CHAPTER 1: RATE OF REACTION FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF REACTION

TYPES OF FACTOR SIZE OF REACTANT / TOTAL SURFACE AREA

EXAMPLES OF REACTION A reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 ACTIVITY Set 1 Set 2

EFFECT OF FACTOR ON THE RATE OF REACTION 1. When the size of reactant become smaller, the total surface area becomes larger 2. Thus, the rate of reaction higher

Excess calcium carbonate powder + 50 cm3 of 0.2M hydrochloric acid Excess calcium carbonate granulated + 50 cm3 of 0.2M hydrochloric acid Volume of CO2 gas (cm3)

Set 1 Set 2

Time (s) The gradient of the curve Set 1 is steeper than curve Set 2. The rate of reaction in Set 1 is higher than rate of reaction in Set 2. Because: The total surface area of calcium carbonate powder is larger than calcium carbonate granulated. The quantities of calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid used, in mole in both Set 1 and Set 2 are same. Thus, the maximum volume of carbon dioxide gas collected in both Set 1 and Set 2 also the same.

CHAPTER 1: RATE OF REACTION FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF REACTION

TYPES OF FACTOR CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTION (REACTANT)

EXAMPLES OF REACTION

A reaction between sodium thiosulphate, Na2S2O3 solution and sulphuric acid, H2SO4 Na2S2O3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + SO2 + H2O + S Ionic equation: S2O32- + 2H+ SO2 + H2O + S OBSERVATION: When the concentration of Na2S2O3 solution increases, the time taken for the X mark disappears from view become shorter. (yellow sulphur precipitate is formed) Concentration of Na2S2O3 (mol dm-3) Concentration of Na2S2O3 (mol dm-3)

EFFECT OF FACTOR ON THE RATE OF REACTION 1. When concentration of Na2S2O3 solution increases, the number of S2O22- ion per unit volume increase. 2. Thus, rate of reaction higher.

Time (s) The higher the concentration, the shorter the time taken for X mark disappears from view. Thus, the rate of reaction is higher.

1/t (s-1) Concentration of Na2S2O3 is directly proportional to rate of reaction. The higher the concentration, the rate of reaction is higher.

CHAPTER 1: RATE OF REACTION FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF REACTION

ACTIVITY Set 1 Set 2 Excess zinc powder + 20 cm3 of 0.4M sulphuric acid Excess zinc powder + 40 cm3 of 0.2M sulphuric acid Volume of H2 gas (cm3)

Set 1 Set 2

Time (s) The gradient of the curve Set 1 is steeper than curve Set 2. The rate of reaction in Set 1 is higher than rate of reaction in Set 2. Because: The concentration of sulphuric acid in Set I is higer than Set 2. The quantities of zinc powder and sulphuric acid used, in mole in both Set 1 and Set 2 are same. Thus, the maximum volume of hydrogen gas collected in both Set 1 and Set 2 also the same.

CHAPTER 1: RATE OF REACTION FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF REACTION

TYPES OF FACTOR TEMPERATURE

EXAMPLES OF REACTION

A reaction between sodium thiosulphate, Na2S2O3 solution and sulphuric acid, H2SO4 Na2S2O3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + SO2 + H2O + S Ionic equation: S2O32- + 2H+ SO2 + H2O + S OBSERVATION: When the temperature of Na2S2O3 solution increases, the time taken for the X mark disappears from view become shorter. (yellow sulphur precipitate is formed) Temperature (C) Temperature (C)

EFFECT OF FACTOR ON THE RATE OF REACTION 1. When temperature of a solution increase, the kinetic energy of S2O32- ions increases. 2. S2O32- ions move faster and have more energy. 3. Thus, the rate of reaction higher.

Time (s) The higher the temperature, the shorter the time taken for X mark disappears from view. Thus, the rate of reaction is higher.

1/t (s-1) Temperature of Na2S2O3 is directly proportional to rate of reaction. The higher the temperature, the rate of reaction is higher.

CHAPTER 1: RATE OF REACTION FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF REACTION

ACTIVITY Set 1 Set 2 1 g of CaCO3 chips + 50 cm3 of 0.5M HCl at 60.0 C 1 g of CaCO3 chips + 50 cm3 of 0.5M HCl at 30.0 C Volume of CO2 gas (cm3)

Set 1 Set 2

Time (s) The gradient of the curve Set 1 is steeper than curve Set 2. The rate of reaction in Set 1 is higher than rate of reaction in Set 2. Because: The temperature of HCl in Set I is higer than Set 2. The quantities of CaCO3 and HCl used, in mole in both Set 1 and Set 2 are same. Thus, the maximum volume of CO2 gas collected in both Set 1 and Set 2 also the same.

