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Agama

Tembok Ratapan dan Kubah Shakhrah di Yerusalem Israel didirikan sebagai negara kaum Yahudi dan sering kali disebut sebagai negara Yahudi. Hukum negara ini memberikan para Yahudi dan orang-orang yang berketurunan Yahudi hak untuk mendapatkan kewarganegaraan Israel.[220] Lebih dari tiga per empat, atau 75,5% populasi Israel adalah Yahudi yang berlatarbelakang berbeda-beda. Sekitar 68% Yahudi Israel dilahirkan di Israel, 22%-nya merupakan imigran dari Eropa dan Amerika, dan 10%nya merupakan imigran dari Asia dan Afrika (termasuk pula dari Arab).[221] Afiliasi keagamaan penduduk Yahudi Israel bervariasi: 55%-nya mengaku sebagai "tradisional", sedangkan 20%-nya menganggap dirinya sendiri sebagai "Yahudi sekuler", 17% mengaku sebagai "Yahudi Ortodoks"; sisa 8%-nya mengaku sebagai "Yahudi Haredi"[222] Umat Muslim mencapai 16% total populasi Israel dan merupakan agama minoritas terbesar di Israel. Sekitar 2% populasi beragama Kristen dan 1,5%-nya beragama Druze.[223] Populasi umat Kristen ini termasuk pula Arab Kristen dan Yahudi Mesiah.[224] Terdapat pula sebagian kecil kelompok agama seperti agama Buddha dan Hindu.[225] Kota Yerusalem merupakan kota yang penting bagi umat Yahudi, Muslim, dan Kristen. Yerusalem merupakan tempat beradanya Tembok Ratapan dan Bait Allah, Masjid Al-Aqsa, dan Gereja Makam Kudus. Situs-situs keagamaan yang penting lainnya berlokasi di Tepi Barat, meliputi Makam Yusuf di Shechem, Gereja Kelahiran dan Kuburan Rahel di Betlehem, dan Gua Machpelah di Hebron.

Budaya

Pekan Buku Ibrani di Yerusalem

Budaya Israel memiliki budaya yang beranekaragam oleh karena para Yahudi imigran dari seluruh dunia membawa tradisi dan budayanya masing-masing.[226] Hari raya nasional ditentukan berdasarkan kalender Yahudi dan hari Sabtu (Sabat) ditentukan sebagai hari libur.[227] Budaya Israel juga dipengaruhi oleh budaya Arab yang terlihat pada arsitekturarsitektur bangunan,[228] musik,[229] dan kuliner Israel.[230]

Orkestra Filharmonik Israel Literatur Israel, utamanya puisi dan prosa, ditulis dalam bahasa Ibrani dan merupakan bagian dari renaisans bahasa Ibrani sebagai bahasa lisan sejak pertengahan abad ke-19. Walau demikian, terdapat pula literatur-literatur yang dipublikasikan dalam bahasa lainnya, seperti Inggris. Menurut hukum Israel, dua kopi materi cetak yang dipublikasikan di Israel haruslah disimpan ke dalam Perpusatakaan Universitas dan Nasional Yahudi di Universitas Ibrani Yerusalem. Pada tahun 2001, hukum ini diamandemen dengan menambah pula rekaman audio dan video beserta media non-cetak lainnya.[231] Pada tahun 2006, 85% dari 8.000 buku yang ditransfer ke perpusatakaan adalah berbahasa Ibrani.[232] Pekan Buku Ibrani ( ) diadakan tiap bulan Juni dan acara ini meliputi pameran buku, bacaan publik, dan temu muka para pengarang Israel dari seluruh negeri.

Heikhal HaSefer (Kuil Buku) merupakan tempat disimpannya Naskah Laut Mati di Yerusalem Museum Israel di Yerusalem merupakan salah satu institusi kebudayaan yang terpenting di Israel[233]. Di museum ini, tersimpan Naskah Laut Mati,[234] bersamaan dengan koleksi ekstensif mengenai Yudaisme dan seni budaya Barat.[233] Museum Holocaust nasional Israel, Yad Vashem, menyimpan sejumlah arsip-arsip informasi mengenai Holocaust yang terbanyak di dunia.[235] Beth Hatefutsoth (Museum Diaspora) yang berada di kampus Universitas Tel Aviv adalah sebuah museum interaktif yang berisi koleksi sejarah komunitas Yahudi di seluruh dunia.[236]

Lihat pula

Daftar Tokoh Israel Palestina Tembok Pemisah Israel Yahudi Zionisme Daftar negara-negara di dunia

