Chapter 8

Cellular Reproduction

Cell Division

FUNCTIONS OF CELL DIVISION Cell Replacement Growth via Cell Division

Colorized TEM

Human kidney cell

Early human embryo

LM

Figure 8.1a

Chromosomes

Asexual reproduction

FUNCTIONS OF CELL DIVISION Asexual Reproduction

LM

Amoeba

Sea stars

African Violet

Figure 8.1b

Sexual reproduction

Chromosomes

Species Indian muntjac deer Koala Opossum Giraffe Mouse Human Duck-billed platypus

Number of chromosomes in body cells

6 16 22 30 40

46
54 60

Buffalo
Dog

78
102
Figure 8.2

Red viscacha rat

Chromatin

LM

Chromosomes

Figure 8.3

Histones
Nulceosome: 8 histones + DNA

DNA double helix Histones

Beads on a string

TEM

Nucleosome
Figure 8.4a

Sister Chromatids

Tight helical fiber Looped domains

Centromere
Figure 8.4b

TEM

Duplicated chromosomes (sister chromatids)

Centromere

Tight helical fiber Looped domains

Centromere
Figure 8.4b

TEM

Duplicated chromosomes (sister chromatids)

Chromosome duplication

Sister chromatids

Chromosome distribution to daughter cells

Figure 8.5

Cell Cycle

Interphase
G1

G2

INTERPHASE Centrosomes (with centriole pairs)

Chromatin

PROPHASE Fragments of Early mitotic Centrosome nuclear envelope spindle

Centromere

Chromosome, consisting Nuclear Plasma envelope membrane of two sister chromatids

Spindle microtubules

LM

Figure 8.7.a

Prophase

INTERPHASE Centrosomes (with centriole pairs)

Chromatin

PROPHASE Fragments of Early mitotic Centrosome nuclear envelope spindle

Centromere

Chromosome, consisting Nuclear Plasma envelope membrane of two sister chromatids

Spindle microtubules

LM

Figure 8.7.a

Metaphase

INTERPHASE Centrosomes (with centriole pairs) Chromatin

PROPHASE Fragments of Early mitotic Centrosome nuclear envelope spindle Centromere

Nuclear Plasma envelope membrane

Chromosome, consisting of two sister chromatids

Spindle microtubules

Figure 8.7.aa

Anaphase

INTERPHASE Centrosomes (with centriole pairs) Chromatin

PROPHASE Fragments of Early mitotic Centrosome nuclear envelope spindle Centromere

Nuclear Plasma envelope membrane

Chromosome, consisting of two sister chromatids

Spindle microtubules

Figure 8.7.aa

Telophase

INTERPHASE Centrosomes (with centriole pairs) Chromatin

PROPHASE Fragments of Early mitotic Centrosome nuclear envelope spindle Centromere

Nuclear Plasma envelope membrane

Chromosome, consisting of two sister chromatids

Spindle microtubules

Figure 8.7.aa

S phase (DNA synthesis; chromosome duplication)

Interphase: metabolism and growth (90% of time)

G1 Mitotic (M) phase: cell division (10% of time) Cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm) G2

Mitosis (division of nucleus)

Figure 8.6

Cytokinesis

Cleavage furrow

Cleavage furrow Contracting ring of microfilaments

Daughter cells
Figure 8.8a

SEM

Cancer
Tumor Benign Tumor Malignant tumor Metastasis

Meiosis

Haploid gametes (n 23) Egg cell n n Sperm cell MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION

Multicellular diploid adults (2n 46) MITOSIS and development

2n

Diploid zygote (2n 46)

Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2n)

Figure 8.12

Homologous Chromosomes

Karyotype

Pair of homologous chromosomes

Centromere

Sister chromatids One duplicated chromosome

Figure 8.11

LM

Sex chromosomes

Autosomes

Diploid vs. Haploid

Chromosomes duplicate.

Homologous chromosomes separate. Sister chromatids separate.

