Environmental Assessment Report

Summary Environmental Impact Assessment

Project Number: 42933
January 2009

India: Jhajjar Thermal Power Project

Prepared by Jhajjar Power Limited for the Asian Development Bank (ADB)

The summary environmental impact assessment is a document of the Borrower. The views
expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, management,
or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.
 CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS
(as of 30 December 2008)

Currency Unit – Rupee (Re/Rs)

Re1.00 = $ 0.0205503
$1.00 = Rs. 48.661

ABBREVIATIONS

AAS – atomic absorption spectrophotometer

ADB – Asian Development Bank
APCPL – Aravali Power Company Private Limited
ATPP – Aravali Thermal Power Plant
BOD – biochemical oxygen demand
BOO – build, own, and operate
CaCO3 – calcium carbonates
CCL – Central Coalfields Limited
CDM – Clean Development Mechanism
CHP – coal handling and processing
CLP PIPL – CLP Power India Private Limited
CO – carbon monoxide
CO2 – carbon dioxide
COC – cycles of concentration
COD – chemical oxygen demand
DM – demineralized
DO – dissolved oxygen
EIA – environmental impact assessment
EP – environmental protection
ESP – electrostatic precipitators
F – fluoride
FD – forced draft
FGD – flue gas desulfurization
GLC – ground level concentration
HC – hydrocarbon
HPGCL – Haryana Power Generation Corporation Limited
HVPNL – Haryana Power Vitaran Nigam Limited
IAS – Indian Administrative Services
ID – induced draft
IS – Indian Standard (Bureau of Indian Standards)
ISCST – industrial source complex short term
JLN – Jawahar Lal Nehru
JPL – Jhajjar Power Limited
JTPP – Jhajjar Thermal Power Project
LNG – liquid natural gas
MECON – MECON Limited (formerly Metallurgical and Engineering
Consultants (India) Limited) a Government of India public
sector undertaking under the Ministry of Steel
MoEF – Ministry of Environment and Forests
NAAQS – National Ambient Air Quality Standards
NOx – oxides of nitrogen
pH – potential of hydrogen
PLF – plant load factor
PM – particulate matter
PPAH – Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook
RO – reverse osmosis
RPM – respirable particulate matter
SEIA – summary environmental impact assessment
SHE – safety, health, and environment
SO2 – sulfur dioxide
SPM – suspended particulate matter
SPV – special purpose vehicle
SSC – submerged scrapper conveyor
TSP – total suspended particulates
TSS – total suspended solids

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

o
C – degrees Celsius
dB(A) – decibel acoustic (A-weighted)
GWh – gigawatt hour
ha – hectare
kcal/kg – kilocalories per kilogram
km – kilometer
m – meter
m3 – cubic meter
m3/hr – cubic meters per hour
m/s – meters per second
m3/s – cubic meter per second
mg/kg – milligrams per kilogram
mg/l – milligrams per liter
MPa – megapascals
mtpa – metric tons per annum
MW – megawatt
ppm – parts per million
ppt – parts per thousand
t – tons
tpd – tons per day
tph – tons per hour
µg/m3 – micrograms per cubic meter
µS/cm micro Siemens per centimeter
 NOTES

(i) The fiscal year (FY) of the Government and its agencies ends on 31 March. FY
before a calendar year denotes the year in which the fiscal year starts, e.g.,
FY2008 ends on 31 March 2009.

(ii) In this report, "$" refers to US dollars.

 CONTENTS

Page
MAPS
I. INTRODUCTION 1
II. PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2
A. Project Facilities 2
B. Design and Construction 6
C. Power Plant Operations 7
D. Land and Right-of-Way Acquisition 7
E. Project Schedule and Contracts 8
F. Project Management and Operations 8
III. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 9
A. Physical Environment 9
B. Biological Environment 13
C. Socio-cultural Environment 14
IV. ALTERNATIVES 14
A. With and Without Project Alternatives 14
B. Alternative Project Locations 15
C. Alternative Fuels 16
D. Alternative Boiler Technologies 17
E. Alternative Cooling Systems 17
F. Alternative Wastewater Treatment Systems 18
G. Alternative Water Resources 18
V. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 19
A. Physical Environment 19
B. Biological Environment 26
C. Socio-cultural Environment 26
D. Induced Development 28
E. Cumulative Impact 28
F. Impacts of Associated Facilities 29
VI. ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT 30
A. Project Costs 30
B. Project Socioeconomic Benefits 30
VII. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 30
A. Objectives and Scope of Environmental Management 30
B. Organization for Project Environmental Management 31
C. Mitigation Measures 31
D. Monitoring and Evaluation Program 31
E. Occupational Health and Safety Management 32
F. Afforestation Program 32
G. Ash Utilization Plan 33
VIII. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE 33
IX. CONCLUSIONS 34
APPENDICES

1. Main Design and Operational Data of the Power Plant 35

2. Methodology and Data for Ambient Air Quality - Summer Season 36
3. Applicable Indian Ambient Air Quality Standards and World Bank Guidelines 38
4. Summary of Noise Quality Observed and Applicable Indian Noise Standards and 39
World Bank Guidelines
5. Summary of Groundwater Quality Observed and Applicable Indian Standards 40
6. Operating Conditions for Calculation of Emission Rates 41
7. Results of Prediction of Ambient Air Quality for the Project 43
8. Results of Prediction of Ambient Air Quality for the Project and the Aravali 45
Thermal Power Project
9. Summary of Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures 47
10. Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation Program 53
11. Occupational Health and Safety Management 55
12. Ash Utilization Plan 61
13. Summary of Public Hearing 64
 I. INTRODUCTION

1. Jhajjar Power Limited (JPL), a 100% subsidiary of CLP Power India Private Limited
(CLP PIPL), which in turn is a 100% subsidiary of CLP Holdings, is developing the Jhajjar
Thermal Power Project (JTPP). Under a reform program, the Government of the state of
Haryana divided the electricity business owned by the Haryana State Electricity Board into three
components: generation, transmission, and distribution. To meet the growing power and energy
deficit, the Government of Haryana promoted the Project and subsequently awarded it to CLP
PIPL through competitive bidding under the Electricity Act 2003 1 and standard bidding
guidelines issued by the Government of India.

2. The Project comprises the construction of a supercritical 2, coal-fired power plant with a
total capacity of 1,320 megawatts (MW). The plant will consist of two 660 MW units that will run
on coal supplied by rail from India’s North Karanpura coal fields, which are operated by Central
Coalfields Limited (CCL). The Project was awarded to CLP PIPL on a build, own, and operate
(BOO) basis. Equipment sourcing through various packages has been finalized with suppliers
and construction will commence in March 2009. The plant is scheduled for full commercial
operation in April 2012.

3. The Project is located near Khanpur village in Jhajjar district in the state of Haryana. The
site is close to the Jharli railway station on the Dadari–Rewari section of the North Western
Railway (Map 1). The project site covers 494.1 hectares (ha) of low-yield agricultural land in the
villages of Khanpur Khurd, Khanpur Kalan, Wazidpur, and Jharli. The project area includes
214.5 ha for plant and equipment, and a switch yard, coal handling system, and related plant;
109.3 ha for ash disposal; 137.0 ha for the greenbelt and water storage facilities; and 33.2 ha
for the township. The project site is located on Jhajjar–Matanhel–Kanina district road, which is
38 kilometers (km) southwest of Jhajjar town.

4. An environmental impact assessment (EIA) for the Project was completed by MECON
Limited (MECON) in January 2008 based on terms of reference approved by the Ministry of
Environment and Forests (MoEF) on 7 October 2007. As part of the EIA process, a public
hearing was held on 29 October 2007 and further consultations were subsequently conducted in
local villages. The Project received environmental clearance from MoEF on 24 April 2008 based
on the EIA. An application for the alteration of the MoEF environmental clearance has been
submitted to MoEF to permit the use of supercritical boiler technology. All other key clearances
and permits from national and state authorities required for construction and operation have

1
An Act promulgated by the Government of India to consolidate laws relating to the generation, transmission,
distribution, trading and use of electricity and generally for taking measures conducive to development of the
electricity industry, promoting competition therein, protection of interest of consumers and supply of electricity to all
areas, rationalization of electricity tariff, ensuring transparent policies regarding subsidies, promotion of efficient
and environmentally benign policies, constitution of Central Electricity Authority, Regulatory Commission and
establishment of Appellate Tribunal and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
2
The boiler technology options available for large, pulverized coal-fired power plants are subcritical, supercritical,
and ultra-supercritical. Subcritical plants operate at steam pressure of less than 19 megapascals, where the steam
is a mix of liquid and gas, and drum-type boilers are used. Supercritical plants operate at steam pressure of more
than 22.1 megapascals and use once-through boilers. The steam at 22.56 megapascals and 374.15°C is said to be
in a critical state. Ultra-supercritical plants are about 2% to 3% more efficient than supercritical plants. These plants
operate at even higher steam pressures of about 30 megapascals and steam temperatures of about 600°C.
Supercritical technology is becoming standard practice in the power industry in developed economies for large
coal-fired power plants due to a higher efficiency than subcritical technology. More than 400 supercritical plants are
operating in the United States, Europe, Russia, and Japan.
2

been obtained. The preliminary design was completed in November 2008 and established all of
the plant’s major design parameters. Detailed project design has commenced.

5. This summary environmental impact assessment (SEIA) was prepared by JPL for use by
the Asian Development Bank (ADB) in accordance with ADB’s environmental and social
safeguard policies and information disclosure requirements for environmental category A
projects. 3 This SEIA summarizes and consolidates the major findings and recommendations
presented in the EIA. The EIA is available for public review at JPL and ADB offices upon
request. The SEIA will be posted on ADB’s website 120 days before consideration of the
requested loan by ADB’s Board of Directors.

II. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

A. Project Facilities

6. The main project facilities consist of two coal-fired 660 MW units, a power house, and
auxiliary facilities that include a switch yard, raw water reservoir, water pre-treatment system,
demineralization plant, cooling water pump house, coal handling plant (stockpiles and unloading
system), ash handling and disposal system, and a residential township for project staff. Other
project facilities that will be constructed by JPL include: (i) a railway siding for transporting coal
from the Jharli railway line of the North Western Railways to the power plant, and (ii) a 14 km
long water supply pipeline from the Jawahar Lal Nehru (JLN) feeder canal to the project site.

7. Power transmission lines for the evacuation of power from the Project will be built,
owned, and operated by Haryana Vidyut Prasaran Nigam Limited (HVPNL), a Government of
Haryana-owned enterprise. The transmission lines will connect the Project to substations at
Sonipat (approximately 70 km to the northeast) and Mahindergarh (approximately 50 km to the
southwest). The JLN feeder canal will be raised along a 70 km section to increase its capacity to
meet the Project’s water supply requirements.

1. Facilities to be Constructed by Jhajjar Power Limited

8. Power Plant. The power plant consists of two 660 MW units. Both units will have steam-
based, pulverized coal-fired boiler units and steam turbines and generators. Each boiler unit will
comprise a boiler proper, regenerative type air heaters, and forced draft (FD) fans and induced
draft (ID) fans. The boilers will have steam conditions of about 25.4 megapascals (MPa)/571ºC
for main steam and 569ºC for reheat steam. Low oxides of nitrogen (NOx) burners will be used.
In addition to coal, light diesel fuel oil will be used for start-up as well as flame stabilization and
during low-load operation. The main plant consists of three interconnected structures: (i) boiler
structures, (ii) turbine building, and (iii) an integrated control and electrical building. Figure 1
illustrates the process flow of the Project.

9. Electrostatic Precipitators. Each steam generating unit will be provided with an

electrostatic precipitator (ESP) with parallel gas paths. Each path will consist of a number of
fields in a series for the collection of fly ash. The ESPs will have a dust collection efficiency of
not less than 99.91%, while firing coal with the highest ash content (34.00%).

3
As per ADB’s Environmental Assessment Guidelines, projects in environmental category A are those that could
result in significant adverse environmental impacts. An EIA report includes (i) description of the Project, (ii)
description of the environment, (iii) anticipated environmental impacts and mitigation measures (iv) alternatives, (v)
economic assessment, (vi) an environmental management plan that includes institutional requirements and an
environmental monitoring program, (vii) public consultation and disclosure, and (viii) conclusion.
Figure 1: Process Flow Diagram

3
4

10. Flue Gas Desulfurization Units. Each generating unit will have one limestone-based
flue gas desulfurization (FGD) unit, including a booster fan, three de-aeration fans, four slurry re-
circulation pumps, one absorber tower, one emergency slurry tank (for both units), and three air
compressors (for both units). The gypsum produced as a by-product of this process will be
stored on site and sold to vendors for use in building materials.

11. Coal Handling and Processing System. The coal handling and processing (CHP)
system will consist of two fuel streams, one operating conveyor, and one standby conveyor.
Each stream will have a guaranteed capacity of 1,600 tons per hour (tph). The complete CHP
equipment will be designed for simultaneous operation of both fuel streams at a capacity of
1,600 tph each. Coal will be unloaded at the plant using a wagon tipper system. Two spur rail
lines with a total length of approximately 2 km will be constructed from two points on the Jharli
rail line. The lines will meet and then run parallel to the Jhajjar–Matanhel–Kanina district road.
The CHP system will have a crusher house with two crushers, two crushed coal storage yards,
two stacker reclaimers (for crushed and stored coal reclaiming), and inter-connecting conveyors.
The coal bunkers for each unit will have 16 hours aggregate storage capacity. The CHP system
will also have a dust suppression and extraction system. All chutes will be lined to ensure the
smooth flow and discharge of coal, and the longer operating life of the chutes. All junction towers
and the crusher house will have floor cleaning chutes.

12. Cooling Water System. The power plant will have a closed-circuit cooling water system
using water from the JLN feeder canal. The Project’s total water requirement is 120,000 cubic
meters per day (m3/day). The cooling water cycle of concentration (COC) will be maintained at
five to maximize water reuse. Chlorine or hypochlorite dosing will be undertaken to curb organic
growth. Hardness stabilizer dosing will be performed to maintain the high cooling water COC.
Water use by the plant will mainly consist of cooling tower make-up water, amounting to about
81,840 m3/day.

13. Water Supply Pipeline. Water will be drawn from the JLN feeder canal about 14 km from
the project site. This water will be reticulated to the plant through a 2 meter (m) diameter
underground pipeline, with a pump station located near the canal offtake near Akeidi Madanpur
village. The underground pipeline will be established within a 20 m wide right-of-way (10 m on
either side of the centerline), traversing agricultural land owned by landholders in Akeidi
Madanpur, Sunreti, Sasroli, and Jharli villages. The pump house will be located close to the JLN
feeder canal.

14. Water Treatment System. Water to be consumed in power plant processes will be
clarified before being used. Clarified water will mainly be used as cooling water. The balance of
the clarified water will be further treated in the filtration and demineralization plant for steam
raising, auxiliary cooling, service, and drinking purposes. The Project will require about 4,800
m3/day of demineralized (DM) water, 9,600 m3/day of service water, and 1,800 m3/day of drinking
water for the plant and township.

15. Wastewater Management System. Most of the wastewater produced will be in the form
of blowdown from the closed cooling water system. While fly ash will mainly be collected in dry
form and does not normally require any water for handling, some amount of cooling tower
blowdown may be used in the bottom ash handling system. A suitable recovery system is
proposed to recover ash water from the ash handling system or from ash pond overflow. The
recovered water will be recycled and reused. Wastewater with fine suspended particles from
different areas and other effluents, such as boiler blowdown and DM plant regeneration effluent,
will be neutralized and collected in a central monitoring basin. All effluent collected in the central
 5

monitoring basin will be treated in the clarification plant. Clarified water produced from the waste
treatment plant and/or any cooling water blowdown not used for ash handling will be further
treated in an ultra-filtration cum reverse osmosis (RO) module. Permeate from the RO plant will
be taken to the clarified water system for reuse. Wastewater generated from the RO system will
be used to irrigate the project site.

16. Access Roads. The proposed plant site is located on the Jhajjar–Matanhel–Kanina
district road. The main plant access road will be about 1 km long and built from the district road
to the plant. A second site road about 1.5 km in length will be constructed further south to
provide access for heavy vehicles between the district road and plant. Two rail line crossings will
be constructed on the district road and a local village road where the Project’s rail line crosses
these roads.

17. Ash Disposal System. Ash generated by the Project will be in form of fly ash, coarse
ash, and bottom ash. Fly and coarse ash will be collected in dry form and conveyed to silos for
storage, then transferred in enclosed trucks for secondary use by local industries. Bottom ash
will be collected in wet form and also be stored in silos for subsequent secondary use by external
users to the greatest extent possible. Ash dykes will be provided on-site for the temporary
storage of ash.

18. Residential Complex. During plant operation and maintenance, the Project will employ
about 325 people consisting of 275 JPL staff and 50 outsourced staff. A housing complex
consisting of 250 units of family accommodations and field hostels will be developed on 36.8 ha
of land to provide accommodations for most company staff and some outsourced staff.

19. Site Drainage. Rainwater runoff from the plant area will be directed through lined drains,
channels, and culverts into a harvesting pond. This runoff will be used for spraying the coal
stockyard and landscape irrigation. Any excess rainwater during the monsoon season will
overflow into a local drain.

2. Associated Facilities

20. Canal Upgrading. The JLN feeder canal upgrading works will consist of raising the bund
walls by 30 centimeters (cm) over a distance of around 70 km. This will increase canal capacity
by approximately 8.5 cubic meters per second (m3/s), or 300 cusecs, providing sufficient
additional capacity to supply both the Project and the adjacent Aravali Thermal Power Plant
(ATPP).

21. Transmission Lines. As per the power purchase agreement, 90% of the power
generated by the Project will be sold to two distribution companies owned by the Government of
Haryana for distribution in the state of Haryana. The balance of the power will be sold outside the
state. HVPNL, the Government of Haryana-owned enterprise responsible for power transmission,
will build, own, and operate the transmission lines that will connect the Project to the electricity
grid. The power plant will feed electricity from a 400 kilovolt (kV) switchyard via two separate 400
kV transmission lines to the nearest feeder substations located at Sonipat and Mahendragarh.
The right-of-way of each transmission line will be 35 m wide (17.5 m on either side of the
centerline) and 120 km in length.
6

B. Design and Construction

1. Design

22. The Project is being designed in accordance with international standards for supercritical
steam power plants. The design of support facilities and associated works is in accordance with
appropriate national and international standards. The plant design will cope with local seismic
conditions. The Project is located in seismic zone III 4 as per IS: 1893 (part-I):2002, for which a
basic horizontal co-efficient of 0.04 is considered.

