GROSS ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN Dr.

Alabado
Major Subdivisions of the Central Nervous System Major Embryonic Subdivisions Components Prosencephalon (Forebrain) Telencephalon (Endbrain) Diencephalon (Interbrain) Mesencephalon (Midbrain) Brainstem Rhomboencephalon (Hindbrain) Metencephalon (Afterbrain) Myelencephalon (Medula) Adult Derivatives Cerebral Hemispheres (Cortex, white matter, and basal ganglia) Diencephalon (Thalamus, subthalamus and hypothalamus) Midbrain (tectum, tegmentum and crura cerebri) Pons and Cerebellum Medulla oblongata Fourth ventricle (Rhomboid fossa) Central canal

Cavities Lateral ventricles Third ventricle

Cerebrum Brain (Encephalon)

Crebral aqueduct (of Sylvius)

Spinal cord (Medulla spinalis)

Neural Tube (Caudal Portion)

Spinal cord

CEREBRUM Are narrower at the occipital pole than at the frontal pole Two cerebral hemispheres are separated by the midline longitudinal cerebral fissure (occupied in life by the falx cerebri) Floor is formed by the corpus callosum (a large, myelinated fiber tract that forms connection between right and left hemispheres) Cerebral cortex highly folded collection of gray matter of the cerebral surface Foldings increase the surface area of the brain Gyri elevations Sulci depressions White matter central core deep to the cortex that forms the bulk of the cerebrum and represents fiber tracts Basal ganglia buried within the mass of white matter, are collections of neuron cell bodies

Septum pellucidum two closely adjoined nonnervous tissue that separates the two lateral ventricles

LOBES OF THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE 1. FRONTAL LOBE Lateral aspect: Extends from the frontal pole to the central sulcus, constituting the anterior 1/3 of the cerebral cortex Precentral gyrus posteriormost gyrus, consists of the primary motor area Bordered anteriorly by the precentral sulcus Bordered posteriorly by the central sulcus

CAVITIES WITHIN THE CEREBRUM Right and left lateral ventricles communicate with the third ventricle Are lined with ependymal cells Protruding into each lateral ventricle is a choroid plexus (functions to manufacture CSF) Interventricular foramen (Foramen of Monroe) serves as the communication between lateral ventricles and third ventricle

Region anterior to the precentral sulcus subdivided into: * Superior, middle, and inferior gyri subdivision is due to the presence of two longitudinally disposed sulci (superior and inferior frontal sulci) Inferior frontal gyrus demarcated by extensions of the lateral fissure into 3 subregions: pars triangularis, pats opercularis, pars orbitalis Brocas area found in the inferior frontal gyrus of the dominant hemisphere, functions in the production of speech Inferior aspect:

Olfactory sulcus partly occupied by the olfactory bulb and olfactory tract Bordered medially: gyrus rectus (straight gyrus) Bordered laterally: orbital gyri Posteriorly: olfactory tract bifurcates to form the lateral and medial olfactory striae Olfactory trigone intervening area between the two striae and is triangular in shape, borders the anterior perforated substance

Precuneus posteriorly situated

3. TEMPORAL LOBE Separated from the frontal and parietal lobes by the lateral fissure Separated from the occipital lobe by an imaginary plane that passes through the parieto-occipital sulcus Temporal pole the anteriormost aspect of the temporal lobe

Medial aspect: Frontal lobe is bordered by the arched cingulate sulcus (which forms the boundary of the superior aspect of the cingulate gyrus) Anterior paracentral lobule quadrangularshaped cortical tissue anterior to the central sulcus, a continuation of the precentral gyrus

Lateral aspect: Temporal lobe exhibits three parallel gyri: superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyri Superior temporal gyrus in the dominant hemisphere, it contains the Wernickes area (responsible for the individuals ability to speak and understand the spoken and written word) Transverse temporal gyri of Heschl obliquely running marking that marks the superior aspect of the temporal lobe hidden within the lateral fissure The primary auditory cortex

2. PARIETAL LOBE Interposed between the frontal and occipital lobes and is situated above the temporal lobe

Lateral aspect: Postcentral gyrus anteriormost gyrus, is the primary somesthetic area to which primary somatosensory information is channeled from the contralateral half of the body * The remainder of the parietal lobe, separated from the postcentral gyrus by the postcentral sulcus, is subdivided by the inconsistent intraparietal sulcus, into the superior and inferior parietal lobules. Superior parietal lobule an association area involved in somatosensory function Inferior parietal lobule separated into the: Supramarginal gyrus integrates auditory, visual, and somatosensory information Angular gyrus receives visual input Medial aspect:

