APPENDIX TABLE

A-1

Random numbers

A-2

Binomial probabilities

A-3

Poisson probabilities

A-4a

Normal distribution

A-4b

Laplace function

A-5

Values of chi-square

A-6

Values of the Student t-distribution

A-7

Values of the F-distribution: 10%, 5%, and 1% levels.

A-8

Critical values for Duncan's multiple range test

A-9a

Critical values t (, k - 1, df) to compare control against

each of k - 1 other treatments in one-sided Dunnett's tests.

A-9b

Critical values t (, k - 1, df) to compare control against

each of k - 1 other treatments in two-sided Dunnett's tests.

A-10

Orthogonal coefficient for trend comparisons

A-11

Critical values of correlation coefficient for certain levels

(.1, .05, .01 and .001) of significance.

227

'Table A-1
8
0
9
3
8
0
2
8
7
1
6
6
0
0
7
9
2
1
8
8
1
4
6
5
7
4
2
0
2
3
4
4
2
4
8
6
1
8
8
0

6
9
4
5
4
5
7
1
7
9
1
6
4
4
3
7
0
0
9
7
5
4
4
1
4
3
4
9
8
6
4
8
1
3
1
6
1
9
9
4

6
4
5
2
7
0
9
0
2
6
8
3
7
0
5
7
6
3
2
2
2
8
2
6
1
4
4
5
4
7
5
4
6
0
4
5
0
6
7
4

Random numbers
1
9
4
0
4
7
3
8
8
8
9
6
2
7
3
7
0
6
5
3
8
9
4
7
5
4
4
6
6
3
2
9
7
4
0
5
3
4
0
4

8
2
4
6
7
8
0
0
6
1
1
9
3
6
3
0
3
2
4
8
6
3
8
5
7
2
1
3
8
1
6
1
1
0
0
9
0
7
0
4

4
7
9
7
1
0
2
2
0
2
7
2
1
9
7
9
5
6
5
5
6
9
9
6
8
3
4
5
7
9
1
1
2
5
7
5
9
6
2
0

2
6
7
5
2
5
6
7
8
6
7
0
4
6
6
2
5
7
9
3
4
2
8
8
4
3
9
2
5
8
6
6
9
5
1
3
1
5
2
5

5
9
1
1
7
6
6
2
7
8
9
8
1
1
0
2
7
8
2
4
6
5
6
8
0
9
3
1
3
5
9
2
6
9
5
9
5
7
4
3

3
3
7
3
2
7
2
8
8
3
4
9
6
0
1
0
4
5
7
4
3
5
3
7
8
8
6
0
4
1
6
7
3
0
9
6
1
1
4
3

4
3
0
0
0
6
6
9
1
9
2
0
0
2
9
3
1
6
1
6
6
4
6
6
1
3
9
4
1
8
6
7
5
5
9
1
8
7
6
0

2
4
5
2
2
8
0
7
4
3
4
1
1
3
3
8
4
6
6
0
9
5
7
0
4
0
2
5
9
6
1
7
0
6
9
4
6
4
4
7

5
8
6
8
2
5
8
4
4
5
5
9
9
0
0
4
6
6
3
7
0
9
2
0
8
9
8
8
4
0
7
3
6
4
8
0
1
0
8
4

8
5
4
9
2
3
3
6
1
5
0
4
1
9
7
7
1
7
2
0
5
6
5
7
0
6
9
7
5
0
7
0
0
9
7
5
9
4
4
6

1
5
3
9
8
9
6
9
7
2
5
6
7
0
6
3
3
2
4
6
6
7
2
5
8
5
4
4
1
5
9
1
7
1
5
6
1
5
0
1

4
9
5
3
3
9
6
4
1
8
6
1
5
4
0
3
0
5
7
6
2
8
0
7
9
0
4
0
5
5
3
7
7
3
0
0
6
6
9
3

4
8
5
3
4
1
0
9
3
7
6
1
2
0
4
2
2
5
5
3
2
0
2
8
6
7
5
6
1
3
5
1
9
2
9
1
4
1
3
7

8
6
9
5
3
4
9
0
5
0
1
7
5
1
5
0
3
7
1
4
9
9
7
9
8
2
1
8
8
2
3
1
6
0
2
1
3
7
3
6

9
6
7
9
4
0
6
5
9
9
2
8
1
2
3
9
3
0
2
2
2
8
3
8
6
8
5
4
8
4
8
5
3
3
9
8
0
5
7
8

0
2
3
8
8
6
0
6
6
9
2
7
6
2
1
5
0
8
4
8
6
2
6
2
0
0
1
0
2
9
3
0
4
3
6
8
0
5
8
3

1
9
7
8
6
4
3
4
1
1
8
3
3
7
0
4
5
4
6
5
0
7
7
4
8
6
9
7
1
6
3
0
7
6
4
5
9
2
7
9

5
4
2
7
7
5
3
4
6
1
8
5
3
4
8
8
1
3
7
1
2
8
0
6
3
5
6
6
0
6
7
8
7
4
8
0
8
8
7
7

7
6
2
1
0
5
7
5
4
7
9
3
9
6
1
0
6
3
9
4
6
7
7
8
4
7
7
5
6
0
4
4
4
0
4
7
3
4
2
6

8
7
8
4
0
7
8
3
4
2
1
8
4
9
3
5
8
4
2
8
8
2
2
2
2
2
5
0
8
1
9
4
7
6
3
9
7
5
3
5

0
2
3
5
1
5
3
7
1
2
2
9
3
9
1
1
5
0
7
9
0
7
5
4
6
4
7
5
7
2
3
2
9
5
8
3
5
7
6
6

228

'Table A-2 Binomial probabilities [P(r) for values of r]: each value in the table