23. The plant site ranges from relatively flat to slightly undulating and will require nominal
filling and grading to achieve the proposed final level of about 226 m above mean sea level. Fill
material will be derived from excavation of the on-site, raw water reservoir.

24. The design life of the plant will be at least 30 years. Civil works, structures, and
foundations will be designed for a life exceeding 45 years. Equipment for units 1 and 2 will be
arranged in a slide along configuration and not in a mirror image. The station layout and the
operability of equipment will require a station operation and maintenance staff team of around
275 persons, excluding contracted laborers.

25. The general arrangement and layout of the plant has been designed to ensure
convenient access to the equipment for operation and maintenance. All valves, gates, dampers,
and other devices will be located and oriented in such a way that they are easily accessible from
the operating floor level wherever possible. Platforms and walkways with access ladders will be
provided to facilitate access for operation and maintenance. The main plant will include a turbine
house, de-aerator bay, bunker bay, and boiler house. The rating and frame size of the equipment
will be consistent with plant requirements and will provide sufficiently-redundant plant and design
margins in accordance with industry best practices. Appendix 1 provides a summary of the main
design and operational data of the Project.

2. Construction

26. The site requires filling and grading to establish the final landform. Site soils consist of
sandy to sandy loam topsoil and subsoil, which will require that excavation be undertaken with
bulldozers and excavators. Site leveling will use all excess soil produced from excavation with no
additional soil brought onto the site from outside sources.

27. Civil works will involve construction of the main power plant and auxiliary facilities and
buildings, the water supply pipeline from the JLN feeder canal, two plant access roads, and two
rail lines. Mechanical and electrical works will include both on-site and off-site fabrication,
assembly, installation, and erection of power plant equipment, pollution control equipment
including FGD units and the chimney structure, demineralization plant, control system, power
system, and various utility systems.

28. Construction will require between 2,000 and 4,000 skilled and unskilled workers.
Construction workers will be engaged by contractors responsible for different construction
packages. The power supply for construction will be provided by a single 33 kV distribution line

4
An area classed as seismic zone III can experience earthquakes of such intensity that structures and or buildings of
good design and construction suffer slight damage, while poorly designed or built structures or buildings suffer
considerable damage. The intensity of an earthquake on the Modified Merecalli Intensity is VII for seismic zone III.
 7

of about 6 MVA rating from Bahu substation, which is located about 3 km from the site.
Construction water will be sourced through authorized vendors and from groundwater sources
prior to the operation of the plant water supply pipeline.

C. Power Plant Operations

29. Coal Supply and Transport. Coal will be supplied from the North Karanpura coalfields in
Jharkhand state. These fields are owned and operated by CCL, a subsidiary of Coal India
Limited, which is a Government of India-owned enterprise. Coal will be transported from the
coalfields to the plant in open-top coal wagons by Indian Railways. Coal handling will be
designed to operate throughout the year from CCL. As per MoEF guidelines, the coal will have a
maximum ash content of 34%. The average gross calorific value of coal is expected to be 3,800
kilocalories per kilogram (kcal/kg). Daily coal consumption, based on average gross calorific
value, is estimated to be 16,164 tons (5.9 million tons per year at 87% average plant load factor
[PLF]).

30. Fuel Oil Transport and Storage. The light diesel fuel oil that will be used for boiler start-
up, flame stabilization, and low-load operation will be transported to the site in road tankers from
refineries in either Panipat or Mathura. The light diesel fuel oil will be pumped into storage tanks
at the plant using unloading pump sets. Annual light diesel fuel oil consumption is estimated to
be 20,000 m3.

31. Ash Transport and Storage. The ash handling system will be designed for a coal
consumption load of 857 tons per hour (t/h). This volume of coal usage will produce up to 291 t/h
of ash based on an ash content of 34%. The ash will consist of bottom ash (20%), coarse ash
(10%), and fly ash (70%). The ash handling system will have 10% additional capacity in excess
of the anticipated maximum ash generation rate to provide sufficient capacity to handle a higher
load.

32. Bottom Ash. A submerged scrapper conveyor facility will collect and transfer bottom ash
from the furnace via a conveyor to the storage silo. Bottom ash will be dewatered then provided
to off-site users or transported by covered dump truck to the ash yard for disposal.

33. Fly Ash. The ash handling system associated with the ESPs will collect fly ash from the
economizer hopper and ESP hoppers. Fly ash from these separate locations will be transferred
to the fly ash silo by a dry pneumatic vacuum. Suitable capacity will be provided to store the fly
ash in dry form. Stored dry fly ash will either be loaded into the covered trucks of off-site users or
watered and transferred to the ash yard for disposal.

34. Water Abstraction and Irrigation. About 120,000 m3/day of water will be drawn from the
JLN feeder canal and pumped to the site via the 2 m diameter underground pipeline on a 16-day
cycle. Water will be stored in the 1.50 million m3 raw water storage tank on site, which will be
adequate to supply the plant for 20 days. Cooling water blowdown will be treated and partially
reused in plant processes, with the remaining portion used to irrigate the greenbelt and other on-
site plantings.

D. Land and Right-of-Way Acquisition

35. The Project requires 494.1 ha of land for the main plant area, ash disposal pond, and
residential complex, plus an additional 27.8 ha for the water supply pipeline and rail line right-of-
ways. Table 1 summarizes the land areas required for project implementation and the current
8

owners of this land. Land acquisition is occurring in accordance with the Land Acquisition Act
1894 5 and is due to be finalized in December 2008.

Table 1: Project Land Areas and Ownership

Ownership/
Facility Village Area (ha)
Type of Land
Main plant area,* Khanpur Khurd 258.1 Private (revenue & Panchayat land)
ash pond, and Khanpur Kalan 172.0 Private (revenue land)
residential complex Jharli 51.0 Private (revenue land)
Wazidpur 13.0 Private (revenue land)
Sub-total 494.1
Rail line easement Jharli Railway line to plant 3.8 Private (revenue land)
Pipeline easement JLN feeder canal to plant 24.0 Private (revenue land)
Total 521.9
*Transmission line right-of-way for the power evacuation from the project site will be the responsibility of HVPNL
(a Government of Haryana-owned enterprise)
JLN = Jawahar Lal Nehru, ha = hectare.
Sources: Section 6 Notification released for the Project under the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 and the Census of
India, 2001; Consultations with representatives of project proponents and the community.

E. Project Schedule and Contracts

36. The design and construction of the Project will involve a number of contract packages
implemented by reputable international and local companies with proven experience. The
contracts will be negotiated on a fixed-price, time-certain basis. The first unit is scheduled to be
commissioned 42 months after the issuance of the letter of intent, which was issued on 23 July
2008, while the second unit will be commissioned within 46 months from the same date.

37. Construction management will be the responsibility of JPL. The project management
company will be supported by the owner’s engineer and other consultants in finalizing the design
and overseeing construction.

F. Project Management and Operations

38. JPL will be responsible for ensuring full implementation of the environmental
management plan (EMP) during project construction and operation, while each contractor will be
responsible for complying with the EMP. During construction, the Project will have a Safety,
Health, and Environment (SHE) Department consisting of experienced engineers and staff
whose primary responsibility will be to facilitate a culture of safety and environmental concern
among the Project’s workforce. Professionals within the SHE Department will establish a
management system that includes regular checks to maintain safe working conditions at the site.
Drills will be carried out to check the preparedness and adequacy of the SHE management
system. Regular reports will be produced highlighting SHE statistics and activities to promote
responsible workplace management.

5
The Land Acquisition Act (1894), as amended, enables the State to acquire private land for public purpose and has
provisions for acquisition for industrial purposes. The Act ensures that no person is deprived of land except under
law and entitles affected persons (landowner, tenant or licensee) to a hearing before acquisition, with due and
adequate compensation made thereafter. The Act deals with cash compensation and provides several methods of
valuing compensation.
 9

39. The station manager will be responsible for the power station during plant operation. He
will be supported by three general managers. The head of the SHE Department will lead all SHE
initiatives. He will be supported by experienced engineers, chemists, and other staff. Safety
engineers will conduct risk analysis and regular checks and drills to ensure safe working
conditions for all activities undertaken at the project site.

III. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

A. Physical Environment

1. Overview of the Project Area

40. The Project is located on a flat-to-gently-undulating rural site. There are no settlements
on the site, although a number of villages and larger rural communities are situated within 10 km
of the site. (The Project study area is defined in the EIA.) The nearest villages are Khanpur
Khurd, Khanpur Kalan, Jharli, and Wazidpur. The site is far from major towns, located 38 km
from Jhajjar and 90 km from Delhi. The site is also distant from sensitive sites such as national
parks, biosphere reserves, and historic and cultural sites (Table 2). The nearest sensitive site is
the Bhindawas Bird Sanctuary, located 18 km to the northeast. There are no reserve forests
located within 10 km of the project site and nearest protected forest is located about 9.5 km
southeast of the site.

Table 2: Significant Local and Regional Sites and Features

Distance Bearing from

Significant Feature Location
(km) Project
Sariska National Park 120 S
National Park Keoladeo National Park (World Heritage site) 183 SE
Sambhar Lake (Ramsar site) 200 SW
Bindawas Wildlife Sanctuary 18 NE
Wildlife Sanctuary
Sultanpur Bird Sanctuary 55 E
Jahazgarh Fort 20 NNE
Qutab Minar (World Heritage site) 90 E
Humayun’s Tomb (World Heritage site) 95 ENE
Cultural or Historical
Red Fort, Delhi 95 ENE
Site
Fethpur Sekri (World Heritage site) 190 SE
Agra Fort (World Heritage site) 220 SE
Taj Mahal (World Heritage site) 220 SE
Reservoir Irrigation Tank at Surajgarh 16 NE
Tank Sahibi Nadi (river) 45 E
Aravali Thermal Power Plant, Jhajjar (3 x 500 MW),
1 E
under construction
Navada Koh combined cycle gas plant, Badkhal,
90 SE
Power Plant Faridabad (3 x 360 MW), under construction
Indraprastha Power Plant 90 ENE
Badarpur Power Plant 95 E
Panipat Power Plant 120 NE
Shheetla Devi Mandir, Gurgaon 55 ESE
Nearest Major
Lal ki Masjid, Hissar 60 NW
Religious Site
Chattarpur temple, Delhi 80 ENE
E = east, N = north, S = south, W = west.
Source: JPL research (unpublished).
10

2. Climate

41. The climate of the project area, based on meteorological data from the Indian
Meteorological Department station at Gurgaon, located 60 km east of the site, is categorized as
sub-tropical, semi-arid monsoon with four distinct seasons: (i) summer from March to June; (ii)
wet monsoon (southwest monsoon) from July to September; (iii) post-monsoon from October to
November; and (iv) winter from December to February. Temperatures during the year vary from
1.1°C in January to 45.8°C in May.

42. Rainfall comes primarily during the southwest monsoon (from July to September). The
mean annual rainfall at Gurgaon is 743.4 millimeters (mm), with an average of 34.8 days of rain
occurring each year during the period 1965–1980. The predominant wind directions are from the
west and northwest, with calm conditions prevailing 22% of the time. Seasonal prevailing wind
directions are: (i) summer - west, northwest, and southwest; (ii) monsoon - southeast, east, west,
and northeast; (iii) post-monsoon - west, northwest, and southwest; and (iv) winter - west,
northwest, and southwest.

43. Local climatic conditions were monitored at Sasrauli village for three months from April to
June 2007 (Table 3). The predominant wind directions during the monitoring period were from
the west and northwest. Winds from the east and southeast increase in prevalence during the
night. Calm conditions are more prevalent during the night than during the day.

Table 3: Wind Speeds and Temperature at Sasrauli Village

Parameter Maximum Average Minimum

Wind Speed (m/s) 9.0 2.1 –
Temperature (°C) 47.0 35.4 20.0
Relative Humidity (%) 95.0 42.0 15.0
Rainfall (mm) 42.0 – –
Number of Rain Days 15.0 – –
O
C = degree Celsius, m/s = meters per second.
Data represents summer season (April to June 2007).
Source: EIA/EMP Report for 1,320 MW Thermal Power Plant, Jhajjar, Haryana. January 2008.

3. Drainage

44. The drainage pattern in the project area is poorly defined due to flat terrain and a sandy
upper layer of soil. The area grades towards the northeast in the direction of the Bhindawas Bird
Sanctuary to form part of the Sahibi river basin. The elevation of the project site varies between
220 m and 232 m. The highest point in the project area is at an elevation of 241 m to the north of
the site, with the lowest point being 220 m on the southern side of the site.

4. Geology and Hydrogeology

45. The area forms part of the Indo Gangetic alluvial plain and is capped with aeolian
deposits. These deposits have led to the formation of sift layers that act as caps on the
formations and reduce the permeability of the soil. Soils in the region, including the Jhajjar and
Bahadurgarh blocks, are sandy loam in texture, while soils in the study area mainly consist of silt
and kankar (gravel).
 11

46. The area can be categorized as recent aeolian deposits comprising clay, sand, and
kankar-mixed formations. Groundwater occurs in an unconfined aquifer at depths of between 3.0
m and 31.5 m, depending upon surface elevation and the level of groundwater harvesting. The
groundwater gradient is towards the east.

5. Ambient Air Quality

47. Ambient air quality was monitored at ten locations within the study area (within a 10 km
radius of the project site) during April–June 2007. Sampling sites were selected based on the
outcome of the screening model, MoEF guidelines pertaining to upwind and downwind sampling,
topography, local habitation, and site accessibility. The location of sampling sites, the sampling
method, and results are summarized in Appendix 2. Air quality values for suspended particulate
matter (SPM) and respirable particulate matter (RPM) exceeded the norms for residential, rural,
and other areas at all locations during the summer monitoring period (Table 4). High SPM and
RPM levels occurred due to strong winds that generated dust storms during the summer
sampling period when airborne dust levels are usually highest. Strong winds and dry soils during
summer are common in this northern part of India, leading to localised high levels of particulate
matter prior to the onset of the monsoon. The significant agricultural activity and harvesting
season that precedes the monsoon also contributes to air borne dust. In addition, sampling
occurred when major earthworks were underway on the adjacent ATPP site, thus contributing to
the high levels of SPM. Accordingly, the average SPM level over 12 months is expected to be
considerably lower than the levels recorded during the monitored period. Levels of sulfur dioxide
(SO2) and NOx were well within the norms for residential, rural, and other areas as per the
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and World Bank guidelines (Appendix 3).
Background air quality monitoring will be extended across all seasons to provide more
comprehensive baseline data, involving monitoring air quality at the original sampling sites for
one year, commencing in February 2009.

Table 4: Summary of Ambient Air Quality (April to June 2007)

(μg/m3)

Value SPM RPM SO2 NOX

Minimum 105.0 58.0 1.0 4.0
Maximum 385.0 153.0 9.3 38.0
Average Range 212.8–309.0 89.0–123.0 2.0–4.0 11.2–23.4
th
98 Percentile Range 283.5–384.5 112.9–148.6 3.5–8.2 16.6–33.9
th
95 Percentile Range 281.5–381.6 112.8–146.7 3.4–6.7 15.0–33.0
CO = carbon monoxide, NOX = oxides of nitrogen, RPM = respirable particulate matter, SO2 = sulfur dioxide, SPM =
suspended particulate matter, μg/m = microgram per cubic meter.
3

Source: HPGCL baseline data as collected by MECON Limited for summer season 2007; EIA/EMP Report for 1,320
MW Thermal Power Plant at Jhajjar, Haryana. MECON Limited, 2008.

6. Noise

48. Ambient noise monitoring was carried out at five locations surrounding the plant site.
Noise levels were measured using a precision noise level meter on an hourly basis for 24 hours.
The monitored average noise levels on rural and residential areas around the project site varied
from 46.8 to 54.4 decibel acoustic (dB[A]) during the day and 40.1 to 43.6 dB(A) at night.
Monitored noise levels were within the NAAQS prescribed limits for locations near villages,
except near the Jharli Railway Station. Recorded day time noise levels near the station averaged
12

60 dB(A), which exceeded the prescribed norm of 55 dB(A), while night time noise levels
averaged 46.1 dB(A), which marginally exceeded the prescribed limit of 45 dB(A). These high
noise levels were attributed to train movements and other commercial activities near the station.
The monitored noise levels for residential areas were within the NAAQS prescribed limits as
indicated in Appendix 4.

7. Water Resources

49. Surface Water. The area surrounding the project site has no surface bodies of water
except branch irrigation channels from the JLN feeder canal. The only surface water sample
collected was from the JLN feeder canal, which is the proposed water source for the Project
located more than 10 km east of the project site.

50. Groundwater. Nine groundwater samples were collected from the villages of Mohanbari,
Khanpur Kalan, Jhamri, Khorra, Bahu, Sasrauli, Lilah, Goria, and Jhanswa. The results were
compared with Bureau of Indian Standards for Drinking Water as specified in code IS:10500,
1991 (Appendix 5). Analysis results of the groundwater samples for total hardness, dissolved
solids, chloride, total dissolved solids, calcium, magnesium, sulphate, and nitrate exceeded the
desirable levels and permissible limits at Mohanbari (3.5 km from the site), while values for these
parameters also exceeded the desirable limits at Khanpur Kalan (1.5 km), Khorra (2.5 km), and
Goria (4 km). The pH of all groundwater samples exceeded the desirable alkaline limits. The
values for other parameters for the collected samples were within the prescribed norms.

8. Land Use

51. Land use on the plant site and within a 10 km radius of the site was assessed based on
satellite image interpretation and site visits (Table 5). Land use in the local area is dominated by
agriculture. The project site is mainly used for grazing due to the poor soils and limited rainfall.
The occasional crop is grown on small areas of the site when rainfall permits. The major crop
grown in the area is wheat, with pulses, guvar, bajra, and gowar making up most of the
remaining cropping. The main crops grown on the project site are bajra and gowar. The main
type of livestock raised include buffaloes, goats, and sheep. No major industry exists in the study
area except the adjacent ATPP, which is under construction.

