Voltage Regulator in Operational Amplifier in Bme

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1/16/2014 MOHAMMAD-SIKANDER-KHAN-LODHI Note: Its my personal university notes.
[VOLTAGE-AND-CURRENT-REGULATORS [OP-AMPS] CH-9

TEXT-BOOK: OPERATIONAL-AMPLIFIERS AND LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS MOHAMMAD-SIKANDER-KHAN-LODHI INTRODUCTION:1) A Voltage-Regulator is a circuit that provides a constant DC voltage-level to its load (RL ). 2) A Voltage-regulator normally interfaces either between an a). Un-regulated/poorly regulated DC-power-sources and b). A Load that requires a constant voltage-sources. LINEAR-REGULATORS:Linear-regulator are classified as either that is: i. ii. Series-regulators. Shunt-regulators.
i. SERIES-REGULATORS:a. A Series-regulators senses the DC-voltage across its load and adjust its own-voltage-drop to keep the DC-load voltage at a predetermined level. b. If DC-source voltage should increase the regulator will compensate by increasing its voltage drop by an equal-amount. c. If the source-voltage should decrease, the regulator will then compensate for this change by decreasing its voltage drop by an amount equal to decrease. d. Any-ripple-voltage that may be present on DC-source-voltage is then greatly reduced by Voltage-regulators-action. * ripple = variation in source-voltage ]; [ Vin = VIN = Un-Regulated DCSource = VR + VL ]. e. Series-regulators smoothly and continuously varies it control-element to maintain a constant voltage across the load. Fig # 1
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TEXT-BOOK: OPERATIONAL-AMPLIFIERS AND LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS MOHAMMAD-SIKANDER-KHAN-LODHI
Fig # 2

Control-element = BJTs,Photo-Transistor,SCR,PUT,SCS,MOSFET,CMOS. Discrete-Transistors = that BJTs whose operates by digital-input [1/0 form ]. Key-Point => For higher-current-applications requiring load currents greater then 3A the control-element is usually be a Power-transistors. -------------------------finished----------------- POSITIVE-VOLTAGE,LOW-CURRENT-SERIES REGULATORS:Fig # 3

[ [ [ ];
];
]; -------------------Finished-----------
SERIES-PASS-NON-INVERTING-AMPLIFIER-(+ve)-VOLTAGE-REGULATOR-TO-GENERATED [V0(REG)>>(VREF = Vz ) ]:Fig # 4

a. If VIN(Un-REG) increase or RL increase then Vo(REG)DC increase and VS increase. b. If (VIN(UN-REG)/RL = Constant) then ( Vo(REG)DC/VS = constant ); c. If ( VIN(UN-REG)/RL ) decrease , then , ( VO(REG)DC/VS ) decrease. -----------------------finished----------------- SERIES-PASS(NON-INVERTING-AMPLIFIER)-POSITIVE-VOLTAGE-REGULATORS-WITHADJUSTABLE-OUTPUT-VOLTAGE:Fig # 5

];
Wiper at H => Vo(max). Wiper at L => Vo(min). SERIES-PASS (NON-INVERTING) VOLTAGE-REGULATORS-WITH-ADJUSTABLE-OUTPUT-VOLTAGE [Vo(REG)]-BY-R3-AND-USING-TRANSISTORS-TO-INCREASE-OUTPUT-CURRENT-OF-AREGULATORS: This connection gives the regulators a much greater output current (Io) capacity; The maximum output current (Io(max)) will determine by current rating and power-rating of Power-transistor (npn) BJT; Op-Amps plus power-transistor act both together as a Regulating-circuitry of circuit; CALCULATIONS:

TEXT-BOOK: OPERATIONAL-AMPLIFIERS AND LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS MOHAMMAD-SIKANDER-KHAN-LODHI Fig # 6
[ [ V3 depends on R3 ; [ ]; ];
];
----------------------Finished-----------------Example:- Design a series-pass-(Non-Inverting) Voltage regulator with adjustable output voltage[Vo] , by R3 and using transistor for increasing the output current [Io]? 8 www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.ca | BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING GUIDE.INC

TEXT-BOOK: OPERATIONAL-AMPLIFIERS AND LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS MOHAMMAD-SIKANDER-KHAN-LODHI GIVEN: [ [ [ [ [ Assumptions: [ [ ]; , from diode data sheet ]; FOR R1 :[ [ POWER-DISSIPATED-BY-R1 :[ [ [ So, [ +; its a standard value used here. FOR Vo(min)=9V:[ Fig # 7 ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ; ]; ]; ]; ];