represents the probability of r occurrences in n trials with single

occurrence probability equal to p.
p
n

.05

.10

.15

.20

.25

.30

.35

.40

.45

.50

1
1

0
1

.950
.050

.900
.100

.850
.150

.800
.200

.750
.250

.700
.300

.650
.350

.600
.400

.550
.450

.500
.500

2
2
2

0
1
2

.903
.095
.003

.810
.180
.010

.723
.255
.023

.640
.320
.040

.563
.375
.063

.490
.420
.090

.423
.455
.123

.360
.480
.160

.303
.495
.203

.250
.500
.250

3
3
3
3

0
1
2
3

.857
.135
.007
.000

.729
.243
.027
.001

.614
.325
.057
.003

.512
.384
.096
.008

.422
.422
.141
.016

.343
.441
.189
.027

.275
.444
.239
.043

.216
.432
.288
.064

.166
.408
.334
.091

.125
.375
.375
.125

4
4
4
4
4

0
1
2
3
4

.815
.171
.014
.000
.000

.656
.292
.049
.004
.000

.522
.368
.098
.011
.001

.410
.410
.154
.026
.002

.316
.422
.211
.047
.004

.240
.412
.265
.076
.008

.179
.384
.311
.111
.015

.130
.346
.346
.154
.026

.092
.299
.368
.200
.041

.063
.250
.375
.250
.063

5
5
5
5
5
5

0
1
2
3
4
5

.774
.204
.021
.001
.000
.000

.590
.328
.073
.008
.000
.000

.444
.392
.138
.024
.002
.000

.328
.410
.205
.051
.006
.000

.237
.396
.264
.088
.015
.001

.168
.360
.309
.132
.028
.002

.116
.312
.336
.181
.049
.005

.078
.259
.346
.230
.077
.010

.050
.206
.337
.276
.113
.018

.031
.156
.313
.313
.156
.031

6
6
6
6
6
6
6

0
1
2
3
4
5
6

.735
.232
.031
.002
.000
.000
.000

.531
.354
.098
.015
.001
.000
.000

.377
.399
.176
.041
.005
.000
.000

.262
.393
.246
.082
.015
.002
.000

.178
.356
.297
.132
.033
.004
.000

.118
.303
.324
.185
.060
.010
.001

.075
.244
.328
.235
.095
.020
.002

.047
.187
.311
.276
.138
.037
.004

.028
.136
.278
.303
.186
.061
.008

.016
.094
.234
.313
.234
.094
.016

7
7
7

0
1
2

.698
.257
.041
.004

.478
.372
.124
.023

.321
.396
.210
.062

.210
.367
.275
.115

.133
.311
.311
.173

.082
.247
.318
.227

.049
.185
.298
.268

.028
.131
.261
.290

.015
.087
.214
.292

.008
.055
.164
.273

229

Table A-2 (continued)

p
n

.05

.10

.15

.20

.25

.30

.35

.40

.45

.50

7
7
7
7

4
5
6
7

.000
.000
.000
.000

.003
.000
.000
.000

.011
.001
.000
.000

.029
.004
.000
.000

.058
.012
.001
.000

.097
.025
.004
.000

.144
.047
.008
.001

.194
.077
.017
.002

.239
.117
.032
.004

.273
.164
.055
.008

8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

.663
.279
.051
.005
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

.430
.383
.149
.033
.005
.000
.000
.000
.000

.272
.385
.238
.084
.018
.003
.000
.000
.000

.168
.336
.294
.147
.046
.009
.001
.000
.000

.100
.267
.311
.208
.087
.023
.004
.000
.000

.058
.198
.296
.254
.136
.047
.010
.001
.000

.032
.137
.259
.279
.188
.081
.022
.003
.000

.017
.090
.209
.279
.232
.124
.041
.008
.001

.008
.055
.157
.257
.263
.172
.070
.016
.002

.004
.031
.109
.219
.273
.219
.109
.031
.004

9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

.630
.299
.063
.008
.001
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

.387
.387
.172
.045
.007
.001
.000
.000
.000
.000

.232
.368
.260
.107
.028
.005
.001
.000
.000
.000

.134
.302
.302
.176
.066
.017
.003
.000
.000
.000

.075
.225
.300
.234
.117
.039
.009
.001
.000
.000

.040
.156
.267
.267
.172
.074
.021
.004
.000
.000

.021
.100
.216
.272
.219
.118
.042
.010
.001
.000

.010
.060
.161
.251
.251
.167
.074
.021
.004
.000

.005
.034
.111
.212
.260
.213
.116
.041
.008
.001

.002
.018
.070
.164
.246
.246
.164
.070
.018
.002

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

.599
.315
.075
.010
.001
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

.349
.387
.194
.057
.011
.001
.000
.000
.000
.000

.197
.347
.276
.130
.040
.008
.001
.000
.000
.000

.107
.268
.302
.201
.088
.026
.006
.001
.000
.000

.056
.188
.282
.250
.146
.058
.016
.003
.000
.000

.028
.121
.233
.267
.200
.103
.037
.009
.001
.000

.013
.072
.176
.252
.238
.154
.069
.021
.004
.001

.006
.040
.121
.215
.251
.201
.111
.042
.011
.002

.003
.021
.076
.166
.238
.234
.160
.075
.023
.004

.001
.010
.044
.117
.205
.246
.205
.117
.044
.010

10 10 .000

.000

.000

.000

.000

.000

.000

.000

.000

.001

230

Table A-2 (continued)

p
n

.10

.15

.20

.25

.30

.35

.40

.45

.50

11 0 .569
11 1 .329
11 2 .087
11 3 .014
11 4 .001
11 5 .000
11 6 .000
11 7 .000
11 8 .000
11 9 .000
11 10 .000
11 11 .000