Table 5: Land Use Classification

Project Area Area Within 10 km Radius

Land Use Class
km2 % km2 %
Agriculture and fallow land 2.50 50.6 191.29 60.7
Open land 2.30 46.5 104.64 33.2
Plantation, kikar, scrub 0.14 2.9 5.14 1.6
Classified forests 0.00 0.0 0.24 0.1
Built-up area (settlement) 0.00 0.0 4.29 1.4
Body of water 0.00 0.0 0.29 0.1
Proposed industrial use (ATPP) 0.00 0.0 9.03 2.9
Total 4.94 100.0 314.92 100.0
ATPP = Aravali Thermal Power Plant, km = kilometer, km2 = square kilometer.
Source: ERM India Private Limited (ERM).
 13

9. Soil

52. Soil samples were collected from five locations near the project site: southwest, northeast,
and at Khanpur Kalan, Goria, and Jhamri villages. The pH of these samples varied from 7.0 to
7.6 (neutral to slightly alkaline). Electrical conductivity varied from 832 to 2,154 micro Siemens
per centimeter (µs/cm), with the samples from the Project site between 2,140 and 2,154 µs/cm.
Organic carbon content in the soil varied from 0.20% (low) to 0.55% (medium). Nitrogen varied
from 193-688 kilograms per ha (kg/ha), in the range of low to high. The higher level of nitrogen
appeared to be due to fertilizer application. Available phosphorus was medium to high, while
available potassium was low to medium. The micronutrients copper, zinc, and iron were in the
range of 0.32 to 0.43 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg), 0.51 to 0.65 mg/kg, and 4.62 to 5.55
mg/kg, respectively, which indicates that the area is adequate for plant growth.

B. Biological Environment

1. Terrestrial Environment

53. A survey of the local biological environment was conducted in the summer in 2007 and
supplemented by an additional survey in early September 2008. The area has a dry to semi-arid
climate with a few scattered trees and sparse shrubby vegetation. The nearest protected area is
the Bhindawas Bird Sanctuary, located approximately 18 km northeast of the project site. The
Nahad Protected Forest is located about 9.5 km southeast of the site.

54. Flora. According to the Champion and Seth Classification System for Indian Forests 6,
native vegetation in the area is Desert Thorn Scrub (Type 6B/C1). Forest and scrub patches are
dominated by thorny, hard-wooded tree species, mainly Acacia, with relatively short boles and
low, branching crowns that rarely meet to form a canopy. Trees and bushes tend to occur in
clumps, with bare areas of ground in between. The most common tree species included Acacia
senegal and Prosopis cineraria. Other forest species included Acacia jacquemontii, Acacia
leucophloea, Acacia nilotica, Azadirachta indica, Balanites aegyptica, Calotropis procera,
Capparis sp., Crotalaria burhia, Holoptelea integrifolia, Salvadora oleoides, Tephrosia purpurea
and Zizyphus nummularia. Common herbs associated with grasslands included Abutilon indicum,
Achyranthes aspera, Boerhaavia diffusa, Cassia obtusifolia, Chenopodium album, Corchorus
species, Crotolaria medicaginea, Indigofera species, and Vernonia cinerea.

55. Fauna. The most commonly-sighted bird species in the study area was the Eurasian
collared dove. Green bee-eaters and common mynas were seen at many locations. Red-wattled
lapwings were sighted around most bodies of water, while rose-ringed parakeets and ashy
prinias were sighted around forested areas. The Indian peafowl, a Schedule I species 7, was also
frequently spotted.

56. Rhesus macaques, squirrels, mongoose, and garden lizards were sighted in the study
area. Desert cat, caracal, Indian wolf, desert fox, chinkara, blackbuck, Indian pangolin, and ratel,
which all fall under the Schedule I category, were also reported in the study area. Black-naped

6
Forest types of India have been classified by Champion and Seth (1968) in six major groups based on climatic
factors. These major groups have been further divided into 16 type groups based on temperature and moisture. A
few of these type groups have been further divided into several subgroups and ecologically stable communities.
7
The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 as amended in 2002 provide protection of wild animals, birds and plants and for
matters connected therewith or ancillary or incidental thereto with a view to ensuring the ecological and
environmental security of the country. The Act covers six schedules. Schedules I to V provide protection for animal
species, while Schedule VI provides protection for plant species.
14

hares, Neelgai, and deer were reported by villagers to be present in local fields. Insects observed
at the project site included varieties of butterflies, grass yellow dragonflies, and damselflies in a
range of micro-habitats.

C. Socio-cultural Environment

57. Population. The four villages of Matanhel tehsil, where land has been acquired for the
Project, have a total population of about 8,000 and a combined area of 29 km2. The average
household size is six and the population density is 275 persons per km2. The majority of local
people (75%) belong to the Hindu Jat community, followed by Brahmins, Scheduled Castes, and
the Backward Class. There are no Scheduled Tribes in these four villages or in Jhajjar district.
The female literacy rate (28%–34%) is much lower than the male literacy rate (60%–65%). Most
youth are educated up to Class X or XII level, but very few take up higher studies or vocational
education.

58. Social Infrastructure and Services. The electricity supply in local villages is poor. The
local drinking water supply is adequate with respect to volume, but the quality of the water is
poor. Most villages rely upon bore water for domestic supply, with some small towns reticulating
water from canals for domestic use. Basic social infrastructure and services—including schools,
health and medical services, access roads, post and telephone services, and public
transportation—are all accessible within 3 km to 5 km of the villages. The settlement pattern in
nearby villages is guided by the caste system. There are separate settlements for higher (Jats,
Brahmins) and lower (Harijans) castes. Facilities are better in the higher caste settlements
compared to lower caste villages. Most local dwellings are pucca houses (i.e. brick and cement
mortar walls with a concrete roof supported on reinforced cement concrete columns or girder and
roof slabs).

59. Economy and Employment. The main source of income and livelihood in the local area
is agriculture, principally cropping. Major agricultural crops grown for consumption and sale are
wheat, pulses, guvar, bajri, and jowar. Livestock rearing is also an important activity, primarily for
household consumption, with buffaloes, goats, and sheep being common. Employment
opportunities outside agriculture are limited, with no industry in the immediate area apart from
around 100 brick kilns in the broader locality (within the local airshed, defined as a 25 km radius
from the project site). Landless Harijans mostly work as agricultural laborers on land owned by
Jats. The local wage rate was reported to be in the range of Rs135–150 per day. However, work
is only available for 5–6 months per year during the agricultural season. During the remainder of
the year, laborers mainly migrate to the nearby industrial areas of Bahadurgarh, Najafgarh, and
Delhi for employment in industry (e.g., factories and brick kilns) and construction.

60. Historic and Religious Sites. No major historic or religious sites are located on or in the
vicinity of the project site. Small temples are located in most villages near the project site, but
these features are not regionally significant. Jahazgarh Fort, an important tourist site and the
venue of an annual cattle fair, is located about 20 km northeast of the project site.

IV. ALTERNATIVES

A. With and Without Project Alternatives

61. The “without project” option would see a continuation of the current power supply
shortage in the northern region. While India’s generation and distribution capacity grew
significantly over the last decade, many parts of the country continue to suffer power shortages,
 15

both in terms of unmet demand during peak periods and an overall energy shortage. This has
largely been the result of high economic growth and the subsequent demand it places on the
power supply. The annual deficit in peak power demand for the northern region was 3,040 MW
as of August 2008. 8 The total installed generation capacity available in the state of Haryana was
4,668 MW 9, of which 2,188 MW was provided by the Panipat and Faridabad thermal power
plants, and the Yamuna Nagar hydroelectric station. The available capacity varies between
2,500 MW to 3,300 MW during different seasons depending upon the river flows at hydropower
plants and the planned and forced outages of generators. Some generating capacity is relatively
old and realized plant load factors are on the low side. Electricity demand varies from 2,800 MW
to 5,000 MW across different seasons and during peak and off-peak hours. Demand in Haryana
is increasing at more than 14% per year due to industrialization, and greater consumption by the
agricultural sector and the national capital region. Power availability from the above-mentioned
projects is not sufficient to meet demand in the state of Haryana, particularly during the peak
paddy and rabi crop seasons.

62. The Project seeks to close the electricity supply–demand gap. With the installation of the
1,320 MW power plant and the adjacent 1,500 MW Aravali project (assuming that 50% of the
power produced by this project is supplied to Haryana state and 50% is supplied to Delhi), there
would still be an electricity supply shortfall of about 1,250 MW in the state of Haryana in fiscal
year (FY) 2011. The alternative without the Project is undesirable since an even greater power
shortage would further constrain economic growth and reduce the rate of poverty reduction.

B. Alternative Project Locations

63. The Government of Haryana selected the Project’s location based on a range of factors.
The underlying prerequisite for plant sighting was locating the Project in Haryana state to help
meet local demand and minimize the cost of electricity production. The grid system in India is
mainly owned and operated by state governments and integrated at the regional and central
levels. The transfer of power from one state to another is done at a significant cost. The Project
was conceived to avoid these costs and provide stable base load power, and to ensure that the
Haryana state grid has additional capacity to meet electricity demand and sustain independent
operations.

64. The Jhajjar locality was selected for the project site based on its proximity to load
centers, availability of the transmission grid, ease of coal transport, land quality and
availability, setback from major urban centers for air quality purposes, and a reliable long-
term water supply.

65. The plant needs to be located as close as possible to regional demand centers to
reduce power losses during transmission and to stabilize the grid. The availability of the
transmission grid system in proximity to the plant allows for the cost-effective export of
energy from the plant. Two substations located at Mahenderharh and Sonipat, 50 km and 70
km from the project site, respectively, provide close grid connection points for power
evacuation.

66. Coal deposits in India are mainly located in the southeast, in the states of Jharkhand,
Chhattisgarh, Orissa, and Madhya Pradesh. The northern states are generally removed

8
Source: Power Scenarios at Glance, September 2008 by Central Electricity Authority (http://www.cea.nic.in/).
9
Source Haryana Power Generation Corporation Limited (http://www.hpgcl.org/html/power_supply_position.htm).
16

from coal deposits and ports for imported coal, which results in coal having to be transported
over long distances. Indian Railways has major trunk routes for the movement of raw
materials, including from the coal-bearing regions of the southeast to the northern states,
which will provide a cost effective means of transporting coal to the Project. Accordingly, the
Project needs to be located in close proximity to an existing rail line to ensure that coal
transport is economic.

67. Lower-quality agricultural land is preferred for the plant site so that land use
conversion does not substantially reduce local agricultural production. Lower-value land is
also more likely to be available for purchase. A reliable, large-scale water supply is essential
for the Project’s operation. Water from the state of Haryana‘s quota has been allocated to
the Project, and the existing JLN feeder canal will be upgraded to provide additional
capacity to handle the additional water supply.

68. Four alternative project sites were considered in the selected locality: (i) near Khanpur
Kalan, Khora, and Jhamri villages, 5 km from the Jharli railway station; (ii) near Khanpur Khurd,
Khanpur Kalan, Wazidpur, and Jharli villages, 1.5 km from the Jharli railway station; (iii) near
Jhanswa, Ladain, Humayaupur, and Jamalpur villages, on the left-hand side of the Jhajjar–Bahu
–Jholri–Mohindergarh state highway, within 10 km of the Bhindawas Bird Sanctuary; and (iv)
near Slawas Amboli, Bithla, and Bhurawas villages, within 10 km of the Bhindawas Bird
Sanctuary. Site (ii) was selected because it is removed from major settlements, consists of low-
quality agriculture land with almost no tree cover, is located only 1.5 km from an existing rail line,
and is 18 km away from the Bhindawas Bird Sanctuary. Sites (iii) and (iv) comprise higher-quality
agriculture land, while site (i) is 5 km from the rail line.

69. At present, there are no operating power plants located near the project site, although
the adjacent ATPP is under construction. The project site is removed from major urban
areas: approximately 40 km from Rewari, 55 km from Bahadurgarh, 80 km from Gurgaon,
and 90 km from Delhi.

C. Alternative Fuels

70. Large scale baseload energy production in Haryana state requires a conventional mode
of power generation. Large scale hydropower sites for baseload power generation are either
under development or being considered. As a result, new sites are not available in the state.
Wind energy is location-specific and cannot provide reliable baseload power or large scale
supply. Natural gas and oil use entails cost and supply reliability issues. Natural gas transport
requires a large capital investment in infrastructure. For example, the recent natural gas
discoveries in Andhra Pradesh would require over 1,500 km of pipeline to supply the Project,
which would make a dedicated pipeline uneconomic. In addition, significant demand exists for
gas from other consumers located close to the source. The option of importing liquid natural gas
into India, including re-gasification and transportation to site, would be cost prohibitive as the site
is located more than 1,100 km from the nearest sea port.

71. The only other feasible fuel options are coal and nuclear energy. Coal is preferred to
nuclear energy due to its shorter gestation period, lower cost, and relative safety. Large scale
nuclear power generation is not present in India as this sector faces strategic and fuel availability
issues. Coal is the more cost-effective fuel for generating electricity even though it has a higher
pollution potential than alternative fuels such as natural gas, hydropower, and nuclear.
 17

D. Alternative Boiler Technologies

72. The boiler technology options available for large, pulverized coal-fired power plants are
subcritical, supercritical, and ultra-supercritical. Subcritical plants, considered “business-as-
usual” in India, operate at steam pressure of less than 19 megapascals, where the steam is a
mix of liquid and gas, and drum-type boilers are used. Supercritical plants operate at steam
pressure of more than 22.1 megapascals and use once-through boilers. The steam at 22.56
megapascals and 374.15°C is said to be in a critical state. At a critical point, the density of water
and steam are the same. Further latent heat at this point is zero, which means there is no
steam–water mixed phase and boilers operating under critical parameters do not have a boiler
drum that separates steam from water. Ultra-supercritical plants are about 2% to 3% more
efficient than supercritical plants. These plants operate at even higher steam pressures of about
30 megapascals and steam temperatures of about 600°C.

73. Supercritical technology is becoming standard practice in the power industry in

developed economies for large coal-fired power plants due to a higher efficiency than subcritical
technology. The lifecycle costs of supercritical plants are lower than those of subcritical plants. A
supercritical plant costs about 2% more than a subcritical plant to install, while fuel costs are
considerably lower due to the increased efficiency and operating costs. Supercritical plants have
lower emissions than subcritical plants per unit of electricity generated. A 1% increase in
efficiency reduces the specific emissions of nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, particulates, and
carbon dioxide by 2.5%–3.0%. More than 400 supercritical plants are operating in the United
States, Europe, Russia, and Japan.

74. The use of ultra-supercritical technology is also an option for the Project and would
provide the highest coal combustion efficiency and lowest emission rate of the three alternative
boiler technologies. Ultra-supercritical plants have been constructed in countries such as
Denmark, Germany, Japan, and the United States to utilize high-quality coal. The installation of
ultra-supercritical plants has not been widespread in developing countries, and as yet no such
plants operate on low-quality coal similar to those found in India. The use of this technology in
India is constrained by: (i) higher capital costs; (ii) limited suppliers for the boiler-turbine-
generator package, which restricts multi-company sourcing and the availability of spare parts; (iii)
lack of local experience with the required technology; and (iv) reliability issues with respect to
using Indian coal with a very high ash content.

75. Based on the above considerations, the Project has adopted supercritical boilers with a
rated super heater outlet steam pressure of 25.4 megapascals, rated super heater outlet steam
temperature of 571ºC, rated reheat steam pressure of 4.2 megapascals, and rated hot reheat
steam temperature of 569ºC. These boilers are at the high end of supercritical technology. This
technology, more expensive than subcritical plant, becomes economically viable when compared
to subcritical technology if Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) under the Kyoto Protocol
carbon credits are granted for the reduction in CO2 emissions that will result. JPL is currently
preparing the necessary documentation for CDM project approval to offset the additional capital
cost. The cost saving gained from the reduction in coal consumption delivered by the use
supercritical technology instead of subcritical plant will be fully passed on to the customer.

E. Alternative Cooling Systems

76. Two cooling system alternatives were considered: (i) a closed or recirculation system and
(ii) an open, or once-through, system. The closed system cools the cooling water in cooling
towers before recycling it. The system discharges a portion of its water to maintain cooling water
quality and requires make-up water to replenish discharged water and evaporation losses. The
18

closed system will discharge about 16,400 m3/day of cooling tower blowdown when operated at
five COCs, requiring about 81,840 m3/day of make-up water out of a total plant water
requirement of 120,000 m3/day. The once-through system discharges the entire volume of warm
cooling water into a receiving body of water, requiring 2.4 million m3/day of make-up water.

77. The closed system was selected because it has a lower lifecycle cost, is more reliable,
and will meet all regulatory requirements. The closed system is also preferred because (i) in
accordance with the Central Pollution Control Board’s guidelines, new thermal power plants
using water from rivers, lakes, or reservoirs are required to install cooling towers irrespective of
location and type of plant, (ii) five COCs will be attained, which will require considerably less
water than a once-through system, (iii) cooling tower blowdown effluent will be recycled and/or
reused on site after treatment, and (iv) the intake pump is much smaller since it only has to
handle about 5,000 m3/hour, which is less than 7% of the volume required for the once-through
system (2.4 million m3/day).

F. Alternative Wastewater Treatment Systems

78. The Project will generate wastewater from cooling water, boiler blowdown, water
treatment plant backwash, and regenerated wastewater; and runoff from coal stockpiles and oil
catch pits. The wastewater treatment options are: (i) limited treatment to meet state and national
quality standards and discharge wastewater from the site into a watercourse or drain; (ii) limited
treatment to meet state and national quality standards and use treated wastewater for on-site
irrigation; and (iii) selective treatment of wastewater with major treatment processes to recover a
large volume of treated wastewater for reuse in plant processes and for on-site irrigation.

79. Off-site discharge is not desirable because there are no established drains or well-
defined watercourses. As a result, the large volume of treated wastewater that has to be
discharged would cause inundation in the local area. The only option available is to reduce,
reuse, and recycle wastewater within the project site.

