Markstein Sustainability Project The Wolfpack

Team Members: Hector G. Ceja Shouxun Wang Phys 324 December 13, 2013

Abstract The following project will be analyzing one of the campus buildings, Markstein Hall, and will construct a thermal model of its energy needs along with recommendations for minimizing its energy consumption. This project will touch on different parts of thermodynamics that we can apply to help engineering a sustainable building.

Contents
Acknoledgements Project Description and Goals Markstein Hall Building at CSUSM Thermal Radiation on Building Sun intensity on Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Earths Albido . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weather Fluctuation in San Marcos . . . . . . . . Calculating Clear Sky Solar Radiation (ASHRAE, Thermal Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inc. , 2009) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 3 4 4 6 7 8 15

Heat Sink (Central Plant-Cooling) 16 what does it do? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Chiller System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Energy consumption Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Desktop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Projector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Laptops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HVAC System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . seasonal change in energy consumption Thermal Comfort HVAC system of building HVAC System Main Box (rooftop) . . Outside Air intake . . . . . . . . . . . Psychrometric Charts . . . . . . Mixed air from Return air . . . . . . Heat Transfer to/from Radiators and Supply Fan/Return fan . . . . . . . . Air mixture with room . . . . . . . . Heat Source and Heat transfers Thermal radiation Windows . . Thermal radiation Walls/roof . Thermal radiation window rim . Projecture/ Light Fixture . . . . Student Radiation . . . . . . . . What heats up a room . . . . . Hot air taken out of room . . . . Energy in vs out the Computer Program- controls cooling/heating improvements to the building building repairs . . . . . . . . Motion Detectors . . . . . . . Computer program - Verdiem Solar Panels . . . . . . . . . . New lighting xtures . . . . . Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 20 20 20 21 21 24 25 25 25 26 26 28 28 28 28 29 30 32 34 35 35 35 36 36 36 36 37 37 38 38 38 39

Acknowledgements
Our special thanks are extended to the Steve Holbrook and Ed Johnson of the Sustainability Department at CSUSM for their assistance in providing us with data for Markstein Hall. In addition, we would like to thank our professor Dr. Dominguez with providing us an opportunity to apply topics learned in class on real life applications.

Project Description and Goals

Our main goal is for us to learn how to analyze any building and be able to change it and make it more sustainable. After we started researching and looking at the building for this project we found out that it can can be made very complex. Thus, our goal was slightly molded to intake as much information regarding our building and thermodynamics and make it easier for our classmates to understand the basic thermodynamics. After we were able to grasp the main thermodynamic applications to our building it would become easier for us to suggest improvements to make the building more sustainable.

Markstein Hall Building at CSUSM

Markstein Hall is CSUSMs Business building and was nished on January 2006. The building was named after the single largest donor to this project Markstein Beverage Co. which is a local business in San Marcos, CA (form CSUSM Website).

Thermal Radiation on Building

Sun intensity on Earth
The rst step is to calculating the solar constant on to the earth using our class notes. We will rst start with the Stefan-Boltzman Law and assuming emmision is 1.0. Then 4 Jsun = b Tsun where Jsun = Energy ux So: b = 5.67 108 Wm2 K4 Tsun = 6000K

Jsun = (5.67 108 Wm2 K4 )(6000K)4 Jsun = 73.5 106 Wm2 Now the Total energy emitted by the suns photosphere can be calculated by Wsun = Jsun (area of sun) = Jsun 4r2 sun where Wsun = (Total energy emitted form sun) Then Wsun = Jsun 4r2 sun = 73.5 106 Wm2 4 (647 106 m)2 Jsun 73.5 106 Wm2 rsun = 647 106 m

Wsun = 3.865 1026 W

Now we will calculate the Earths Solar Constant which is the energy received by Earth. We know that the Suns energy radiates in all directions , then we can say that that energy is being spread out 4

over the surface of sphere of every increasing volume and surface area. Then the surface area of the sphere of energy has a radius of the average Earth distance from the sun. We know that the distance from earth to the sun is rSE = 1.50 1011 m. The surface of this sphere is now : ASE = 4 rSE = 4 (1.50 1011 m)2

ASE = 2.83 1023 m2

So, we are going to spread out our 3.865 1026 W over this area (ASHRAE, Inc. , 2009). To solve we will be dividing the total energy by the area calculated to give us the average intensity ux of solar energy (solar constant) as it goes to earth (ASHRAE, Inc. , 2009). ISE = W ASE 3.865 1026 W = 2.83 1023 m2 = 1367Wm2

ISE

Now it is obvious that the solar constant can not be the energy that falls on a m2 of Earth. We can think of the the solar constant as a measurement at a right angle to the suns ray. As seen on the image most of the earth is set back at an angle giving us a lower intensity.