CHAPTER 1: RATE OF REACTION FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF REACTION

TYPES OF FACTOR CATALYST

EXAMPLES OF REACTION

a. Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide In the presence of a catalyst (manganese (IV) oxide, MnO4) 2H2O2 2H2O + O2 b. Reaction between zinc and sulphuric acid Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2 NOTE: A catalyst A substance which can alter the rate of reaction while its remains chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction. Classified into 2 types: Positive catalyst a catalyst that increase the rate of reaction Negative catalyst (inhibitors) a catalyst that lower the rate of reaction A catalyst does not change the quantity of the products formed. The characteristic of a catalyst: It remains chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction. It does not change the quantities of products formed. The amount of catalyst remains unchanged before and after the reaction. Most catalyst is transition element. Only a small amount of catalyst used will increase the rate of reaction. ACTIVITY 1 Set 1 Set 2 2 g of granulated Zn + 25 cm3 of 0.1M HCl + CuSO4 solution 2 g of granulated Zn + 25 cm3 of 0.1M HCl Volume of H2 gas (cm3)

EFFECT OF FACTOR ON THE RATE OF REACTION The rate of reaction higher when: 1. There is presence of catalyst in the reaction

Set 1 Set 2

Time (s) The gradient of the curve Set 1 is steeper than curve Set 2. The rate of reaction in Set 1 is higher than rate of reaction in Set 2. Because: The Set 1 is using the catalyst and Set 2 is without catalyst. The quantities of Zn and HCl used, in mole in both Set 1 and Set 2 are same. Thus, the maximum volume of H2 gas collected in both Set 1 and Set 2 also the same.

CHAPTER 1: RATE OF REACTION FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF REACTION

ACTIVITY 2 Set 1 Set 2 50 cm3 of 20-volume H2O2 + 0.2 g of manganese(IV) oxide, MnO4 50 cm3 of 20-volume H2O2 + 0.8 g of manganese(IV) oxide, MnO4 Volume of O2 gas (cm3)

Set 2 Set 1

Time (s) The gradient of the curve Set 2 is steeper than curve Set 1. The rate of reaction in Set 2 is higher than rate of reaction in Set 1. Because: The Set 2 is using more amount of catalyst than Set 1. The quantities of H2O2 used, in mole in both Set 1 and Set 2 are same. Thus, the maximum volume of O2 gas collected in both Set 1 and Set 2 also the same. EFFECT OF FACTOR ON THE RATE OF REACTION 1. When the pressure of the gas increase, H2O2 particle per unit volume increase. 2. The reaction occurs faster. 3. Thus, the rate of reaction higher

TYPES OF FACTOR PRESSURE Only reactions that involve gaseous reactants

EXAMPLES OF REACTION Reaction of hydrogen peroxide 2H2O2 2H2O + O2

ACTIVITY Volume of O2 gas (cm3)

Set 1 Set 2

Time (s) The gradient of the curve Set 1 is steeper than curve Set 2. The rate of reaction in Set 1 is higher than rate of reaction in Set 2. Because: The pressure in Set 1 is higher than in Set 2.

CHAPTER 1: RATE OF REACTION FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF REACTION

APPLICATION OF THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF REACTION IN DAILY LIFE AND IN INDUSTRIAL PROCESS 1. APPLIED IN DAILY LIFE
a. Burning of charcoal Why food can be cooked faster when smaller pieces of charcoal are used compared to bigger pieces of charcoal? ANSWER: Smaller pieces of charcoal have bigger total exposed surface area. It can burn faster to produce more heat. Thus, the food is cooked faster. b. Storing food in a refrigerator Why food stored in the refrigerator last longer than the food stored in the kitchen cabinet? ANSWER: The temperature inside the refrigerator is lower than kitchen cabinet. Bacteria are not active at low temperature. The growth of bacteria in food can be reduced. The rate of decomposition of food is lower. Thus, the food can be stored longer. d. Cooking solid food in different sizes Why meat cut into small pieces can be cooked faster compare with meat in big chunks? ANSWER: Meat in small pieces has larger total surface than meat in big chunks. A total surface area exposed to heat during cooking is increases. More heat can be absorbed faster. Meats in small pieces take shorter time to cook compare to big chunks.

c. Cooking food in a pressure cooker Why cooking of food in a pressure cooker save energy and time (cooked faster) compared to the normal cooker? ANSWER: In a pressure cooker, the high pressure raises the boiling point of water to a temperature above 100 C. Thus, cooking is carried out at a temperature higher than 100 C in the pressure cooker. The food can be cooked faster.

2. APPLIED IN INDUSTRIAL PROCESS

Name of process Catalyst Temperature Pressure Product

Haber process Iron powder, Fe 450 550 C 200 300 atm Ammonia gas, NH3

Contact process Vanadium(V) oxide, V2O5 450 C 1 3 atm Sulphuric acid, H2SO4

Ostwald process Platinum, Pt 850 C 2 5 atm Nitric acid, HNO3

Hydrogenation Nickel, Ni 180 C 1 atm Margarine (from palm oil)