Introduction (1)

Loading on the surface causes deformation/settlement in sub-soils

Elastic settlement in soils

Large Distributed Weight Low Weight Very Large Concentrated Weight

ENB371: Geotechnical Engineering 2 Chaminda Gallage

Weak Soil Weak Rock

Strong Rock

Chapter 5

Introduction (2): Settlement in soils

structure embankment

Settlement profile

BRAJA M. DAS

These loads produce corresponding increases in the vertical effective stress, v Settlement refers to the compression that soils undergo as a response to the loads placing on the surface

Contents
Settlement in soils: Introduction Elastic settlement in sandy (granular) soils
Equation- based on theory of elasticity Improved equation based on theory of elasticity Use of strain influence factor

Introduction (3): Significance

If the settlement is not kept to tolerable limit, the desired use of the structure may be impaired and the design life of the structure may be reduced It is therefore important to have a mean of predicting the amount of soil compression or settlement

Elastic settlement in clay soils

Saturated clay (Janbu et al. 1956)

Introduction (4)

Introduction (7)

Total settlement in soil due to loading

Deformation of soil and rock grains Compression of air and water in voids Drainage of water and air from voids allowing compression of soil skeleton Creep movements
plastic adjustment of soil fabric under a constant effective stress

Elastic properties (E Youngs modulus) of clay and sand

In the case of an extensive, homogeneous deposit of saturated clay, it is a reasonable approximation to assume that E is constant throughout the deposit

Elastic Deformation (Immediate settlement) (Se)

+ Primary Consolidation (Sp) + Secondary Compression (Ss)

In the case of sand, however, the value of E varies with confining pressure and, therefore, will increase with depth and varies across the width of the loaded area

Se+Sp+Ss= Total Settlement

Introduction (5)

Introduction (8)

Timing
1 week to several years log time

Flexible vs Rigid Foundation

elastic - immediate - fully recoverable secondary compression creep of particles inelastic timetime -dependent unrecoverable 5yr 50yr Flexible foundation: uniform contact pressure, non-uniform deformation Rigid foundation: non-uniform contact pressure, uniform deformation

settlement

primary consolidation due to removal of water inelastic timetime -dependent partial recovery only 0.5yr

Introduction (6)

Introduction (9)

Elastic (immediate) settlement of soil (Se)

Caused by the elastic deformation of soil particles when the effective stress is increased Fully recoverable Not time dependent (occur within very short time) Calculations generally based on equations derived from theory of elasticity A =F/A
or F

Flexible vs Rigid Foundation

(contact pressure and settlement )

(a) Flexible foundation

uniform axial stress,

H
= /

or F

F =H/E

or

or

(b) Rigid foundation

= E

Contours of equal vertical pressure in the vicinity of (a) a strip area carrying a uniform pressure (b) a square area carrying a uniform pressure

Variation of F1 with m and n

B width of the foundation

The zone lying inside the vertical stress contour of value 0.2q is described as the bulb of pressure

Elastic settlement of sandy soil under flexible foundation (Equation based on theory of elasticity) - 1

Se = q0 (B ' )
Bowels (1987)

1 s2 IsI f Es
Variation of F2 with m and n

q0 = net applied pressure on the foundation

s = Poisson ' s ratio of soil

Es = Average modulus of elasticity from z = 0 to about z = 4 B B ' = B / 2 for the centre of foundation
B = Width of the foundation L = Length of the foundation D f = Depth of the foundation H = Depth to the rock from foundation level

= B for corner of foundation I s = shape factor ( Steinbrenn er , 1934) I f = depth factor ( Fox ,1948)

= 4, at the centre of foundation = 1, at the corner of fundation

Elastic settlement of sandy soil under flexible foundation (Equation based on theory of elasticity) - 2
S e = q0 (B ' ) 1 s2 IsI f Es

Elastic settlement of sandy soil under flexible foundation (Equation based on theory of elasticity) - 5 Is( shape factor ) can be calculated
To calculate the settlement
To calculate the settlement

Is= shape factor

1 2 s I s = F1 + F2 1 s
F1 and F2 can be obtained from tables using m and n or can be calculated

I s = F1 +

1 2 s F2 1 s

at the centre of the foundation at a corner of the foundation L H L H m' = n' = m' = n' = B B B ( B / 2)

To calculate the settlement at the centre of the foundation m' = L B n' = H ( B / 2)

F1 = F2 =

To calculate the settlement at a corner of the foundation m' = L B n' = H B

( A0 + A1 )

A0 = m' ln A1 = ln A2 =

(1 + m'2 +1) m'2 + n'2 m' (1 + m'2 + n'2 +1) m '+ m ' 2 + n ' 2 + 1 m'

(m'+ m'2 +1) 1 + n'2

n' tan 1 A2 2

n' m'2 + n'2 +1)

Elastic settlement of sandy soil under flexible foundation (Equation based on theory of elasticity) - 6
S e = q0 (B ' ) 1 s2 IsI f Es