Figure 1: Earth picture webpage As seen on the image able the total energy intercepted by Earth it must equal WSE = ISE (Area of Earth Cross-section) 5

Figure 2: Earth picture webpage The cross-section is not a perfect circle but we will assume for out calculations. Therefore, the total energy that hits the Earths cross-section is: WSE = ISE (r2 E) where rE (the radius of earth)

Now the earth is spinning and we can estimate and average energy spread out across the surface of earth (4r2 E ). Therefore, we can estimate intensity of energy hitting on an estimate of square meter by: IE = WSE (surface area of earth) WSE = 4 r2 E =

2 ISE ( r E) 2 4 r E 1 = ISE 4 IE = 341.75Wm2

Keep in mind that this is not exact but is an estimate around the world, IE around the equator is higher than in CSUSM.

Earths Albido
Another factor that we need to take into account is the planetary albedo (). Albedo is the ratio of the intensity of light reected from an object, such as a planet, to that of the energy/light it receives from the sun.

Figure 3: from NASA webpage Albedo ratio will range from 0 (total absorber) to 1(total emitter). We know from several resource and Hyperphysics that earths average planetary albedo is 0.367 and therefore it absorbs absorbes = 1 = 1 0.367 = 0.633 6

Therefore the incoming energy (IE ) is IE = IE 0.633 IE = 216.33Wm2

Weather Fluctuation in San Marcos

Weather takes a big part in affecting our buiding. To analyze the change in our building when weather changes it would take to much time. Some properties of weather that can make big changes to our building are: Humidity Temperature wetness/dryness clouds (bloking sun)

Heres a link to Weather uctuation in WeatherSpark.

On the next image we can compare the actual weather that was recorded to weather that can be seen for the next couple days.

Now we recorded Humidity and Temperature of the roof of Marstein building and when plotted we got

Calculating Clear Sky Solar Radiation (ASHRAE, Inc. , 2009)

Before we apply make the calculations of building we need to estimate what fraction of the Solar constant actually hits our walls. Therefore we will now calculate the clear-sky Solar Radiation San Marcos CA on 11/25/13. Keep in mind that we know the solar constant ISE from above converted to [Btu h1 ft2 ] British Thermal Unit (BTU) is is the amount of energy needed to cool or heat one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit. ISE = 1367 Wm2 = 433.3 Btu hr1 ft2 Now because the earths orbit is slightly elliptical,we can recalculate LE from before. Thus the sun radiant ux IE varies throughout the year, reaching a maximum of 447.6 Btu hr1 ft2 near the 8

beginning of Januarry, when the earth is closest to the sun and a minimum of 419.1 Btu hr1 ft2 near the beginning of July, when the earth is farthest from the sun. Next we found an approximation equation for the IE perpendicular to the suns ray to be o (n 3) IE = ISE 1 + 0.033 cos 360 365 where n is the day of year (1 for january 1, and 32 for February 1, etc.) and the value inside the cos is in degrees. For our day of the year we can calculate 11/25/13 where n = 330 and ISE = 433.3 Btu hr1 ft2 . Thus makes IE to be (n 3) IE = ISE 1 + 0.033 cos 360o 365 (n 3) = (433.3 Btu hr1 ft2 ) 1 + 0.033 cos 360o 365 = (433.3 Btu hr1 ft2 ) (1 + 0.033 0.7936) = (433.3 Btu hr1 ft2 ) 1.026

IE = 444.65 Btu hr1 ft2

We can see that its bigger than IE calculated before. Next we can take into consideration declination. We can assume that the earths equatorial plane is tilted at an angle of 23.45 to the orbital plane. Then the solar declination (the angle between the earthsun line and the equatorial plane) varies throughout the year, as shown below.

This variation causes the changing seasons with their unequal periods of daylight and darkness. The declination can be calculated allow of way but one way we will calculate it is o o n + 284 = 23.45 sin 360 365 where is in degrees and the value inside the sine is also in degrees. Thus for our day of the year

(11/25/13,n = 330) we get = 23.45 sin = 23.45o sin = 23.45o sin = 23.45o sin = 21.36o
o

o n + 284 360 365 o 330 + 284 360 365 o 614 360 365 (605.6)

= 23.45o 0.9107

Now we would think of the suns Position in a day and can be expressed in terms of the solar amplitude above the horizontal and the solar azimuth measured from the south as seen in gure above. The solar altitude angle is dened as the angle between the horizontal plane and a line coming from the sun. Its value ranges from 0o when the sun is on the horizon, to 90o if the sun is directly overhead. For our example we will calculate the sun radiation on our building at solar azimuth directly south = 0 and solar altitude = 35.82o (calculated from predication.com. ) which is at solar noon and the sun is due south. Next thing we will use is air mass from ASHREA Handbook 2009. The relative air max m is the ratio of the mass of the atmosphere in the actual earth/sun path to the mass that would exist if the sun where directly overhead. We can see the air mass is a function of solar altitude (in degrees) as seen below. 1 m= sin + .050572(6.07995 + )1.6364 10

