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Module6: Bodies of Revolution

Lecture 33: Slender Body Theory (Contd.)

NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering

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The axial flow satisfies
2 2a 1 a 2 a + =0 r 2 r r x2

Hence, it also satisfies the equation obtained by differentiating wrt r .

It will also be true if

2 a r 2 r

1 a + r r r

2 1 a 2 a 2 x 2 r r r

=0

a a is replaced by cos r r

2 a 1 a cos a 2 2 + cos cos cos a = 0 2 2 2 r r r r r r x r r

or
2 a 1 a 1 2 a 2 2 + + cos cos cos cos a = 0 2 2 2 2 r r r r r r r x r

cos
or

a r

is a solution of the cross flow problem.

c ( x, r , ) = cos

a a = r z

a 1 x r = r r 0
Can also be written as (integration by parts)

f ( ) d

(x )

2r 2

x r f ( ) d a = 2r 3 0 r ( x ) 2 2 r 2 2

1 + r

f ( )( x ) 2 2 2 ( x ) r 0

x r

For a pointed body the last term at the lower limit gives zero, but be comes infinite at the upper limit. Hence, only the finite part of the first integral should be considered.

NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering

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The result can formally be written as

a = 2r r

x r

f ( ) d ( x ) 2 2 r 2
3 2

The notation denotes the finite part of the integral. The undetermined functions f ( ), forms, which can be written as either

f ( ) are to be

determined by the cross flow boundary conditions. The cross flow solution is represented by these two

c ( x, r , ) =

cos r

x r

f ( )( x )

(x )

2 2

or

c ( x, r , ) = 2 r

x r

f ( ) d ( x ) 2 2 r 2
3 2

Boundary conditions Radial velocity in any cross section is

U c cos +
and the axial velocity is Using the boundary condition

Ua +

dR = + dx U u a body
dR + U c cos = Ua + x r body dx body

NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering

or

dR a c Ua + a + c = r + r + U c cos x x body body dx


dR U a = + a x body r body dx dR c c + = cos U c r dx body x body

for axial flow

and

for cross flow

For slender body the rhs of the exact cross flow be is lower order and may be neglected

c + U c cos 0 r body
Drag on slender bodies of arbitrary profile in axially symmetric flow
x r

( x, r ) =

f ( ) d

(x )

2r 2
x

For slender bodies, the integral need to be evaluated for small values of r To avoid the singularity

x r

f ( ) d

x r

(x )

2r 2

x r

f ( ) d

(x )

2r 2

= ( I 1 + I 2 )
Since, the first integrand is not singular; it can be expanded in power series of 2 r 2

f ( )

(x )
Integrating term by term for 0

2r 2

f ( ) 1 f ( ) 2 2 r + ... + x 2 ( x )3

NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering

I1 = f (0)log x f ( x )log +

f ( )log(x )d + f (x )log
0

For the second integral


( r + ) cosh 1 r

I2 =

f ( x r cosh ) d

= f ( x)
For r 0 ,

r + cosh 1 r

cosh 1

d r

r + r

f ( x ) cosh d + H .O.T . in r

I 2 = f ( x ) log
Considering pointed bodies and arbitrary small,

2 + f ( x ) log f ( x ) + ... r

= I1 I 2 = f ( x ) log
Apply bc: On the body surface

x 2 f ( ) log ( x ) d r 0

f ( x ) = r r

or

r = f ( x)

r=R

f ( x ) = body R
f (x ) = U R dR U dA = dx 2 dx

A = R 2 is the cross-sectional area of the body at x . Hence, source strength is proportional only to the
local rate of change of area of the body. The portions of the body that are far away do not influence the local conditions. The rate at which the fluid is pushed outward locally depends entirely on the local rate of area change.

NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering

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Thus, the solution for axial flow over or slender body of revolution with closed nose and arbitrary smooth meridional section is

( x, r ) =

U 2 U A ( x ) log r 2 2

A ( ) log ( x ) d

A ( x ) R dR = 2 r r dx
= A( x )

(C )

p body

2 1 d x dR ( ) ( ) A x d log log + R dx 0 dx

dR

M ,

R
pB

R+

dR dx dx

dx
L

Projected area dA (x) = 2R dR

p at an arbitrary section x is uniform over the cross-section. The pressure acts on the projected
area 2RdR . Thus the drag is

D = pdA p B AB = ( p p )dA + ( p p B )AB


L L 0 0

NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering

CD =

D 1 U 2 AB 2

1 AB

Cp

dA dx + C pB =C D11 C p1 + C pB dx

Viscous wake flow is required to find C p B

AB C D1 = C p A( x )dx =
L 0

L dR 2 A( x )A( x )log A( x )dx R(x ) 0 dx

A( x )

d x A( )log( x )d dx = I1 I 2 + I 3 dx 0

I1 =

1 2

log

R
2
L

2 d [A( x )]

L R 1 dR 2 ( ) A A log = + dx 2 2 0 0 dx 2

L x 1 1 L 2 x I3 = A( x ) A( )log( x )d A( x ) A( )log( x )d dx 0 0 0 0

A(L ) A( )log(L )d
L 0

A( )A( )log( x )d dx 1
L x 0 0

AB C D1 = 1
L x

[A(L )]2 log


2

2 A(L ) L + A( )log(L )d R(L ) 0

A(x )A( )log(x )d dx


0 0

First two terms become zero, if A(L ) = 0

A = 2 R R A(L ) = 0
base

if R (L ) = 0, , the body is closed at the

NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering

or

R (L ) = 0, , body slope at the base is zero.

In such a case

AB C D1 =

A( )A(x )log(x )d dx 1
L x 0 0

Integration over the triangular area bounded by

= 0, = x, x = L
Making the integrand symmetric,

AB C D1 =

1 2

A( )A( )log x d dx
L x 0 0

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NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering

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