.314
.384
.213
.071
.016
.002
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

.167
.325
.287
.152
.054
.013
.002
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

.086
.236
.295
.221
.111
.039
.010
.002
.000
.000
.000
.000

.042
.155
.258
.258
.172
.080
.027
.006
.001
.000
.000
.000

.020
.093
.200
.257
.220
.132
.057
.017
.004
.001
.000
.000

.009
.052
.140
.225
.243
.183
.099
.038
.010
.002
.000
.000

.004
.027
.089
.177
.236
.221
.147
.070
.023
.005
.001
.000

.001
.013
.051
.126
.206
.236
.193
.113
.046
.013
.002
.000

.000
.005
.027
.081
.161
.226
.226
.161
.081
.027
.005
.000

12 0 .540
12 1 .341
12 2 .099
12 3 .017
12 4 .002
12 5 .000
12 6 .000
12 7 .000
12 8 .000
12 9 .000
12 10 .000
12 11 .000
12 12 .000

.282
.377
.230
.085
.021
.004
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

.142
.301
.292
.172
.068
.019
.004
.001
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

.069
.206
.283
.236
.133
.053
.016
.003
.001
.000
.000
.000
.000

.032
.127
.232
.258
.194
.103
.040
.011
.002
.000
.000
.000
.000

.014
.071
.168
.240
.231
.158
.079
.029
.008
.001
.000
.000
.000

.006
.037
.109
.195
.237
.204
.128
.059
.020
.005
.001
.000
.000

.002
.017
.064
.142
.213
.227
.177
.101
.042
.012
.002
.000
.000

.001
.008
.034
.092
.170
.222
.212
.149
.076
.028
.007
.001
.000

.000
.003
.016
.054
.121
.193
.226
.193
.121
.054
.016
.003
.000

13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13

.513
.351
.111
.021
.003
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

.254
.367
.245
.100
.028
.006
.001
.000
.000
.000

.121
.277
.294
.190
.084
.027
.006
.001
.000
.000

.055
.179
.268
.246
.154
.069
.023
.006
.001
.000

.024
.103
.206
.252
.210
.126
.056
.019
.005
.001

.010
.054
.139
.218
.234
.180
.103
.044
.014
.003

.004
.026
.084
.165
.222
.215
.155
.083
.034
.010

.001
.011
.045
.111
.184
.221
.197
.131
.066
.024

.000
.004
.022
.066
.135
.199
.217
.177
.109
.050

.000
.002
.010
.035
.087
.157
.209
.209
.157
.087

13 10 .000

.000

.000

.000

.000

.001

.002

.006

.016

.035

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

.05

231

Table A-2 (continued)

p
n

.05

.10

.15

.20

.25

.30

.35

.40

.45

.50

13 11 .000
13 12 .000
13 13 .000

.000
.000
.000

.000
.000
.000

.000
.000
.000

.000
.000
.000

.000
.000
.000

.000
.000
.000

.001
.000
.000

.004
.000
.000

.010
.002
.000

14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

.488
.359
.123
.026
.004
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

.229
.356
.257
.114
.035
.008
.001
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

.103
.254
.291
.206
.100
.035
.009
.002
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

.044
.154
.250
.250
.172
.086
.032
.009
.002
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

.018
.083
.180
.240
.220
.147
.073
.028
.008
.002
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

.007
.041
.113
.194
.229
.196
.126
.062
.023
.007
.001
.000
.000
.000
.000

.002
.018
.063
.137
.202
.218
.176
.108
.051
.018
.005
.001
.000
.000
.000

.001
.007
.032
.085
.155
.207
.207
.157
.092
.041
.014
.003
.001
.000
.000

.000
.003
.014
.046
.104
.170
.209
.195
.140
.076
.031
.009
.002
.000
.000

.000
.001
.006
.022
.061
.122
.183
.209
.183
.122
.061
.022
.006
.001
.000

15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

.463
.366
.135
.031
.005
.001
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

.206
.343
.267
.129
.043
.010
.002
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

.087
.231
.286
.218
.116
.045
.013
.003
.001
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

.035
.132
.231
.250
.188
.103
.043
.014
.003
.001
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000

.013
.067
.156
.225
.225
.165
.092
.039
.013
.003
.001
.000
.000
.000
.000

.005
.031
.092
.170
.219
.206
.147
.081
.035
.012
.003
.001
.000
.000
.000

.002
.013
.048
.111
.179
.212
.191
.132
.071
.030
.010
.002
.000
.000
.000

.000
.005
.022
.063
.127
.186
.207
.177
.118
.061
.024
.007
.002
.000
.000

.000
.002
.009
.032
.078
.140
.191
.201
.165
.105
.051
.019
.005
.001
.000

.000
.000
.003
.014
.042
.092
.153
.196
.196
.153
.092
.042
.014
.003
.000

15 15 .000

.000

.000

.000

.000

.000

.000

.000

.000

.000

232

'Table A-3 Poisson Probabilities. Each number in this table represents the
probability of obtaining at least [P(r x) for x = 1, 2, . . . ] for selected
mean values of . This probability is indicated as the shaded area of the
histogram.
mu

