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A RESEARCH PAPER ON CHINESE DEFENCE & STARTEGY POLICY

Topic-2 Foreign Policy of C in!

! "an#ee$a %&aranga 'ariya$asam


Dip"I#"D"2$

Diploma course in Diplomacy and World Affairs (IX) 2013 Module II assignment

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Table of Contents
1! 2!

Introduction The foreign policy of Peoples Republic of China in brief 2

3!

Defence and strategic policy of China as an integral part of Foreign policy 3


a! )!

Importance of Defence policy Defence policy implementation for in house matters 6

c!

Defence policy with immediate neighbours 7

d!

Defence policy towards surrounding regional system 8

e!

Chinese security policy towards the world beyond Asia

4. Conclusion #$ %ibliography

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1)

Introduction

It is inevitable that the world is becoming a global village with the boosting and dynamic technology. ence! the international affairs leaving no country alone. Therefore! the international role of a country is a vital point of protecting its sovereignty. In very simple term! "oreign policy is the set of guidelines which control the international role of a country because it represents the way a country maintain its relationship other countries. The republic of China has long been preoccupied with its strategic culture! power balances and shift of the geopolitical power. In this research paper! the foreign policy of Peoples Republic of China is discussed by focusing especially on defence and strategic policy of China. China is a permanent #ecurity Council member and the biggest emerging super power of the world in this century. It is said by various economic and defence analysists that sooner rather than later China will e$ceed the %#& in all capabilities. owever! China is playing a prominent role even in the current conte$t in the international arena by becoming a part of %nited 'ations. In nature! China has especially adopted defensive defence policy rather than offensive policy encompassing "ive Principles of Peaceful Coe$istence. The ob(ective of this research paper is to analy)e the characteristics of defence policy and the strategy of China and the tendency of policy change. It is witnessed that as much as the China is ac*uiring the power of international influence their interest is growing beyond their immediate territorial concerns in form of counter+piracy! peace,eeping! humanitarian assistance-disaster relief and regional military operations! albeit some international challenges due to their non+transparent military moderni)ation . .n the other hand according to recent development! it is observed that China wants to deter the hegemonic power of the %#&. Therefore! it is
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interesting and important to discuss the defence policy and strategy of China going through vast store of literature.
2)

The "oreign Policy of Peoples Republic of China in brief.

Chinas "oreign policy is a set of various polices adopted by the government of China in order to address defence! social! cultural! political and economic interests that they believe to protect and develop. In the chinas foreign policy! observable inherent tenets and implications are portrayed with a significant emphasise that distinguished China from other countries. China is a populous country and it is controlled only by the communist party that always may ta,e steps to crac, down any attempt against it. Those tenets are revealed in terms of /"ive Principles of Peaceful Coe$istence0! /'ew #ecurity Concept0! /Peaceful Rise- Peaceful 1evelopment0! /Period of #trategic .pportunity0 and / armonious 2orld0 in their foreign policy1 with higher prominence. #ince 3456s! Chinas foreign policy was formed on the doctrine of independent foreign policy of peace according to 1eng 7iaoping 8politician and reformist leader of the Communist Party of China9. u :intao! 8.ctober 3;! 266<9! former leader of China! again proclaimed their commitment to peaceful developments and pursue independent foreign policy ensuring strategy for the win+win outcomes with counterparts. Their main goals of foreign policy are to preserve Chinas independence! political stability! sovereignty! national interests and territorial integrity and to create a favourable international environment for Chinas development reform and moderni)ation. =ven though! achievements of China is remar,able so far with a great leap forward! as all can observe the internal situation of the country is rather controversial than it appears due to the limitations such as freedom of spea,! elitism! party governance! corruption! abuse of human rights and other arbitrary actions which are not accepted in democratic bac,grounds.2 Thus! from the beginning! the Chinese foreign polices evolved on bases of those e$periences and that is why they strictly adhere to the "ive Principles of Peaceful Coe$istence.3
3)

Defence and strategic policy of China as an integral part of Foreign policy

1 *! +red ergsten !et al! (200,)- *&ina.s rise/ *&allenges and 0pportunities!