80. The large volume of blowdown wastewater that will be produced by the Project is far
greater than site irrigation requirements. To reduce the volume of wastewater and to ensure that
it is of acceptable quality for irrigation, treatment will include clarification, ultra-filtration, and RO.
This will recondition a major portion of the wastewater and allow it to be reused in plant
processes, which will reduce raw water requirements. It will also reduce the residual volume
used for irrigation to 30%, which will allow for all treated wastewater to be used on-site.

G. Alternative Water Resources

81. The large scale water supply required for project operation (120,000 m3/day) could come
from either of two sources: (i) groundwater, or (ii) a perennial surface water source. However, the
volume of water that could be supplied by local groundwater would be inadequate to meet
project operational requirements. The JLN feeder canal is the only perennial surface water
source in the area, supplied from the Western Yamuna canal network. The Government of
Haryana has allocated an adequate volume of water to the Project on a 16-day cycle from this
source. JPL is funding improvements to the existing canal to increase capacity. Water supplies to
existing users will not be altered by the allocation of water to the Project. The canal will be used
alternatively for irrigation and project supply on a 16-day cycle. The Project will construct a large,
on-site water storage facility with sufficient capacity to supply the plant for 20 days.
 19

82. The Project will treat plant effluent and collect rainwater during the monsoon season as a
secondary water source. This water will be used to establish and maintain the greenbelt and
other vegetation at the project site.

V. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

A. Physical Environment

1. During Construction

83. Project construction has the potential to create a range of environmental impacts
common to major construction sites. These impacts include air pollution, noise, runoff water
quality decline, traffic, and waste generation. The majority of these impacts are short-term and
restricted to the construction site. Construction environmental impacts will be minimized by
implementing good management practices.

84. Air Pollution. Potential sources of air pollution during project construction are (i) dust
emissions from soil disturbance and vehicle movement on unpaved roads, and (ii) exhaust
emissions from diesel generators, heavy construction equipment, and vehicles. The
construction’s impact on air quality will be minimized through (i) dust suppression by regularly
spraying water on roads and work sites, wetting or covering stockpiles, the proper location of
material stockpiles away from habitation, and covering loaded trucks during the transportation of
material; (ii) use of low-emission vehicles and, wherever feasible, construction equipment
powered by electricity; and (iii) maintenance of engines and use of vehicles with Pollution Under
Control Certificates 10. Contractors will be required to strictly implement these measures.

85. Noise. Construction activities will generate noise from vehicle movement and the
operation of heavy equipment and machinery for site preparation and facility erection. Typical
noise levels produced by different sources during construction are earthmoving equipment (70–
100 dB[A]), material handling (75–98 dB[A]), and impact-based equipment
81–105 (dB[A]). Noise levels will be reduced by installing acoustic enclosures and noise barriers,
and not permitting high noise activities and the movement of vehicles at night. Construction
workers will be required to wear ear muffs in areas exposed to excessive noise levels. Local
villages are unlikely to be disturbed by plant construction noise as they are located at least 1 km
from the plant site. Some villages are located within 500 m of the water supply pipeline and
railway line corridors. These communities will experience raised noise levels during pipeline
laying and rail line construction, but this disturbance will be restricted to the short term and to
daylight hours.

86. Traffic. The main access route to the project site is a sealed two-lane district road. Most
plant equipment and construction materials will be transported to the Project along this road, with
the number of loads estimated to peak at 500 per day during the 3.5 year construction period.
Traffic volume on this road is currently low (about 300 vehicle movements per day). Project-
related traffic will substantially increase the volume of road traffic, but the total volume will not be
excessive.

87. Oil and Chemical Spills. The contamination of soil and groundwater from accidental
spills of oil, fuels, and hazardous chemicals will be prevented by storing these materials in sealed

10
Pollution Under Control Certificates are normally issued to vehicles that satisfy the emission norms set out in the
Central Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989 and amendments.
20

areas with a holding capacity of at least 150% of the capacity of all liquids being stored.
Measures will also be provided for fire suppression and the neutralization and collection of any
spilled material.

88. Runoff. Earthmoving and other ground disturbance activities will raise the risk of erosion
at the project site, primarily during the monsoon season when the majority of rainfall is received.
Soil at the project site is sandy and silty, and erodes easily. Off-site sedimentation will result from
soil disturbance unless appropriate measures are implemented. Erosion control measures will be
implemented during construction, including the installation of temporary banks or drains to
control overland runoff and the early installation of drains for rainwater. Most excavation,
backfilling, and site grading will be undertaken during the dry season. Sediment will be trapped
on-site using sediment fences and traps and basins, and by preventing the off-site movement of
coarse material.

89. Construction Waste. A range of waste materials will be generated from construction
activities, including inert materials such as metal and concrete, and hazardous materials. These
waste materials will be collected, stored, and disposed of in an appropriate manner. Recyclable
or reusable materials will be utilized wherever possible. Inert materials that cannot be recycled
will be disposed of in a suitable landfill. Waste oil will be sold to authorized vendors approved by
the Haryana State Pollution Control Board. Hazardous wastes including used or waste oil will be
stored on-site in a designated area for disposal through authorized vendors.

90. Excavated Spoil. Approximately 2 million m3 of material will be excavated to create the
plant’s water storage. This material will be used to fill and level the main plant area, raising the
lower areas by up to 4 m, with no material being taken off site.

91. Sanitation and Hygiene. Project construction activities will engage 2,000–4,000 workers.
Unskilled and semiskilled workers will primarily be sourced from the local area, while other
workers will come from outside areas depending upon the skills required and those available
locally. Outside workers will reside at the project site. Toilets with septic tanks will be provided in
the workforce camp for the disposal of sewage. Solid waste generated by the camp will be
segregated into biodegradable and non-biodegradable materials. All biodegradable kitchen
waste will be collected and used for secondary purposes such as animal feed or composting for
use as manure. Other biodegradable wastes will be collected and disposed of in on-site pits for
subsequent use as manure. Cleanliness and hygiene will be maintained in the workforce camp,
kitchens, and canteens.

92. Historic and Religious Sites. No major historic or religious sites are located within 20
km of the main plant site, proposed water supply, or rail easements. Local temples exist in most
villages in the vicinity of the Project. Jahazgarh Fort, a historically-significant site that is a tourist
destination known for an annual cattle fair, is located about 20 km to the north-northeast of the
project site.

93. Other sites. Water reticulation, via the subsurface pipeline from the JLN feeder canal,
requires a 20 m wide easement from the pumphouse to the plant. This easement crosses
agricultural fields, minor watercourses, and the rail line. No houses exist along the proposed
route. Pipeline construction will involve the removal of vegetation (mainly grasses and crops),
trenching, pipe-laying, and backfilling, which will disturb about 24 ha of flat-to-slightly-undulating
land. Construction activities will create a minor erosion hazard that will be controlled by
minimizing vegetation clearance and site disturbance, saving and reusing topsoil, and
progressive site rehabilitation to return the land to its prior agricultural land use.
 21

94. The two spur rail lines will meet at the plant boundary and then run parallel to the
Matanhel–Jhajjar road within the project site. A 20 m wide easement is required for each line
outside the main plant site, covering a total of 3.8 ha of land. The rail corridors do not cross any
settlement areas. One of the lines will cross the local road where a level crossing will be
constructed. Construction of the rail lines on this flat terrain will create ground disturbance, but
the net impact of the civil works will be negligible.

2. During Operation

95. The main potential environmental impacts of project operation relate to air quality decline,
greenhouse gas production, liquid waste effluent quality, thermal pollution from the discharge of
spent cooling water, and ash disposal. The EIA assessed environmental impacts and prescribed
appropriate mitigation measures to ensure that the Project’s environmental performance meets
or exceeds national standards and international guidelines for coal-fired power plants.

96. Emissions. Coal combustion produces emissions of the following major pollutants: SO2;
NOX; particulate matter (PM), including particulates smaller than 10 microns that are referred to
as respirable particulate matter (RPM); and CO2, which is a major greenhouse gas. 11 The Project
will minimize the emission of these pollutants by using advanced technology and control
measures. An FGD plant will be installed to reduce SO2 emissions by approximately 90%, while
coal with a low sulfur content (not exceeding 0.35%) will also help minimize these emissions.
Dry-low, NOx-type coal burners will be installed to reduce NOX production. SPM emissions will
be reduced to acceptable levels by the installation of ESPs with a minimum efficiency of 99.91%.
The FGD unit will also help to reduce SPM emissions.

97. The Project’s emission rates will be within the limits prescribed in World Bank guidelines.
SO2 will be limited to 200 milligram per normal cubic meter (mg/Nm3) and 24.5 tons per day (tpd),
which are well within the World Bank guideline limits of 2,000 mg/Nm3 and 450 tpd. NOx
emissions of 650 mg/ Nm3 will also be less than the limit of 750 mg/Nm3. The ESPs will limit PM
concentrations in flue gases to less than 50 mg/Nm3. The expected emission rates of the plant
are summarized in Table 6 and the prediction calculations are presented in Appendix 6.

Table 6: Expected Emissions of the Power Plant

Parameter Expected Emission1 Indian Limit2 World Bank Norm3

200 mg/Nm3
2,000 mg/Nm3
SO2 24.5 TPD
700 TPD 450 TPD
(141.9 g/s per unit)
NOX 650 mg/Nm3 No standard 750 mg/Nm3
(461.2 g/s per unit)
50 mg/Nm3
PM 100 mg/Nm3 50 mg/Nm3
(35.5 g/s per unit)
mg/Nm3 = milligram per normal cubic meter, NOX = nitrogen oxide, PM = particulate matter, SO2 = sulfur dioxide, TPD
= tons per day.
Sources: JPL, unpublished; Ministry of Environment and Forests, 1998. Environmental Standards for Power Plants,
MoEF New Delhi Notification G.S.R. 7; World Bank, 1998. Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook.
Washington, DC.

11
The amount of CO2 generated by burning 5.9 million metric tons per annum of coal with 41.2% carbon content
would be about 28,400 tpd.
22

98. Ambient Air Quality. The Project will discharge gases through a 275 m high stack
containing two flues, in compliance with the emissions requirements of MoEF. Ambient air quality
was predicted using the Industrial Source Complex Short Term (ISCST3) model 12. The prediction
was based on the emissions data in Table 6, an assumption of coal with 0.35% sulfur at 100%
load and 100% conversion of sulfur into SO2 and emissions, and local meteorological conditions.
The ambient air quality predictions for individual pollutants that will be emitted by the plant are
given for the worst case scenario in Table 7 and in more detail in Appendix 7. The predicted
incremental increase in ground level concentrations of each major pollutant is within the
stipulated maximum amount indicated in the World Bank guidelines. The overall impact of the
Project on ambient air quality is expected to be low.

Table 7: Overall Worst Case Predicted Ground Level Concentrations

In the Study Area from the Project (μg/m3)

24 Hour Concentration SO2 NOX SPM

Baseline 98 percentile monitored
8.3 33.9 384.5
concentration (maximum)
Predicted maximum incremental GLC 11.0 35.8 2.8
Overall GLC during worst case
19.3 69.7 387.3
scenario
NAAQS limit (rural and residential) 80.0 80.0 200.0
GLC = ground level concentration, mg/Nm3 = milligram per normal cubic meter, NAAQS = National Ambient Air
Quality Standards, NOX = nitrogen oxide, SO2 = sulfur dioxide, SPM = suspended particulate matter, μg/m =
3

microgram per cubic meter.

Source: ERM, 2008. Calculated using USEPA ISCST3 air dispersion model (2000).

99. Ambient air quality in the Project airshed will remain below the prescribed standards for
SO2 and NOx. SO2 concentrations will be low due to the installation of an FGD unit. Baseline
levels of SPM are high during the summer primarily due to the high content of fine sand in the
local topsoil and agriculture activities that create soil disturbance prior to the onset of the
monsoon. As a result of these existing conditions, the ambient air SPM levels will be above the
prescribed limit during Project operation for at least part of the year.

100. Greenhouse Gas Emissions. The supercritical boilers will generate CO2 emissions of
8.05 million tons per annum (at a rate of 0.86 kg/KWh net at 87% PLF), while the estimated
baseline CO2 emissions from business-as-usual technology is estimated to be 8.90 million tons
per annum (at a rate 0.95 kg/KWh net). Accordingly, a saving of 0.85 million tons per annum CO2
emissions is estimated.

101. Carbon Capture Readiness. Carbon capture from the plant, based on carbon dioxide
separation and underground storage, has the potential to substantially reduce the carbon
emissions of the Project. The technology for post-combustion carbon capture is under active
development and may be available soon. An analysis has been carried out to identify the issues
that need to be considered by the Project for carbon capture readiness (CCR) in the event that

12
Ambient air ground level concentrations (GLCs) were predicted using the United State Environment Protection
Agency Industrial Source Complex Short Term Release 3 (ISCST3) model (version 2000). The model is capable of
accepting multi-point emission sources and hourly meteorological data including mixing height, stabilities and terrain
features to define the conditions for plume rise for each source and receptor combination for each hour of input of
meteorological data sequentially, and calculates short term averages up to 24 hours.
 23

reliable technology and suitable storage options become commercially viable. These
considerations include allocating space in the plant layout to install post-combustion carbon
capture equipment, producing clean and desulfurized flue gas, and providing a sufficient
electrical and steam supply to operate the capture system.

102. The Project has sufficient space for the installation of carbon capture equipment. The
Project has a major advantage over other Indian coal-fired projects because it will have an FGD
unit from the outset, which may be a precondition for carbon capture. The necessary electricity
and steam supplies for the carbon capture system can be made available. It is envisaged that
ongoing research will identify CO2 storage areas within reach of the Jhajjar site. Accordingly, it is
concluded that the Project has the necessary features of CCR.

103. Noise. Significant noise levels can result from the operation of turbines, compressors,
transformers, the coal handling plant, coal conveyor movement, blowdown of excess steam, and
steam venting from safety valves. The transformers in the switchyard can also generate noise.
The noise levels emitted by operating machinery will be 90–100 dB(A). The steam turbine
generators will be housed in closed buildings to reduce noise transmission to the outside
environment. Acoustic enclosures, hoods, laggings, and screens will be provided at all high-
noise generating areas. All measures will be taken to keep noise levels at the plant boundary
within stipulated limits. Maintenance and operating personnel working in the plant will be
provided with adequate personal protection against noise. The inlet air and exhaust gas streams
will be provided with silencers for noise reduction. All equipment in the plant is designed and will
be operated for noise levels not exceeding 75 dB(A) measured at a distance of 1.5 m from the
equipment. In addition, other measures will be implemented as necessary to ensure that noise at
the plant boundary does not exceed stipulated limits. The maximum background and predicted
noise levels are summarized in Table 8.

Table 8: Maximum Background and Predicted Noise Levels

Day (Leq dB[A]) Night (Leq dB[A])

Site Sampling Station
Baseline Predicted Baseline Predicted
1 Near plant site 52.9 52.9 40.1 40.8
2 Khanpur Khurd (1.5 km south) 54.4 54.4 43.6 43.6
3 Jharli (2 km east) 49.8 49.8 42.2 42.3
4 Sasrauli (5.5 km northeast) 46.9 46.9 40.3 40.3
5 Railway crossing (2 km northeast) 60.0 60.1 46.1 47.5
dB(A) = decibels (acoustic), Leq = equivalent continuous noise level, day = 0600 to 2200 hours; night = 2200 to 0600
hours.
Source: baseline - EIA/EMP Report for 1,320 MW Thermal Power Plant, Jhajjar, Haryana. January 2008; predicted –
JPL.

104. The monitored average noise levels at rural and residential areas around the project site
varied from 46.9 to 54.4 dB(A) during the day and 40.1 to 46.1 dB(A) at night. The minimum
distance between the Project’s major noise sources (power block and cooling towers) and the
outer periphery of the Project will be approximately 400 m. Based on computer modeling, the
maximum cumulative impact of all noise sources at the Project boundary in the direction of each
nearby village is predicted to be less than 10 dB(A). After adding the predicted values to the
background values through logarithmic addition, the increase in noise levels are predicted to
remain within the prescribed norms at nearby villages, with the nearest village predicted to
receive a net increase of 1.4–1.7 dB(A) above background noise, which is within the World
Bank’s guidelines of a maximum increase of 3 dB(A) over background noise.
24

105. Coal Dust. Coal will be received in open-type railway wagons and unloaded at site using
tippers. The coal will then transported by conveyor to the crusher house. Crushed coal will be
sent to either the bunker for storage and onward feeding to mill, or sent to the coal stockyard for
temporary storage. Coal will be stockpiled in the yard and reclaimed on a regular basis. Coal
dust emissions will either come from point sources such as crushing equipment and transfer
points, or from fugitive sources such as stockpiles.

106. During coal unloading and onward transfer to the crusher, dust will be suppressed by
spraying water. A dust extraction system will be installed at the crusher house on the feeder
floors. Dust emissions from the coal stockpiles and from coal reclamation to the bunkers will also
be controlled by spraying water. The coal dust extraction system is designed to suck dust-laden
air from confined areas such as screening and belt feeders and at transfer points. The trapped
air will be subjected to washing with the help of water sprays, and the clean air will be vented
back into the atmosphere. Water containing coal dust will be taken to a settling pond for the
removal of dust particles.

107. Coal dust suppression in open areas will consist of a fine spray of water to wet the dust
particles, causing the particles to agglomerate and settle. The dust suppression system consists
of swiveling-type, wide-angle, full cone-type nozzles. Drainage from coal yards will flow into a
settling pond for the removal of coal particles.

108. Water Use. The water allocated to the Project for plant operation is in addition to the
water currently allocated and used for other purposes such as irrigation, industry, and domestic
use. Accordingly, the water supply for existing uses will not be reduced by the Project’s allocation
of water. Canal upgrading will increase the existing capacity of the JLN feeder canal from 84.7
m3/s (2,990 cusecs) to greater than 93.2 m3/s (3,290 cusecs), which will ensure that the 8.5 m3/s
(300 cusecs) of water required to operate the two thermal power plants is provided without
reducing the capacity of the canal to supply existing water users.

109. Effluent Water Quality. The plant will generate wastewater from the pre-treatment plant,
demineralization plant, cooling tower blowdown, boiler blowdown, wastewater from ultra filtration
and RO unit, decanted water from ash dykes, and service and wash wastewater from different
sections of the plant. On-site wastewater will be treated to achieve maximum reuse and recycling.
Leftover wastewater will be used to irrigate on-site vegetation throughout the year except during
the monsoon. In accordance with World Bank guidelines, wastewater will be treated to the levels
prescribed in Table 9 or better. Treated effluent will also meet irrigation water quality standards
(Table 10).