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

.095
.181
.259
.330
.393

.005
.018
.037
.062
.090

.001
.004
.008
.014 .002

0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

.451
.503
.551
.593
.632

.122
.156
.191
.228
.264

.023
.034
.047
.063
.080

.003
.006
.009 .001
.013 .002
.019 .004

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5

.667
.699
.727
.753
.777

.301
.337
.373
.408
.442

.100
.121
.143
.167
.191

.026
.034
.043
.054
.066

.005
.008
.011
.014
.019

.002
.002
.003
.004

1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0

.798
.817
.835
.850
.865

.475
.507
.537
.566
.594

.217
.243
.269
.296
.323

.079
.093
.109
.125
.143

.024
.030
.036
.044
.053

.006
.008
.010
.013
.017

.001
.002
.003
.003
.005 .001

2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0

.918
.950
.970
.982
.989
.993

.713
.801
.864
.908
.939
.960

.456
.577
.679
.762
.826
.875

.242
.353
.463
.567
.658
.735

.109
.185
.275
.371
.468
.560

.042
.084
.142
.215
.297
.384

.014
.034
.065
.111
.169
.238

5.5
6.0

.996 .973 .912 .798 .642 .471 .314 .191 .106 .054 .025 .011
.998 .983 .938 .849 .715 .554 .394 .256 .153 .084 .043 .020

.004
.012
.027
.051
.087
.133

10

.001
.004
.010
.021
.040
.068

.001
.003
.008
.017
.032

11

12

.001
.003
.007 .002
.014 .005

233

'Table A-4a.

Normal Distribution. This table contains the cumulative probabilities

exceeding the z-values under the right-hand side of a normal
distribution curve. The z-values are shown in the first column up to
one digit after the decimal point, and in the top row for the second
digit after the decimal point.

.00

.01

.02

.03

.04

.05

.06

.07

.08

.09

.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5

.500
.460
.421
.382
.345
.309

.496
.456
.417
.378
.341
.305

.492
.452
.413
.374
.337
.302

.488
.448
.409
.371
.334
.298

.484
.444
.405
.367
.330
.295

.480
.440
.401
.363
.326
.291

.476
.436
.397
.359
.323
.288

.472
.433
.394
.356
.319
.284

.468
.429
.390
.352
.316
.281

.464
.425
.386
.348
.312
.278

.6
.7
.8
.9
1.0

.274
.242
.212
.184
.159

.271
.239
.209
.181
.156

.268
.236
.206
.179
.154

.264
.233
.203
.176
.152

.261
.230
.200
.174
.149

.258
.227
.198
.171
.147

.255
.224
.195
.169
.145

.251
.221
.192
.166
.142

.248
.218
.189
.164
.140

.245
.215
.187
.161
.138

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5

.136
.115
.097
.081
.067

.133
.113
.095
.079
.066

.131
.111
.093
.078
.064

.129
.109
.092
.076
.063

.127
.107
.090
.075
.062

.125
.106
.089
.074
.061

.123
.104
.087
.072
.059

.121
.102
.085
.071
.058

.119
.100
.084
.069
.057

.117
.099
.082
.068
.056

1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0

.055
.045
.036
.029
.023

.054
.044
.035
.028
.022

.053
.043
.034
.027
.022

.052
.042
.034
.027
.021

.051
.041
.033
.026
.021

.049
.040
.032
.026
.020

.048
.039
.031
.025
.020

.047
.038
.031
.024
.019

.046
.038
.030
.024
.019

.046
.037
.029
.023
.018

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5

.018
.014
.011
.008
.006

.017
.014
.010
.008
.006

.017
.013
.010
.008
.006

.017
.013
.010
.008
.006

.016
.013
.010
.007
.006

.016
.012
.009
.007
.005

.015
.012
.009
.007
.005

.015
.012
.009
.007
.005

.015
.011
.009
.007
.005

.014
.011
.008
.006
.005

2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0

.005
.003
.003
.002
.001

.005
.003
.002
.002
.001

.004
.003
.002
.002
.001

.004
.003
.002
.002
.001

.004
.003
.002
.002
.001

.004
.003
.002
.002
.001

.004
.003
.002
.002
.001

.004
.003
.002
.001
.001

.004
.003
.002
.001
.001

.004
.003
.002
.001
.001

3.1
3.2
3.3

.001
.001
.000

.001
.001
.000

.001
.001
.000

.001
.001
.000

.001
.001
.000

.001
.001
.000

.001
.001
.000

.001
.001
.000

.001
.001
.000

.001
.001
.000
234

'Table A-4b.