Inferior aspect: Grooved by the inferior temporal sulcus, interposed between the inferior temporal gyrus and the lateral occipitotemporal gyrus(fusiform gyrus) Collateral sulcus separates the fusiform gyrus from the parahippocampal gyrus of the limbic lobe

4. OCCIPITAL LOBE Extends from the occipital pole to the parietooccipital sulcus

Lateral aspect: Parieto-occipital sulcus separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe Calcarine fissure inferior continuation of the parieto-occipital sulcus Subdivided into 2 major structures: Posterior paracentral lobule anteriorly positioned, a continuation of the postcentral gyrus Superior and inferior gyri separated from each other by the horizontally running lateral occipital sulcus

Medial aspect: The occipital lobe is subdivided into the: Cuneate gyrus (cuneus) superiorly located Lingual gyrus inferiorly positioned

Calcarine fissure separates the cuneus from the lingual gyrus Striate cortex (calcarine cortex) cortical tissue on each bank of the calcarine fissure, forms the primary visual cortex

5. INSULA Forms the floor of the lateral sulcus Submerged within the cerebrum; in order to view the insula the frontal, temporal, and parietal opercula have to be pulled apart Completely circumscribed by the circular sulcus Lateral surface: subdivided into several short and long gyri (most prominent is located posteriorly) Insula is believed to be associated with taste and other visceral functions

parahippocampal gyrus directly continuous with the cingulate gyrus by a narrow strip of cortex, posterior and inferior to the splenium (the isthmus of the cingulate gyrus) bounded laterally by the rhinal and collateral sulci, superiorly and medially by the hippocampal sulcus rostrally, it hooks around the hippocampal sulcus to form a medially protruding convolution, the uncus subcallosal gyrus hippocampal formation and dentate gyrus primitive cortical derivatives (in the course of devt. Has become invaginated within the temporal lobe) these components form a ring of cortex, which becomes a border between the diencephalon and more neocortex of the cerebral hemispheres Uncus its proximity to the cerebral peduncle should be noted In transtentorl herniation: the uncus is displaced through the tentorium, and compresses the brain stem and the adjacent oculomotor nerve causing an ipsilateral dilated pupil and third nerve paresis

6. LIMBIC LOBE Is a hemispherical region on the medial aspect of the cerebral cortex that surrounds the corpus callosum and the diencephalon Includes the: cingulate gyrus

MAIN SULCI AND FISSURES Lateral cerebral fissure (Sylvian fissure) separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes The insula lies deep within the fissure Circular sulcus (circuminsular fissure) surrounds the insula and separates it from the adjacent frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes Longitudinal cerebral fissure deep median fissure that separates the hemispheres Central sulcus (fissure of Rolando) arises about the middle of the hemisphere, beginning near the longitudinal cerebral fissure and extending downward and forward to about 2.5cm above the lateral cerebral fissure Separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe Parieto-occipital fissure passes along the medial surface of the posterior portion of the cerebral hemisphere and then runs downward and forward as a deep cleft Separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe Calcarine fissure begins on the medial surface of the hemisphere near the occipital pole and extends forward to an area slightly below the splenium of the corpus callosum

Anterior commissure- connects the right and left amygdalas, the olfactory bulbs and several cortical regions of the 2 temporal lobes Posterior commissure- connects the right and left pretectal region anf related cell grps of the mesencephalon Hippocampal commissure (commissure of the fornix)- joins the right and left hippocampi.

2. Projection fibers - restricted to a single hemisphere and connects the cerebral hemisphere with lower levels namely the corpus striatum, diencephalon, brainstem, and spinal cord -majority are axons of pyramidal cells and fusiform neurons - these fibers are components parts of the internal capsule, which is subdivided into anterior limb, genu, [osterior limb, retrolentiform and sublentiform, regions - may be subdivided into: Corticopetal fibers- afferent fibers, from thalamus to the cerebral cortex; consists of thalamocotical fibers Corticofugal fibers- efferent fibers, from cerebral cortex to the lower centers of the brain and spinal cord; consists of cortiobu;bar, corticopontine, corticospinal and corticothalamic fibers. 3. Association fibers connect regions of a hemisphere to other regions of the same hemisphere - Aka arcuate fibers - Subdivided into major categories: Short arcuate fibers- connect adjacent gyri; do not usually reach the subcortical white matter of the cerebral cortex; most are confined to the corical gray matter Long arcuate fibers- connect adjacent gyri; consist of the ff fiber tracts: the uncinate fasciculus, cingulum, superior longitudinal fasciculus, inferior longitudinal fasciculus and fronto-occipital fasciculus. BASAL GANGLIA Called ganglia even though they are nuclei, are large collections of cell bodies that are embedded deep in the white matter of the brain