[ [ [ But [ [ [ Fig # 8
]; ]; ];
+; its a standard value. ]; ];
10

FOR AT VO(max)=15V:[ [ FOR R4 :[ FOR R3 :[ [ ]; ]; +;its a standard value ]; ];
11

[ AT -V(sat) :-
];
Q1 is cut-off at (-V(sat) ) => { VCE(max)=18V=Vin(Un-Reg) }. [ ]; MAXIMUM-POWER-DISSIPATION-ACROSS-COLLECTOR-EMITTER-JUNCTION :[ [ Fig # 9 ]; ];
----------------finished-----------
12

TEXT-BOOK: OPERATIONAL-AMPLIFIERS AND LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS MOHAMMAD-SIKANDER-KHAN-LODHI SERIES-PASS-NEGATIVE(-ve)-VOLTAGE-REGULATORS:Fig # 10
--------------finished----------(8-5) SAMPLE-AND-HOLD-CIRCUIT ( FROM CH-8 ):Fig # 11
13

We used Sample/hold-circuit in two cases that is for : a. Analog-to-Digital conversions *A.D.C+ operations. b. Its used for storage of output of a multiplexer between up-dates in Data-distributionsystem. CASE-I :- [ BASIC-SAMPLE-AND-HOLD-AMPLIFIER-CIRCUITS]:Fig # 12
14

CASE-II :Fig # 13
15

APERTURE-TIME :- its the time that elapses between the signal to hold and the actual opening of hold switch is called the Aperture-time. Principle-errors associated with use of discrete-sample-and-hold-circuit occur during the sample-to-hold and hold-to-sample Intervals. [key-point]ACQUISITION-TIME :- The Acquisition-time is that time I which the input signal must be applied for the output to reach the desired accuracy and has a direct bearing on the maximum sampling-rate; [ ----------------finished----------- REGULATOR-WITH-FOLD-BACK-CURRENT-LIMITING:Fig # 14 ];
16

[ [ Fig # 15 ];
];
17

[ ]; Q2 => Q2 start conducting at IL(max). IL(SC)=IL(short-circuit) . VR4=VR5+VBE2 { IL(min) through R4 required [VBE1 = 0.7 V] } [ IL(SC)IL(short-circuit) ]; [AtRL(short-circuit)(Vo=0V)atIL(SC) ]; Power-dissipation of circuit is not exceeded; ---------------finished-------------- CONSTANT-CURRENT-LIMITING:-[VOLTAGE-CONTROL-CURRENT-SOURCE(VCCS)]:18 www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.ca | BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING GUIDE.INC

TEXT-BOOK: OPERATIONAL-AMPLIFIERS AND LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS MOHAMMAD-SIKANDER-KHAN-LODHI Fig # 16
[ [ [ [ [ [ [ [
[
]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ];
];
--------------------FINISHED---------- SHUNT [PARALLEL=SHUNT]-REGULATORS: In Shunt[or parallel]-Regulator, the control-element(Q1) is in parallel*or shunt+ with load [RL]. 19 www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.ca | BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING GUIDE.INC

TEXT-BOOK: OPERATIONAL-AMPLIFIERS AND LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS MOHAMMAD-SIKANDER-KHAN-LODHI SIMPLE-SHUNT-REGULATOR:Fig # 17
BLOCK-DIAGRAM-OF-SHUNT-REGULATOR:Fig # 18
20

Key -> the control-element(shunt) is the transistor Q1 . Q1 is parallel with load RL. R1 is in series with load RL [R1+RL]. Circuit-diagram:Fig # 19
21

Formulas:[ when ( [ {[ ];=>[ =>[ [ {[ SO, {[ ];=>[ ]; }; ]; ];
) ):-
];=>[
];
];};
];==LEAD TO=>[Vo=Constant];==LEAD TO=>[ WHEN (RL /VIN )-FORMULA: All above formula will be vice-versa at here.
];};
22

