Points 1. Divergence At a point Outflow over a surface a. Closed surface Volume b. Vector Scalar c. , , Gauss law d.

d. Observe D is in C/m2 , is in C/m3 , is in C/(Volt m) e. , , , B is Solenoidal, B, H do not diverge in static fields 2. Curl At a pointCirculation over a length a. Closed line Surface b. Vector Vector c. , , Amperes Law which says circulation of a magnetic field around a closed path is equal to current crossing the surface. d. Observe H is in A/m, J is in A/m2, B is in weber/m2, is in weber/m, is in weber. e. , E is Irrotational, E, D do not loop in static fields 3. Force by Charge a. when stationary, Results in linear motion ( ) when moving, Results in circular motion b. ) c. = ( 4. Energy per unit volume. (a volume contains charges) a. For electric field, b. For magnetic field, (electric energy), stationary charge (magnetic energy), moving charge

c. Charge will have electric energy and magnetic energy 5. Electric and Magnetic Fields, Summary a. Direction (when fields measured at the considered point) i. E/D in radial outward direction from cause ii. B/H in direction of cross product of current and radial direction from cause b. Intensity and Density i. D, Density, measures strength of cause and independent of whereas E, intensity measures strength-force relation and is dependent on , ii. H, Intensity, measures strength of cause and independent of whereas B, density measures strength-force relation and is dependent on , c. E and H for configurations i. E/D due to an infinite line of charge 1. 2. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

ii. H/B due to an infinite length of current element 1. 2. 1.

( )

iii. H/B due to an finite length of current element ( )

2.

( )

iv. E/D due to an infinite sheet of charge density ( C/m2) 1. The strength is same everywhere, so we get uniform field. The flux density is same on both the sides of the sheet. So D at one side is D = E at one side is E = v. B/H due to infinite sheet of current. 1. The field lines are parallel to sheet and normal to current and uniform a. H = , where is the current density of the sheet. b. B = 6. Potential a. E i. E = ii. iii. iv. v. vi. Potential due to a point charge at a point distant r from the charge, vii. Equipotential surfaces are r = constant surfaces like sphere. viii. Potential due to a line charge, ix. Potential difference due to line charge, Use the formula for V above to find the potential for various charge configurations. = Edlcos . So x. and direction of E i.e. electric field intensity is in the direction of maximum decrease gradient of voltage, i.e. , the gradient signifies the maximum rate of change of the scalar quantity V here. b. H i. , defined in current free region i.e. J=0. ii. , only when J = 0. iii. We know that , So B should be equal to for some A which we call vector magnetic potential. A has the units Wb/m. iv. A is Similar to V in case of Electric field i.e. = As V = , v. Similar to V, we have due to point current element = 7. Laplacian and poisson a. E , work done to move the charge to that point. V is measured at a point. ,

i. ii. b. H i. ii.

; Poisson ; Laplacian i.e. if the region is charge-free ; poisson Laplacian, i.e. if the region is current-source-free.

8. Boundary Conditions a. E, Dielectric-Dielectric Interface i. Et1 = Et2 ii. Dn1 = Dn2 iii. When there is no Surface Charge iv. Accordingly D and E components are evaluated. The Tangential components of E are always continuous. 9. Capacitor-Holds E field in a region C= L= = = 10. Inductor-Holds H field in a region 11. Continuity Equation and Ohms law a. ; The outflow of the current per unit volume is the time rate of charge in b. , after considering just one dimension of the continuity equation. c. ; E is the reason for the electrons to drift and is like its ability to drift. d. Ohms Law: , where , where is in m2/Vs, is in mho/m. i. In case of good conductor, = , so E is 0, i.e. E inside a good conductor is 0 (no storage, only flow) ii. In case of good dielectric, = 0, so J inside a good dielectric is 0 (no flow, only storage) 12. In electrostatic field we had . But in case of a time-varying field we have from lenzs law which is equivalent to ( ) . This is faradays law which modifies the maxwells equation has 13. Amperes law said , but to account for ac current in case of a capacitor for example, Maxwell modified the equation as , which is equivalent to which is same as Note that a. changing magnetic flux with time is a form of voltage b. changing electric flux is a type of current called as displacement current c. moving electron current is called conduction current volume.

14. A time varying magnetic field produces an orthogonal space varying electric field and a time varying electric field produces an orthogonal space varying magnetic field. 15. Voltage E field Time varying Time varying

H field

Current

16. Like sinusoid and exponential function the derivatives are the same function itself with possibly phase changes, so these area called harmonic functions. When we consider propagation of waves in materials, the parameters like are to be considered. The basic harmonic equations that these E and H field satisfy are i. ii. The solutions to the above 2 equations are satisfied the by the 2 source equations which are i. ii. ( ) ( ) for , we get ) ( ) ( ) E and H are time harmonic and space harmonic functions

After substituting i. ii. (

After substituting these two in each other, we have i. ii. ( ( ) )

These equations are called Helmholtz equations. The advancement of EM wave is like threading a screw i.e. time varying source will result in a space varying EM advance. Now i. ii. ( ), this is space harmonic. After obtaining E and where H from these equations, multiply by , the time harmonic function, , where is attenuation constant which decides decay and is is phase constant which decides phase per meter and is expressed

Here can be viewed has expressed in Neper/m, and in rad/m. .

Format of EM wave i. ( )
( )

ii.

17. Intrinsic wave impedance ( ) So, finally, ( ) and is in ohms or ( )

( )

. Similar equations go for H.

18. Uniform plane Wave propagation in different cases i. Free space: 1. 2. 3. Therefore, , , , which is real quantity, so =

there is only resistive component and no reactive component. 4. Velocity of phase velocity of EM wave is We can write

. = 3 108m/s.

ii. Ideal lossless dielectrics 1. 2. 3. ; ideal dielectrics are non magnetic. Therefore, =

and

Finally E If

Propagation.

is complex, we have If E = ( ) then H = |

|

Also, ( ( )= ( ) ), ( ( ) )

As it can be seen, the factor

decides the

and .

When is very large i.e. in case of a very good conductor, EM waves cannot propagate as attenuation factor becomes very large. So for conductor the factor should be very large. The factor is called loss tangent or dissipation factor. Also note that

| | iii. Wave propagation in good conductors , , =

(<

denotes angle) is called the skin depth which is the distance travelled by the wave before the amplitude decays to times the initial value.

19. Gotta make notes for power. 20. Wave polarization: It is the relative orientation of the E fields planar components with respect to each other. Used to study the trace of E field on the propagation constant plane (z-constant) for various advancing time 21. Different kinds of polarizations a. Linear polarization ( ) ( ) i. ( ) ( ) , Planar components are in phase and have equal or unequal

amplitudes b. Circular polarization i. ( )

( ) ( ) , planar components are equal and are out of phase by

c. Elliptical polarization ( ) ( ) i. ( ) When planar components are unequal and are out of phase by . d. Elliptical polarization ( ) ( ) i. ( ) When planar components are unequal and are out of phase by random angle. 22. Reflection and refraction of Uniform plane wave a. Normal incidence on an interface separating two different regions i. ii. , iii. iv. v.

( ) ( )( )

In the reflected wave, either E or H is negated. Fraction of power reflected back is ,. Fraction of power transmitted 23. Snells Law a. 24. Horizontal polarizationE parallel to interfaceparallel polarization Vertical PolarizationE perpendicular to interfaceperpendicular polarization.