Then for our example when we calculated = 35.82o then 1 sin + .050572(6.07995 + )1.6364 1 = o sin(35.82 ) + .050572(6.07995 + 35.82o )1.6364 1 = 0.58524075402551 + 0.0001120262891 1 = 0.5853527803 m = 1.708371488 m= Now we are getting closer to nding the clear-sky solar radiation with a surface that is perpendicular/direct sun ray (IE ) and a horizontal surface/diffused sun ray (IEHor ) We can calculate both with IE = IE exp[b mab ] IEHor = IE exp[d mad ] Where IE = beam normal irradiance ( to rays of the sun) IE = Normal irradiance from equation before m = air mass calculated above b and d = beam and diffused optical depths-a measure of how opaque a medium is to radiation passing through ab and ad = beam and diffusive air mass exponents The Air mass exponents ab and ad are correlated to b and d through the following relationships. ab = 1.219 0.043b 0.151d 0.204b d and ad = 0.202 0.852b 0.007d 0.357b d We we unable to nd the exact values of b and d therefore we will make an estimate from different locations in the state. Then we will let b 0.431 and d 2.317. Then calculating ab and ad ab = 1.219 0.043b 0.151d 0.204b d = 1.219 0.043(0.431) 0.151(2.317) 0.204(0.431)(2.317) ab = 0.6469 and ad = 0.202 0.852b 0.007d 0.357b d = 0.202 0.852(0.431) 0.007(2.317) 0.357(0.431)(2.317) ad = 0.5379 Now we can solve for IE and IEd . Then we can plug in and solve for IE = IE exp[b mab ] = 444.65 Btu hr1 ft2 exp (0.431)(1.708371488)0.6469 = 444.65 Btu hr1 ft2 0.5436525076

IEHor = diffuse horizontal irradiance (on horizontal surfaces)

IE = 241.735 Btu hr1 ft2 And IEd = IE exp[d mad ]

= 444.65 Btu hr1 ft2 exp (2.317)(1.708371488)0.5379 = 444.65 Btu hr1 ft2 0.1760

IEd = 78.273 Btu hr1 ft2

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We have now calculated the solar radiance hitting our roof (white on gure )of a clear sky on 11/25/13 at solar noon.

Next we will try to calculate solar radiance of our red and blue walls on gure above. The P orientation of receiving surface is best characterized by its tilt angle/slope ( ) between angle of surface P with horizontal plane. In our case we have our walls = 90o . We also characterize by its wall surface azimuth () dened as the displacement from south of the projection, on the horizontal plane, of the normal to the surface. Surfaces that face west have a positive surface azimuth and those face east have a negative surface azimuth. We can estimate for our building model to have blue = 45o and red = 45o

The surface-solar azimuth angle is dened as the angular difference between the solar azimuth and the surface azimuth : = Values of greater than 90o or less than 90o indicate that the surface is in the shade. This is why we do not calculate for the walls in the shade. For our example we have rst for the blue wall and we know = 45o blue = = 0 45o blue = 45o For our example we have now for the red wall and we know = 45o red = = 0 (45o ) red = 45o Now the angle between the line normal to the irradiated surface and the earth-sun line is called the angle of incident . This is important because the sun does not directly hit these surfaces thus the sun intensity is partially diffused. Its value is given by X X cos = cos cos cos +sin cos P Now that for our vertical surfaces ( = 90o ) equation goes to cos = cos cos 12

For our examples we have rst for the blue wall and we know = 35.82o and blue = 45o cos blue = cos cos = cos 35.82o cos 45o = (0.8109)(0.7071) cos blue = 0.57338739 blue = 55.01o For the red wall and we know = 35.82o and red = 45o cos red = cos cos = cos 35.82o cos 45o = (0.8109)(0.7071) cos red = 0.57338739 red = 55.01o We can see that both these wall will receive the same amount of sun radiation. Now when we are calculating the solar irradiance onto a wall it is a little more complicated than the roof. Total clear-sky irradiance It reaching the receiving surface is the sum of three components:

It,b It,d It,r Then

The beam component originating from the solar disc the diffusive component originating from sky dome the ground-reected component originating from the ground in front of the receiving surface. It = It,b + It,d + It,r

There are many different way to calculate this but we will follow one example given in ASHREA 2009. The Beam Component is obtained from a geometric relationship: It,b = IE cos where is the angle of incident. The Diffusive Component is more difcult but is given by It,d = IEd Y with Y = (0.55 + .437cos + 0.313cos2 )