TEXT-BOOK: OPERATIONAL-AMPLIFIERS AND LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS MOHAMMAD-SIKANDER-KHAN-LODHI Key-> IL and VO are constant => [
{[VIN and VO are constant ];==LEAD TO=>[ ];==LEAD TO=>[
];
];};
];
Shunt(parallel)-Regulator is less efficient then series-regulator type; Shunt(parallel)-Regulator offers inherent short-circuit( cct = circuit ) protection; If [Vo = 0V,=>RL = 0 Ohms], the IL is limited by R1 to a maximum value as follow (IS = 0 Amp)lead to->(VB = -V(Sat))==lead to=>(Q1 = OFF); [ ]; Q1 = NPN-Transistor. ----------------finished----------- SHUNT(PARALLEL)-REGULATORS: BASIC POSITIVE(+ve) VOLTAGE,LOW-POWER-SHUNT(PARALLEL)-REGULATORS:Fig # 20
23

[ -----------------[ [ ];
];
]; [Vz = Constant]; OR vice-versa. -------------------------------finished----------EXAMPLE: (OF SHUNT[PARALLEL]-REGULATOR):GIVEN:Fig # 21
24

Design above circuit for below given specification? GIVEN: [ ]; [ ]; [ ]; [ ]; [ ]; [ ]; SOLUTION: FOR R1 :[ ]; [ ]; (R2+R3) is in parallel(shunt) with (R1+D1) {or (R2+R3)//(R1+D1) }; 25 www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.ca | BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING GUIDE.INC

TEXT-BOOK: OPERATIONAL-AMPLIFIERS AND LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS MOHAMMAD-SIKANDER-KHAN-LODHI [ [ Fig # 22 ]; ];
[ [ [ FOR R4 :[ [ ]; its standard value. FOR IR4 :-
];
]; ]; ]; its the standard value. ------------------finished----------New-topic SWITCHING-VOLTAGE-REGULATORS:-
26

TEXT-BOOK: OPERATIONAL-AMPLIFIERS AND LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS MOHAMMAD-SIKANDER-KHAN-LODHI The switching-voltage-regulator is different from linear-regulator such as series and shunt(parallel) regulators; ii. In switching-regulator the control-element operate as a switch; iii. A greater efficiency can be realized with this type of voltage-regulator(switchingvoltage-regulator) as compared with linear-regulator(series / shunt) because the transistor is not always conducting; iv. Therefore, switching-voltage-regulator can provide greater load-current ( ) at low input voltage ( ) , as compare with linear-regulator because the control-transistor does not dissipate as much power; There are three basic configurations of switching-voltage-regulator which are following: 1. Step-down switching-voltage-regulator; 2. Step-up switching-voltage-regulator; 3. Inverting switching-voltage-regulator; 1) STEP-DOWN SWITCHING-VOLTAGE-REGULATOR:[ ]; i.
Switching-regulator has a control-element(Q1) whose dissipated power (or lost-power) rate is relatively small, therefore, switching-voltage-regulator is useful in high-powerapplications or in such application where efficiency is most important; [ [ [ ]; ];
];==>Q1 [ ]; Key-> by adjusting the duty-cycle[D] of Q1 then , Vout can be varied; Key-> the inductor[L] [[L] of the LC-filter on switching-voltage-regulator] further smoothes the fluctuations of the Vout caused by the charging(ton) and dis-charging(toff) action by capacitor[C]; ton = charging time of C; toff = dis-charging time of C; Fig # 23
27

VIN = Constant; [ [ [ [
];=> [ ]; ];
];
]; Key-point: 1. tON ( ) and tOFF ( ) (Vout = Vc ) ;
2. tON ( ) and tOFF ( ) (Vout = Vc ) ; CIRCUIT-DIAGRAM-OF-STEP-DOWN-SWITCHING-VOLTAGE-REGULATOR:Fig # 24 28 www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.ca | BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING GUIDE.INC

Q1 act as a switched control element; The PWM-based-switching-regulator is used in for high-current,low-voltage,computer-powersupplies; EFFECT-OF-DUTY-CYCLE-ON-DC-LEVELS:Fig # 25
29

This above action of varying the duty-cycle[D] is referred to as Pulse-Width-Modulation[PWM] and is used by the switching regulator to controlled the [VoutDC=VC]; LC-Filter cause to eliminated the DC-component in the [Vout ]; -------------------finished------------VOLTAGE REGULATOR-ICs:-
30

Voltage Regulator in Operational Amplifier in Bme

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[VOLTAGE-AND-CURRENT-REGULATORS [OP-AMPS] CH-9

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[VOLTAGE-AND-CURRENT-REGULATORS [OP-AMPS] CH-9