Table 9: Thermal Power Plant Standard for Liquid Effluent

Concentration not Exceeding

Source Parameter
(mg/l, except pH)

Free available chlorine 0.5

Suspended solids 100.0
1 Boiler Blowdown Oil & grease 20.0
Copper (Total) 1.0
Iron (Total) 1.0
2 Cooling Tower Free available chlorine 0.5
Blowdown
Zinc 1.0
 25

Concentration not Exceeding

Source Parameter
(mg/l, except pH)

Chromium (Total) 0.2

Phosphate 5.0
Limit to be established on case–
Other corrosion inhibiting by-case basis by the Central
material Board in union territories and
State Boards in states
pH 6.5–8.5
3 Ash pond effluent Suspended solids 100.0
Oil and grease 20.0
Note: mg/l = milligram per litre, pH = potential hydrogen.
Source: Environmental (Protection) Act Notification (SO no. 844 E) dated 19 November 1996.

Table 10: Applicable Standards for Use of Water or Liquid Effluent for Irrigation

General Standard for

Bureau of Indian Discharge of
S.N. Parameter Unit
Standard* Environmental
Pollutants for Irrigation**
1 pH -– 6.0–8.0 5.5–9.0
2 Conductivity at 25ºC, µs/cm 2.25 –
3 Sulphates (as SO4) mg/l 1,000 –

4 Boron mg/l 2 –

5 Chlorides mg/l 500 –

6 Total Dissolved Solids mg/l 2,100 –

7 Suspended solids mg/l – 200
8 Oil and Grease mg/l – 10
Biochemical Oxygen mg/l –
9 100
Demand (3 days at 27ºC)
10 Arsenic mg/l – 0.2
11 Cyanide mg/l – 0.2
90% survival of fish
12 Bioassay test – – after 96 hours in 100%
effluent
Note: mg/l = milligram per litre, µS/cm = microseimens per centimeter, pH = potential hydrogen.
Source: *Bureau of Indian Standards code IS: 11624:1986; **Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986 and amendment
1993.

110. Ash Disposal. The Project will generate ash at a rate of about 291 tph from coal
combustion, based on coal with an average ash content of 34%. Ash will be utilized off-site for
secondary uses as per the ash utilization plan as detailed in Appendix 12. Ash will be handled in
dry form, using a closed circuit pneumatic mechanism, and directly loaded into enclosed trucks
through ash silos.

111. Fly ash will be collected in dry form. Fly ash generated from the plant will be commercially
utilized to the maximum extent possible in industries such as cement and ash brick manufacture,
26

road construction, pavement laying, and fly ash aggregates production. Fly ash will also be used
for the construction of the ash pond dyke and the reclamation of low-lying areas. Additional
options for ash use will also be considered. Full fly ash usage will be achieved at a rate faster
than prescribed in the provisions for the notification on fly ash utilization issued by MoEF in
September 1999 (and the subsequent amendment to the notification), which requires usage prior
to the ninth year of project operation. Unutilized fly ash will be transferred from the silo in wet
form and stored in the ash pond until suitable users are identified. Bottom ash will also be
collected in wet form and stored in the ash dyke until suitable users are identified.

112. The ash dyke will have a capacity of at least 4 million m3. The sub-strata soil has
permeability in the order of 10-5 m/sec. The Project will line the pond in order to prevent leakage.
A detailed ash leaching study will be undertaken to determine a suitable lining.

B. Biological Environment

1. During Construction

113. The project site has limited agricultural capability and is low yielding. The area is dry to
semi-arid, with ground cover consisting of a few scattered trees, sparse shrubby vegetation, and
grasses. Clearing the site will result in the loss of habitat for some small animals. This loss of
habitat cannot be avoided but it will have a limited impact on the fauna and flora of the area.
Small mammals and avifauna will experience the most impact. The influx of labor may increase
the demand for fuel wood, which in turn will put pressure on local natural resources. Construction
contractors will be instructed to avoid tree cutting wherever possible. Contractors will also be
required to supply fuel to the work camp to avoid any impact on local resources.

2. During Operation

114. The potential impacts on the ecology of the nearby area from thermal power plant
operation include the deposit of fly ash on vegetation, disturbance to wildlife by noise, and loss of
aquatic fauna at the water intake point and in the treated effluent receiving body. The impacts of
the Project on the biological environment will be limited by the implementation of mitigation
measures. The installation of ESPs will substantially reduce the SPM levels of flue gases, which
will prevent ash from settling and damaging vegetation in the vicinity of the plant. The
implementation of noise control measures will minimize disturbances to fauna and avifauna in
the area. The Project will establish a greenbelt around the plant and at several locations within
the plant’s premises and the water reservoir, covering a total combined area of 137 ha
(approximately 30% of the entire project site). The greenbelt will provide a habitat for some
species.

115. The water supply pipeline intake point from the JLN feeder canal will be provided with
sufficient screening to filter out larger aquatic organisms (e.g., fish, frogs, and toads) and foreign
matter, preventing this material from being drawn into the pumps. The Project will not discharge
any treated effluent off site and there will be no thermal impact on nearby bodies of water.

C. Socio-cultural Environment

1. During Construction

116. Loss of Land and Livelihood. Private land is being acquired for the Project under the
Land Acquisition Act, 1894. Land compensation rates have been agreed to by the Government
of Haryana and affected households. The agreed rates were higher than the prevailing market
prices at the time of negotiation in 2007. Land compensation consists of a cash payment plus a
 27

deposit that will yield an annuity for 33 years. The deposit is designed to provide long-term
livelihood support for each affected household.

117. The project site is uninhabited and there will be no displacement of households. However,
the Project will have an impact on livelihoods since agricultural activities will be affected by land
acquisition and restricted access to public grazing land. The 33-year annuity will help to offset
this impact. In addition, JPL will work closely with communities to develop alternative livelihoods
for those requiring new economic activities. Agriculture and ancillary activities form the mainstay
of livelihoods in the immediate vicinity of the Project area. Single crops of bajra and gowar are
reported to be the main crops grown on the affected land, while those landowners with a private
irrigation water supply cultivate a second crop of wheat and mustard. Villages like Khanpur
Khurd, Khanpur Kalan, and Jharli have agricultural land at scattered locations on both sides of
the main road. Although agriculture is practiced on the plant site, the productivity and income-
generating capacity of this land is low. Associated impacts from this loss of land and production
include: (i) loss of opportunities for agricultural laborers; and (ii) decrease in economic
participation and loss of opportunities for women who work this land, primarily for sourcing fodder.

118. Community access to grazing land will be lost with the establishment of the Project. A
range of private assets are located on this land, including tube wells, pucca/kutcha sheds, water
supply pipelines, open wells, trees, and submersible pumps. A total of 98 assets were recorded
on the plant site by the District Revenue Office, of which Khanpur Khurd had 53, Khanpur Kalan
had 35, Jharli had 5, and Wazidpur had 5. Each asset has been valued and the owners are
being provided compensation at above market prices.

119. Social and Cultural Conflicts. The influx of workers from outside the area has the
potential to create conflict with local people and increase the risk of communicable diseases
such as HIV 13 , tuberculosis, and cholera. The Project’s construction workforce will comprise
2,000-4,000 persons over 40 months (Table 11). To minimize conflicts between construction
workers and local villagers, workers will be recruited from adjacent villages to the greatest extent
possible, and the necessary social infrastructure will be provided for the workforce. Workers and
professional personnel from outside the area will stay in temporary accommodations on the
project site. Increased traffic in the project area during construction will be controlled on and off
the site to minimize safety hazards.

Table 11: Number of People to be Employed

Contractor
Period Company Employees Total
Employees
Construction 50 2,000–4,000 2,050–4,050
Operation 275 50 325
Source: JPL and EIA/EMP Report for 1,320 (2 X 660) MW Thermal Power Plant Project. Jhajjar, Haryana. MECON,
2007.

2. During Operation

120. The completion of construction activities will see a reduction in job opportunities in the
project area that could create local resentment. During project operation, about 275 people will
be employed. Employees and their families will reside in the plant residential site, where they will

13
human immunodeficiency virus.
28

contribute to demand for local food and services. Project operation will spur the local economy
by providing indirect business opportunities in the area.

D. Induced Development

121. The demand for food and services that will be created by the Project during construction
and operation is likely to induce development in the local area around the project site. With an
increase in employment opportunities, people will be encouraged to take up skills development
and technical training. The level of literacy is expected to rise over time as a result. These
changes will vary in intensity at different locations. The greatest impact is likely to occur in the
immediate project area at Khanpur Khurd and Jharli, with less impact in the surrounding areas of
Bahu-Jolhri and regional centers such as Jhajjar and Dadri.

E. Cumulative Impact

122. Apart from the Project, the only major existing or proposed industrial activity in the Project
airshed is the 1,500 MW coal-fired ATPP that is currently under construction on the eastern side
of the Project. This plant is being developed by Aravali Power Company Private Limited (APCPL),
a joint venture company between the Government of Haryana, Government of Delhi, and NTPC
Limited, which is the central Government utility company. The plant will consist of three 500 MW
units. The primary environmental impact of the Project and the coal-fired ATPP will be a decline
in air quality. The flue gas emissions of both projects are summarized in Table 12, with projected
ATPP emissions based on the environmental clearance issued by MoEF.

Table 12: Predicted Emissions from the Project and ATPP

Parameter Project Emissions ATPP Emissions

per Unit* per Unit** Indian Limit* World Bank Norm
(660 MW x 2 units) (500 MW x 3 units)
200 mg/Nm3 1,315 mg/Nm3
2,000 mg/Nm3
SO2 24.5 TPD 188.85 TPD
700 TPD 450 TPD
(141.6 g/s) (728.6 g/s)
650 mg/Nm3 650 mg/Nm3 Low NOx burner
NOX 750 mg/Nm3
(460.2 g/s) (360.1 g/s) prescribed
50 mg/Nm3 50 mg/Nm3
PM 100 mg/Nm3 50 mg/Nm3
(35.5 g/s) (55.4 g/s)
mg/Nm3 = milligram per normal cubic meter, NOX = nitrogen oxide, SO2 = sulfur dioxide, PM = particulate matter, TPD
= tons per day.
Source: Jhajjar Power Limited.
*Ministry of Environment and Forests. 1998. Environmental Standards for Power Plants, MOEF New Delhi Notification
G.S.R. 7.
** The expected emissions for Aravali Thermal Power Plant are based on assumption of 0.5% of Sulfur in Coal, SO2
emissions are without FGD in place, PM emissions with a limit of 100 mg/Nm3 and NOx limit of 650 mg/Nm3.

123. The combined effect of emissions from the Project and ATPP on air quality was assessed
using the ISCST3 air dispersion model. Table 13 summarizes the predicted worst case ambient
air quality resulting from the combined projects, while the cumulative predicted air quality at each
monitoring location is presented in Appendix 8.
 29

Table 13: Overall Worst Case Predicted Ground Level Concentrations

for the Cumulative Emissions from the Project and the Aravali Thermal Power Plant
(μg/m3)

24 Hour Concentration SO2 NOX SPM

Baseline 98 percentile monitored concentration 8.2 33.9 384.5
Predicted maximum combined incremental GLC (JTPP and ATPP) 67.4 45.2 5.8
Overall GLCs during worst case scenario 75.6 79.1 390.3
NAAQS limit (rural and residential) 80.0 80.0 200.0
GLC = ground level concentration, mg/Nm3 = milligram per normal cubic meter, NAAQS = National Ambient Air Quality
Standards, NOX = nitrogen oxide, SO2 = sulfur dioxide, SPM = suspended particulate matter, μg/m = microgram per
3

cubic meter.

124. The cumulative impact of the two coal-fired projects on air quality in the local airshed
(within a 25 km radius of the project sites) will not be excessive. However, the existing high SPM
levels will further increase as a result. High SPM levels occur in the area largely due to wind-
generated dust coming from land that has been disturbed by agriculture and other activities, as
well as the seasonal burning of crop residues, particularly during hot summers. The Project and
ATPP will emit a maximum PM flue gas concentration of 50 mg/Nm3 and 100 mg/Nm3,
respectively, producing a cumulative increase in ambient SPM levels of around 5.8 μg/m3. Each
project will also emit maximum SO2 and NOx flue gas concentrations below the World Bank’s
limits of 2,000 mg/Nm3 and 750 mg/Nm3, respectively, resulting in ambient air quality levels
remaining within acceptable limits.

125. The cumulative noise impact from the two plants is predicted to be minor as the main
noise-generating equipment at each plant is separated by over 1 km and both plants are
installing noise control measures. In addition, the residual impact will be minimal.

126. A cumulative increase in road traffic will occur during the overlapping construction phases
of each project (over a 1.5–2 year period) and during plant operation. This impact will be
managed by widening the main approach road that leads to both plants to accommodate the
combined traffic volume for project operation and by controlling traffic entering and leaving each
site.

127. Large volumes of fly ash will be generated by the two projects. Both projects are seeking
to utilize as much ash as possible off site. The residual ash will be disposed of in on-site ash
dykes. The ash dykes for each project are approximately 2 km apart. Each project has to ensure
that its dyke is suitably sealed to prevent ash effluent leaching. No cumulative impact on
groundwater is expected. The cumulative impact of airborne fly ash from ash handling is
expected to be minimal as dust suppression control measures will be implemented on both
projects.

128. The two projects will have a positive impact on local employment and small-scale
business growth. Local facilities and infrastructure are expected to improve, including arterial
roads and communications.

F. Impacts of Associated Facilities

129. Canal Upgrading. The canal upgrading works will involve raising the existing earth bund
walls by 30 cm over a distance of about 70 km to increase canal capacity. The earthworks will
30

disturb this man-made landform, but the erosion hazard created will be in the short term only as
the bund walls will be progressively stabilized and re-vegetated.

130. Transmission Lines. The transmission lines required to evacuate power from the
Project will be connected to the Sonipat and Mahendergarh substations, requiring a 35 m wide
corridor along a cumulative right-of-way length of about 120 km. The route selected for each
corridor will avoid ecologically-sensitive sites such as forests, national parks, and other protected
areas, as well as settlement areas and historic and cultural sites. The routes will also be
designed to minimize adverse environmental impacts associated with terrain, land use, and
vegetation cover.

VI. ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT

A. Project Costs

131. Financial Cost. The total Project cost is estimated to be approximately $1.3 billion.
Annual operating and maintenance costs are estimated at approximately $30 million at 2008
prices.

132. Environmental Cost. The environmental cost of the Project primarily relates to: (i) 521.1
ha of land use conversion, (ii) 120,000 m3/day freshwater supply, and (iii) the discharge of flue
gases into the atmosphere. The environmental cost of the Project’s impact on the land is low as
the project site is predominantly used for grazing, with a small amount of opportunity cropping
present. The environmental costs associated with water supply and air pollution are difficult to
quantify.

B. Project Socioeconomic Benefits

133. The principal economic benefit of the Project will be the generation of 10,059 GWh of
electricity per annum. Ninety percent of this amount will be used to support economic and
livelihood development in Haryana. Other socio-economic benefits of the Project will include (i)
employment, (ii) the payment of corporate income taxes to the central Government over the
Project’s life, and (iii) indirect taxes during construction. A separate and detailed economic
analysis will be undertaken for the Project.

VII. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

A. Objectives and Scope of Environmental Management

134. Environmental management will be an integral part of project implementation during

construction and operation. The objectives of environmental management are to minimize the
Project’s adverse environmental impacts and provide full and cost-effective compliance with the
relevant environmental laws and regulations as stipulated by national and state authorities, and
project financiers. A project-specific environmental management plan (EMP) will be prepared
prior to the commencement of construction that will be aligned with the JPL corporate
environmental management policy. The Project’s EMP will follow the concept of continual
development, incorporating systematic monitoring, reporting, and corrective action as an integral
part of environmental management. Staff will be adequately trained and the Project will seek
accreditation from a recognized international certification body to constantly improve upon the
Project’s safety, health, and environmental performance.

135. During the construction and operation phases, contractors will be liable for implementing
specific impact mitigation measures as prescribed in the EMP and the construction contracts.
 31

Operation contracts will include performance bonds or similar binding conditions. JPL will monitor
and audit the environmental performance of contractors as part of its project implementation role.
JPL will prescribe effective corrective actions to be implemented by each contractor as required
to ensure full compliance with relevant environmental standards. During plant operation,
environmental management measures will be implemented by JPL.

B. Organization for Project Environmental Management

136. JPL will establish its SHE policy and a SHE Department in line with parent company
standards. The SHE Department will promote and supervise site safety and environmental
management. JPL will recruit an experienced manager to head the SHE Department and report
directly to the Project’s head. The manager will be supported by adequate staff at the managerial
level (e.g., safety officer and environment officer). An occupational health center will be
established to maintain heath standards and provide medical emergency services. Separate
professionals will be appointed to manage social responsibilities.

137. The SHE Department will incorporate a separate environment division that will work
closely with the plant Operation and Maintenance Department. It will be headed by a senior
qualified technical staff at the managerial level, who possesses practical experience in the
environmental management of large power projects. This division will have around 10 staff,
consisting of environmental engineers, chemists, horticulturists, safety specialists, and pollution
control specialists to ensure that ongoing measures are effectively implemented. JPL will ensure
that all staff are adequately trained prior to commissioning the SHE Department and its
environment division.

C. Mitigation Measures

138. The major environmental impact mitigation measures that will be implemented during
project construction and operation are summarized in Appendix 9.

D. Monitoring and Evaluation Program

139. The plant will incorporate online monitoring of flue gases, ambient air quality, and
wastewater quality, allowing operations staff to recognize an issue and take immediate corrective
action. An automatic continuous emissions monitoring system will be installed on the stack as
part of the main plant package, to measure emissions of SO2, NOX, and SPM. An automatic
continuous ambient air quality monitoring station will be installed within the plant site, while
periodic air quality monitoring using a high volume sampler will be conducted at other sites. The
installation of additional continuous air monitoring stations in the Project’s airshed will also be
undertaken, subject to the availability of local infrastructure that includes a power supply. Key
wastewater quality parameters will be continuously monitored. Pollution control monitoring
equipment will be calibrated as per the manufacturer’s recommendation. Any faulty instruments
will be repaired on a priority basis and manual sampling and analysis will be conducted until the
equipment is repaired and reinstated.