2 +eldstein- M!- (2012) *&ina1s iggest (ro)lems Are (olitical- 2ot 3conomic! The Wall Street Journal.
3 %&is deri4ed from Indian (anc&s&eel (from "ans5rit- panc&/fi4e- s&eel/4irtues)- are a set of principles to go4ern relations
)et$een states! asically- t&is $as codified in t&e agreement )et$een India and *&ina in 1678!9ater on e4en ot&er countries! %&is is also considered as fi4e principles of )asis of non:alignment mo4ement!

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In China! its foreign policy aligned with defence and strategic policy. 1efence policy of a country is framewor, within which a country identifies threats and aggression of hostility based on intelligence analysis and defines the limits of national security! defence alliances! combat readiness! military technology and mobili)ing and organi)ing of national forces. 1efence policy identifies threats of hostility and aggression based on intelligence analysis! and defines military scope of national security! defence alliances! combat readiness! and military organisation of national forces and their use of military technology. In addition to that! the national defence policy defines the national defence strategy8. 2hen china implements their foreign policy! they thin, that strategic advances which gains through foreign policy. China was never a super power in history and still they feel how they suffer from marginali)ation and humiliation. #ince after the .pium 2ar in 3546! the feudalism and colonisation that prevailed in the country gradually fade off. .nce :apan invaded China in 34>2 leaving the country incapacity to defend against such a smaller country less than China twenty in times. ?ecause of those impacts! they did not have superpower mentality earlier but reactive thin,ing and lesser attention to global affairs in the past. Communist leaders adopted superpower mentality after the relin*uishment of victimised mentality. The chines culture is strategic in nature! even before 2;66 years! they had strategic perspectives! the boo, of / &rt of 2ar0 written Chinese general #un T)u evidenced how they were proficient in strategic science in military a long time ago and it is still used by even western military academies.7 ence! their defence policies also got the influence of their culture! tradition! political and social system to adopt such defensive policy. The strategic policy provide the countries strategic posture with military doctrines on how and when to deploy national forces against possible threats against its territory! environment! economy and national interests along with options of dealing such threats. The defence strategy and military doctrine are developed through strategic policy and capability development processes. @y intention to brief and analyse the current defence policy and strategic policy of China. &s an e$ample! the &ir 1efence Identification Aone over the =ast China declared by Chinese government recently stirred especially The %#&! #outh Borea! Taiwan and :apan. In response to that! The %#& and
8 Defence policy! (2013- Marc& 6)! In Wi5ipedia- +ree 3ncyclopedia! ;etrie4ed 1</81- "eptem)er 1- 2013from &ttp/==en!$i5ipedia!org=$=inde>!p&p?title@DefenceApolicyBoldid@7826810<7

7 Xiaoming- C! A! 9!- 2012! "un %Du1s Wisdom )e&ind *&ina1s Diplomacy and Defence (olicy Espeec&F (01 02 2012)!

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:apan started (oint military e$ercise to challenge this declaration. This issue encompasses national security interest of China and other nations! territorial disputes with :apan over the 1iaoyu Islands. &s we can see foreign policy! defence policy and strategic policy are ine$tricably lin,ed with each other. The defence policy can be discussed and reviewed on four main attributes on the area where the defence policy is implementedC those are in house! in immediate neighbour! in surrounding regional system and world beyond the &sia. The rise of China in economic and military power in &sian region has a significant influence for regional military and economic power. #hifting from bipolar system to multipolar system was inevitable and China was playing dominant role in the system in this period. The geopolitics of China! which are very important in the region due to its si)e! population! natural resource and its topography. In the current conte$t globali)ation! information availability! are carrying the world into comple$ity. Thus! cooperation and harmoni)ation is essential for the better future even if strategic competition! rivalry! global challenges are intensifying. owever! we cannot forget the fact that communists were ancestor who led China to modern huge socialist economy. That is the very reason they believes the magnitude of the rights of community higher than the individuals right.8This rather different than western perspectives9 The perspectives in the 2estern world towards China is not positive even if it is not straightforward! because it has identified China is looming threat to 2estern world. These perspectives came in to being due to the misinformation and lac, of information available in relation to the chines strategies including the communism.
a)

