Q
= 0 if it is favorable
y
for permanent actions:
G
= 1.00 if it is favorable
Q
= 1.00 if it is unfavorable
G
= 1.35 if it is unfavorable
54
Combinations with Variable Coefficients
Combination Rules are logic relations between Start States Combination Rules are logic relations between Start States.
Each combination rule has its own Start States
A combination rule may have any number of Start States (up to a
ma im mof 1 000 000) maximum of 1,000,000)
The result of the combination is called a combined result
Combination rules can be nested
That means that the combined result of the combination i can be a start
state for the combinations i+1, i+2, , n, and combined results of
combination i+1 may be a start state for combinations i+2, i+3, , n
... Q Q G G E
Wind k, Wind 0, Wind Q, Live k, Live Q, Dead k, Dead G, Gravity k, Gravity G,
+ + + + =
55
Combination Rule
Combined result Start State
Combinations with Variable Coefficients
56
Combinations with Variable Coefficients
Define the type of combination and the number of Start States Define the type of combination and the number of Start States
Before starting with calculations, you must define all the combination rules and
targets.
Combination name
Combination number
Combination name
Type of combination
Number of Start States included in
this combination rule
57
this combination rule
Combinations with Variable Coefficients
Maximum coefficient
Minimum coefficient
If a default value is introduced, it will be
applied to the rest of Start States.
58
applied to the rest of Start States.
Code Checking Results
.011637
.039639
.067641
.095642
.123644
.151646
.179647
207649
PHASE 1:
AXIAL +BENDING CHECKING
.207649
.235651
.263652
X
Y
Z
59
CivilFEM Creep and Shrinkage
Shrinkage Shrinkage
Time dependent deformation without external loads, due to the concrete
hardening.
Creep Creep
Time dependent deformation under the influence of stress
Can cause displacement and deformations that can affect the distribution Can cause displacement and deformations that can affect the distribution
of stresses, the reaction forces and the pre-stressing forces that act on the
structure.
60
CivilFEM Creep and Shrinkage
) ( ) ( ) ( t t t
sh cr el t
c c c c + + =
c t (t, )
o
Strain due to creep only appears
after loading the structure
c t (t, ) CREEP
o CR
Strain due to shrinkage
appears at the initial time
Elastic strain is produced, instantanously,
at the moment the load is applied
c (t)
e
c (t)
SH
ELASTIC
SHRINKAGE
t, t
t
o
t
t
2
F(t)
0
0
61
St rain component s
t, t
t
o
0
CivilFEM Creep and Shrinkage
Assumption: Assumption:
Linearity: the creep deformation is proportional to the stresses
c t (t, )
c (t,0)
c t (t, )
1
CR
CR
CR
c (0)
CR
c t ( )
1 CR
*
*
) ( o t
c t (t, )
2
1 CR
CR
c t ( )
2
CR
*
) , (
) (
) , (
28 ,
0
t
o
t c t
E
t
t
c
c
cr
=
t, t
t t
1 2
Creep variat ion wit h time and wit h the load applicat ion age
The validity of this assumption is experimentally confirmed for initial
stresses below 40% of the strength of concrete.
62
CivilFEM Creep and Shrinkage
Assumption:
c t (t, )
CR
c = c t (t, )
1 CR
I
c = c t (t, )
2 CR
II
CR
c t (t, )
CR
CR
Assumption:
Principle of superposition: the
deformation due to creep at
time t caused by a stress
t, t
t
t 1
2
t, t
t t
t
t t
t
o
o
o
o
y
increment applied at time t is
independent from any stress
increment that takes place
before or after time t
t, t
t
1
t, t
t
2
c = + c c
T I II
c t (t, )
CR
c t (t, )
CR
before or after time t
Therefore, the deformations
due to creep are addable
t
1 t, t
c = c
F F
T I
c + c c
CR CR CR
t
1 t, t
c = c
CR CR
T I
c = c c
CR CR
T I
CR
II
due to creep are addable
t, t
t
1
t
2
o
o
2o
o
t, t
t
1
t
2
o
o
Superposi t i on pri nci pl e
63
p p p p
CivilFEM Creep and Shrinkage
64
CivilFEM Creep and Shrinkage
Shrinkage in CivilFEMis computed from the shrinkage strain curves
defined in the concrete material properties.
Curves are calculated fromthe available codes in CivilFEM Curves are calculated from the available codes in CivilFEM
Curves can be defined by the user point-by-point.
Sh i k t i ill b t d i ll t i l ith th h i k Shrinkage strains will be computed in all materials with the shrinkage
option activated.
They are introduced in the model by temperature increments and calculated
fromthe thermal strains and the thermal expansion coefficient of the material from the thermal strains and the thermal expansion coefficient of the material.