Elastic settlement of sandy soil under flexible foundation (Equation based on theory of elasticity) - 9
S e = q0 (B ' ) 1 s2 IsI f Es

If= depth factor

Df L If = f , , s B B
If can be obtained from charts using Df/B, s and L/B

Due to the heterogeneous nature of soil deposits, the magnitude of Es may vary with depth. For that reason, Bowles (1987) recommended using average of Es

Es =

s (i )

Es (i ) = soil mod ulus of elasticity within a depth z z = H or 5B, whichever is smaller

If can be obtained from charts using Df/B, s and L/B

Example 1 - 1
A flexible shallow foundation 1 m X 2 m is shown below. Calculate the elastic settlement at the centre of the foundation.
S e = q0 (B' ) 1 s2 IsI f Es

If can be obtained from charts using Df/B, s and L/B

Example 1 - 2
S e = q0 (B' )
B = 1 m, L = 2 m
Es
Es =

1 s2 Is I f Es
z = 5 m = 5B
s (i )

E =

(10,000 2) + (8,000 1) + (12,000 2) = 10,400 kPa 5

For centre of foundation

= 4, m' =

L 2 H 5 = = 2, n' = = = 10 B 1 ( B / 2) 0.5

B' =

B 1 = = 0.5 2 2

Example 1 - 3
m' = 2, n' = 10
From tables, F1 = 0.641 F2 = 0.031

Improved equation for Elastic Settlement of sandy soil-3

Se = q0 Be I G I F I E 1 s2 E0

1 2 s 1 2 0.3 I s = F1 + F2 = 0.641 + 0.031 = 0.659 1 s 1 0.3

Df 1 = = 1, B 1 L 2 = = 2, S = 0.3 from figures, I f = 0.709 B 1

For rectangular foundation

Be = 4 BL

B = width of foundation L = length of foundation

S e = q0 (B' )

1 s2 (1 0.32 ) I s I f = 150 4 0.5 0.659 0.709 = 0.01227 = 12.27 mm Es 10,400

For circular foundation

Es = E0 + kz
E0 = elasticity of soil at foundation depth z = depth from the bottom of foundation k = rate of increase in soil elastic mod ulus with z

Be = B B = diameter of foundation

Improved equation for Elastic Settlement of sandy soil-1

Mayne and Poulos (1999) presented an improved formula for calculating the elastic settlement of soil (sand) under foundation load taking into account: Rigidity of the foundation Depth of embedment of the foundation Increase in elastic modulus of the soil with depth Location of rigid layers at limited depth

Improved equation for Elastic Settlement of sandy soil- 4 S = q B I I I (1 )

0 e G F E e

E0

2 s

Influence factor for the variation of Es with depth

IG = f ( =

E0 H , ) kBe Be

Improved equation for Elastic Settlement of sandy soil-2

S e = The elastic settlement below the centre of foundation Be = Equivalent diameter of foundation ES = Elastic mod ulus of compressible soil layer E f = Elastic mod ulus of foundation

Improved equation for Elastic Settlement of sandy soil- 5 q0 Be I G I F I E 2

Se = E0
s

(1 )

Foundation rigidity correction factor

IF =

s = Poisson' s ratio soil

D f = Foundation depth

H = Depth to the rock from foundation level I G = Influence factor for the var iation

qBI I I S e = 0 e G F E 1 s2 E0

of Es with depth I F = Foundation rigidity correction factor I E = Foundation embedment correction factor t = thickness of foundation

1 2t 3 Ef 4.6 + 10 B B E0 + e k e 2

Improved equation for Elastic Settlement of sandy soil- 6 S = q B I I I (1 )

0 e G F E e

E0

2 s

S e = C1C2 (q q )
0

Elastic settlement of sandy soil using strain influence factor - 3 z

2

Iz z Es

Foundation embedment correction factor

I E = 1 1 B 3.5 exp(1.22 0.4 ) e + 1.6 D f

The strain influence factor Iz for square (L/B=1) or circular foundations and foundations with L/B10 is shown here. Iz diagrams for foundations with 1<L/B<10 can be linearly interpolated

Elastic settlement of sandy soil using strain influence factor - 1

The settlement of granular soils can also be evaluated by the use of semiemperical strain influence factor proposed by Schmertmann (1978). z

Elastic settlement of sandy soil using strain influence factor - 3

The maximum value of strain influence factor , Iz(m) can be calculated as:

I z ( m ) = 0 .5 + 0 .1

q q q ' z (1)

S e = C1C2 (q q)
0

Iz z Es

I z = Strain influence factor C1 = a correction factor for the depth of foundation embedment C2 = a correction factor to account for creep in soil q = stress at the level of the foundation q = D f Es = Modulus of elasticity of soil z = Depthe increment from the foundation level

q ' z (1) = Effective stress at a depth of z1 before constructi on of the foundation z is measured from the foundation level