WHITE MATTER Composed of myelinated nerve fibers of varied sizes and their supporting neuralgia These nerve fibers are classified into 3 categories:

1. Commissural fibers (transverse fibers) are bundles of axons that connect the right and left cerebral hemispheres 4 bundles of commissural fibers: Corpus callosum- is comprised of 4 regions: rostrum, genu, body, splenium -connects the neocortex of the right hemisphere with the left

Consists of some deep cerebral nuclei and brainstem nuclei that, when damaged, produce movt disorders Composed of caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus and the amygdaloid nuclear complex. Lenticular nucleus -refers to putamen and globus pallidus

Amygdaloid complex is more closely related to the limbic system than to the basal ganglia

VENTRICLES OF THE BRAIN Lateral Ventricles ependymal-lined cavities - Contains CSF and conforms to the shape of the hemisphere - Divided into 5 parts: 1. Anterior horn Lies rostral to the interventricular foramen Triangular shaped The roof and rostral wall are formed by corpus callosum Medial wall formed by septum pellucidum Lateral wall formed by the head of caudate nucleus

1. Putamen - Largest and most lateral component - Lies between the external medullary lamina of the globus pallidus and the external capsule - Traversed by numerous fascicles of myelinate fibers directed ventromedially toward the globus pallidus - Rostral part is continuous with the head of the caudate nucleus 2. Globus Pallidus forms the most medial part of the lentiform nucleus - Consists of 2 segments separated by the internal medullary lamina - Appears pale and homogenous - Medial border formed largely by the fibers of the posterior limb of the internal capsule 3. Caudate nucleus an elongated, arched gray mass - Related to the lateral cerebral ventricle - Consists of head which protrudes into the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, and body which lies dorsolateral to the thalamus near the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle, and tail which follows the curvature of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle and enters the temporal lobe - The tail terminates in the region of the amygdaloid nuclear complex 4. Amygdaloid nuclear complex - a gray mass in the dorsomedial part of the temporal lobe which underlies the uncus - Lies dorsal to the hippocampal formation and rostral to the tip of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle - Gives rise to the fibers of the stria terminalis - The terminal vein lies near the stria terminalis

2. Body - extends from the interventricular foramen to a point near the splenium of the corpus callosum - Narrow arhced part begins to widen into the collateral trigone(atrium) - Collateral trigone: composed of the laterl ventricle near the splenium where the body is confluent with the temporal and occipital horns 3. Inferior horn curves downward and forward around the posterior aspect of the thalamus and extends rostrally into the medial part of the temporal lobe to end 3cm from the temporal pole - Roof and lateral wall formed by tapetum and optic radiation - Floor contains the collateral eminence caused by the deep collateral sulcus - Inferior horn contains the hippocampal formation in the medial wall - Fimbria: located along the superior and medial surfaces of the hippocampus, a flattened band of fibers which extend from the region of the uncus towards the splenius, continuous under the corpus callosum and becomes the fornix 4. Posterior horn

extends from the collateral trigone into the occipital lobe Exhibits a high degree of variability in appearance, often rudimentary Small finger-like projection with a rounded tip Roof and lateral wall: tapetal fibers of the corpus callosum Floor: white matter and occipital lobe Calcar avis: longitudinal prominence produced by deep penetration of the calcarine sulcus Portions of the lateral ventricles contains choroid plexus Choroid plexus- formed by the invagination of ependymal roof plate into ventricular cavities Develops at sites where the ependymal and pia mater containing blood vessels come together Present in the body, collateral trigone and inferior horn Extends into the interventricular foramen to lie in the roof of the 3rd ventricle

2. Foramen of Magendie- single, median; delivers CSf into the cerebellomedullary cistern These 3 foramina drain CSF from the 4th ventricle into the subarachnoid space

BRAINSTEM Composed of the mesencephalon(midbrain), metencephalon (pons) and myelencephalon (medulla oblongata)