Since shrinkage strains are related to thermal strains, temperature
increments must not be applied to elements that are associated to materials
with the shrinkage option activated. with the shrinkage option activated.
65
CivilFEM Creep and Shrinkage
For a correct evaluation of time-dependent properties ANSYS time For a correct evaluation of time-dependent properties, ANSYS time
defined with command TIME, must coincide with active time of CivilFEM
defined with command ~ACTTIME.
All the structural elements of ANSYS support the modeling of concrete
shrinkage with CivilFEM. Exceptions:
All the PIPE elements All the PIPE elements
SHELL91, SHELL181, SOLID191
SHELL99 and SOLID46 elements can only be used with KEYOPT(2) = 0 or 1
66
CivilFEM Creep and Shrinkage
CivilFEMuses a standard step-by-stepmethod to solve this integral: CivilFEMuses a standard step-by-step method to solve this integral:
I h b h d h i i di id d i i f i l I h In the step by step method the time is divided into a series of intervals. In each
intervals the equilibrium and compatibility conditions of the structure are
satisfied. Strain is computed as follows:
(
}
=
=
(
(
+ = +
t
c c
cr el
d
E
t
E
t t
t
t
t o
t
t
c c
0
28 ,
) (
) , (
) (
1
) ( ) (
The solution procedure of CivilFEMemploys a non linear calculation with
automatic time discretization: the time steps, corresponding to load steps and
substeps, are chosen to follow the evolution of loads and model geometry.
=
A
(
(
+ =
k
i
i
c
i k
i c
k
t
E
t t
t E
t
1
28 ,
) (
) , (
) (
1
) ( o
c
67
CivilFEM Creep and Shrinkage
Strain increments produced by creep are computed fromthe creep Strain increments produced by creep are computed from the creep
coefficients defined in the material properties and from the stress
increments produced during the steps of time discretization:
o
Ao(t )
i
o
o
Variable act ion discret ization
t
i
t,t
t
o
Variable act ion discret ization
) ( ) (
) , (
) ( ) ( ) (
1 1
A = = A
k cr
k
i
i k
k cr k cr k cr
t t
t t
t t t c o
c c c
68
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
1
1
28 ,
1
=
k cr
i
i
c
k cr k cr k cr
E
CivilFEM Creep and Shrinkage
These creep strains are introduced in the model using ANSYS Creep These creep strains are introduced in the model using ANSYS Creep
(subroutine UserCreep is programmed for this case, which uses an implicit
time integration algorithm).
It is also possible to take into account an aging coefficient. In this case creep
strains are computed as follows:
A + A =
k
i
i
i k
i k
k
k cr
t
E
t t
t t t
E
t t
t
1
1
1
) (
) , (
) , ( ) (
) , (
) ( o
_ o
c
t1 is the time of the application of the first load
If the value of the aging coefficient is not specified, the program uses:
= i
c c
E E
1
28 , 28 ,
5 . 0
5 . 0
1
) , (
i
i
i k
t
t
t t
+
= _
Like in case of shrinkage, for a correct evaluation of time-dependent
properties, ANSYS time defined with command TIME, must coincide with
ti ti f Ci ilFEMd fi d ith d ACTTIME
69
active time of CivilFEMdefined with command ~ACTTIME.
CivilFEM Creep Effective Modulus Method
This method consists using a elasticity modulus called effective modulus which This method consists using a elasticity modulus called effective modulus which
takes into account the additional strain caused by phenomenon of creep
The effective modulus is calculated by the following expression: The effective modulus is calculated by the following expression:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) t
t
t
t
, 1
,
.
t
E
E
t E
x
x
eff cr
+
=
( )
( ) t ,
28
1 t
E
x
+
The concrete age at the moment of the load application is calculated as the
difference between the load application time, TAppLoad and the material
activation time, Tact.
TAct TAppLoad = t
70
CivilFEM Creep Effective Modulus Method
Thi i lifi d th d d l l d t f h ti t b This simplified method needs only one load step for each time to be
solved, so this method is much faster than the step by step method.
Under this method, the creep strain only depends on the current state of
stresses thats why its independent of the previous load history. This
method provides accurate results for concrete stresses almost constant in
ti time.
This method is based on the substitution of the material elasticity modulus
by an effective modulus so it isnt possible to determine the creep strain
independent to the elastic strain so the final elastic strain will be the
combination of these.
71
CivilFEM Creep and Shrinkage
Element types that are supported in CivilFEMto model concrete creep: Element types that are supported in CivilFEMto model concrete creep:
Step by step method:
Beam: LINK180, BEAM188, BEAM189
Sh ll SHELL181 Shell: SHELL181
2D Solid: PLANE182, PLANE183
3D Solid: SOLID185, SOLID186, SOLID187
Eff ti d l th d Effective modules method:
All the ANSYS structural elements.