Keep in mind that this is an approximation for clear sky not for cloudy days. The GroundReected Component irradiance for surfaces of all orientations is given by P 1 cos It,r = (IE sin + IEd )g 2 13

where g is ground reectance, which we can take to be 0.2 for a typical ground surface. Now we can calculated for out building sides walls. For both our walls we can calculate total clear sky radiance. Beam Component It,b = IE cos = 241.735 Btu hr1 ft2 cos (55.01o )

It,b = 138.62 Btu hr1 ft2 Diffusive Component

= 241.735 Btu hr1 ft2 (0.57343346)

Y = (0.55 + .437cos + 0.313cos2 ) = (0.55 + .437 cos (55.01) + 0.313 cos2 (55.01)) = (0.55 + .437 0.57343346 + 0.313 (0.57343346)2 ) = (0.55 + 0.2505904220 + 0.1029225170) = (0.55 + 0.2505904220 + 0.1029225170) Y = 0.9035 then It,d = IEd Y It,d = 70.72 Btu hr1 ft2 GroundReected Component It,r = (IE sin + IEd )g 1 cos 2 P = 78.273 Btu hr1 ft2 0.9035

= ((241.735 Btu hr1 ft2 ) sin (35.82) + (78.273 Btu hr1 ft2 ))(0.2) = ((241.735 Btu hr1 ft2 ) (0.5852) + (78.273 Btu hr1 ft2 ))(0.2) = 141.46 Btu hr1 ft2 + 7.83 Btu hr1 ft2 It,r = 149.29 Btu hr1 ft2 Therefore It is for each the red and blue wall. It = It,b + It,d + It,r 1 2

1 cos 90o 2

= 138.62 Btu hr1 ft2 + 70.72 Btu hr1 ft2 + 149.29 Btu hr1 ft2 It = 358.63 Btu hr1 ft2 Now we can calculate the total sun radiation that hit the Markstein Hall building on 11/25/13 at noon when the sun is south of the building. We only did an estimate of our building and our estimates will be based on the rectangle box seen in out gure below and size estimated.

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The area of the Roof in estimates would be Aroof = 270ft. 120ft. = 32, 400 ft2 The area of the blue wall is estimated to be Ablue = 120ft. 45ft. = 5, 400 ft2 The area of the red wall is estimated to be Ared = 270ft. 45ft. = 12, 150 ft2 Now total Sun radiation can be calculated by U = It (Ared ) + It (Ablue ) + IEd (Aroof ) 2 2 2 2 2 2 = 358.63 Btu hr1 ft (12, 150 ft ) + 358.63 Btu hr1 ft (5, 400 ft ) + 78.273 Btu hr1 ft (32, 400 ft ) 1 1 1 = 4, 357, 354.5 Btu hr + 1, 936, 602 Btu hr + 2, 536 Btu hr U = 6, 296, 492 Btu hr1

Now this is what hits the building at this time but we will need to calculate how much goes inside the building. Instead of calculating how many goes into the whole building we will do it for the room that we will be analyzing below on the HVAC System.

Thermal Model
A thermal model is helpful for a bigger building to be able to control temperatures for different parts of the building. It would be inefcient if the you had to turn on the AC for a whole oor if only half of the oor needs to be cooled or heated up. Therefore our building has 8 HVAC (short for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) systems that are in charge of regulating, cooling, and heating up each of their thermal block. In the following picture we can see how the HVAC systems are located on the roof and to what oor they correspond.

We also have below how the building is separated into three thermal block- the north side in green that HVAC-5 and south side HVAC-3 in blue. HVAC 8 is shut off and would supply the stairwell. We can also see the deferent temperature readings throughout the oor. 15

Heat sink (Central Plant - Cooling)

Figure 4: CSUSM Central Plant (DMJIM Hariss, 2008) Central Plant can be considered the heat sink and hot water supplier to our campus. Central Plant is our heat sink because most of the heat extracted from the outside air is being sent back to the chiller. The chiller container seen above is a big container that holds 1.5 million gallons water that is chilled nightly. During the day Central plant funnels cold/hot water up to campus through underground tunnels. Cold and Hot ,well insulated, pipes run under building and then up to the roof to be use for the HVAC system or hot water.

what does it do?

As mentioned above Central Plant supplies all of campus with chilled water as seen below.

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Figure 5: discharge (DMJIM Hariss, 2008) We can see that the chilled water is feed up to campus at 3500 gallons per minute and returns at 3500 gallons per minute. This could not be possible by just gravity thus 4 pumps seen above help push all the chilled water to campus. If we assume that during the day when we are using the AC systems on campus water will return warmer than the water supplied.