Third Ventricle - quadrilateral, slit-like vertically positioned space - Walls are formed by right and left thalami - Interrupted by massa intermedia: a mass of gray matter that forms a bridge between the 2 thalami - Roof: formed by the tela choroidea - Floor: hypothalamus - Hypothalamic sulcus: separated the thalamus from the 3rd ventricle - The 3rd ventricle has several outpocketings: the preoptic, infundibular, mammillary and pineal recesses - Drained by the cerebral aqueduct that conveys CSF into the 4th ventricle Fourth Ventricle irregular- shaped space in the hindbrain extending from the cerebral aqueduct posteriorly to the obex anteriorly - Continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord - Has 2 openings: 1. Right and left foramina of Luschka- lead to the interpedecular cistern

Mesencephalon - midbrain - Narrow band of the brainstem surrounding the cerebral aqueduct, extending from the diencephalon to the pons. - Consists of: 1. Tectum -dorsal aspect; and incorporates the paired superior and inferior colliculi(aka corpora quadrigemina); these structures are associated with the lateral and medial geniculate bodies and they are all associated with visual and auditory functions 2. Tegmentum- ventral to the cerebral aqueduct 3. Crura cerebri - Substantia nigra- separated the tegmentum and crura cerebri - Pretectum- superior colliculus and a region immediately rostral to it; impt relays in the visual system - Inferior colliculus relays auditory impulses to thalamic nuclei that in turn project to specific cortical areas - CN IV: exits dorsal aspect of the mesencephalon below the inferior colliculus - All other CN exit the ventral aspect of the brainstem - Cerebral peduncles- 2 large fiber tracts connecting the cerebral hemispheres to the brainstem - Interpeduncular fossa- depression between the peduncles; site of origin of CNIII Metencephalon pons - Located below the cerebellum - Rostral part of the hindbrain

1. 2. 3. 4.

Superior pontine sulcus- boundary between the metencephalon and the midbrain Inferior pontine sulcus- boundary between the metencephalon and the myelencephalon Vental part consists of: Longitudinal descending fiber bundles Pontine nuclei Transversely oriented fibers projecting to the cerebellum Tegmentum- part of the floor the 4th ventricle formed by the dorsal aspect of the pons; houses the nuclei of trigeminal, abducent, facial and vestibulocochlear nerves. -contains aggregation of cells and fibers which form a central core known as the pontine reticular formation CN 6, 7, 8 leave the brainstem at the inferior pontine sulcus CN5 exists through the middle cerebellar peduncle

just lateral to the tuberculum gracilis is another swelling, the tuberculum cuneatus, a bulge formed by the underlying nucleus cuneatus the caudal continuation of the tuberculum gracilis is the fasciculus gracilis and the continuation of the tuberculum cuneatus is the fasciculus cuneatus. Just lateral to the taberculum cuneatus is another swelling, the tuberculum cinereum, formed by the descending tract of the trigeminal nerve

DIENCEPHALON Paired structure on each side of the 3rd ventricle Boundaries: Sup: lateral ventricles, corpus callosum, fornix and velum interpositum Lat: fibers of the post limb of the internal capsule of the caudate nucleus Rostral boundary: near the interventricular foramen, but portions of the hypothalamus extend almost to the lamina terminalis Caudally, it appears continuous with the tegmentum of the midbrain Posterior commissure is the junctional zone bet the diencephalon and mesencephalon Consists of 4 parts: 1. Epithalamus composed of the pineal body, stria medullaris, habenular nuclei, and the tenia thalami Constitutes the dorsal surface of the diencephalon 2. Thalamus consist the bulk of the diencephalon and form the superior aspect of the lateral walls of the third ventricle Lies between the interventricular foramen and the posterior commissure Extends from the third ventricle to the medial border of the posterior limb of the internal capsule Lies dorsal to the hypothalamic sulcus Stratum zonale a thin layer of fibers convering the superior surface of the thalamus Lamina affixa a narrow lateral strip of the superior surface, adjacent to the body of