Pair of homologous chromosomes in diploid parent cell

Duplicated pair of homologous chromosomes

Sister chromatids

INTERPHASE BEFORE MEIOSIS

MEIOSIS I

MEIOSIS II

Figure 8.13-3

Gametes

Fertilization
Zygote

Meiosis I

PROPHASE I

METAPHASE I

ANAPHASE I

TELOPHASE I AND CYTOKINESIS

Microtubules attached Sites of crossing over to chromosome Spindle

Sister chromatids remain attached

Cleavage furrow

Sister Centromere chromatids Pair of homologous chromosomes

Figure 8.14ab

PROPHASE I Sites of crossing over Spindle

METAPHASE I

Microtubules attached to chromosome

Sister chromatids

Centromere

Pair of homologous chromosomes

Figure 8.14ac

ANAPHASE I Sister chromatids remain attached

TELOPHASE I AND CYTOKINESIS

TELOPHASE I AND CYTOKINESIS

Cleavage furrow

Figure 8.14ad

Meiosis II

MEIOSIS II: SISTER CHROMATIDS SEPARATE

TELOPHASE I AND CYTOKINESIS PROPHASE II METAPHASE II ANAPHASE II TELOPHASE II AND CYTOKINESIS

Cleavage furrow
Sister chromatids separate Haploid daughter cells forming

Two haploid cells form; chromosomes are still doubled.

During another round of cell division, the sister chromatids finally separate; four haploid daughter cells result, containing single chromosomes.
Figure 8.14b

PROPHASE II

METAPHASE II

ANAPHASE II

TELOPHASE II AND CYTOKINESIS

Sister chromatids separate

Haploid daughter cells forming

Figure 8.14ba

PROPHASE II

METAPHASE II

Figure 8.14bb

Figure 8.14bc

LM

ANAPHASE II

TELOPHASE II AND CYTOKINESIS

Sister chromatids separate

Haploid daughter cells forming

Figure 8.14bd

Sperm production

Egg production

Comparing Mitosis vs. Meiosis

MITOSIS
Prophase Chromosome duplication Duplicated chromosome (two sister chromatids) Prophase I

MEIOSIS
MEIOSIS I

Chromosome duplication

Parent cell (before chromosome duplication) 2n 4 Homologous chromosomes come together in pairs. Metaphase I Chromosomes align at the middle of the cell.

Site of crossing over between homologous (nonsister) chromatids

Metaphase

Homologous pairs align at the middle of the cell.

Anaphase Telophase Sister chromatids separate during anaphase. Daughter cells of mitosis

Anaphase I Telophase I

Chromosome with two sister chromatids

2n

2n

Homologous chromosomes separate during anaphase I; sister chromatids remain together.

Daughter cells of meiosis I

Haploid n2

MEIOSIS II
Sister chromatids separate during anaphase II.

n n n Daughter cells of meiosis II

Figure 8.15

Independent Assortment of Chromosomes

POSSIBILITY 1

POSSIBILITY 2

Metaphase of meiosis I

Metaphase of meiosis II

Gametes

Combination a Combination b

Combination c Combination d
Figure 8.16-3

Random Fertilization

Figure 8.17

Crossing Over

Prophase I of meiosis

Duplicated pair of homologous chromosomes

Homologous chromatids exchange corresponding segments.

Chiasma, site of crossing over

Metaphase I Sister chromatids remain joined at their centromeres. Metaphase II Spindle microtubule

Figure 8.18-4

Chiasma
X marks the spot

Prophase I of meiosis

Duplicated pair of homologous chromosomes

Homologous chromatids exchange corresponding segments.

Chiasma, site of crossing over

Metaphase I Sister chromatids remain joined at their centromeres. Metaphase II Spindle microtubule

Figure 8.18-4

Genetic recombination

Nondisjunction
Down syndrome

NONDISJUNCTION IN MEIOSIS I Meiosis I Nondisjunction: Pair of homologous chromosomes fails to separate. Meiosis II

NONDISJUNCTION IN MEIOSIS II

Nondisjunction: Pair of sister chromatids fails to separate. Gametes

n1

n1

n1

Number of n 1 chromosomes n1

n1

Abnormal gametes

Abnormal gametes

Normal gametes

Figure 8.20-3

Abnormal X and Y
Trisomy XXX Klinefelter Syndrome XXY or more Turner syndrome XO