Figure 6: chiller (DMJIM Hariss, 2008) Because it takes a a lot of energy to chill 1.5 million gallons during the day, Central Plant plants chills the water during off peak hours and saves money. The system can be seen above of the water ow from the chilled reservoir to the chiller system above. It takes the warmer temperature water, chills it and then returns it from the bottom of the reservoir.

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Chiller System
If you have driven on campus and you see white smoke from in back of C lot you are mistaken. Central Plant chills its reservoir during the nights then our next part is looking at a part of the chilling loop. A cooling tower is the big box with horizontal fan blades as seen on our main photo of Central Plant above.

Figure 7: chiller (DMJIM Hariss, 2008) This cooling tower is mainly used as a heat extractor to the water being passed through the chilling system seen above. the chiller loop can be seen below where cooing water return is feed to the cooling towers and cooling water supply is brought down to the system.

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Figure 8: cooling tower (DMJIM Hariss, 2008)

Figure 9: cooling tower (DMJIM Hariss, 2008) Hot water is supplied by the condenser then sent to the top of the cooling tower and trickled down while fans drive cold air form the surroundings and heat from the water is sent out through the top of the cooling tower as a cloud of condensed steam. The water that is at the bottom is then colder and is then sent back to the condenser. 19

Hot and Cold water Transport

If we had more time we could have done some estimates on heat lost or gained when hot and cold water is getting transported to campus.

Energy consumption
According to reading from Facilities the total Energy consumption of Markstein Hall up to the month of October is seen below.

For our analysis we where un able to fully estimate our energy consumed to match our readings above because their was to many locations we could not access and appliances in locked break rooms. Therefore we will focus on estimates from room 107 with data received from Nov. 25 2013.

Lighting
We will estimate that their are 5 light xtures and in each one their is 3 Flouresent lights of 55 W each. Therefore the amount of Watts per hour that the lights take in room 107 is 5 (fixtures) 3 (lights) 55 (Watts) = 825Watts which then 825Wh 24 = 19800 WH = 19.8kWH per day

Desktop
For our desktop computer found in the room we can average it would consume 250 Watts per hour. Then in a 18 hours of usage day it would use 250 W 18 hrs = 4500 WH = 4.5kWH per day

Projector
For a class projector we can estimate that it used a max of 322 W. In a day we can guess the use of a projector would be 7 hours. Then the amount of of usage in a day would be 322 W 7hr = 2254 WH = 2.3kWh per day

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Laptops
now for people that bring laptops we can estimate that each laptop uses 65 W. Then if we estimate their is 6 classed during that day, each class is 1 hour long,10 students are using the the outlets ,and 3 students stay to study for 5 hours with computers plugged in we can calculate the amount of consumed by (6 classes 1 hr 10 students 65 W laptops) + (3 students 5 hrs 65 W laptops) = 3900WH + 975WH = 4875WH = 4.9KWH per day

HVAC System
We will now estimate the amount of energy that we can be used to keep our room at a good temperature. Facilities was able to help us out and estimated that in a week day the average total amount of energy used by the whole HVAC system is 5000 KWH. We can see below a graph of how many KWH where used every 15 min in a week.

Next we were able to get data from the Steve Holbrook of the energy usage of the drive fan of all HVAC systems as seen below.

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We will add up the total of energy used for the supply fan and make all HVAC systems a fraction of the energy of the daily 5000 KWH. 104 KWH (AH.1) + 80 KWH (AH.2) + 92 KWH (AH.3) + 103 KWH (AH.4) + 158 KWH (AH.5) + 37 KWH (AH.6) + 16 KWH (AH.7) + 0 KWH (AH.8) = 590KWH 22

Now we can estimate that our of the 5000 KWH per day of the whole HVAC system, AH.1 is 5000 KWH AH.1 104 KWH = 5000 KWH = 881 KWH per day T otal 590 KWH

Now we can divide it into average hours of the day by 881 KWH = 37KWH 24 hr Now from the image below of the Thermal block of AH.1 that room 107 can be estimated to be space if energy was evenly distributed. 1 of 7

Figure 10: First oor Markstein Building Therefore an estimate energy used to keep this room fresh is 37 KWH = 5.3 KWH 7 Now from plot data of the RPMs of the fan usage we can estimate how many hours of the day HA.1 is in use.

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As seen above AH.1 is set to be on from 6:30 AM to 10:00 PM thus being in use for 15.5 hours. Therefore the estimated energy used to keep room at a good temperature is on a week day Now we can take it a step further and add our estimates of energy usage by room 107 in a day. lighting + Descktop + Projector + Laptops + AH.1 = 5.3 KWH 15.5hrs = 79.5 KWH

19.8 KWH + 4.5 KWH + 2.3 KWH + 4.9 KWH + 79.5 KWH = 110.7 KWH per day Now we can convert it to Btus Which we will use to compare energy used to keep building energy comfortable. We know 1kW = 3412.142 BT U/hr Then 110.7 KWH per day 3412.142 BT U/hr = 377, 724 BT U/hr per day

seasonal change in energy consumption

As seen on the plot below we se some uctuations during times of the year.