Myelencephalon medulla oblongata - The caudal-most portion - Houses the 4th ventricle - Extends form level of foramen magnum to the caudal border of the pons - The boundary between them is the region where the lateral walls of the 4th wentricle converge in a V shape at the midline obex( at the level of the foamen magnum - The ventral surface of the myelencephalon displas the anterior midline fissure, bordered on each side by the pyramids and crossed ny the pyramidal decussations, connecting the right and left pyramids to each other - Olives- olive-shaped swellings lateral to each pyramid - Hypoglossal nerve- arises from the anterior lateral sulcus between the pyramids and olives - Glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory nerves arise from the groove dorsal to the olives - Dorsal surface presents the posterior mediam fissure which is interposed by between the right and left tuberculum gracilis - tuberculum gracilis- swellings formed by the nucleus gracilis

the caudate nucleus, is covered by the ependymal and forms part of the floor of the lateral ventricle Stria terminalis, terminal vein lie dorsally at the junction of the thalamus and caudate nucleus Stria medullaris extends along the dorsomedial margin of the thalamusnear the roof of the third ventricle Massa intermedia bridges the two thalami (right and left) Place of fusion of the thalamus with 80% of the brain Anterior tubercle a distinct swelling in the rostral part of the thalamus Pulvinar, medial, lateral genicular bodies distinctive bulges formed by some nuclei of thalamus on the surface of the diencephalon Together are referred to as the metathalamus Internal medullary lamina a thin membrane that divides the thalamus into anterior, lateral, medial, and ventral nuclear groups Intralaminar thalamic nuclei collective term for nuclear groups within the internal medullary lamina Largest is the centromedian nucleus Functions as: distributor of most afferent inputs to cerebral cortex Control of electrocortical activity of cerebral cortex Integration of motor functions Plays an important role in arousal, consciousness and sleep mechanisms Hypothalamic sulcus boundary between the thalamus and the hypothalamus 3. Hypothalamus lies ventral to the hypothalamic sulcus Forms the inferior and lateral wall of the third ventricle and extends from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies Ventral surface: optic chiasm, infundibulum, tuber cinereum, mammillary bodies Divided into medial and lateral nuclear groups by fibers of the fornix 3 rostrocaudal regions: supraoptic region, tuberal region, mammillary region Continuous with the pituitary gland through the infundibulum and pituitary stalk

Concerned with visceral, endocrine, metabolic activity, temperature regulation, sleep, and emotion 4. Subthalamus transitional zone ventral to thalamus and lateral to the hypothalamus Bounded dorsally: thalamus Medially: hypothalamus Laterally: internal capsule Subthalamic nucleus a lens shaped structure on the inner aspect of the internal capsule Traversed by many important fiber systems Zona incerta important landmark in distinguishing certain fiber bundles Concerned with integration of somatic motor function

CEREBELLUM Located below the occipital lobe of the cerebral hemispheres Connected to the brainstem via the superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar peduncles Overlies the posterior aspect of the pons and medulla and extends laterally under the tentorium to fill the greater part of the posterior fossa Falx cerebelli a fold of dura mater contained in the deep and narrow posterior cerebellar incisures (anterior cerebellar incisure shallow) Tentorium cerebelli a horizontal dural reflection that separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum Composed of right and left cerebellar hemispheres and the narrow, intervening vermis Vermis subdivided into superior portion (visible between the two hemispheres) and inferior portion (buried between the two hemispheres) Vallecula cerebelli a deep median fossa continuous with the posterior incisures in the inferior vermis Folia horizontal elevations on the surface of the cerebellum 5 transversely oriented fissures: - Primary, posterior superior fissures (superior surface) - Horizontal most distinctive fissure

Prepyramidal, posterolateral fissures (inferior surface) Sulci indentations between the folia - Subdivides each hemisphere into 3 lobes: 1. Anterior lobe 2. Posterior lobe 3. Flocculonodular lobe Primary fissure separates the anterior lobe from the posterior lobe Posterolateral fissure separates the flocculonodular lobe from the posterior lobe Cerebellum: Cortex outer rim of gray matter Medullary white matter inner core of nerve fibers Deep cerebellar nuclei located within the white matter - The cortex and the white matter are easily distinguishable in midsagittal view, where the white matter branches out, forming the core of a tree-like architecture, the arbor vitae 3 layers of the cerebellar cortex: 1. Molecular layer outermost; rich in axons, dendrites and capillaries that penetrate deep into the layer 2. Purkinje layer middle; a single layer of Purkinje cell perikaryons 3. Granular layer innermost; well defined due to presence of nucleic acids in the nuclei of its numerous small cells 4 pairs of nuclei in the white matter: 1. Fastigial 2. Dentate 3. Emboliform 4. Globose 3 zones of the cerebellum: - Due to the connections between the cortical regions and the deep nuclei of the cerebellum 1. Vermal 2. Paravermal 3. Hemispheric - Each zone is composed of deep cerebellar nuclei, white matter and cortex Functions of the cerebellum: - Coordination of somatic motor function - Control of muscle tone - Equilibrium