.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3

AREA (Z) UNDER THE STANDARD NORMAL CURVE

.00

.01

.02

.03

.04

.05

.06

.07

.08

.09

.500

.504

.508

.512

.516

.520

.524

.528

.532

.536

.540 .544 .548 .552 .556 .560 .564 .567 .571 .575
.579 .583 .587 .591 .595 .599 .603 .606 .610 .614
.618 .622 .626 .629 .633 .637 .641 .644 .648 .652
.655 .659 .663 .666 .670 .674 .677 .681 .684 .688
.691 .695 .698 .702 .705 .709 .712 .716 .719 .722
.726 .729 .732 .736 .739 .742 .745 .749 .752 .755
.758 .761 .764 .767 .770 .773 .776 .779 .782 .785
.788 .791 .794 .797 .800 .802 .805 .808 .811 .813
.816 .819 .821 .824 .826 .829 .831 .834 .836 .839
.841 .844 .846 .848 .851 .853 .855 .858 .860 .862
.864 .867 .869 .871 .873 .875 .877 .879 .881 .883
.885 .887 .889 .891 .893 .894 .896 .898 .900 .901
.903 .905 .907 .908 .910 .911 .913 .915 .916 .918
.919 .921 .922 .924 .925 .926 .928 .929 .931 .932
.933 .934 .936 .937 .938 .939 .941 .942 .943 .944
.945 .946 .947 .948 .949 .951 .952 .953 .954 .954
.955 .956 .957 .958 .959 .960 .961 .962 .962 .963
.964 .965 .966 .966 .967 .968 .969 .969 .970 .971
.971 .972 .973 .973 .974 .974 .975 .976 .976 .977
.977 .978 .978 .979 .979 .980 .980 .981 .981 .982
.982 .983 .983 .983 .984 .984 .985 .985 .985 .986
.986 .986 .987 .987 .987 .988 .988 .988 .989 .989
.989 .990 .990 .990 .990 .991 .991 .991 .991 .992
.992 .992 .992 .992 .993 .993 .993 .993 .993 .994
.994 .994 .994 .994 .994 .995 .995 .995 .995 .995
.995 .995 .996 .996 .996 .996 .996 .996 .996 .996
.997 .997 .997 .997 .997 .997 .997 .997 .997 .997
.997 .998 .998 .998 .998 .998 .998 .998 .998 .998
.998 .998 .998 .998 .998 .998 .998 .999 .999 .999
.999 .999 .999 .999 .999 .999 .999 .999 .999 .999
.999 .999 .999 .999 .999 .999 .999 .999 .999 .999
.999 .999 .999 .999 .999 .999 .999 .999 .999 .999
1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000

235

'Table A-5

df

Values of Chi-squares. This table is used to find values of

chi-square corresponding to selected probabilities. Each
number in this table is chi-square value for an indicated
degree of freedom (left column). Each number (i.e., .99,
.95, ...) in the top row of the table represents a probability of
obtaining a value as large of larger than the corresponding
chi-square value in the table.

Probability of obtaining a value as large or larger

0.99

0.95

0.90

0.50

0.10

0.05

0.01

0.001

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

0.000
0.020
0.115
0.297
0.554
0.872
1.239
1.646
2.088
2.558

0.004
0.103
0.352
0.711
1.145
1.635
2.167
2.733
3.325
3.940

0.016
0.211
0.584
1.064
1.610
2.204
2.833
3.490
4.168
4.865

0.455
1.386
2.366
3.357
4.351
5.348
6.346
7.344
8.343
9.342

2.706
4.605
6.251
7.779
9.236
10.645
12.017
13.362
14.684
15.987

3.841
5.991
7.815
9.488
11.070
12.592
14.067
15.507
16.919
18.307

6.635
9.210
11.345
13.277
15.086
16.812
18.475
20.090
21.666
23.209

10.828
13.816
16.266
18.467
20.515
22.458
24.322
26.124
27.877
29.588

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

3.053
3.571
4.107
4.660
5.229
5.812
6.408
7.015
7.633
8.260

4.575
5.226
5.892
6.571
7.261
7.962
8.672
9.390
10.117
10.851

5.578
6.304
7.042
7.790
8.547
9.312
10.085
10.865
11.651
12.443

10.341
11.340
12.340
13.339
14.339
15.338
16.338
17.338
18.338
19.337

17.275
18.549
19.812
21.064
22.307
23.542
24.769
25.989
27.204
28.412

19.675
21.026
22.362
23.685
24.996
26.296
27.587
28.869
30.144
31.410

24.725
26.217
27.688
29.141
30.578
32.000
33.409
34.805
36.191
37.566

31.264
32.909
34.528
36.123
37.697
39.252
40.790
42.312
43.820
45.315

21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

8.897
9.542
10.196
10.856
11.524
12.198
12.879
13.565
14.256
14.953

11.591
12.338
13.091
13.848
14.611
15.379
16.151
16.928
17.708
18.493

13.240
14.041
14.848
15.659
16.473
17.292
18.114
18.939
19.768
20.599

20.337
21.337
22.337
23.337
24.337
25.336
26.336
27.336
28.336
29.336

29.615
30.813
32.007
33.196
34.382
35.563
36.741
37.916
39.087
40.256

32.671
33.924
35.172
36.415
37.652
38.885
40.113
41.337
42.557
43.773

38.932
40.289
41.638
42.980
44.314
45.642
46.963
48.278
49.588
50.892

46.797
48.268
49.728
51.179
52.620
54.052
55.476
56.892
58.301
59.703
236

'Table A-6

df

Values of the Student t-distribution. The values in this table

are Student t-values which correspond to the indicated
cumulative probabilities (on the right-hand side under a tdistribution curve) and to the indicated degrees of freedom.

Probability of obtaining a larger value of t

0.25

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.025

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

1.000
0.816
0.765
0.741
0.727
0.718
0.711
0.706
0.703
0.700

1.376
1.061
0.978
0.941
0.920
0.906
0.896
0.889
0.883
0.879

1.963
1.386
1.250
1.190
1.156
1.134
1.119
1.108
1.100
1.093

3.078
1.886
1.638
1.533
1.476
1.440
1.415
1.397
1.383
1.372

6.314
2.920
2.353
2.132
2.015
1.943
1.895
1.860
1.833
1.812

12.706 31.821 63.657 636.62

4.303 6.965 9.925 31.599
3.182 4.541 5.841 12.924
2.776 3.747 4.604 8.610
2.571 3.365 4.032 6.869
2.447 3.143 3.707 5.959
2.365 2.998 3.499 5.408
2.306 2.896 3.355 5.041
2.262 2.821 3.250 4.781
2.228 2.764 3.169 4.587