We can see that for this year shown in grayish blue their was a spike of usage that might have been caused by the summer hot weather. 24

Thermal Comfort
Thermal Comfort is a very interesting section that we did not have time to get to but we can estimate that a person in thermal comfort at 72Fo from a chapter to a text good we found online.

HVAC system of building

We have seen above in the thermal block model that our building is supplied by 8 HVA

HVAC System Main Box (rooftop)

introduce units of air volume. cubic ft per min

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example using Pshylometric fundament pg. 1.15

mixing of moist air. example 4 pg 1.17

Outside Air intake

The most important part in regulating a temperate in a room is to cycle fresh air into the building. Psychrometric Charts Now one thing that we need to learn more is the thermodynamics of air itself. Thus to do help us a psychometric chart graphically represents the thermodynamic properties of moist air. When ever we do 26

calculation of changes to air from the exterior we need to take into account that air has moisture and I varies in different temperatures and pressures. To help us and Thermodynamics we found a useful tool to use called the Psychrometric charts. For our use in Markstein we will be using one that have the following parameters and seen in Figure 1: sea-level pressure Normal temperature between 32 to 130 F

Figure 11: Pscychrometric Chart for normal temperature and close to sea level

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We found interesting that there is many different Psychometric charts for different circumstances. A psychometric chart graphically represents the thermodynamics properties of moist air.

Mixed air from Return air

We did not have time to calculate example for mixture properties which would have been really cool. I learned that we can use a Psychometric chart before to calculate different maid mixtures and the change of its properties.

Heat Transfer to/from Radiators and air

We where unable to get information regarding the surface area of the radiator and how much hot/chilled water is passed in the radiator and also un able to calculate the heat transfer from air to the radiator. If we had more time for our project we could have done some close estimates.

Supply Fan/Return Fan

We have seen above when we estimated the amount of energy is use for room 107 to keep the room around a certain temperature how they vary in energy consumption and speed of the fans that vary around the day.

Air mixture with room

Now to cool the room we have an air mixture of cold air being put into the room and mixed with the warmed air from heat radiation in the room. We know that heated air rises to the top and cold air lowers to the bottom. As seen below we put the supplied air away form the window side to cool air that is at lower temp than air next to the window.

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The air ducts are located next to the window because as sun radiation comes in and warm up the air, the air would rise and go to the return air duct to interact less with things inside the room. From the Markstein Blue prints we are given an average of air supply/return of the air ducts in the room. The 2 return air ducts take away up an average of 750 cubic feet per minute and 2 of the four air supply supply 295 cubic ft per minute and other two close to the return air give 415 cubic feet per minute. Therefore a total of supply is 2 295 + 2 415 = 590 + 830 = 1420ft.3 /min and return 2 750 = 1500 ft.3 /min.

If we had more time we would nd a relation of temperature change as different speed of supply and return fans of the HVAC System.

Heat source and Heat transfers

There are 3 major ways their is heat being introduced into the room which are Cunduction, Convection, and Thermal Radiation. Conduction can be said to be the transfer of thermal energy between regions of matter due to a temperature gradient. For example heat spontaneously ows from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature, temperature differences over time, approaching thermal equilibrium. Convection can be said to be the movement of molecules within uids (gases, liquids). For example the mixing in cold air into a room of hot air. Thermal Radiation can be said to be the emission of electromagnetic waves from all matter that has a temperature greater than absolute zero. For example, sunlight, incandescent lights, infared, computers and many more. Next we will be applying some to of the things in our room.

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Thermal radiation Windows

Windows in building Radiation transmission in and heat out. Given in the blue prints the windows have a U factor of 0.290 U can be calculated by the following relation of different materials next to each other

We can also interchange in units by 1h ft2 Fo /Btu = 0.176110 K m2 /W , or 1 K m2 /W = 5.678263 h ft2 Fo /Btu can show a gure of temperature going from higher outside and getting lower as pass glass pane glass and then interior. if no AC then the outside would heat the inside until equilibrium or switch and then give radiation out till equilibrium

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We can calculate the total amount of energy ow Q by Q = Qthermo + Qsolar where Qth = Steady-state heat transfer caused by in/out door temp. diff., [Btu/h] Qsol = Steady-state heat transfer caused by solar radiation, [Btu/h] And then Q = UA(Tout Tin ) + (SHGC)AIt where Q = instantaneous energy ow [Btu/h] U = overall coefcient of heat transfer (U-Factor), [Btu/h ft2 Fo ] A = Total projected area of fenestration , [ft2 ] T = Indoor and outdoor temperature Fo SHGC = solar heat gain coefcient, dimensionless It = sun radiation calculated before [Btu/h ft2 ] Now we need to gure out our SHGC and for out window it has a tint that helps it lower its heat radiated in seen below