140. Periodic monitoring by manual sampling will be undertaken as per the conditions of
consent to operate, supplementing online monitoring. An environmental laboratory will manually
analyze air, water, and wastewater samples from the site. Specialized analysis such as the
heavy metal content of wastewater will be conducted by specialist laboratories in Delhi. The
Project’s monitoring program is summarized in Appendix 10. The environmental engineer and
chemists will advise operations staff on any corrective actions needed to achieve the required
levels.
32

141. The consent to operate requires the monitoring of environmental activities by an MoEF-
approved agency. The assigned agency will undertake monitoring and produce monthly,
quarterly, and annual reports for plant construction, operating statistics, and emissions data for
submission to the Pollution Control Board and MoEF. In addition, the Project will submit an
environmental monitoring report to the ADB every six months, summarizing EMP implementation
during construction and operation. This report shall present monitoring data and findings,
describe any significant events or incidents that occurred, and indicate how these events were
managed. Each report shall be posted on the ADB website for public disclosure purposes.

142. The total investment in pollution control facilities is estimated at $150 million. The annual
cost of operating and maintaining these facilities is estimated at $4 million, excluding the cost of
significant additional power consumption by the ESP and FGD units, and related staff costs. The
implementation of other measures contained in the EMP is estimated to cost an additional $0.35
million per year to be used to fund environmental management staff, greenbelt establishment
and maintenance, and environmental monitoring and related activities (Table 14).

Table 14: Estimated Annual Cost of Environmental Management Plan Implementation

Heads Estimated Cost

($)
Greenbelt establishment and maintenance 100,000
Environmental management team staff 100,000
SHE Department monitoring, reporting, and statutory compliance 40,000
Accreditation and continual development 30,000
External monitoring support 40,000
Environmental management training and staff development 10,000
Public awareness campaign 10,000
Water cess and other statutory environmental charges 20,000
Total 350,000
SHE = safety, health, and environment.
Source: CLP PIPL, 2008.

E. Occupational Health and Safety Management

143. JPL will implement a SHE program during project construction and operation. A
comprehensive safety health environmental management plan will be developed to address all
major safety, health, and related environmental issues. Risks associated with project
construction and operation will be identified and suitable mitigation measures will be proposed.
Well-established corporate occupational health and safety measures will be applied and strictly
implemented, and all national labor laws and applicable International Labor Organization
conventions on workplace conditions will be followed (Appendix 11). Regulations related to
occupational health and safety management will be issued and strictly enforced, and all
personnel will receive training in occupational health and safety practices. Safety drills will be
periodically carried out. Safety manuals, a disaster management plan, and other handbooks will
be prepared for the Project as required.

F. Afforestation Program

144. The Project will establish a greenbelt around the plant on the project site. A range of tree
species native to the area will be planted. They will be suitable for the local soil types and climate,
and will be able to thrive in the conditions of project operation. A nursery will be established to
support the afforestation program, with some species sourced from existing local nurseries. The
greenbelt will cover approximately one-third of the entire project area. Horticultural services will
 33

be deployed in MoEF’s Environmental Management Department to implement the afforestation

program.

G. Ash Utilization Plan

145. The combustion of coal will generate about 2.0 million tons per annum (t/a) of ash,
consisting of bottom ash (0.4 million t/a) and fly ash (1.6 million t/a). The management of ash will
focus on the utilization of ash in cement, building materials, and construction industries, as
outlined in the ash utilization plan summary in Appendix 12. In addition, an ash dyke will be
constructed on 109 ha of land, creating adequate storage capacity for about 12 months of ash
production. As previously described, the plant will be designed to collect fly ash in dry form and
bottom ash to facilitate the handing over of the ash to prospective entities at the point of ash
generation. A number of regional cement manufacturers are planning to install ready mix
concrete production capacities to supply Delhi. JPL will approach these prospective ash users
and seek arrangements to supply ash. The ash dyke will be used as a temporary storage to
handle ash utilization supply–demand gaps, at least in the initial stage of project operation while
demand is still developing.

VIII. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE

146. Informal public consultations were initially held during the preparation of the EIA when the
Project was introduced to local residents who would potentially be affected by the Project. Their
perceptions of the Project were obtained and the overall view expressed was that the Project
would have a positive impact on the local area, with the major benefits being increased power
supply and employment, and improvements to local infrastructure. Some people expressed
apprehension that the Project would lead to increased pollution and crime, and decreased
groundwater.

147. A public hearing for the Project was held on 29 October 2007 in compliance with of the
Environmental Impact Assessment Notification (14 September 2006). The public hearing was
announced to the public in a local-vernacular daily newspaper and an English-language daily
newspaper in August 2007. Prior to the public hearing, the EIA was made available locally,
covering all main proposed Project works. Concerns in writing from interested stakeholders were
received at this stage.

148. The public hearing was chaired by the additional deputy commissioner of Jhajjar and
attended by the sub-divisional magistrate of Jhajjar; officials representing HPGCL, the Haryana
State Pollution Control Board, and District Revenue Office; and 127 people from villages
surrounding the project site. The meeting discussed the Project, its potential environmental and
social impacts, land acquisition, mitigation measures, and monitoring programs. The main issues
raised by meeting participants were the effects of gas emissions, wastewater treatment and
disposal, ash disposal, the provision of project jobs, and the construction of local facilities (e.g.,
hospital, girls school, and sports stadium). HPGCL officials commented that there would be zero
discharge of wastewater from the site and that sewerage would be fully treated. HPGCL officials
also noted that SO2 and NOx emission levels would be lower than the applicable MoEF and
CPCB limits, and that SPM emissions would also be at acceptable levels due to the use of high
efficiency ESPs. The HPGCL officials indicated that ash would be utilized in off-site industries
and construction as much as possible, with the remaining ash stored in lined dykes on site. The
additional deputy commissioner of Jhajjar responded that the issues of project jobs and the
construction of various facilities would be forwarded to the Government of Haryana for
consideration. A summary of this consultation is provided in Appendix 13.
34

149. Further consultation and focus group discussions were conducted, commencing in early
September 2008 as part of an additional social assessment. This consultation started with
discussions in the four Project-affected villages about the concerns and expectations of the
people, with further profiling of the socio-economic characteristics of these communities also
conducted. This consultation process is continuing and aims to cover most project affected
people. The main issues raised by affected people have been land acquisition and Project
employment opportunities. JPL indicated that it is committed to maximizing Project benefits to
local people, particularly directly affected people, during construction and operation by planning
and implementing community development programs. The final report on this consultation will be
published in March 2009.

IX. CONCLUSIONS

150. The JTPP is a development initiative launched in accordance with the Government of
Haryana’s energy policy. The large scale, 1,320 MW coal-fired plant will generate 10,059 GWh of
electricity per annum, which will make a significant contribution to reducing the electricity supply–
demand gap and promoting economic development in the state of Haryana.

151. The plant will use supercritical steam technology, which will provide greater efficiency
than conventional subcritical coal-fired power plants and require lower coal consumption. Coal-
fired thermal power is the most cost-effective form of baseload power generation available for
this locality.

152. The Project is adopting best technology and design practices to minimize the Project’s
impact on air quality. This involves the use of low NOx burners, high efficiency ESPs, and FGD
units. Flue gas emissions will meet national standards and World Bank emission guidelines for
new thermal power plants, with the net impact on ambient air quality predicted to be low in the
Project’s airshed. The Project’s water use will be minimized through utilization of a closed cooling
system that will operate at five COCs; and wastewater treatment that will be based on maximum
reuse and recycling, and zero off-site discharge. These measures will limit the Project’s water
use to 120,000 m3/day. The provision of this amount of water to the project site will not affect
existing local water users.

153. The project site is located on low-yield agriculture land and the conversion of 522 ha to
house project facilities will not substantially reduce local agricultural production. The Project will
not have any major ecological impacts as it will be constructed on land that is neither
ecologically- nor culturally-sensitive.

154. The Project will not displace any households. Private land is being acquired for the
Project by the Government of Haryana based on the Land Acquisition Act and the Haryana
Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy. The impact on the livelihoods of households selling land
is expected to be minimal due to the low production value of the land and the Project’s mitigation
measures. The adverse impact on the livelihoods of affected households is being mitigated by
the payment of higher-than-market-value rates for the land, as well as the establishment of a 33-
year deposit for part of the payment to provide landowners with an annuity. In addition, livelihood
improvement programs will be developed and implemented as necessary. Public consultations
have been undertaken in line with state and central government requirements.

155. JPL will establish an environmental management system for the Project based on a
project-specific EMP. This will be overseen, monitored, and audited by JPL and implemented by
each contractor. The Project will comply fully with all relevant national laws and regulations
regarding the environment, health, and safety.
 Appendix 1 35

MAIN DESIGN AND OPERATIONAL DATA OF THE POWER PLANT

Table A1.1: Main Design and Operational Data of the Power Plant
ITEM
DATA
Annual average operational time 8,100 hours per annum per unit
Annual average plant load factor 87% (of installed capacity)
Average thermal efficiency (gross), LHV 41.62%
Net heat rate 2,066 kcal/kWh
Power generation capacity 660 MW/unit
Annual net power generation 9,336 GWh
Plant design concept
Technology Supercritical, pulverized coal-fired power plant
Number of boilers and steam turbines Two units
Number of stacks 1 stack of 275 m height
Gross heat rate, LHV 2,066 kcal/kWh
Types of fuels Pulverized coal, with fuel oil for start-up
Main fuel Indian sub-bituminous coal, average calorific value 3,800 kcal/kg,
5.9 million tons per year at 87% PLF
Start up and stabilization fuel Light diesel oil: 25,000m3 during entire construction phase and
20,000 m3/annum during operation phase
Water system
Water intake 120,000 m3/day
Source JLN feeder canal with on-site treatment system
Cooling system 81,840 m3/day for closed circuit type
DM water and filter 4,800 m3/day
Domestic water (plant & colony) 1,800 m3/day
Service water 9,600 m3/day
Ash volume
- fly ash 133,730 metric tons per month
- bottom ash 33,440 metric tons per month
Power transmission
- number of transmission lines Four outgoing feeders each of 400 kV (to be developed by
HVPNL)
GWh = gigawatt hour, ha = hectare, kcal = kilocalorie, kg = kilogram, kV = kilovolt, kWh = kilowatt hour, LHV = Lower
3
Heating Value, m = meter, m = cubic meter, MW = megawatt.
Sources: Jhajjar Power India Limited. 2008. Environmental Impact Assessment Study Report for 1,320 MW Coal Based
Power Project by MECON, Ranchi.
Note: About 30% of the land will be developed as green area.
36 Appendix 2

METHODOLOGY AND DATA FOR AMBIENT AIR QUALITY - SUMMER SEASON

A. METHODOLOGY

1. Samples were collected over a 24-hour period twice a week for 12 weeks from April to
June 2007 to monitor suspended particulate matter (SPM), respirable particulate matter (RPM),
sulfur dioxide (SO2), and oxides of nitrogen (NOX). The environmental impact assessment (EIA)
is based on the ambient air quality data collected for during the summer of 2007.

2. Each sample was collected on a 24-hour continuous sampling basis. The analysis and
methodology used for monitoring was based on the procedure specified in the National Ambient
Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) provided by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF).

3. The methods of analysis and measurement used for ambient air quality monitoring are
summarized in Table A2.1.

Table A2.1: Ambient Air Quality Analytical and Measurement Methods

Pollutant Method Reference

Environment (Protection) Act
SPM High volume air sampler (HVAS), Gravimetry (EPA) notification 11 April
1994
EPA notification
RPM HVAS with cyclone separator, Gravimetry
11 April 1994
HVAS with impinger tube Spectrophotometer EPA notification
SO2
Improved West and Gaeke method 11 April 1994
HVAS with impinger tube Spectrophotometer EPA notification
NOx
Jacob and Hochheiser method 11 April 1994
HVAS = high volume air sampler, NO2 = nitrogen dioxide, RPM = respirable particulate matter, SO2 = sulfur
dioxide, SPM = suspended particulate matter.
Source: EIA/EMP Report for 1320 (2x660) MW Thermal Power Plant Project. Jhajjar, Haryana.

B. RESULTS FOR SUMMER SEASON

4. Monitoring locations with respect to distances from the project site and the maximum,
minimum, daily average, and 98 percentile monitored values at each location are shown in
Table A2.2. The monitored ambient air quality at all ambient air quality monitoring stations was
compared with the NAAQS for residential and rural areas.

Table A2.2: Ambient Air Quality in the Study Area for Summer Season (April–June) 2007
(ground level concentration, μg/m3)
Village SPM RPM SO2 NOX
Minimum 203.0 88.0 1.0 9.0
Khanpur Khurd Average 306.2 112.9 2.6 18.2
(A7, 2.0 km to S) Maximum 385.0 150.0 5.7 33.0
98 Percentile 384.5 148.6 5.6 32.5
Jharli Minimum 123.0 58.0 1.3 13.0
(A3, 4.3 km to E),
Average 212.8 100.1 3.3 23.4
 Appendix 2 37

Village SPM RPM SO2 NOX

Maximum 309.0 131.0 4.4 34.0
98 Percentile 301.1 129.7 4.4 33.6
Minimum 176.0 65.0 1.2 4.0
Khorra Average 263.6 112.6 2.9 11.2
(A8, 5.5 km to W) Maximum 340.0 153.0 6.3 18.0
98 Percentile 338.2 144.3 5.9 16.6
Minimum 188.0 85.0 1.0 6.0
Mohanbari Average 309.0 123.0 2.0 13.5
(A5, 5.2 km to SE) Maximum 377.0 150.0 3.5 32.0
98 Percentile 375.2 146.8 3.5 29.7
Minimum 182.0 88.0 1.6 7.0
Bahu Average 274.5 117.0 4.0 18.4
(A6, 5.0 km to S) Maximum 342.0 149.0 9.3 38.0
98 Percentile 332.8 148.1 8.2 33.9
Minimum 176.0 65.0 1.0 6.0
Goria Average 242.1 89.0 2.7 12.3
(A9, 5.7 km to SE) Maximum 323.0 145.0 5.4 21.0
98 Percentile 320.6 137.2 5.1 20.8
Minimum 225.0 97.0 1.0 8.0
Dhalanwas Average 294.4 114.4 2.6 16.6
(A10, 6.2 km to N) Maximum 333.0 129.0 4.7 24.0
98 Percentile 330.6 129.0 4.7 23.6
Minimum 105.0 62.0 1.6 13.0
Jhanswa Average 225.8 99.6 4.0 23.1
(A4, 7.5 km to E) Maximum 285.0 123.0 6.4 34.0
98 Percentile 283.5 122.7 6.2 33.6
Minimum 169.0 82.0 1.1 4.0
Sasrauli Average 260.8 118.4 3.2 12.7
(A2, 6.0 km to NE) Maximum 373.0 149.0 4.8 25.0
98 Percentile 352.8 147.2 4.8 21.8
Minimum 230.0 88.0 1.6 9.0
Nuagaon Average 296.6 101.5 2.8 15.0
(A1, 10.0 km to NE) Maximum 323.0 113.0 5.1 24.0
98 Percentile 322.8 112.9 4.9 22.9
A1 to A10 = ambient air quality sampling location codes; km = kilometer, N = north, S = south, E = east, W = west,
SPM = suspended particulate matter, RPM = respirable particulate matter (PM10), SO2 = sulfur dioxide, NOX =
oxides of nitrogen, μg/m = microgram per cubic meter.
3

Source: EIA/EMP Report for 1320 (2X660) MW Thermal Power Plant Project. Jhajjar, Haryana and HPGCL provided
baseline data as collected by MECON Limited for summer season 2007.
38 Appendix 3

APPLICABLE INDIAN AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS

AND WORLD BANK GUIDELINES

Table A3.1: National Ambient Air Quality Standards

Concentration
Time-weighted Residential,
Pollutants Industrial Sensitive Method of Measurement
Average Rural, &
Areas Areas
Other Areas
Annual average1 80 60 15 Improved West and Geake
SO2
method and ultraviolet
(µg/m3) 24 hours 2
120 80 30
fluorescence
Jacob & Hochheiser modified
NO2 Annual average1 80 60 15
3 (Na-arsenite) method
(µg/m ) 2
24 hours 120 80 30 Gas phase chemi- luminescence
Annual average1 360 140 70 High volume sampling, (average
SPM
3 flow rate not less than 1.1
(µg/m ) 24 hours2 500 200 100 3
m /minute).
1
RPM Annual average 120 60 50
Respirable particulate matter
(less than 10
24 hours2 150 100 75 sampler
microns) (µg/m3)
Annual average1 1.00 0.75 0.50 AAS method after sampling using
Pb
3 EPM 2000 or equivalent filter
(µg/m ) 24 hours2 1.50 1.00 0.75 paper
Ammonia1 Annual average1 0.1 0.1 0.1
(mg/m3) 24 hours2 0.4 0.4 0.4
CO 8 hours2 5.0 2.0 1.0 Non-dispersive infrared
3
(mg/m ) 1 hour 10.0 4.0 2.0 spectroscopy
AAS = atomic absorption spectrophotometer, CO = carbon monoxide, EPM= Electromagnetic Process Materials, NO2
= nitrogen dioxide, Pb = lead, RPM = respirable particulate matter, SO2 = sulfur dioxide, SPM = suspended
particulate matter, μg/m = microgram per cubic meter.
3
1
Annual arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year taken twice a week, 24-hourl continuous sampling
at uniform intervals.
2
24 hourly/8 hourly values should be met 98% of the time in a year. However, 2% of the time it may exceed, but not
on 2 consecutive days.
Notes: National Ambient Air Quality Standard determines air quality with an adequate margin of safety to protect
public health, vegetation, and property. Whenever and wherever two consecutive values exceed the limit specified
above for the respective category, it would be considered adequate reason to institute regular and/or continuous
monitoring and further investigation. The standards for H2S have been notified separately vide GSR No. 7, dated 22
December 1998 under Rayon Industry; for details please see Sl. No. 65 of these documents: S.O. 384 (E), Air
(Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, dated 11 April 1994 and EPA Notification: GSR 176 (E), 02 April 1996.
Included vide Notification SO. 955 (E), Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 dated 14 October 1998.
Source: Pollution Control Acts, Rules and Notifications issued thereunder, Pollution Control Law Series:
PCLS/02/2006 Central Pollution Control Board, January 2006.

