and tables, as indicated below, for the beam tested. Draw a net sketch of the experimental set-up showing loading and strain gauges. Calculate the Polar moment of area (J) of the each beam. Assume a value for the modulus of elasticity of the beam material (E). Calculate (i) torsional stress from the strain gauge reading and (ii) angle of twist at the free end at each load increment. Calculate theoretically, torsional stresses and angle of twist at each load increment using torsion formulas. Compare experimental and theoretical torsional stresses and angle of twist at each load increment by plotting graphs. Comment on why experimental and theoretical torsional stresses differ. Calculate principal stresses and shear stress from the rosette strain gauge readings at each load increment.

10) Articulate the constraints and assumptions for the experiment; Construct hypothesis or problem statement consistent with the information available and the constraints/parameters of the problem. 11) Define a problem statement based on the engineering principles and theories used in this experiment. Justify that that good problem definition assists the design process. 12) Describe the limitations of both theory and measurement. Estimate errors, uncertainty, and sensitivity in measurement, instrumentation, and results; Conduct statistical processing /modeling of experimental data, if necessary.

K.M. Anwar Hossain, PhD, PEng;

Ryerson University

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13) Verify and validate experimental results with theory; Interpret results with regards to given assumptions and constraints, and how they relate to theoretical nature or system; 14) Use appropriate format, grammar, and citation styles for technical audiences. 15) Write at least one argument from the experiments and provide evidence to support the argument. 16) Write a discussion on how you manage your own time and processes effectively to achieve personal and team goals. How you give, receive, and act on constructive criticism of your group members.

Experimental Data Table

Load (N) Deflection at free end (mm) Strain readings at gauges (micro-strain) Gauge No Torque (T) (N.mm) Angle of Twist () (radian)

K.M. Anwar Hossain, PhD, PEng;

Ryerson University

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Calculation of torsional stresses from the torsion formula (Theory):
Load increment (N) Torsional Stress,

(N/mm2)

T .c J

Angle of Twist () = TL/GJ (radian)

Calculation of stresses from the strain readings (Experiments):

Torque Load increment (N) (N.mm) Strain indicator readings (micro-strain) Stress = E strain

Unloading

Calculation of principal stresses from strain gauge readings:

Load increment (N) Torque (N.mm) Principal stresses Major Minor Shear stresses

Unloading

K.M. Anwar Hossain, PhD, PEng;

Ryerson University