For our example we can solve for the amount of Q going in through window on 11/25/13 at noon

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when the sun is directly above on the south direction. Q = UA(Tout Tin ) + (SHGC)AIt where Q = instantaneous energy ow [Btu/h] U = 0.290 Btu/h ft2 Fo Tin = 74Fo Tout = 73Fo SHGC = 0.26 due to some tint It = 358.63 Btu/hr1 ft2 then
2 2 o o 2 2 Q = (0.290 Btu/h ft Fo )(30 ft )(73 F 74 F ) + (0.26)(30 ft )(358.63 Btu/hr1 ft )

A = 2 (windows) [2.5ft. 6ft] = 30ft2

= 8.700 + 2797.31

Q = 2, 789 Btuh1 Next We will estimate how much power goes into the room. We will make and estimate that the sun gives this radiation from 7 in the morning till 3 in the afternoon ( 8 hr)when the sun does not radiate through the winder directly. 2, 789 Btuh1 8hr = 22, 312BT U

Thermal radiation Walls/roof

for the roof we are given from the blue prints of Markstein that Uroof = 0.053Btu/h ft2 Fo and for our wall U = 0.186Btu/h ft2 Fo

If the steady-state the ux It and Iroof is in one direction (perpendicular to the building envelope) we can write the following equation for each material layer within the building envelope as q = km where T = temperature difference between two interfaces of one material layer, [Fo ] x = layer thickness, [ft] km = mean thermal conductivity of material layer with thickness x, [Btu/h ft2 Fo ] C = thermal conductance of layer with thickness x, [Btu/h ft2 Fo ] R = thermal resistance of layer with thickness x [h ft2 Fo /Btu] T 1 = CT = T = UT x R

U = overall coefcient of heat transfer (U-Factor), [Btu/h ft2 Fo ]

We can see by thermal photos below of what is the temperature outside the building.

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We can nd the energy that can go through the wall and roof by Q = UA(Tsolair Tinside ) But we need to calculate Tsolair which is how to take into account solar energy hitting the wall and outside temperature. In this case we would need to nd a temperature called Solar air temperature. We can nd Tsolair by Tsolair = Tambient +
4 4 Tsurr ) s Isolar (Tambient ho ho

We can estimate for our light colored walls s 0.45 = = 0.026m2 Co /W = 0.15h ft2 Fo /Btu ho light 17W/m2 Co where s is the solar absorptivity and h0 is the combined convection and radiation heat transfer coefcient Now we can estimate that for out date our Tambient = 76Fo Tsurr = 93.5Fo Isolarroof = 78.272Btu/h ft2 Isolarwall = 358.63Btu/h ft2 = 1.714 109 Btu/h ft2

= 0.90 estimate

We can can estimate how much energy can go though our roof by rst calculating its TsolairR TsolairR = Tambient +
4 4 Tsurr ) s Isolarroof (Tambient ho ho

ho = 17W/m2 Co = 2.99Btu/ft2 Fo

= 76Fo + (0.15h ft2 Fo /Btu)(78.272Btu/h ft2 ) = 76Fo + 11.74Fo 0.0222Fo TsolairR = 87.7Fo Next we can calculate the QR by QR = UAroof (TsolairR Tinside )

0.90 1.714 109 Btu/h ft2 (764 93.54 ) 2.99Btu/ft2 Fo

= (0.053Btu/h ft2 Fo )(10ft 21ft)(87.7Fo 76Fo ) QR = 130.221Btu/h = (0.053Btu/h ft2 Fo )(210ft2 )(11.7F0 )

Now just make a estimate of 8 hours of energy going into through the roof and we know we might be off due to different intensities. 130.221BT U/hr 8hr = 1042 BT Us

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Now we can nd it for a wall and again rst nding TsolairW TsolairW = Tambient +
4 4 Tsurr ) s Isolarwall (Tambient ho ho

= 76Fo + (0.15h ft2 Fo /Btu)(358.63Btu/h ft2 ) = 76Fo + 53.79Fo 0.0222Fo TsolairW = 129.76 Fo Next we can calculate the Qw by QW = UAwall (TsolairW Tinside )

0.90 1.714 109 Btu/h ft2 (764 93.54 ) 2.99Btu/ft2 Fo

= (0.186Btu/h ft2 Fo )(15ft 21ft)(129.76Fo 76Fo ) QW = 3150 Btu/h = (0.186Btu/h ft2 Fo )(315ft2 )(53.76Fo )

Now just make a estimate of 8 hours of energy going into through the wall and we know we might be off due to different intensities. 3150BT U/hr 8hr = 25, 200 BT Us

We can see that less heat goes through the roof than in the wall. It makes sense because the roof not only has a was but additional insulation than a 8 inch wall. In addition the wall has reection factors the give it more energy as calculated above.