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

0.697
0.695
0.694
0.692
0.691
0.690
0.689
0.688
0.688
0.687

0.876
0.873
0.870
0.868
0.866
0.865
0.863
0.862
0.861
0.860

1.088
1.083
1.079
1.076
1.074
1.071
1.069
1.067
1.066
1.064

1.363
1.356
1.350
1.345
1.341
1.337
1.333
1.330
1.328
1.325

1.796
1.782
1.771
1.761
1.753
1.746
1.740
1.734
1.729
1.725

2.201
2.179
2.160
2.145
2.131
2.120
2.110
2.101
2.093
2.086

2.718
2.681
2.650
2.624
2.602
2.583
2.567
2.552
2.539
2.528

3.106
3.055
3.012
2.977
2.947
2.921
2.898
2.878
2.861
2.845

4.437
4.318
4.221
4.140
4.073
4.015
3.965
3.922
3.883
3.850

21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

0.686
0.686
0.685
0.685
0.684
0.684
0.684
0.683
0.683
0.683

0.859
0.858
0.858
0.857
0.856
0.856
0.855
0.855
0.854
0.854

1.063
1.061
1.060
1.059
1.058
1.058
1.057
1.056
1.055
1.055

1.323
1.321
1.319
1.318
1.316
1.315
1.314
1.313
1.311
1.310

1.721
1.717
1.714
1.711
1.708
1.706
1.703
1.701
1.699
1.697

2.080
2.074
2.069
2.064
2.060
2.056
2.052
2.048
2.045
2.042

2.518
2.508
2.500
2.492
2.485
2.479
2.473
2.467
2.462
2.457

2.831
2.819
2.807
2.797
2.787
2.779
2.771
2.763
2.756
2.750

3.819
3.792
3.768
3.745
3.725
3.707
3.690
3.674
3.659
3.646

40

0.681
0.675

0.851 1.050
0.842 1.036

1.303
1.282

1.684
1.645

2.021
1.960

2.423
2.327

2.704
2.576

3.551
3.291

0.01

0.005

0.001

237

'Table A-7

Values of the F-Distribution - 10%, 5% and 1% level. This

table is used to find F-values at three probability levels (.10,
.05, .01) in the right tail of the F-distribution.

df for
nume

1
10%

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
16
18

39.86
49.50
53.59
55.83
57.24
58.20
58.91
59.44
59.86
60.19
60.71
61.07
61.35
61.57

1
5%
161
199
216
225
230
234
237
239
241
242
244
245
246
247

degrees of freedom for denominator

1
2
2
2
3
1%
10% 5%
1%
10%
4,052
4,999
5,403
5,625
5,764
5,859
5,928
5,981
6,022
6,056
6,106
6,143
6,170
6,192

8.53
9.00
9.16
9.24
9.29
9.33
9.35
9.37
9.38
9.39
9.41
9.42
9.43
9.44

18.51
19.00
19.16
19.25
19.30
19.33
19.35
19.37
19.38
19.40
19.41
19.42
19.43
19.44

98.50
99.00
99.17
99.25
99.30
99.33
99.36
99.37
99.39
99.40
99.42
99.43
99.44
99.44

3
5%

3
1%

5.54 10.13 34.12

5.46
9.55 30.82
5.39
9.28 29.46
5.34
9.12 28.71
5.31
9.01 28.24
5.28
8.94 27.91
5.27
8.89 27.67
5.25
8.85 27.49
5.24
8.81 27.35
5.23
8.79 27.23
5.22
8.74 27.05
5.20
8.71 26.92
5.20
8.69 26.83
5.19
8.67 26.75

.
df for
nume

4
10%

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
16
18

4.54
4.32
4.19
4.11
4.05
4.01
3.98
3.95
3.94
3.92
3.90
3.88
3.86
3.85

4
5%

degrees of freedom for denominator

4
5
5
5
6
1%
10% 5%
1%
10%

6
5%

7.71
6.94
6.59
6.39
6.26
6.16
6.09
6.04
6.00
5.96
5.91
5.87
5.84
5.82

21.20
18.00
16.69
15.98
15.52
15.21
14.98
14.80
14.66
14.55
14.37
14.25
14.15
14.08

5.99 13.75
5.14 10.92
4.76
9.78
4.53
9.15
4.39
8.75
4.28
8.47
4.21
8.26
4.15
8.10
4.10
7.98
4.06
7.87
4.00
7.72
3.96
7.60
3.92
7.52
3.90
7.45

4.06
3.78
3.62
3.52
3.45
3.40
3.37
3.34
3.32
3.30
3.27
3.25
3.23
3.22

6.61
5.79
5.41
5.19
5.05
4.95
4.88
4.82
4.77
4.74
4.68
4.64
4.60
4.58

16.26
13.27
12.06
11.39
10.97
10.67
10.46
10.29
10.16
10.05
9.89
9.77
9.68
9.61

3.78
3.46
3.29
3.18
3.11
3.05
3.01
2.98
2.96
2.94
2.90
2.88
2.86
2.85

6
1%

238

Table A-7

(continued)

df for
nume

7
10%

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
16
18

3.59
3.26
3.07
2.96
2.88
2.83
2.78
2.75
2.72
2.70
2.67
2.64
2.62
2.61

7
5%

degrees of freedom for denominator

7
8
8
8
9
1%
10% 5%
1%
10%

5.59 12.25
4.74
9.55
4.35
8.45
4.12
7.85
3.97
7.46
3.87
7.19
3.79
6.99
3.73
6.84
3.68
6.72
3.64
6.62
3.57
6.47
3.53
6.36
3.49
6.28
3.47
6.21