Importance of Defence policy

2ithin the period of cold war! the concept of security was evolving with military capabilities and the technology of weaponries. Therefore! the security of political and military power became the most concerned and important factor of the world politics in recent past. &s result of that situation! even China also did not much concern over the defence policy much in early ages. It was rather late to China to adopt comprehensive defence policy! which addressed issues beyond its territory. Threatening behaviour of the %#& and %##R greatly encouraged China to contemplate comprehensive defence policy beyond the territorial integrity and sovereignty. The innate *uality of the defence policy of China is not offensive but defensive. There are certain and pivotal ob(ectives of defence policy that are supposed to be achieved
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through pursuing the strategic defence plan. & country has e$plicit and implicit defence ob(ectives! which were to be achieved. 'evertheless! activities and various speeches will act as the guidelines for the national policies. "ollowing inherent ob(ective are ubi*uitous in defence policy as per declarations made Chinese leaders

Protection of motherland from e$ternal and internal threats.8including cyber space! electromagnetic or space9 Consolidating national defence forces and apparatus Resisting aggression Protection of countrys sovereignty! unity! territorial integrity. #afeguard the national and maritime interests and national interests for development.

The defence policy framewor, of china enables them to have their strategic plan to moderni)e their armed forces and weaponries with new technologies. This military moderni)ation has two contradictory viewpoints from current superpowers and China. The western worldview this as imminent threat and China assert that this is their way improve the capabilities to safeguard to themselves on self+reliance. @oderni)ation is streamlining the armed forces in Chinese way. In simple term! their defence ob(ectives can described as modernity! sovereignty! and stability. Hu Jintao (2007) stated, To strengthen national defence and the armed forces occupies an important place in the overall arrangements for the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics !earing in mind the overall strategic interests of national securit" and development, we must ta#e $oth economic and national defence development into consideration and ma#e our countr" prosperous and our armed forces powerful while $uilding a moderatel" prosperous societ" in all respects %<

< Cu- G! (200H)! Cold Cig& t&e Ireat

anner of "ocialism $it& *&inese *&aracteristics and "tri4e for 2e$ Jictories in uilding a Moderately (rosperous "ociety in all/ ;eport to t&e "e4enteent& 2ational *ongress of t&e *ommunist (arty of *&ina on 0ct! 17- 200H!In ;etrie4e from &ttp/==$$$! c&ina! org! cn=englis&=congress=226<11! &tm!

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This statement reflects the spirit of chines position for their military and developments and their strategy towards! integration national and military development for a flourishing country. The economic developments is mostly performed through the military powers is vital aspect to see in Chinese conte$t. The China mostly rely on military power of china in national economic development plan and promote active participation of military in economic construction promotion. This strategy is something li,e double+edged sword if it is reviewed in ob(ective manner. If the demarcation between military development and national development is vague! China can do many things to military development in name of economic developments. .n the other hand! China wants to standardi)e and to have e*ual distribution of the benefits of economic developments for the whole country as they adhere to socialist principles. They perceived PD& is the only apparatus that can do in that manner. Therefore! a viewer from outside tend to thin,! or to have their understanding regarding chines defence policy be blurred. Thereat perceptions of China other than its general threat perceptions are indistinct due to unviability of information from China. &fter a rational analysis! @ichael Pillsbury 826329H identified si$teen psychological fears that create Chinese threat perceptions. =ven if it is not a complete list of fears of China! it has been responsible for formulating the defence and strategic policy largely. The threat perception may drive a country to ta,e proactive actions before it spoils or go beyond their control. Therefore! these si$teen psychological fears, are matters to be concerned as issues to be addressed by means of comprehensive defence and strategic policies. In this research paper! I would li,e to discuss how Chinas overall defence policy is formulated on four ,eystones i.e. in house! in immediate neighbour! in surrounding regional system and world beyond the &sia.
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Defence policy implementation for in house matters

H Mic&ael (ills)ury (2012), The Sixteen Fears: China's Strategic Psychology- "ur4i4al/ Ilo)al (olitics and "trategy- 78/7186:1,2!

