Psychology 2301 Chapter 10

Review for Final Exam

1. Define Personality A. The reasonably stable patterns of emotions, motives, and behavior that distinguish one person from another. 2. What does Psychoanalytic theory emphasize A. The importance of unconscious motives and conflicts as forcer that determine behavior. !. What is conscious, preconscious and unconscious A. "onscious# $hat $e are a$are of. %. Preconscious# contents are $aiting to be pulled into consciousness. ". &nconscious# thoughts, $ishes, and feelings that e'ist beyond our a$areness and can only be accessed $ith great effort. (. What is repression A. Automatic e)ection of an'iety#evo*ing ideas from a$areness. +. What are the ,d, -go, and .uperego A. ,d# The psychic structure, present at birth, that represents physiological drives and is fully unconscious. %. -go# the second psychic structure to develop, characterized by self# a$areness, planning, and delay of gratification. ". .uperego# The third psychic structure, $hich function as a moral guardian and seats forth high standards for behavior. /. When is the ,d first present in a person A. ,t is present at birth. 0. What is the correct se1uence of 2reud3s psychose'ual stages A. 4ral, anal, phallic, latency and genital. 5. What is a fi'ation according to 2reud A. 6egressing and sho$ing characteristics of a stage. 7. What are the characteristics of an oral fi'ation A. .timulation of mouth# smo*ing, overeating biting nails. 18. What are the traits of an anal#retentive personality A. -'cessive use of self#control9 perfectionism, a strong need for order, and e'aggerated neatness and cleanliness.

11. What occurs in the phallic stage of psychose'ual development A. "hildren may develop strong se'ual attachments to the parent of the other se' and begin to vie$ the parent of the same se' as a rival for the other parent3s affections. 12. What are the 4edipus and -lectra comple' :o$ is it resolved A. 4edipus comple'# boys3 conflict. %. -lectra comple'# girls comple' ". They can be resolved by about the ages of five and si'. "hildren repress their hostilities to$ard the parent of the same se' and begin to identify $ith her or him. 1!. What is the ma)or contribution of the Psychodynamic Theorists A. 1(. What are Watson and .*inner3s beliefs about behaviorism A. Watson focuses on determinants of observable behavior, not unseen, undetectable, unconscious forces. All behaviors are learned and $e are influenced by our environment. %. .*inner# -mphasized the effects of reinforcements on behavior; conse1uences. 1+. :o$ is .ocial "ognitive theory different from behaviorism A. <earning theory in $hich observational learning and variables such as values and e'pectancies play ma)or roles in individual differences. %. %ehaviorism focuses on observable behavior and the situations in $hich behavior occurs. 1/. What are e'pectancies and self efficacy e'pectations according to social cognitive theory 10. What is self#actualization A. 2inding meaning and reaching our potential. 15. What is the self, according to "arl 6ogers A. The center of e'perience. 17. What are the conditions of $orth according to 6ogers A. .tandards by $hich the value of a person is )udged. 28. What are conditional and unconditional positive regard A. "onditional positive regard# $hen they accept them as having intrinsic merit regardless of their behavior at the moment.

%. &nconditional positive regard# A persistent e'pression of esteem for the value of a person, but not necessarily an un1ualified acceptance of all of the person3s behavior. Chapter 12 1. What are the characteristics of psychological disorders or abnormal behavior A. 6are of unusual behavior, faulty perceptions =hallucinations> or interpretations of reality, inappropriate response to the situation, self#defending behaviors, socially unacceptable behaviors. What are faulty perceptions A. :allucinations, ?hearing?@ ?seeing? things, or ideas of persecution.

2.

(. :o$ many people have a psychological disorder in any given year A. 2+A +. What is the most debilitating psychological disorder A. .chizophrenia. +. What are the symptoms of schizophrenia A. Positive# hallucinations, delusion, looseness of association. %. Begative# <ac* of emotional e'pression and motivation, social $ithdra$al, and poverty speech. What are delusions A. 2alse, persistent beliefs that are unsubstantiated by sensory or ob)ective evidence.

/.

0. What are hallucinations A. A perception in the absence of sensory stimulation that is confused $ith reality. 5. 7. What is insanity A. A person does *no$ $hat they are doing $hen they commit a crime. What is the difference bet$een a ma)or depression and depression A. Ca)or depression# persistent, intense feelings of sadness, loss of interest, feelings of $orthlessness or guilt, and inability to concentrate. Cay have psychotic or suicidal thoughts. %. Depression# <ess intense than ma)or depression $ithout psychosis and suicidal thoughts.

1(. What is bipolar disorder A. Coods s$ings from ecstatic elation =mania> to deep depression.

1+. What is an an'iety disorder A. 6eaction to stress. 1/. What are specific phobias A. ,rrational fears of specific ob)ects or situation. 10. What is a panic attac* A. Periods of intense fear or apprehension that are of sudden onset and of variable duration from minutes to hours. Panic attac*s usually begin abruptly, may reach a pea* $ithin 18 minutes, but may continue for much longer if the sufferer had the attac* triggered by a situation from $hich they are not able to escape, 15. What is generalized an'iety disorder A. 2eelings of dread and foreboding and sympathetic arousal of at least si' months duration. 17. What are obsessions and compulsions and $hat is obsessive#compulsive disorder A. 4bsessions# recurrent, an'iety#provo*ing thoughts or images that seem irrational and beyond control. %. "ompulsions# behaviors that tend to reduce the an'iety connected $ith obsessions. ,rresistible urges to engage in specific acts, often repeatedly. ". 4bsessive#compulsive disorder is a fre1uent, chronic, costly, and disabling disorder that presents in several medical settings, but is under#recognized and undertreated. 28. What is post#traumatic stress disorder A. A disorder that follo$s a distressing event outside the range of normal human e'perience and that is characterized by feature such as intense fear, avoidance of stimuli associated $ith the event, and reliving of the event. The following perspectives and their foc s! Psychodynamic# -arly "hildhood @ &nconscious forces; "ognitive# Thin*ing, Cemory, <anguage, @ Decision ma*ing, :umanism# 2ree "hoice @ .elf Actualization %ehaviorism# 4bservable, measurable behavior Destalt# Perceptions are more than the sum of their parts, -volutionaryE%iological#%rain activity, hormones and genetics "now what theory the following names are associated with! .igmund 2reud # Psychodynamic %. 2. .*inner @ Fohn %. Watson# %ehaviorism Albert %andura# .ocial "ognitive <earning Theory "arl 6ogers @ Abraham Caslo$# :umanistic

Thin* of all the things that $e discussed this semester in class. What ! things have influenced and shape your behaviors or personality. <ist and describe them.