3.46
3.11
2.92
2.81
2.73
2.67
2.62
2.59
2.56
2.54
2.50
2.48
2.45
2.44

5.32 11.26
4.46
8.65
4.07
7.59
3.84
7.01
3.69
6.63
3.58
6.37
3.50
6.18
3.44
6.03
3.39
5.91
3.35
5.81
3.28
5.67
3.24
5.56
3.20
5.48
3.17
5.41

3.36
3.01
2.81
2.69
2.61
2.55
2.51
2.47
2.44
2.42
2.38
2.35
2.33
2.31

9
5%

9
1%

5.12 10.56
4.26
8.02
3.86
6.99
3.63
6.42
3.48
6.06
3.37
5.80
3.29
5.61
3.23
5.47
3.18
5.35
3.14
5.26
3.07
5.11
3.03
5.01
2.99
4.92
2.96
4.86

df for
nume

10
10%

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
16
18

3.29
2.92
2.73
2.61
2.52
2.46
2.41
2.38
2.35
2.32
2.28
2.26
2.23
2.22

10
5%

degrees of freedom for denominator

10
11
11
11
12
1%
10% 5%
1%
10%

4.96 10.04
4.10
7.56
3.71
6.55
3.48
5.99
3.33
5.64
3.22
5.39
3.14
5.20
3.07
5.06
3.02
4.94
2.98
4.85
2.91
4.71
2.86
4.60
2.83
4.52
2.80
4.46

3.23
2.86
2.66
2.54
2.45
2.39
2.34
2.30
2.27
2.25
2.21
2.18
2.16
2.14

4.84
3.98
3.59
3.36
3.20
3.09
3.01
2.95
2.90
2.85
2.79
2.74
2.70
2.67

9.65
7.21
6.22
5.67
5.32
5.07
4.89
4.74
4.63
4.54
4.40
4.29
4.21
4.15

3.18
2.81
2.61
2.48
2.39
2.33
2.28
2.24
2.21
2.19
2.15
2.12
2.09
2.08

12
5%

12
1%

4.75
3.89
3.49
3.26
3.11
3.00
2.91
2.85
2.80
2.75
2.69
2.64
2.60
2.57

9.33
6.93
5.95
5.41
5.06
4.82
4.64
4.50
4.39
4.30
4.16
4.05
3.97
3.91

239

Table A-7

(continued)

df for
nume

13
10%

13
5%

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
16
18

3.14
2.76
2.56
2.43
2.35
2.28
2.23
2.20
2.16
2.14
2.10
2.07
2.04
2.02

4.67
3.81
3.41
3.18
3.03
2.92
2.83
2.77
2.71
2.67
2.60
2.55
2.51
2.48

degrees of freedom for denominator

13
14
14
14
15
1%
10% 5%
1%
10%
9.07
6.70
5.74
5.21
4.86
4.62
4.44
4.30
4.19
4.10
3.96
3.86
3.78
3.72

3.10
2.73
2.52
2.39
2.31
2.24
2.19
2.15
2.12
2.10
2.05
2.02
2.00
1.98

4.60
3.74
3.34
3.11
2.96
2.85
2.76
2.70
2.65
2.60
2.53
2.48
2.44
2.41

8.86
6.51
5.56
5.04
4.69
4.46
4.28
4.14
4.03
3.94
3.80
3.70
3.62
3.56

3.07
2.70
2.49
2.36
2.27
2.21
2.16
2.12
2.09
2.06
2.02
1.99
1.96
1.94

15
5%

15
1%

4.54
3.68
3.29
3.06
2.90
2.79
2.71
2.64
2.59
2.54
2.48
2.42
2.38
2.35

8.68
6.36
5.42
4.89
4.56
4.32
4.14
4.00
3.89
3.80
3.67
3.56
3.49
3.42

18
5%

18
1%

4.41
3.55
3.16
2.93
2.77
2.66
2.58
2.51
2.46
2.41
2.34
2.29
2.25
2.22

8.29
6.01
5.09
4.58
4.25
4.01
3.84
3.71
3.60
3.51
3.37
3.27
3.19
3.13

df for
nume

16
10%

16
5%

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
16
18

3.05
2.67
2.46
2.33
2.24
2.18
2.13
2.09
2.06
2.03
1.99
1.95
1.93
1.91

4.49
3.63
3.24
3.01
2.85
2.74
2.66
2.59
2.54
2.49
2.42
2.37
2.33
2.30

degrees of freedom for denominator

16
17
17
17
18
1%
10% 5%
1%
10%
8.53
6.23
5.29
4.77
4.44
4.20
4.03
3.89
3.78
3.69
3.55
3.45
3.37
3.31

3.03
2.64
2.44
2.31
2.22
2.15
2.10
2.06
2.03
2.00
1.96
1.93
1.90
1.88

4.45
3.59
3.20
2.96
2.81
2.70
2.61
2.55
2.49
2.45
2.38
2.33
2.29
2.26

8.40
6.11
5.18
4.67
4.34
4.10
3.93
3.79
3.68
3.59
3.46
3.35
3.27
3.21

3.01
2.62
2.42
2.29
2.20
2.13
2.08
2.04
2.00
1.98
1.93
1.90
1.87
1.85

240

Table A-7

(continued)

df for
nume

20
10%

20
5%

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
16
18

2.97
2.59
2.38
2.25
2.16
2.09
2.04
2.00
1.96
1.94
1.89
1.86
1.83
1.81

4.35
3.49
3.10
2.87
2.71
2.60
2.51
2.45
2.39
2.35
2.28
2.22
2.18
2.15

df for
nume

26
10%

26
5%

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
16
18

2.91
2.52
2.31
2.17
2.08
2.01
1.96
1.92
1.88
1.86
1.81
1.77
1.75
1.72

4.23
3.37
2.98
2.74
2.59
2.47
2.39
2.32
2.27
2.22
2.15
2.09
2.05
2.02

degrees of freedom for denominator

20
22
22
22
24
1%
10% 5%
1%
10%
8.10
5.85
4.94
4.43
4.10
3.87
3.70
3.56
3.46
3.37
3.23
3.13
3.05
2.99