Table A3.2: World Bank Standards for Ambient Air Quality in Thermal Power Plants
(µg/m3)
Pollutant 24-Hour Average Annual Average
RPM 150 50
TSP 230 80
NO2 150 100
SO2 150 80
NO2 = nitrogen dioxide, RPM = respirable particulate matter, SO2 = sulfur dioxide, TSP
= total suspended particulates, μg/m = microgram per cubic meter.
3

Source: World Bank. 1998. Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook.

Washington D.C.
 Appendix 4 39

SUMMARY OF NOISE QUALITY OBSERVED AND APPLICABLE INDIAN NOISE

STANDARDS AND WORLD BANK GUIDELINES

SUMMARY OF NOISE MONITORING RESULTS

Table A4.1: Equivalent Noise Levels for Summer 2007

Equivalent Noise Applicable Standards (dB[A])
Level (dB[A])
Village National World Bank
Day Nigh Day Night Day Night
Near project site (N5) 52.9 40.1 55 45 70 70
Khanpur Khurd (N3, 1.5 km to S) 54.4 43.6 55 45 55 45
Jharli (N1, 2.0 km to E) 49.8 42.2 55 45 55 45
Sasrauli (N3, 5.5 km to NE) 46.9 40.3 55 45 55 45
Railway Crossing (N3, 2.0 km to NE) 60.0 46.1 65 55 70 70
dB(A) = decibel acoustic (A weighted), day time = 0600 to 2200 hours, night time = 2200 to 0600 hours;
Source: EIA/EMP Report for 1320 (2X660) MW Thermal Power Plant Project. Jhajjar, Haryana.

Table A4.2: National Ambient Noise Quality Standards and World Bank Guidelines
Day time1 Limit in dBA (Leq)2 Night time3 Limit in dBA (Leq)
Receptor
National World Bank National World Bank
Industrial area 75 70 70 70
Commercial area 65 70 55 70
Residential area 55 55 45 45
Silence zone4 50 Not available 40 Not available
dB(a) = decibel acoustic (A weighted).
1
Day time is from 6 a.m. to 10 p.m.
2
dB(A) Leq denotes the time-weighted average of the level of sound in decibels on scale A which is
relatable to human hearing.
3
Night time is from 10 p.m. to 6 a.m.
4
A silence zone is defined as an area not less than 100 meters’ radius around hospitals, educational
institutes, and courts as declared by the competent authority.
Note: mixed categories of areas may be declared as one of the four above mentioned categories by the
competent authority.
Source: Pollution Control Acts, Rules and Notifications issued thereunder, Pollution Control Law Series:
PCLS/02/2006 Central Pollution Control Board, January 2006; World Bank. 1998. Pollution Prevention and
Abatement Handbook. Washington D.C.
40 Appendix 5

SUMMARY OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY OBSERVED AND

APPLICABLE INDIAN STANDARDS

Table A5: Summary of Groundwater Quality Monitoring

Indian Standard
Summer 2007
Parameter Desirable Permissible
Result
Limit Limit
pH 7.1–8.2 6.5–8.5 No relaxation
Total dissolved solids, mg/l 116–10016 500 2,000
Total hardness (as CaCO3), mg/l 116–3950 300 600
Alkalinity, mg/l 75.0–3180.0 200 600
Chloride (as Cl-), mg/l 34.0–3879.0 250 1,000
Calcium (as Ca), mg/l 22.0–509.0 75 200
Magnesium (as Mg), mg/l 15.0–651.0 30 200
Fluoride (as F-), mg/l 0.04–1.02 1.0 1.5
CaCO3 = calcium carbonate, mg/l = milligrams per liter, mho = conductivity unit, pH = potential of hydrogen.
Source: EIA/EMP Report for 1320 MW Thermal Power Plant at Jhajjar, Haryana. January 2008.
 Appendix 6 41

OPERATING CONDITIONS FOR CALCULATION OF EMISSION RATES

This appendix summarizes ground level concentration values at the ten monitoring
stations for sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, and particulate matter as a result of the Jhajjar
Thermal Power Project. The 24-hour and annual average values are given. The data used for
the Industrial Source Complex Short Term (ISCST3) model are given in Table A6.1 for the
Jhajjar Thermal Power Plant and Table A6.2 for Aravali Thermal Power Plant, which is included
to determined cumulative impacts on air quality. The major assumptions are (i) a power load
factor of 87% and (ii) a sulfur-to-sulfur dioxide ratio of 100%.

Table A6.1: Operating Conditions Used in ISCST3 for the Jhajjar Thermal Power Plant

Parameter Value Unit

Calorific Value of Coal 3,800 kcal/kg
Sulfur Content 0.35 %
Ash Content 34 %
Coal Firing Rate/Project 16127 TPD for 1320 MW
Coal Firing Rate/Boiler 335.98 TPH for 660 MW
Stack Parameter
Stack Height 275 m
Stack Number 2 (1 + 1 flues) Number
o
Exit Temperature 80 C
Volumetric Flow/Stack 840.47 m3/s
Heat Input
Heat Input 1.28E+09 kcal/hr
Heat Input 1.48 GJ/s
Normal Flue Gas Flow 709.5 Nm /s (dry, 6% O2)1
3

Emissions/Stack
SO2 141.9 g/s
NOX 461.2 g/s
SPM 35.5 g/s
SO2 200* mg/Nm3
NOX 650 mg/Nm3
SPM 50 mg/Nm3
ISCST3 = Industrial Source Complex Short Term model; kcal = kilocalorie; kg = kilogram; g =
3
gram; mg = milligram; Nm = standard normal cubic meter; TPD = metric tons per day; TPH =
metric tons per hour.
* 200 mg/Nm3 of SO2 emissions are post Flue Gas Desulfurization Plant.
1
Based on unitized normal flue gas flow = 350 Nm3/GJ (dry, 6% O2) as per IFC guidelines.
42 Appendix 6

Table A6.2: Operating Conditions Used in ISCST3 for the Aravali Thermal Power
Plant

Parameter Value Unit

Calorific Value of Coal 3,800 kcal/kg
Sulfur Content 0.5 %
Ash Content 34 %
Coal Firing Rate/Project 18890 TPD for 1500 MW
Coal Firing Rate/Boiler 262.37 TPH for 500 MW
Stack Parameters
Stack Height 275 M
Stack Number 3 (1 + 1 + 1 flues) Number
o
Exit Temperature 1390 C
Normal Flue Gas Flow 554 Nm3/s (dry, 6% O2)1
Emissions/Stack
SO2 728.6 g/s
NOX 360.1 g/s
SPM 55.4 g/s
SO2 1310 mg/Nm3
NOX 650 mg/Nm3
SPM 100 mg/Nm3

ISCST3 = Industrial Source Complex Short Term model; kcal = kilocalorie; kg = kilogram;
3
g = gram; mg = milligram; Nm = standard normal cubic meter; TPD = metric tons per day;
TPH = metric tons per hour.
* Based on unitized normal flue gas flow = 350 Nm3/GJ (dry, 6% O2) as per IFC guidelines.
 Appendix 7 43

RESULTS OF PREDICTION OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY FOR THE PROJECT

Based on the plant operating data in Appendix 6, air quality predictions from the
Project’s emissions are summarized in Tables A7.1–7.3.

Table A7.1: Predicted 24-hour Maximum Ground Level Concentration of Sulfur Dioxide
(Summer 2007)
24 hourly
Baseline 98 Incremental Total SO2
Distance and
Village Percentile SO2 GLC Predictive
Direction
SO2 Concen. (μg/m3) GLC (μg/m3)
(μg/m3)
Khanpur Khurd 2.0 km, S 5.6 1.7 7.3

Jharli 4.3 km, E 4.4 4.8 9.2

Khorra 5.5 km, W 5.9 3.7 9.6

Mohanbari 5.2 km, SE 3.5 2.0 5.5

Bahu 5.0 km, S 8.2 4.8 13.0

Goria 5.7 km, SE 5.1 8.2 13.3

Dhalanwas 6.2 km, N 4.7 3.2 7.9

Jhanswa 7.5 km, E 6.2 7.4 13.6

Sasrauli 6.0 km, NE 4.8 6.6 11.4

Nuagaon 10.0 km, NE 4.9 2.5 7.4

E = east; GLC = ground level concentration; N = north; NE = north east; S = south; SE = south
east; SO2 = sulfur dioxide; W = west.
Source: EIA/EMP Report for 1320 (2X660) MW Thermal Power Plant Project. Jhajjar, Haryana;
HPGCL provided baseline data as collected by MECON Limited; Based on recent air dispersion
modeling by Jhajjar Power Limited.

Table A7.2: Predicted 24-hour Maximum Ground Level Concentration of Oxides of

Nitrogen
(Summer 2007)
24 hourly
Baseline 98 Incremental Total NOx
Distance and
Village Percentile NOx GLC Predictive
Direction
NOx Concen. (μg/m3) GLC (μg/m3)
(μg/m3)
Khanpur Khurd 2.0 km, S 32.5 5.4 37.9
Jharli 4.3 km, E 33.6 15.5 49.1
Khorra 5.5 km, W 16.6 17.1 33.7
Mohanbari 5.2 km, SE 29.7 6.6 36.3
Bahu 5.0 km, S 33.9 11.0 44.9
44 Appendix 7

24 hourly
Baseline 98 Incremental Total NOx
Distance and
Village Percentile NOx GLC Predictive
Direction
NOx Concen. (μg/m3) GLC (μg/m3)
(μg/m3)
Goria 5.7 km, SE 20.8 26.6 47.4
Dhalanwas 6.2 km, N 23.6 10.4 34.0
Jhanswa 7.5 km, E 33.6 24.0 57.6
Sasrauli 6.0 km, NE 21.8 21.4 43.2
Nuagaon 10.0 km, NE 22.9 8.0 30.9
E = east; GLC = ground level concentration; NOx = oxides of nitrogen (monitored as nitrogen
dioxide); N = north; NE = north east; S = south; SE = south east; W = west.
Source: EIA/EMP Report for 1320 (2X660) MW Thermal Power Plant Project. Jhajjar, Haryana;
HPGCL provided baseline data as collected by MECON Limited; Based on recent air dispersion
modeling by Jhajjar Power Limited.

Table A7.3: Predicted 24-hour Maximum Ground Level Concentration of Suspended

Particulate Matter
(Summer 2007)
24 hourly Total SPM
Incremental
Distance and Baseline 98 Predictive
Village SPM GLC
direction Percentile SPM GLC
(μg/m3)
Conc. (μg/m3) (μg/m3)
Khanpur Khurd 2.0 km, S 384.5 0.4 384.9

Jharli 4.3 km, E 301.1 1.2 302.3

Khorra 5.5 km, W 338.2 1.3 339.5

Mohanbari 5.2 km, SE 375.2 0.5 375.7

Bahu 5.0 km, S 332.8 0.8 333.6

Goria 5.7 km, SE 320.6 2.0 322.6

Dhalanwas 6.2 km, N 330.6 0.8 331.4

Jhanswa 7.5 km, E 283.5 1.8 285.3

Sasrauli 6.0 km, NE 352.8 1.6 354.4

Nuagaon 10.0 km, NE 322.8 0.6 323.4

E = east; GLC = ground level concentration; N = north; NE = north east; S = south; SE = south
east; SPM = suspended particulate matter; W = west.
Sources: EIA/EMP Report for 1320 (2X660) MW Thermal Power Plant Project. Jhajjar, Haryana;
HPGCL provided baseline data as collected by MECON Limited; Based on recent air dispersion
modeling by Jhajjar Power Limited.
Note: worst case maximum incremental ground level concentrations of SO2, NOx and SPM are
presented in Table 9 in the main report.
 Appendix 8 45

RESULTS OF PREDICTION OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY FOR THE PROJECT

AND THE ARAVALI THERMAL POWER PROJECT

Based on plant operating data in Table A6.2, the predicted air quality from the
cumulative emissions of the Project plus Aravali thermal power project is described in Tables
A8.1-8.3.

Table A8.1: Cumulative Total Predicted 24 hourly Maximum Ground Level Concentration
of Sulphur Dioxide – Project and Aravali Thermal Power Project
(Summer 2007)
24 hourly
Incremental SO2 Total SO2
Distance and Baseline 98
Location
Percentile SO2 GLC (μg/m3) Predictive GLC
direction
Cumulative (μg/m3)
Conc. (μg/m3)
Khanpur Khurd 2.0 km, S 5.6 38.4 44.0

Jharli 4.3 km, E 4.4 13.6 18.0

Khorra 5.5 km, W 5.9 32.3 38.2

Mohanbari 5.2 km, SE 3.5 28.0 31.5

Bahu 5.0 km, S 8.2 35.3 43.5

Goria 5.7 km, SE 5.1 14.3 19.4

Dhalanwas 6.2 km, N 4.7 33.9 38.6

Jhanswa 7.5 km, E 6.2 35.7 41.9

Sasrauli 6.0 km, NE 4.8 9.4 14.2

Nuagaon 10.0 km, NE 4.9 28.9 33.8

NAAQS Limit (Rural and Residential) for SO2 is 80 μg/m3

E = east; GLC = ground level concentration; N = north; NE = north east; S = south; SE = south east; SO2 = sulfur
dioxide; W = west.
Source: HPGCL provided baseline data as collected by MECON Limited; based on recent air dispersion modelling
by Jhajjar Power Limited.

Table A8.2: Cumulative Total Predicted 24 hourly Maximum Ground Level Concentration
of Oxides of Nitrogen – Project and Aravali Thermal Power Project
(April to June 2007)
24 hourly Baseline Incremental NOx Total NOx
Distance and
Location 98 Percentile NOx GLC (μg/m3) Predictive GLC
Direction
Conc. (μg/m3) Cumulative (μg/m3)
Khanpur Khurd 2.0 km, S 32.5 19.0 51.5

Jharli 4.3 km, E 33.6 19.8 53.4

Khorra 5.5 km, W 16.6 30.5 47.1

Mohanbari 5.2 km, SE 29.7 14.8 44.5

46 Appendix 6

24 hourly Baseline Incremental NOx Total NOx

Distance and
Location 98 Percentile NOx GLC (μg/m3) Predictive GLC
Direction
Conc. (μg/m3) Cumulative (μg/m3)
Bahu 5.0 km, S 33.9 26.7 60.6

Goria 5.7 km, SE 20.8 26.6 47.4

Dhalanwas 6.2 km, N 23.6 20.2 43.8

Jhanswa 7.5 km, E 33.6 37.4 71.0

Sasrauli 6.0 km, NE 21.8 21.4 43.2

Nuagaon 10.0 km, NE 22.9 19.2 42.1

NAAQS Limit (Rural and Residential) for NO2 is 80 μg/m 3

E = east; GLC = ground level concentration; N = north; NE = north east; NOx = oxides of nitrogen (monitored as
nitrogen dioxide); S = south; SE = south east; SO2 = sulfur dioxide; W = west.
Source: HPGCL provided baseline data as collected by MECON Limited; Based on recent air dispersion modelling by
Jhajjar Power Limited.

Table A8.3: Cumulative Total Predicted 24 hourly Maximum Ground Level Concentration
of Suspended Particulate Matter – Project and Aravali Thermal Power Project
(April to June 2007)
24 hourly Baseline Incremental SPM Total SPM
Distance and
Location 98 Percentile SPM GLC (μg/m3) Predictive GLC
direction
Conc. (μg/m3) Cumulative (μg/m3)
Khanpur Khurd 2.0 km, S 384.5 2.9 387.4

Jharli 4.3 km, E 301.1 1.9 303.0

Khorra 5.5 km, W 338.2 3.4 341.6

Mohanbari 5.2 km, SE 375.2 2.2 377.4

Bahu 5.0 km, S 332.8 3.3 335.1

Goria 5.7 km, SE 320.6 2.0 322.0

Dhalanwas 6.2 km, N 330.6 2.8 332.4

Jhanswa 7.5 km, E 283.5 4.0 287.5

Sasrauli 6.0 km, NE 352.8 1.6 353.4

Nuagaon 10.0 km, NE 322.8 2.5 325.3

E = east; GLC = ground level concentration; N = north; NE = north east; S = south; SE = south east; SO2 = sulfur
dioxide; SPM = suspended particulate matter; W = west.
NAAQS Limit (Rural and Residential) for SPM is 200 μg/m
3

Source: HPGCL provided baseline data as collected by MECON Limited; Based on recent air dispersion modelling
by Jhajjar Power Limited.
Note: worst case maximum incremental ground level concentrations of SO2, NOx and SPM for cumulative impacts
on air quality are presented in Table 12 in the main report.
 Table A9.1 SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

A. Construction Phase
Significance of
Responsible
Activities Potential Issues Impacts Residual Impacts Mitigation Measures
Parties
after Control
Site preparation Noise and emissions Air pollution within the Minor, as the activities Provision of mitigation measures (e.g., water B
(grading, filling) of vehicles and heavy construction site will be site specific spraying of dusty areas, good engine
construction and there are no maintenance minimize sound, speed control,
equipment and fugitive habitations close to and workers to wear noise and dust protective
emission site equipment). All mitigations to be prescribed in
the construction contract for their
implementation by the contractors.
Vegetation clearance Ecological impacts Minor, as the site was Avoid removal of any trees (if necessary B
to prepare site for low in agriculture transplant in the greenbelt area) and develop
construction activities and greenbelt to improve ecology of the area.
vegetation, and
mitigation measures
will be in place
Road transport of Traffic congestion on Potential public Minor, the traffic load Traffic management and transport scheduling. A and C
construction materials approach road to the inconvenience on district road to For movement of heavy loads, local
and plant equipment project site project site is minimal administration will be informed in advance.
Fugitive dust, noise, Public disturbance Minor, as road Spraying of water in the construction area on A and B
and emissions along the road corridors are free from unpaved roads. Trucks carrying friable material
corridors habitations to be covered with tarpaulin sheets; vehicles
will have good engine maintenance and speed
control.
Construction of Fugitive dust, noise, Air pollution along the Minor, as the Spraying of water during excavation, protection A and B
associated facilities-- and emissions road and rail and construction activities of top soil for reuse in greenbelt, cordoning off
access road, spur rail water pipeline will be away from of the easement area for safety, provision of
lines, water pipeline easement areas inhabited areas and security and project personnel for keeping
mitigation measures people away from the corridors for their safety;
will be in place ensuring access to the across area, path, and