Thermal radiation window rim

Unfortunately we did not have enough time to compute data on how much energy can go in from the metal under the window.

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Video of heat through conduction.

Projecture/ Light Fixture

Student Radiation

We know that any person will have an average of 100 W and we can convert it into Btu/hr from 1 W = 3.412Btu/hr So Now we can show how many people can be in the room and for how many hours we can estimate. We can have Qs = (6 classes (25 342.2BT U/hr) students 2 hr per class) = 102, 660 BT Us + 6, 160 BT U Qs = 108, 820 BT U + ((3 342.2 BT U/hr) students studying after hours 6 hours ) 100 W = 100 3.412Btu/hr = 342.2Btu/hr

What heats up a room

Now we can summarize the things that introduce heat into a room. we have seen heat from: Solar heat through walls, window, and walls Electronics - computers, laptops, projector Students Lighting- uorescent lights and spot lights We can now estimate a total amount of heat going into the room adding most that are mentioned above. Q = through window + Through roof + through wall + Students = 22, 312BT U + 1, 042BT U + 25, 200 BT U + 108, 820BT U Qheat 157, 374 BT U 35

Hot air taken out of room

We can see in the link below how got air goes into the return air vent. Our video of heat going out the vent We found it interesting how the heat still mixes with cold air and swirls into the return air duct.

Energy in vs out
Our last calculation we would like to do is to compare Energy used to keep the room in thermal comfort and how much thermal energy can go into a room. Most of our calculations have been taken from data recording from 11/25/15 for Markstein Hall Building room 107. Energy used on a day was estimated to be Qelectricity 377, 724 BT U = 110.7 KW And Energy in heat that is put to the room is also calculated above as Qheat 157, 374 BT U = 46 KW We can see that it takes 2.41 times more Power to keep the power the room and and estimate to keep the room cool. This Power might even be greater because it takes energy to bring chilled water from Central Plant to the building.

Computer Programs that controls all cooling/heating in buildings

Facilities Takes care of all the controls by a computer program. We did not have enough time to meet up with Steve Holbrook nor learn how the program works. One thing we understood was the everything is controlled by perfected program that has it set to a high energy save. Therefore each room on campus that has the thermostat box it does not work because the HVAC system is controlled by the computer program. If their was a sudden need to cool a room Steve is able to access the computer program with his iPad and bypass the program to boost the AC in that room. We had privilege to see him use this program when the CSU Chancellor gave a forum in the Arts Building and the class was full.

improvements to the building

Our building has already improved as seen in the from our energy consumption plot and we will try to suggest improvements. We did not have enough time to make some calculation or cost for improvements.

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Building repairs

Because during construction of Markstein Hall the workers where focused on nishing the building the air ducts systems might not be completely sealed. If we can take some time to check the air duct system we can save energy by making the HVAC fans work better. Fans speeds would not have to be increased due to the pressure lost in the air ducts.

Motion Detectors

Each of the classes are controlled with sensors then if their is no one in a room and the temp gains a slight temp cool air is pushed in to the room. If we have less cold air being waisted then we can lower the energy consumption of the HVAC system. Then if someone walks into the room and temp is slightly higher than the HVAC system can push cold air in. Of course the program will not let the room go up to high temperatures.

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Computer program- Verdiem

The computer program Verdiem can be useful because it may help shut computers off at certain point of the night or when not in use. We had had the chance to walk into a computer room late at night and the room has a high temperature.

Solar Panels

We thought for solar panels they might not be the best idea right now due to high price and takes a long time to pay off. By the time we would pair it of there would be something better to have than the Solar panels used. Using a website called solar estimate and we where able to nd a cost of $ 56,000 dollars to install and pay it off in 30 years.

New Lighing ctures

We currently have our building on uorescent lights that are better than regular lighting. The next step would be to go to LED lighting. We did not have enough time to to make some research but our guess would be lower thermal energy with same lighting.

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Bibliography
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. . (2009). 2009 ASHRAE HANDBOOK FUNDAMENTALS . Atlanta, GA. Online version available at: webpage. AC Martin Partners (2006). 2006 CSUSM College of Business Blue Prints. ac martin partners, inc Planning Architecture Engineering. DMJIM Hariss (2008). 2008 CSUSM Central Plant Upgrade. DMJIM Hariss, AECOM, Energy and Power Service Group.

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