ABSTRACT
In this paper we have proposed a novel space time block code (STBC) or Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) communications by doing some modifications in cyclic division algebra used for construction of silver code. We have compared the Symbol Error Rate (SER) performance of Proposed STBC with both Alamouti STBC (Orthogonal STBC) and Silver STBC(Perfect STBC) in both flat and frequency selective channel with and without applying Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM).We have also done the peak to average power ratio (PAPR) analysis of proposed STBC and have shown that the PAPR of the proposed STBCcan be significantly reduced by applying Selective Mapping ( SLM ) Algorithm. Keywords- STBC; MIMO; OFDM; PAPR; SLM Where and are information symbols to be taken from any M-PSK modulation scheme. The Silver Code is a 2 x 2 Perfect Space-Time Block Code [1]. The silver code is constructed using cyclic division algebra [6,7] as shown below, S={X=XA+TXB|x1,x2,x3,x4 Z [i]} Where x1 XA=XA(x1, x2 = x2 z1 XB=XB(z1,z2) = z2 The twisting matrix 1 T= 0 And z1 =U z2 With a unitary matrix U = (1/7)1/2 1+i 1+2i -1+2i 1-i x4 x3 -1 0 -x2* x 1* -z2* z1*
I. INTRODUCTION
MIMO-OFDM is a key technology for 4-G wireless communication systems. Space Time Block Coding is a technique in which we transmit multiple copies of the same symbol in different time slots to provide diversity.In this paper we have designed a new space time block code by modifying the cyclic division algebra used in the construction of Silver STBC[]. We have compared the SER performance of proposed STBC with both Alamouti STBC [2] and Silver STBC [1] in both frequency flat and frequency selective fading channel with and without using OFDM. We have also done the PAPR analysis of proposed STBC and have shown that PAPR of the proposed STBC can be further reduced by applying selective mapping (SLM) algorithm[4,5]. II. ALAMOUTI STBC The Alamouti STBC [2] is a orthogonal space time block code It is represented as, X= x1 x2 -x2* x1
*
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x1,x2,x3,x4 Z[i]
We have verified by the computer that the actual normalized minimum determinant is 1/ . Thus the proposed code satisfies the non-vanishing determinant property [1] and hence achieves the diversity multiplexing trade-off [1].
Where, f=1/NT is the duration of an OFDM data block. Output data which has the lowest PAPR is selected to transmit.
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C.Performance of Proposed STBC over Silver STBC in frequency flat channel The SER performance of Proposed STBC over Silver STBC in frequency flat channel is shown in Fig. 4. It can be seen from Fig. 4 that the Proposed STBC outperforms the Silver STBC by 4 dB at a SER of 10 2. The constellation used is 4-PSK. We have used 2 transmit antennas and 1 receive antenna. D. Performance of Proposed STBC-OFDM over Silver STBC- OFDM and Alamouti STBC-OFDM in frequency selective fading channel The SER performance of Proposed STBC-OFDM over Silver STBC-OFDM and Alamouti STBC-OFDM in frequency selective fading channel is shown in Fig.5. . It can be seen from Fig. 5 that the Proposed STBC-OFDM outperforms the Silver STBC-OFDM by 1.5 dB and Alamouti STBC-OFDM by 5 dB at a SER of 10-2. The constellation used is BPSK. We have used 2 transmit antennas and 1 receive antenna. E. PAPR Performance of Proposed STBC-OFDM over Silver STBC-OFDM with and without using SLM Algorithm. Table 1 shows the PAPR performance of Proposed STBC-OFDM over Silver STBC-OFDM with and without using SLM algorithm. As can be seen from Table 1 the PAPR of proposed STBC-OFDM scheme is lower than the PAPR of Silver STBCOFDM scheme. Thus the proposed code has outperformed the silver code in terms of PAPR too. Further it can be seen from Table 1 that the PAPR of the proposed scheme can be reduced by applying SLM algorithm. Table 1: PAPR of Proposed STBC -OFDM and Silver STBC-OFDM with and without SLM Algorithm Code Silver STBC-OFDM Proposed STBC-OFDM PAPR (db) 5.1236 PAPR (db) with SLM 4.5583 4.2865
Fig. 3 Proposed Code vs. Alamouti Code B. Performance of Proposed STBC over Alamouti STBCin frequency flat channel The SER performance of Proposed STBC over Alamouti STBC in frequency flat channel is shown in Fig. 3. It can be seen from Fig. 3 that the Proposed STBC outperforms the Alamouti STBC by 4.5 dB at a SER of 10-2. The constellation used is 16-PSK. We have used 2 transmit antennas and 1 receive antenna.
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REFERENCES
[1] C. Hollanti, J. Lahtonen, K. Ranto, R. Vehkalhati and E. Viterbo, On the Algebraic Structure of the Silver Code : A 2 x 2 Perfect Space Time Block Code PhIEEE Information Theory workshop,pp. 91-94,2008. [2] S.M. Alamouti, A simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communications, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas of Communications, vol 16, pp 14511458, Oct 1998. [3] Erik G. Larsson and Peter Stoica Jacobs SpaceTime Block Coding for Wireless Communications, Cambridge University Pressc, pp. 132-134,2003. Fig. 4: Proposed STBC vs. Silver STBC [4] R. Bauml,R.F.H Fishcher, J.B. Huber Reducing the Peak to Average Power Ratio of Multicarrier Modulation by Selected Mapping IEEE Electronic letters, pp. 2056-2057,Nov. 1996. [5] Stefan H. Muller,and Johnes B. Huber A comparison of Peak Power Reduction Schemes for OFDM, IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference , pp. 1-5,Nov. 1997. [6] O. Tirkkonen and A. Hottinen,Square Matrix Embeddable Space Time Block Codes for Complex signal Constellations , IEEE Trans. on Inform. Theory, Vol. 48, No. 2,pp. 384-395, Feb. 2002. [7] O.Tirkkonen, A.Hottinen and R.Witchman,Multi Antenna Transceiver Techniques for 3G and Beyond, Wiley,2003. Fig. 5: Proposed STBC-OFDM vs Silver STBC-OFDM And Alamouti STBC-OFDM
We have shown that the Proposed STBC scheme has outperformed both the Silver STBC and Alamouti STBC schemes in both frequency flat and frequency selective channels. Beside that Proposed STBC scheme has a lower value of PAPR compared to Silver STBC scheme. Thus the Proposed STBC has outperformed the Silver STBC in terms of both Symbol Error Rate and Peak to Average Power Ratio. We have also shown that the PAPR of the Proposed STBC scheme can be further reduced by applying SLM Algorithm.
VIII. CONCLUSION
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