Element types that are supported in CivilFEMto model concrete
Shrinkage:
All the ANSYS structural elements except:
All pipe elements.
SHELL 91, SHELL 181, SOLID 191.
It can only be used on SHELL 99 and SOLID 46 elements if KEYOPT (2)=0 or 1.
72
Creep and Shrinkage Time Stepping
~CFMP,1,LIB,CONCRETE,EC2,C16/20 ! Concrete
CFMP 1 CONCR KCREEP 1 ! C b St B St M th d ~CFMP,1,CONCR,KCREEP,,1 ! Creep by Step By Step Method
~CFMP,1,CONCR,KEYCT,,0
~CFMP,1,CONCR,KSHRINK,,1 ,0,0,0 ! by temperatures
~CFMP,1,CONCR,AGESRINI,,10 ,0,0,0 ! concrete age when shrinkage
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
TIME,10 $ ~ACTTIME,10 ! 10 Days
RATE,ON
NSUBST,1
SOLVE
NSUBST 10 NSUBST,10,
TIME,15 $ ~ACTTIME,15 ! 15 Days
SOLVE
NSUBST,10,
TIME,25 $ ~ACTTIME,25 ! 25 Days , $ , y
SOLVE
TIME,90 $ ~ACTTIME,90 ! 90 Days
SOLVE
TIME,365 $ ~ACTTIME,365 ! 365 Days
SOLVE
TIME,1000 $ ~ACTTIME,1000 ! 1000 Days
SOLVE
TIME,10000 $ ~ACTTIME,10000 ! 10000 Days
SOLVE
73
SOLVE
NON- INCREMENTAL ANALYSIS:
Construction Sequence (Curing) Analysis
S l
Concrete
The beamis built by phases, but the supports will not be taken out
Steel
INCREMENTAL S S
The beam is built by phases, but the supports will not be taken out
until concrete has gained resistance.
Concrete
INCREMENTAL ANALYSIS:
Steel
Concrete
First the steel beam is placed and then the concrete, without resistance, will
b d th t l t t
Steel
74
be poured on the steel structure.
Cable Stayed Bridge Wizard
Nonlinear Construction Process Analysis: Nonlinear Construction Process Analysis:
Y
X
Y
X
Y
Z
X
Z
X
Z
MN
MX
X
Y
Z
75
Cable Stayed Bridge Wizard
Nonlinear Construction Process Analysis: Nonlinear Construction Process Analysis:
76
Cable Stayed Bridge Wizard
Nonlinear Construction Process Analysis: Nonlinear Construction Process Analysis:
~CPDEF,1,3 ! 3 Phases
! Phase 1
CPSTDEF 1 TIME 0
Geometry
~CPSTDEF,1,TIME,0
~CPSTDEF,1,SS,6,14,,0
~CPSTDEF,1,SS,1,6
~CPSTDEF,1,TENDON,1,10
Phases
40 m 40 m 50 m
~CPSTDEF,1,TENDON,11,30,,0
! Phase 2
~CPSTDEF,2,TIME,12 ! 12 days
~CPSTDEF,2,SS,1,11
Cross Sections
Li i i Li i i Li i i
50 m 30 m 50 m
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3
Section 1
~CPSTDEF,2,TENDON,1,20
~CPSTDEF,2,TENDON,21,30,,0
! Phase 3
~CPSTDEF,3,TIME,24 ! 24 days
8 m 8 m 12 m 12 m 8 m 8 m 12 m 12 m 10 m 10 m 15 m 15 m
Secti on 2 Secti on 2 Secti on 2 Secti on 2 Secti on 1
Linear t ransi ti on
Secti on 1
Li near t ransi ti on
Secti on 1
Li near t ransi ti on
Section 2
, , , y
~CPSTDEF,3,SS,1,14
~CPSTDEF,3,TENDON,1,30
77
Postprocess Results
-.161E+08
-.985E+07
-.361E+07
.263E+07
.887E+07
.151E+08
214E+08
PHASE 1:
BENDING MOMENT MZ
-.228E+08
-.152E+08
756E+07
PHASE 2:
BENDING MOMENT MZ
X
Y
Z
.401E+08
.214E+08
.276E+08
.338E+08
-.756E+07
.765E+07
.152E+08
.229E+08
.305E+08
.381E+08
.457E+08
BENDING MOMENT MZ
X
Y
Z
-.220E+08
-.143E+08
-.665E+07
.101E+07
.867E+07
.163E+08
PHASE 3:
BENDING MOMENT MZ
X
Y
Z
.163E 08
.240E+08
.316E+08
.393E+08
.470E+08
78
X Z
Case Study: Sil River Bridge
79
Case Study: Sil River Bridge
80
Case Study: Sil River Bridge
81