, +ear of an island )loc5ade- +ear of a loss of maritime resources- +ear of t&e c&o5ing:off of sea lines of communication+ear of a land in4asion or territorial dismem)erment- +ear of an armoured or air)orne attac5- +ear of internal insta)ilityriots- ci4il $ar or terrorism- +ear of attac5s on pipelines- +ear of aircraft:carrier stri5es- +ear of ma#or air:stri5es- +ear of %ai$anese independence- +ear of insufficient forces to Kli)erate. %ai$an- +ear of attac5s on strategic missile forces )y commandos- #amming or precision stri5es- +ear of escalation and loss of control- +ear of cy)er:attac5- +ear of attac5s on anti:satellite capa)ilities and +ear regional neig&)ours India- Gapan- Jietnam and ;ussia!

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The main attribute that we can observe at glance is integration of economic development! and military moderni)ation in order to e$ploit opportunities to obtain fortified and well+e*uipped military power compatible with its national security. This is also a strategic tas, for Chinas moderni)ation and common e$pectation of all Chinese ethnic groups. China firmly ta,es the road of peaceful development! strives to build a harmonious socialist society internally while promoting en(oyment of lasting peace and prosperity of the world. China seems to believe internal and e$ternal lin, is so robust even if they restricted their internal affairs and no cushion to protect their internal environment if e$ternal environment factors fail. &ll China is doing can be done only in peaceful environment is the core belief in China. Therefore! this is rather different in western approach 8e.g. Conspiracy theory adopted by westerners9. &nyway! China intents to show that their intentions are not to be realpoliti, oriented due to its socialism bac,ground. Reunification over the Taiwan #trait is very important point of the defence policy because the relation between two sides are yet to receive more strong form and mutual understand. ?y defence implementations! China hope to have healthy political and military relation will create proper and pragmatic integration in to Chinese nation as they thin, it as the course of Chinese great re(uvenation. The Taiwan issue is closely related to Chinas e$ternal security and internal stability. =$ternally! a military clash across the Taiwan #trait could end up with a ChinaE%# military conflict. Internally! the mishandling of the Taiwan issue could trigger off social instability and power struggle in China. owever! Taiwan remains a security challenge to ?ei(ing as strong opposition to and mistrust of ?ei(ing still e$ists in Taiwan. In terms of security! it is crucial to observe the threat perceptions of /Taiwan independence!F /=ast Tur,istan independenceF! /@uslim separatists in 7in(iang0 and FTibet independence!0. Therefore! a great part of defence policy is supposed to cover the problems arising with territorial integrity and sovereignty! oppose! and contain separatist parties. In China! there a pretty amount of protesting were recorded indicating social instability. Dater on the Chinese government issued /Temporary Regulations Concerning the Implementation of an &ccountability #ystem for #enior Cadres of the Party and Government0 for ensuring the accountability of inappropriate mass handling case.6 #afeguarding sovereignty! territorial integrity! air security! protection of Chinese borders and coastal security are vital part of in this region of defence policy. The border and
6 Lang- G!- 2011! *&ina.s "ecurity *&allenges/ (riorities and (olicy implication! In/ s!l!/s!n!- pp! 182 o:176!

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coastal defence forces of the PD& promote friendly cooperation in (oint patrols with neighbour countries such as Russia! Ba)a,hstan! @ongolia and Hietnam. China defence policy asserts that this 8peaceful period9 is the strategic opportunity to address nation development and moderni)ation of its military power with peaceful environment within and without. China consistently upholds the policy of no first use of nuclear weapons! adheres to a self+defensive nuclear strategy! and will never enter into a nuclear arms race with any other country. China utilise their military power not only for defence but also for active participation in national social and economic developments.
c)