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[VOLTAGE-AND-CURRENT-REGULATORS [OP-AMPS] CH-9

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[VOLTAGE-AND-CURRENT-REGULATORS [OP-AMPS] CH-9

SERIES-PASS-NON-INVERTING-AMPLIFIER-(+ve)-VOLTAGE-REGULATOR-TO-GENERATED [V0(REG)>>(VREF = Vz ) ]:Fig # 4

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[VOLTAGE-AND-CURRENT-REGULATORS [OP-AMPS] CH-9

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[VOLTAGE-AND-CURRENT-REGULATORS [OP-AMPS] CH-9

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[VOLTAGE-AND-CURRENT-REGULATORS [OP-AMPS] CH-9

[VOLTAGE-AND-CURRENT-REGULATORS [OP-AMPS] CH-9

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[VOLTAGE-AND-CURRENT-REGULATORS [OP-AMPS] CH-9

+; its a standard value. ]; ];

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[VOLTAGE-AND-CURRENT-REGULATORS [OP-AMPS] CH-9

FOR AT VO(max)=15V:[ [ FOR R4 :[ FOR R3 :[ [ ]; ]; +;its a standard value ]; ];

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[VOLTAGE-AND-CURRENT-REGULATORS [OP-AMPS] CH-9

Q1 is cut-off at (-V(sat) ) => { VCE(max)=18V=Vin(Un-Reg) }. [ ]; MAXIMUM-POWER-DISSIPATION-ACROSS-COLLECTOR-EMITTER-JUNCTION :[ [ Fig # 9 ]; ];

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[VOLTAGE-AND-CURRENT-REGULATORS [OP-AMPS] CH-9

--------------finished----------(8-5) SAMPLE-AND-HOLD-CIRCUIT ( FROM CH-8 ):Fig # 11

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[VOLTAGE-AND-CURRENT-REGULATORS [OP-AMPS] CH-9

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[VOLTAGE-AND-CURRENT-REGULATORS [OP-AMPS] CH-9

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[VOLTAGE-AND-CURRENT-REGULATORS [OP-AMPS] CH-9

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[VOLTAGE-AND-CURRENT-REGULATORS [OP-AMPS] CH-9

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[VOLTAGE-AND-CURRENT-REGULATORS [OP-AMPS] CH-9

[VOLTAGE-AND-CURRENT-REGULATORS [OP-AMPS] CH-9

[VOLTAGE-AND-CURRENT-REGULATORS [OP-AMPS] CH-9

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[VOLTAGE-AND-CURRENT-REGULATORS [OP-AMPS] CH-9

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[VOLTAGE-AND-CURRENT-REGULATORS [OP-AMPS] CH-9

Formulas:[ when ( [ {[ ];=>[ =>[ [ {[ SO, {[ ];=>[ ]; }; ]; ];

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[VOLTAGE-AND-CURRENT-REGULATORS [OP-AMPS] CH-9

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[VOLTAGE-AND-CURRENT-REGULATORS [OP-AMPS] CH-9

]; [Vz = Constant]; OR vice-versa. -------------------------------finished----------EXAMPLE: (OF SHUNT[PARALLEL]-REGULATOR):GIVEN:Fig # 21

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[VOLTAGE-AND-CURRENT-REGULATORS [OP-AMPS] CH-9

[VOLTAGE-AND-CURRENT-REGULATORS [OP-AMPS] CH-9

[ [ [ FOR R4 :[ [ ]; its standard value. FOR IR4 :-

]; ]; ]; its the standard value. ------------------finished----------New-topic SWITCHING-VOLTAGE-REGULATORS:-

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[VOLTAGE-AND-CURRENT-REGULATORS [OP-AMPS] CH-9

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[VOLTAGE-AND-CURRENT-REGULATORS [OP-AMPS] CH-9

]; Key-point: 1. tON ( ) and tOFF ( ) (Vout = Vc ) ;

2. tON ( ) and tOFF ( ) (Vout = Vc ) ; CIRCUIT-DIAGRAM-OF-STEP-DOWN-SWITCHING-VOLTAGE-REGULATOR:Fig # 24 28 www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.ca | BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING GUIDE.INC

[VOLTAGE-AND-CURRENT-REGULATORS [OP-AMPS] CH-9

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[VOLTAGE-AND-CURRENT-REGULATORS [OP-AMPS] CH-9