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. Institute of Higher Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University. 2006. Diakses 2007-07-02. 195. ^ "Academic Ranking of World Universities - 2009"

. Institute of Higher Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University. 2009. Diakses 2009-11-14. 196. ^ "Top Ten Reasons to Invest in Israel"

. Israeli Consulate, New York City. Diarsipkan dari aslinya

tanggal 2007-07-16. Diakses 2007-08-01. 197. ^ "Israel: IT Workforce"

. Information Technology Landscape in Nations Around the World. American University. Diakses 2007-08-14. 198. ^ "Stem cell density highest in Israel". The Scientist. 2009-03-21. Text "http://www.the-scientist.com/news/print/23240/

" ignored (help); 199. ^ Israel Pushes Solar Energy Technology

, Linda Gradstein, National Public Radio, 2007-10-22. 200. ^ At the Zenith of Solar Energy

, Neal Sandler,BusinessWeek, 2008-03-26. 201. ^ Looking to the sun

, Tom Parry, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 2007-08-15. 202. ^ Del Chiaro, Bernadette; Telleen-Lawton, Timothy. "Solar Water Heating (How California Can Reduce Its Dependence on Natural Gas)"

(PDF). Environment California Research and Policy Center. Diakses 2007-09-29. 203. ^ Gershon Grossman; Debby Kaufman (2007). "Solar energy for the production of heat Summary and recommendations of the 4th assembly of the energy forum at SNI"

. The Samuel Neaman Institute for Advanced Research in Science and Technology. Diakses 2010-02-12. 204. ^ Solar, what else?!

205.

^ "Selected Data from the New Israel Statistical Abstract No. 60 - 2009"

. Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 2009-09-16. Diakses 2009-10-26. 206. ^ Ada Aharoni "The Forced Migration of Jews from Arab Countries

, Historical Society of Jews from Egypt website. Diakses pada 2009-02-01. 207. ^ Johnathan Marcus (2005-05-02). "Israeli Arabs: 'Unequal citizens'"

. BBC News. Diakses 2007-12-06. 208. ^ Israel's Welcome for Ethiopian Jews Wears Thin

. USA Today 2008-08-16. 209. ^ Israel may admit 3,000 Ethiopia migrants if Jews

. Reuters. 2009-07-16. 210. ^ Friedberg, Rachel M. (November 2001). "The Impact of Mass Migration on the Israeli Labor Market"

. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 116: 1373. doi:10.1162/003355301753265606

. 211. ^ Study: Soviet immigrants outperform Israeli students

. Haaretz. 10/02/2008. 212. ^ Q&A Lily Galili on 'The Russians in Israel'

. Haaretz 213. ^ Israel: Crackdown on illegal migrants and visa violators

. Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN). 2009-07-14. 214. ^ Adriana Kemp, "Labour migration and racialisation: labour market mechanisms and labour migration control policies in Israel", Social Identities 10:2, 267292, 2004 215. ^ Israel Struggles With African Refugee Dilemma

. ABC News. 2009-08-12 216. ^ "Settlements in the West Bank"

. Settlement Information. Foundation for Middle East Peace. Diarsipkan dari aslinya

tanggal 2008-02-24. Diakses 2007-12-12. 217. ^ "Settlements in the Golan Heights"

. Settlement Information. Foundation for Middle East Peace. Diakses 2007-12-12. 218. ^ "Settlements in East Jerusalem"

. Settlement Information. Foundation for Middle East Peace. Diarsipkan dari aslinya

tanggal 2008-04-20. Diakses 2007-12-12. 219. ^ "Settlements in the Gaza Strip"

. Settlement Information. Foundation for Middle East Peace. Diakses 2007-12-12.

220.

^ "The Law of Return"

. Knesset. Diakses 2007-08-14. 221. ^ Central Bureau of Statistics, Government of Israel. "Jews and others, by origin, continent of birth and period of immigration"

(PDF). Diakses 2006-04-08. 222. ^ Elazar, Daniel J. "Religion in Israel: A Consensus for Jewish Tradition"

. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Diakses 2007-09-06. 223. ^ Central Bureau of Statistics, Government of Israel. "Population, by religion and population group"

(PDF). Diakses 2007-08-06. 224. ^ Bassok, Moti (2006-12-25). "Israel's Christian population numbers 148, 000 as of Christmas Eve"

. Haaretz. Diakses 2008-07-29. 225. ^ "National Population Estimates"