2.95
2.56
2.35
2.22
2.13
2.06
2.01
1.97
1.93
1.90
1.86
1.83
1.80
1.78

4.30
3.44
3.05
2.82
2.66
2.55
2.46
2.40
2.34
2.30
2.23
2.17
2.13
2.10

7.95
5.72
4.82
4.31
3.99
3.76
3.59
3.45
3.35
3.26
3.12
3.02
2.94
2.88

2.93
2.54
2.33
2.19
2.10
2.04
1.98
1.94
1.91
1.88
1.83
1.80
1.77
1.75

degrees of freedom for denominator

26
28
28
28
30
1%
10% 5%
1%
10%
7.72
5.53
4.64
4.14
3.82
3.59
3.42
3.29
3.18
3.09
2.96
2.86
2.78
2.72

2.89
2.50
2.29
2.16
2.06
2.00
1.94
1.90
1.87
1.84
1.79
1.75
1.73
1.70

4.20
3.34
2.95
2.71
2.56
2.45
2.36
2.29
2.24
2.19
2.12
2.06
2.02
1.99

7.64
5.45
4.57
4.07
3.75
3.53
3.36
3.23
3.12
3.03
2.90
2.79
2.72
2.65

2.88
2.49
2.28
2.14
2.05
1.98
1.93
1.88
1.85
1.82
1.77
1.74
1.71
1.69

24
5%

24
1%

4.26
3.40
3.01
2.78
2.62
2.51
2.42
2.36
2.30
2.25
2.18
2.13
2.09
2.05

7.82
5.61
4.72
4.22
3.90
3.67
3.50
3.36
3.26
3.17
3.03
2.93
2.85
2.79

30
5%

30
1%

4.17
3.32
2.92
2.69
2.53
2.42
2.33
2.27
2.21
2.16
2.09
2.04
1.99
1.96

7.56
5.39
4.51
4.02
3.70
3.47
3.30
3.17
3.07
2.98
2.84
2.74
2.66
2.60

241

Table A-7

(continued)

df for
nume

35
10%

35
5%

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
16
18

2.85
2.46
2.25
2.11
2.02
1.95
1.90
1.85
1.82
1.79
1.74
1.70
1.67
1.65

4.12
3.27
2.87
2.64
2.49
2.37
2.29
2.22
2.16
2.11
2.04
1.99
1.94
1.91

df for
nume

50
10%

50
5%

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
16
18

2.81
2.41
2.20
2.06
1.97
1.90
1.84
1.80
1.76
1.73
1.68
1.64
1.61
1.59

4.03
3.18
2.79
2.56
2.40
2.29
2.20
2.13
2.07
2.03
1.95
1.89
1.85
1.81

degrees of freedom for denominator

35
40
40
40
45
1%
10% 5%
1%
10%
7.42
5.27
4.40
3.91
3.59
3.37
3.20
3.07
2.96
2.88
2.74
2.64
2.56
2.50

2.84
2.44
2.23
2.09
2.00
1.93
1.87
1.83
1.79
1.76
1.71
1.68
1.65
1.62

4.08
3.23
2.84
2.61
2.45
2.34
2.25
2.18
2.12
2.08
2.00
1.95
1.90
1.87

7.31
5.18
4.31
3.83
3.51
3.29
3.12
2.99
2.89
2.80
2.66
2.56
2.48
2.42

2.82
2.42
2.21
2.07
1.98
1.91
1.85
1.81
1.77
1.74
1.70
1.66
1.63
1.60

degrees of freedom for denominator

50
60
60
60

1%
10% 5%
1%
10%
7.17
5.06
4.20
3.72
3.41
3.19
3.02
2.89
2.78
2.70
2.56
2.46
2.38
2.32

2.79
2.39
2.18
2.04
1.95
1.87
1.82
1.77
1.74
1.71
1.66
1.62
1.59
1.56

4.00
3.15
2.76
2.53
2.37
2.25
2.17
2.10
2.04
1.99
1.92
1.86
1.82
1.78

7.08
4.98
4.13
3.65
3.34
3.12
2.95
2.82
2.72
2.63
2.50
2.39
2.31
2.25

2.71
2.30
2.08
1.95
1.85
1.77
1.72
1.67
1.63
1.60
1.55
1.51
1.47
1.44

45
5%

45
1%

4.06
3.20
2.81
2.58
2.42
2.31
2.22
2.15
2.10
2.05
1.97
1.92
1.87
1.84

7.23
5.11
4.25
3.77
3.45
3.23
3.07
2.94
2.83
2.74
2.61
2.51
2.43
2.36

5%

1%

3.84
3.00
2.61
2.37
2.21
2.10
2.01
1.94
1.88
1.83
1.75
1.69
1.64
1.60

6.64
4.61
3.78
3.32
3.02
2.80
2.64
2.51
2.41
2.32
2.19
2.08
2.00
1.94

242