Defence policy with immediate neighbours

China has various issues and disputes with its immediate neighbours due to the land and sea borders. There are some elemental facts drawn from the defence policy are more persistent for a long duration. @eanwhile! territorial disputes with its neighbouring countries have been a constant challenge to ?ei(ing. China has territorial disputes with a number of countries! including the dispute over Bashmir with India! the #pratly Islands 8'ansha in Chinese9 with @alaysia! the Philippines! Hietnam! ?hutan! ?runei and possibly Indonesia! some of the Paracel Islands 87isha in Chinese9 with Hietnam! #en,a,u 81iaoyu9 Islands with :apan! :apans e*uidistance line in the =ast China #ea! and certain islands in the Ialu and Tumen rivers with 'orth Borea. =ven if they had problems in Russia! they peacefully resolved so far. The status of regional leader and moderni)ation of PD& is implicitly used! as deterrents factor in partisans of territorial disputes in some cases because it is easy understand that military clash does not bring a benefit other than cooperation on strong negotiation foundation. &nyway! China has ta,en several measurements to resolve boarder disputes through negotiations after military clashes such as #ino+Indian ?ilateral Peace and Tran*uillity &ccords! 3443 #ino+Russian border agreement etc. @ainly! they shifted their policy from offensive confrontation to solid foundation of negotiation.
d)

Defence policy towards surrounding regional system$

2ith the military capabilities and economic power has eminent factors that change the security policy of China form protection sovereignty and territorial integrity to regional hegemony. In Chinese ideology! China has lin,ed its strategic influence with overall development in various fields. ?y now! China is the military and economic dominator of
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the &sia Pacific region. ence! China is the strategic and economic future of the region vice versa. &s the regional leader! it has the power of balance to be the security manager of the region with support of multilateral countries providing an option to region instead of the %#&. Geopolitics! Close pro$imity! domestic! ethnic! political and religious dynamics are important determinants of defence policy of China in the current period. &#=&' 8Association of &outheast Asian 'ations( is providing a forum to China to have economic! mar,et and security resources. It is no wonder why &#=&' forum wary of regional affairs of China due the level of influence of the region. The latest issuance of the Chines defence policy has emphasi)ed the close relation with 'orth Borea in spite of western pressure. This point in their defence policy imply the power balance of the region in response to the 2estern. @aritime security is a paramount part of this part of their security policy! because the production output and input! resources! military transportation! mobility are main aspects to upgrade country to a hegemonic country. =conomic developments! trading! shipping are almost depending on sea routes around the china. It is not a forgettable fact that ancient #il, Route had greatly influenced intra+continental economic! cultural and religious e$change in oriental world. &s ne$us of China geopolitical hegemony! China has built up military camps and pro(ects call /pearls0 10 in the region. This total pro(ects is directed to e$ploit the opportunities to maintain military capabilities! strategic

10 Cainan Island- $it& recently upgraded military facilities- is a Mpearl!N An upgraded airstrip on Woody Island- located in t&e
(aracel arc&ipelago 300 nautical miles east of Jietnam- is a Mpearl!N A container s&ipping facility in *&ittagong- anglades&is a Mpearl!N *onstruction of a deep:$ater port in "itt$e- Myanmar- is a Mpearl-N as is t&e construction of a na4y )ase in I$adar- (a5istan!(ort and airfield construction pro#ects- diplomatic ties- and force moderniDation form t&e essence of *&ina.s M"tring of (earls!N %&e MpearlsN e>tend from t&e coast of mainland *&ina t&roug& t&e littorals of t&e "out& *&ina "eat&e "trait of Malacca- across t&e Indian 0cean- and on to t&e littorals of t&e Ara)ian "ea and (ersian Iulf!

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"ea 9ines of *ommunications

advantages and forward presence. The collection of those pearl is called /#tring of Pearl0. owever! the motivation behind the pro(ect is rational because! the as giant manufacturer! it needs to ensure the protection of sea line of communication 8#D.C9 from @iddle =ast China. &s anyone can observe! ambanthota port and @attala airport are also some ,ind of supportive installations for the Chinese concept of #tring of Pearls. ?ut! the concept of #tring Peals is becoming a headache of %# policy ma,ers due to resilience of the concept with defence strategy. ?ut there is not any pressure made by China to those governments to do or be inclined to do due to growing security fear within the region and world.
e)

