2
The axial flow satisfies
2 2a 1 a 2 a + =0 r 2 r r x2
2 a r 2 r
1 a + r r r
2 1 a 2 a 2 x 2 r r r
=0
a a is replaced by cos r r
or
2 a 1 a 1 2 a 2 2 + + cos cos cos cos a = 0 2 2 2 2 r r r r r r r x r
cos
or
a r
c ( x, r , ) = cos
a a = r z
a 1 x r = r r 0
Can also be written as (integration by parts)
f ( ) d
(x )
2r 2
x r f ( ) d a = 2r 3 0 r ( x ) 2 2 r 2 2
1 + r
f ( )( x ) 2 2 2 ( x ) r 0
x r
For a pointed body the last term at the lower limit gives zero, but be comes infinite at the upper limit. Hence, only the finite part of the first integral should be considered.
3
The result can formally be written as
a = 2r r
x r
f ( ) d ( x ) 2 2 r 2
3 2
The notation denotes the finite part of the integral. The undetermined functions f ( ), forms, which can be written as either
f ( ) are to be
determined by the cross flow boundary conditions. The cross flow solution is represented by these two
c ( x, r , ) =
cos r
x r
f ( )( x )
(x )
2 2
or
c ( x, r , ) = 2 r
x r
f ( ) d ( x ) 2 2 r 2
3 2
U c cos +
and the axial velocity is Using the boundary condition
Ua +
dR = + dx U u a body
dR + U c cos = Ua + x r body dx body
or
and
For slender body the rhs of the exact cross flow be is lower order and may be neglected
c + U c cos 0 r body
Drag on slender bodies of arbitrary profile in axially symmetric flow
x r
( x, r ) =
f ( ) d
(x )
2r 2
x
For slender bodies, the integral need to be evaluated for small values of r To avoid the singularity
x r
f ( ) d
x r
(x )
2r 2
x r
f ( ) d
(x )
2r 2
= ( I 1 + I 2 )
Since, the first integrand is not singular; it can be expanded in power series of 2 r 2
f ( )
(x )
Integrating term by term for 0
2r 2
f ( ) 1 f ( ) 2 2 r + ... + x 2 ( x )3
I1 = f (0)log x f ( x )log +
f ( )log(x )d + f (x )log
0
I2 =
f ( x r cosh ) d
= f ( x)
For r 0 ,
r + cosh 1 r
cosh 1
d r
r + r
f ( x ) cosh d + H .O.T . in r
I 2 = f ( x ) log
Considering pointed bodies and arbitrary small,
2 + f ( x ) log f ( x ) + ... r
= I1 I 2 = f ( x ) log
Apply bc: On the body surface
x 2 f ( ) log ( x ) d r 0
f ( x ) = r r
or
r = f ( x)
r=R
f ( x ) = body R
f (x ) = U R dR U dA = dx 2 dx
A = R 2 is the cross-sectional area of the body at x . Hence, source strength is proportional only to the
local rate of change of area of the body. The portions of the body that are far away do not influence the local conditions. The rate at which the fluid is pushed outward locally depends entirely on the local rate of area change.
6
Thus, the solution for axial flow over or slender body of revolution with closed nose and arbitrary smooth meridional section is
( x, r ) =
U 2 U A ( x ) log r 2 2
A ( ) log ( x ) d
A ( x ) R dR = 2 r r dx
= A( x )
(C )
p body
2 1 d x dR ( ) ( ) A x d log log + R dx 0 dx
dR
M ,
R
pB
R+
dR dx dx
dx
L
p at an arbitrary section x is uniform over the cross-section. The pressure acts on the projected
area 2RdR . Thus the drag is
CD =
D 1 U 2 AB 2
1 AB
Cp
dA dx + C pB =C D11 C p1 + C pB dx
AB C D1 = C p A( x )dx =
L 0
A( x )
d x A( )log( x )d dx = I1 I 2 + I 3 dx 0
I1 =
1 2
log
R
2
L
2 d [A( x )]
L R 1 dR 2 ( ) A A log = + dx 2 2 0 0 dx 2
L x 1 1 L 2 x I3 = A( x ) A( )log( x )d A( x ) A( )log( x )d dx 0 0 0 0
A(L ) A( )log(L )d
L 0
A( )A( )log( x )d dx 1
L x 0 0
AB C D1 = 1
L x
A = 2 R R A(L ) = 0
base
or
In such a case
AB C D1 =
A( )A(x )log(x )d dx 1
L x 0 0
= 0, = x, x = L
Making the integrand symmetric,
AB C D1 =
1 2
A( )A( )log x d dx
L x 0 0
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