Elastic settlement of sandy soil using strain influence factor - 2

Elastic settlement of sandy soil using strain influence factor - 4

Procedure for calculation of Se using the strain influence factor Step1: Plot the variation of Iz with depth Step2: Plot the actual variation of Es of soil with depth. Es can be calculated from SPT or CPT results Step3: Approximate the actual variation of Es in to number of layers of soil having constant Es Step4: Divide the soil layer from z=0 to z=z2 into number of layers which will depend on breaking in continuity in Iz and Es diagrams Step5: Prepare a table to obtain Step6: Calculate C1 and C2

S e = C1C2 (q q)
0

z2

Iz z Es

Correction factor for foundation depth (C1) and correction factor for creep (C2) are given by:

q C1 = 1 0.5 q q time in years C2 = 1 + 0.2 log 0 .1

E z
s

Iz

Example 2 -1
A 3 m wide strip foundation on a deposit of sand layer is shown along with the variation of modulus of elasticity of the soil (Es). The unit weight of sand is 18 kN/m3. Calculate the elastic settlement of foundation after 10 years using the strain influence factor.

Example 3 -4
Layer No z [m] Es [kPa] Z to the middle of layer 1.0 Iz at the middle of layer 0.35
Iz z [m 3 / kN ] Es

1.5 m

q0 = 200 kPa
E s ( MPa)

2.0

6000

0.000117

= 18 kN / m 3

1.0

12000

2.5

0.575

0.0000479

S e = C1C 2 ( q q )
0

z2

Iz z Es

4.5

12000

5.25

0.4875

0.000183

4.5

10000

9.75

0.1625

0.0000731

Iz z [m 3 / kN ] = 0.000421m 3 / kN Es

Example 2 -2: Distribution of strain influence factor, Iz L

L =, B = 3.0 B 10 q = q0 = 200 kPa

Example 3 -4
q = 200 kPa q = D f = 18 1.5 = 27 kPa
q 27 C1 = 1 0.5 q q = 1 0.5 200 27 = 0.922 time in years 10 C2 = 1 + 0.2 log = 1 + 0.2 log = 1.4 0.1 0.1

= 18 kn / m3 , D f = 1.5m,
q = D f = 18 1.5 = 27 kPa q ' z (1) = 18 (1.5 + 3) = 81kPa

I z ( m ) I==0 .5 + 0.1 0.5 0.5 * ( z 3) / 9

z

q q q ' z (1)

I z(m)

200 27 = 0 .5 + 0 .1 81

Iz z [m3 / kN ] = 0.000421m 3 / kN Es
z2 0

I z ( m ) = 0.65

Se = C1C2 (q q )

Iz z = 0.922 1.4 (200 27) 0.000421 = 0.094 m = 94 mm Es

Example 2 -3

L =, B = 3.0

L 10 B

S e = C1C2 (q q )
0

z2

Iz z Es

Elastic settlement of foundation on Saturated Clay

Janbu (1956) proposed an equation for evaluating the average settlement of flexible foundation on saturated clay soils

q0 = 200 kPa

= 18 kN / m

I z = 0.2
0 z 3
I z ( mI) z= .15 z =0 0..2 2+ +00 .1z
( z = 3. 0m )

E s ( MPa)

z
I z ( mI 0.0 65 ) == .5
z

S e = A1 A2
B = Width of the foundation L = Length of the foundation D f = Depth of the foundation

q0 B Es

3 z 12
IIz z= .65 .65 z( ) /3 9) =00 .5 00 .5* /(9 z3

A1 is a function of H/B and L/B A2 is a function of Df/B

( z = 12.0m)

H = Depth to the rock from foundation level E s = Modulus of elasticity of clay q 0 = Net applied pressure on the foundation

Elastic settlement of sandy soil under rigid foundation

Load stress deflection Load stress deflection

Elastic parameters - sand

E Loose sand Medium sand Dense sand Silty sand Sand and gravel 10 - 24 MPa 17 - 28 MPa 34 - 55 MPa 10 17.25 MPa 69 172 Mpa

S e ( rigid ) 0.93S e ( flexible , centre)

Loose sand Dense sand

0.1 to 0.3 0.3 to 0.4

Summary Elastic Modulus, E (MPa)

Sandstone (3k (3k-20k) Hardwood (5k - 20k) Concrete (20k (20k-40k) Mudstone (200 (200-8k) Granite (50k (50k-100k) Loose Sand) Dense Sand Steel (210k)

How to calculate elastic settlement in sandy (granular) soils?

Equation- based on theory of elasticity Improved equation based on theory of elasticity Use of strain influence factor

Soft Clay

Hard Clay

CW HW SW F XW MW

How to calculate elastic settlement in clay soils

10,000 100,000 200,000

10

100

Soil

Elastic parameters - clay

E Soft clay Medium clay Stiff Clay All saturated clays 4.1 20.7 MPa 20.7 41.4 MPa 41.1 96.6 MPa

0.5 (no vol. change)

1,000

Saturated clay (Janbu et al. 1956)

Rock