Chinese security policy towards the world beyond Asia$

It is not a surprise to thin, or say that China is approaching towards a world superpower. owever! unpredictable possibilities are also available that their course of (ourney is
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diverged or hinder. @ost of time they have shown their intention to have strategic partnerships such as Russia and China for confidence building measurements and deep multilateral e$change were initiated after the #ino+ Russia agreement. 1efence policy for nuclear defence is very important for the whole word since it is the most tensional factor of the world. %p to this point they have strictly adhere to the policy of 'o+first++use 8'"% policy9. 'evertheless! the recent issuance of white paper 8263>+ &pril+3J911 by the Chinese defence ministry has stirred the western power over the omission of above vital fact. The ambiguity over the fact has still e$isted without proper reaffirmation. "ormulating the concept of comprehensive security and effectively conducting military operations other than war 8@..T29 has been stressed in the defence policy. Therefore! the PD& is conducting military drills and military preparedness in order to position the PD& in a robust standard. China is e$tending its cooperation with other countries especially including Russia and %#& for promoting international peace fulfilling its international obligation. @ore participations in peace operation! anti+piracy missions! and international relief pro(ect in international arena may imply its willingness to have more obligations that are comprehensive. This is an indication of Chines preparedness to have the status of #uperpower.
8)

Conclusion

In mid+&pril! the Chinese government said that the increased %.#. military presence in the &sia+Pacific region causes a lot of tension! and they plan to send forces that are more military and strengthen their partnerships with neighbouring countries. & recent study found that China increasingly threatens to end the military supremacy of the %#&. 12 The %#& is also forming %#& ally ring around China to pressure its tension in relation to threat i.e. Philippine! Taiwan! :apan! India. This is really matter of power balance of the world with multipolarity and mostly the %#& concern for losing it world order in place of new world order.
11 Anon!- 2013! Ministry of 2ational Defence of *&ina! E0nlineF A4aila)le at/
ttp/==eng!mod!go4!cn=Data)ase=W&ite(apers=inde>!&tm EAccessed 1< 06 2013F!

12 'arpo4a- 9!- 2013! Prvuda.ru. E0nlineF A4aila)le at/ &ttp/==englis&!pra4da!ru=$orld=americas=08:07:2013=1288,8:


c&inaAmilitaryArule:0EAccessed 10 06 2013F!

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The si)e and the growth of Chines economy is apparent and their peaceful and independent foreign policy has yield opportunities from the world! especially various resource such as crude oil! mineral etc. Threat and coercive powers are not viable tools to e$ploit opportunities of the real world because the sovereignty of a country is undeniable. @ost of efforts are e$isting to have unified nation and integration of regions and ethnic groups in Chinas defence policy but is not the real propensity of the world. People are willing to have a control unit! which people can control easily with high influential power 8e.g. small regional autonomy9. Therefore! the defence policy of China is comprehensively to be reviewed and modified in accordance with the current trends and necessities. .n the other hand! Chinese 1efence policy demands more to be scrutini)ed due to its looming gigantic military position.

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%ibliography &non.! 263>. @inistry of 'ational 1efence of China. K.nlineL &vailable atM httpM--eng.mod.gov.cn-1atabase-2hitePapers-inde$.htm K&ccessed 3J 64 263>L. C. "red ?ergsten et al.! 2665. Chinas riseM challenges and opportunities. 2ashington 1.CM P=T=R#.' I'#TIT%T= ".R I'T=R'&TI.'&D =C.'.@IC#. "=D1#T=I'! @.! &ugust 2! 2632. ChinaNs ?iggest Problems &re Political! 'ot =conomic. The 2all #treet :ournal. "rolic! ?. @.! 2664. Political Change in China. Toronto! .ntario!! Ior, %niversity! %niversity of Toronto.

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Barpova! D.! 263>. Prvuda.ru. K.nlineL &vailable atM httpM--english.pravda.ru-world-americas-64+6;+263>-324454+chinaOmilitaryOrule+6 K&ccessed 36 64 263>L. Pehrson! c. :.! :uly 266J. #tring of PearlsM meeting the challenge of chinas rising Power! s.l.M %.#. Government. Pillsbury! @.! 2632. The #i$teen "earsM ChinaNs #trategic Psychology. InM #urvivalM Global Politics and #trategy. DondonM Routledge! pp. 344+352. 7iaoming! . &. D.! 2632. #un T)uNs 2isdom ?ehind ChinaNs 1iplomacy and 1efence Policy KInterviewL 863 62 26329. Iang! :.! 2633. Chinas #ecurity ChallengesM Priorities and Policy implication. InM s.l.Ms.n.! pp. 342+3;4.

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