(PDF). Central Bureau of Statistics. hlm. 27. Diakses 2007-08-06. 226. ^ "Immigration and Social and Cultural Diversity Among the Jewish Population"

. International Youth Foundation. Diakses 2007-09-06. 227. ^ "Jewish Festivals and Days of Remembrance in Israel"

. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Diakses 2007-09-16. 228. ^ Ran, Ami (1998-08-25). "Encounters: The Vernacular Paradox of Israeli Architecture"

. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Diakses 2007-09-06. 229. ^ Brinn, David (2005-10-23). "Israeli, Palestinian and Jordanian DJs create bridge for peace"

. Israel21c. Diakses 2007-09-16. 230. ^ "The International Israeli Table"

. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Diakses 2009-06-26. 231. ^ "Depositing Books to The Jewish National & University Library"

. Jewish National and University Library. Diakses 2007-08-21. 232. ^ "Israeli Book Statistics for 2006"

. Jewish National and University Library. Diakses 2007-08-12. 233. ^ a b "About the Museum"

. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. Diakses 2007-08-13. 234. ^ "Shrine of the Book"

. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. Diakses 2007-08-13. 235. ^ "About Yad Vashem: The Yad Vashem Library"

. Yad Vashem. Diakses 2007-08-13. 236. ^ "Museum Information"

. Beth Hatefutsoth. Diakses 2007-08-13.

Bibliografi

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Jacobs, Daniel (1988), Israel and the Palestinian Territories: The Rough Guide (ed. 2nd revised), Rough Guides, ISBN 1858282489 Kellerman, Aharon (1993), Society and Settlement: Jewish Land of Israel in the Twentieth Century, State University of New York Press, ISBN 0791412954 Kornberg, Jacques (1993), Theodor Herzl: From Assimilation to Zionism, Indiana University Press, ISBN 0253332036 Liebreich, Fritz (2005), Britain's Naval and Political Reaction to the Illegal Immigration of Jews to Palestine, 19451948, Routledge, ISBN 0714656372 Lustick, Ian (1988), For the Land and the Lord: Jewish Fundamentalism in Israel, Council on Foreign Relations Press, ISBN 0876090366 Mazie, Steven (2006), Israel's Higher Law: Religion and Liberal Democracy in the Jewish State, Lexington Books, ISBN 0739114859 Morl, Gktu (2006), Handbook of Decision Making, CRC Press, ISBN 1574445480 Mowlana, Hamid; Gerbner, George; Schiller, Herbert I. (1992), Triumph of the File: The Media's War in the Persian Gulf A Global Perspective, Westview Press, ISBN 0813316103 Roberts, Adam (1990). "Prolonged Military Occupation: The Israeli-Occupied Territories Since 1967". The American Journal of International Law (American Society of International Law) 84 (1): 44103. doi:10.2307/2203016

Romano, Amy (2003), A Historical Atlas of Israel, The Rosen Publishing Group, ISBN 0823939782 Reveron, Derek S.; Murer, Jeffrey Stevenson (2006), Flashpoints in the War on Terrorism, Routledge, ISBN 0415954908 Rosenzweig, Rafael (1997), The Economic Consequences of Zionism, T Brill Academic Publishers, ISBN 9004091475 Rummel, Rudolph J. (1997), Power Kills: Democracy As a Method of Nonviolence, Transaction Publishers, ISBN 0765805235 Sampter, Jessie (2007) [1933], "Jewish Colonization Before 1917"

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Scharfstein, Sol (1996), Understanding Jewish History, KTAV Publishing House, ISBN 0881255459

Shindler, Colin (2002), The Land Beyond Promise: Israel, Likud and the Zionist Dream, I.B.Tauris Publishers, ISBN 186064774X Skolnik, Fred (2007), Encyclopedia Judaica 9 (ed. 2nd), Macmillian, ISBN 0028659287 Smith, Derek (2006), Deterring America: Rogue States and the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521864658 Stein, Leslie (2003), The Hope Fulfilled: The Rise of Modern Israel, Greenwood Press, ISBN 0275971414 Stendel, Ori (1997), The Arabs in Israel, Sussex Academic Press, ISBN 1898723230 Stone, Russell A.; Zenner, Walter P. (1994), Critical Essays on Israeli Social Issues and Scholarship, SUNY Press, ISBN 0791419592 Torstrick, Rebecca L. (2004), Culture and Customs of Israel, Greenwood Press, ISBN 0313320918 Wenham, Gordon J. (1994), Word Biblical Commentary, 2 (Genesis 1650), Dallas, Texas: Word Books, ISBN 0849902010

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