Appendix 9
road are not hindered.
Construction of civil Noise, fugitive dust, Pollution at the Minor, as the issues Same as above A and B
works and fabrication and emissions of construction site will be confined to the
and installation of vehicles and heavy construction site
plant equipment construction

47
equipment
 Significance of

48
Responsible
Activities Potential Issues Impacts Residual Impacts Mitigation Measures
Parties
after Control

Appendix 9
Accumulation of If disposed of Minor, as most wastes Contractors will be responsible for disposal of B
construction wastes inappropriately, will be not toxic and construction debris, spent oil, or chemicals, if
and excavated construction wastes hazardous any, in a safe and environmentally-acceptable
materials could have significant construction debris, manner. This may include handing over
environmental apart from used oils materials to authorized disposal agencies.
impacts. Excavated material will be fully used to fill low
areas.
Construction workers Setting up of camps Hygienic conditions at Minor, as the Setting up of construction camp within the A and B
camps for migrant laborers the construction construction workers project site, away from villages. Hygienic
workers camps and camps will be set up conditions will be maintained (e.g., provision of
cultural issues with within the project site drinking water, toilets, washing and bathing
local people and mitigation facilities, proper drainage, sewage treatment,
measures will be in daily cleaning, and garbage collection and
place disposal). Facility for shopping for daily needs
and some recreational facilities will also be
maintained on-site to restrict movement of
workers outside and avoid any cultural conflicts.
Decommissioning of Noise, fugitive dust Pollution at Minor, as mitigation Removal of plant and machinery as per best A and B
construction activities and emissions from construction site measures will be in safety practices. All areas under temporary use
vehicles carrying place will be rehabilitated. All wastes will be removed,
decommissioned segregated (for their hazardous and non-
equipment and hazardous characteristics) and disposed off as
machinery per the requirement of Haryana State Pollution
Control Board.
Security of Security personnel Potential conflict with Minor, as mitigation Security personnel will be briefed on restraining B
construction material deployed outside the local people measures will be in themselves from entering into any argument
and equipment project site place with local people, not using any influence of
armed devices, and, if necessary, resolving
issues with local people by involving local
administration and police.
JPL = Jhajjar Power Limited.
A = to be implemented by local traffic officials in coordination with contractors and JPL, B = to be implemented by contractors under supervision of JPL.
B. OPERATION PHASE
Significance of
Responsible
Activities Potential Issues Impacts Residual Impacts Mitigation Measures
Parties
after Control
Rail transport of coal Fugitive dust and Air pollution and Minor, as fugitive dustWater will be sprayed to suppress dust during B
from railway line at noise public disturbances and noise will be unloading and transfer. Water spraying of coal
Jharli confined to the rail stockpiles will be optimized to minimize air flow
corridor through the stockpile. Coal stockpiles will be
mechanically compacted as required to
minimize air ingress and the potential for auto-
ignition and loss of volatiles. Stockpiled coal will
be regularly used and rotated. A greenbelt will
be established along the rail line route and
around the coal stockpile yard to reduce wind
speeds.
Coal unloading and Fugitive dust Air pollution and Minor, as fugitive dust Water spraying to suppress dust, use of B
transport within the public disturbances will be confined to the enclosed conveyor system will be adopted.
power plant power plant site Dust extraction system will be provided
wherever necessary.
Coal storage Fugitive dust Air pollution and Minor, as amount of The storage yard will be covered and frequently B
public disturbances fugitive dust will be sprayed with water to suppress dust.
small and confined to
the power plant site
Contaminated Ground water and sub Minor, as rainfall is Leachate and drainage from the coal storage B
leachate and runoff soil pollution low yard will be collected and drained into the
storage pond for reuse in spraying the coal
storage yard and treated to remove the
particles before reuse for horticulture.
Spontaneous Emissions, fire hazard None Spontaneous combustion of coal stock will be B
combustion prevented by continuous compaction of coal
stock to avoid the air passage. The coal stock
height will be limited to 6 meters. Timely

Appendix 9
reclaiming and replenishing with new stock

49
 Significance of

50
Responsible
Activities Potential Issues Impacts Residual Impacts Mitigation Measures
Parties
after Control

Appendix 9
Coal combustion and Dust, noise, and heat Health impacts on Minimum health risks ESP with very high efficiency will be provided to B
power generation in the power plant workers to workers capture the fly ash generated in the combustion
process. The flue gas will be exhausted at 275
meters (m) to ensure that the effect of gaseous
emissions is minimized. Major moving
equipment will have the necessary shield and
placed in house to control the noise. Exposure
of worker to any noise at the local area will be
minimized by restricting access and the use of
protective equipment and adequate training in
safety and occupational health.
Air Quality Increase in SPM, SO2 Air pollution and Minor as the Use supercritical technology to increase B
and NOx levels in public disturbance mitigations proposed thermal efficiency, thereby reducing emissions
ambient air will minimize impacts per unit of output. Provision of 99.89% efficient
on air quality. ESP. Use low-sulfur coal (0.35%) and
Emission will comply installation of flue gas desulfurization system
to national and the (for 90% removal of sulfur dioxide and
World Bank standards particulate matter). JPL will ensure that
emissions of particulate matter will be less than
3 3
50 mg/Nm and SO2 of 200 mg/Nm . Use of low
NOx generating burners to minimize NOx
emission to less than 650 mg/Nm3. Provision of
275 m high stacks to minimize ground level
concentration of SO2 and air pollutants through
wider dispersion of remaining air pollutants.
Ash generation Fugitive dust Air pollution and Minor, project will Closed pneumatic system will be provided to B
public disturbances have closed system extract and transfer dry fly ash from ESP to ash
for dry ash handling silos; Enclosed trucks will be used for
transportation of ash from project site to
secondary user industry; ash dykes for
temporary storage will be provided; water
spraying on top layer of ash in the ash dykes
will be conducted.
 Significance of
Responsible
Activities Potential Issues Impacts Residual Impacts Mitigation Measures
Parties
after Control
Ash storage in ash Potential leachate Pollution of sub soil Minor, project will Impervious lining will be provided for ash dykes B
dykes have impervious lining with leachate collection and treatment system.
system for protection
of any sub soil
pollution
High noise generating Noise Occupational hazards Minor, as mitigations Provision of acoustic enclosures, barriers, or B
equipment and high noise in will be in place shields to reduce noise; Provision of green belt
ambient air all along the Project’s boundary for further
attenuation of noise; Implementing restricted
access, and provision of protective equipment
such as earmuffs and earplugs for personnel
working in high noise generating areas.
Abstraction of water Use of water resource Changes in irrigation Minor, as the water Withdraw water from the JLN feeder canal as B
from JLN feeder canal from irrigation canal water availability will be provided by the per the allocated time period cycle.
Government Haryana Provide rainwater harvesting system on-site for
based on a 16-day recharging of groundwater by collecting
water availability cycle rainwater from rooftop and green areas on-site.
for the Project and
existing user’s water
supply will not be
altered as irrigation
water supply will be
maintained on
alternate 16-day
cycle.
Disposal of cooling Increase in the Significant if the Minor, as the heat in Collection of cooling water blowdown in a pond B
tower blowdown ambient water temperature rise is too the cooling water will for treatment, recovery using reverse osmosis
water temperature high dissipate quickly. treatment and recycling in will minimize any
discharges and hence the concern of increase

Appendix 9
in ambient water temperature.
Disposal of process Contamination of soil Pollution at the project Minor, as process Wastewater will be treated for removal of oil B
wastewater and/or water site wastewater will be and grease and it is likely to be re-used on-site
treated on-site and for horticulture. Any oil and grease sludge
used in horticulture skimmed out from the treatment process will be
collected and handed over to recycler as per

51
local law.
 Significance of

52
Responsible
Activities Potential Issues Impacts Residual Impacts Mitigation Measures
Parties
after Control

Appendix 9
Sewage disposal Contamination of soil Pollution at the project Minor, as the sewage On-site sewage treatment plant to remove B
and/or water site will be treated on-site pollutants like, suspended solids, pH correction,
oil and grease and biochemical oxygen
demand. Treated sewage will be disinfected
before its use in horticulture.
Greenbelt Ecological Positive impact on High, green belt will Development and maintenance will help in B
development improvement ambient air and improve air quality, ecological improvement, attenuation of air
ecology ecology of the area pollutants (SPM, SO2 and NOx), reduction of
noise (source to receptor pathways) and use of
treated cooling water bow down and plant
effluent. Greenbelt development will include use
of effective mix of local species and support of
expert horticulture professionals from the local
area.
Security of plant and Security personnel Potential conflict with Minor, as mitigation Security personnel will be briefed on restraining B
machinery deployed at entry to local people measures will be in themselves from entering into any argument
the project site place. with local people, not using any influence of
armed devices, and, if necessary, solving
issues with local people by involving local
administration and police.
Decommissioning Removal of equipment Potential air, water, Minor, as mitigation Mitigations will be as per the best available A, B and C
upon the plant and machinery noise, soil and measures will be in practices and disposal options for plant and
attaining its designed ecological impacts place machinery. Mitigations measures will be
life of 45 years worked our based on prior environmental
impact study and discussion with the local
administration.
ESP = electrostatic precipitator; JPL = Jhajjar Power Limited; NOx = oxides of nitrogen, SO2 = sulfur dioxide; SPM = suspended particulate matter; pH = potential of
hydrogen.

Note: A = to be implemented by local traffic officials in coordination with contractors and JPL; B = to be implemented by contractors under supervision of JPL; C = State
Government.
 Appendix 10 53

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND EVALUATION PROGRAM

A. Air Monitoring

Air and emissions monitoring will include monitoring ambient air quality, stack gas
emissions, occupational exposure, and meteorological conditions as per Table A10.1.

Table A10.1: Air Quality Monitoring Schedule

Parameters Purpose Frequency Equipment Monitoring Locations
SPM Ambient air Continuous On-line At least four locations, to be
quality ambient air agreed to in consultation with
monitoring quality monitor the State Pollution Control
1
RPM Board
Twice a month for High volume
24 hours at respirable dust
SO2 selected sampler
monitoring
locations
NOx

SPM, SO2, NOx Stack Continuously In-situ Installed on suitably-located

emission continuous sampling ports on each flue on
monitors the stack
SPM, SO2, NOx Occupational Once a month Portable spot For personnel working in coal
exposure detectors handling areas, ash collection
area, ash dykes, and boiler
house
Twice a month Stack Monitored at the sampling port
monitoring kit in the exhaust duct or stack as
designed
Noise As above Once a month Portable Noise For personnel working in areas
sampler like coal unloading, boiler
house, and turbine house
Noise level Noise Once a week Noise level At least at four selected
meter locations along the periphery
and nearby villages from the
project site
Wind speed, Meteorologic Continuously on Anemometer On-site at 10 meters (m) above
wind direction, al hourly basis with data ground at suitably selected
and solar investigation logger and location
radiation printer facility
Relative humidity As above As above Thermo As above
and temperature hygrograph
Rainfall As above As above Rain gauge As above

NOX =oxides of nitrogen, RPM = respirable particulate matter, SO2 = sulfur dioxide, SPM = suspended particulate
matter.
1 - subject to infrastructure availability, JPL will also install online ambient air quality monitoring stations
at four locations to monitor the impact of emissions on the ambient conditions. These locations will be
agreed to in consultation with the State Pollution Control Board. Manual sampling and analysis of stack
emissions and ambient air quality will be undertaken twice a month by an external agency to
supplement the online monitoring results.
Source: Jhajjar Power Limited.
54 Appendix 10

B. Water Quality Monitoring

The water quality monitoring program consists of monitoring parameters prior to on-site
re-use. The monitoring schedule for treated water generated from various sources, and the
parameters to be analyzed, are summarized in Table A10.2.

Table A10.2: Water and Wastewater Monitoring Schedule

Wastewater Frequency of
Parameters of Examination
Source Analysis
Boiler blowdown Weekly Temperature, suspended solids, oil and grease, total
dissolved solids, copper, and iron.
Water effluent Daily pH, suspended solids COD, BOD, total dissolved solids
treatment plant
Ash pond Weekly pH, suspended solids; oil and grease; total dissolved
effluent solids; metals like chromium, zinc, iron, manganese,
aluminum, nickel, and phosphate
Cooling water Weekly For irrigation water quality
blowdown
Groundwater Six monthly For drinking water (as per IS:10500) parameters for
samples to be collected at selected locations in vicinity of
ash dykes
BOD = biochemical oxygen demand, COD = chemical oxygen demand, pH = potential of hydrogen.
Source: Jhajjar Power Limited.

C. Soil Quality Monitoring

The soil quality monitoring program will include investigation of soil for monitoring of
physical and chemical parameters, including organic content and heavy metals. Soil sampling
and analysis will be carried out on annual basis at selected locations near the ash disposal site
and on-site hazardous waste storage areas.

D. Ecology

Annual monitoring of the impact on ecology of the greenbelt and surrounding area will be
undertaken.
 Appendix 11 55

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT

1. Jhajjar Power Limited (JPL) will develop a site-specific, safety, health, and environment
(SHE) policy to complement the CLP group policy. JPL will ensure that the management of SHE
issues will have highest level of priority at all times.

2. The separate SHE Department will be headed by a qualified and experienced manager
who shall report to senior management at site. Senior management will participate in all major
SHE events, activities, and meetings to demonstrate to ensure progress in this area.

3. During construction, the SHE team will work closely with all major contractors. Also,
major contracts will have the provision of health safety management support team to ensure
that work at the site is conducted as per the SHE policy of the company. The JPL SHE team will
interact with the SHE officers of the contractors to ensure compliance.

4. Rigorous checks and corrective action will be undertaken, as required, to ensure that
erected equipment is safe for long-term operation. Mandatory Safety clearance certification will
be implemented to ensure that installed plant components handed over by the contractor for
project operation meet all safety standards required for safe operation.

5. As the Project moves towards the operation phase, major activities will be identified, a
comprehensive risk assessment will be carried out, and a mitigation plan will be prepared and
agreed to prior to the commencement of construction. The personnel protective equipment such
as eye and ear protection devices, dust protection devices, safety shoes, aprons and gloves for
handling chemicals, boiler suits, and isolation devices for electrical safety, will be provided and
made compulsory for different types of work. These will be additional or complementary
measures taken to make the work place safe and healthy.

6. A comprehensive SHE management system will be progressively developed. During

project operation, management control procedures and work instructions or equivalent
controlled documents shall guide SHE management associated with major activities.

7. A registry for legal requirements and compliance procedures shall be maintained.

8. Safe working conditions shall be established before any maintenance is undertaken. The
permit work system will be enforced at all times for plant-related work to eliminate or minimize
all SHE hazards before work commences.

9. Technical staff will be trained in specific competencies and shall have defined safety
roles. Training will be provided in specialist areas of expertise, including risk assessment,
inspection of confined spaces, noise monitoring, scaffold inspection, tools and tackles
inspection, dealing with radioactivity, and control of hazardous substances. All staff and
contractors shall be provided with general SHE management training to ensure that a SHE
culture develops among the staff.

10. A computer-based maintenance management system will be developed and the

activities of reporting defects, work planning, issuing of permits, release of equipment of safe
use, and procurement of material and services will be integrated so that full management
control is exercised and SHE goals are achieved. Wherever necessary, a manual system will
complement an automated system to achieve comprehensive management.
56 Appendix 11

11. The Project will have an Occupation Health Center (OHC) for first aid and emergency
treatment in the event of an accident. It will be headed by a doctor and supported by a trained
nurse and other paramedics. The OHC head will lead occupational health issues as they related
to project operation. All job applicants being considered for project staff positions shall undergo
a detailed medical examination before commencing work. Annual medical tests will be carried
out to ensure that staff are maintaining good health. Arrangements will be made to ensure that
contractor staff undergo medical tests to ensure that they are healthy and fit for work.

12. A system to report near misses and the compulsory reporting of incidents and injuries
will be developed. These will be investigated and corrective measures shall be implemented.

13. Audits and reviews will be integral components of the SHE management system.
Recommendations will be reviewed at the highest levels, action plans will be agreed upon, and
closeout monitoring will be conducted.

14. Interactions with international power stations and other companies with good safety
management systems will be pursued to assist with continual improvements at the project site.

15. A number of health and safety issues such as ergonomics, traffic management, safe
drinking water, house keeping and hygiene, manual handling, and waste segregation and
disposal, will be dealt with at site through proper procedures and systems.

16. Table A11.1 describes some potential physical, mechanical, electrical, and health safety
hazards of the Project and the mitigation measures proposed to counter these hazards.
 Table A11.1: Potential Occupational Hazards and Mitigation Measures

S.N. Hazard Type Sub Hazard Location Mitigation Measure

1 Physical High temperature Boiler house, generator Provision of steam pipes with thermal insulation.
and pressure area Provision of air conditioning system in turbine and other control rooms.
Fire and explosion Storage tanks, boiler Strict follow up of work permit system for all hot and other hazardous works
house, testing, coal (including electrical, working at height, working in area of hazardous
handling area substances storages and confined spaces);
De-energizing and inspection prior to start of any repair and maintenance of
the electrical equipment.
Periodical training of all the operation and maintenance staffs and
associated contractors to achieve safety from the system.
Preventing storage of combustible material near electrical equipment and
distribution panels.
Proper earthling of electrical equipment and storage of high-speed diesel
storage area.
Minimize escape of dust from process equipment and ventilation systems.
Develop and implement a dust inspection, testing, housekeeping and control
program to avoid any dust explosion.
Keeping ignition sources and heated surfaces away from coal handling
areas.
Minimizing coal storage times and storing coal in compacted piles to avoid
air pockets in the coal piles to prevent or minimize likelihood of combustion.
Using spark-proof electrical equipment and wiring to prevent any short
circuiting in coal handling and combustible storage areas.
Provision of fire and smoke detectors at potential sources of fire and smoke.
Provision of dedicated fire-fighting system that is available at all times to fight
any fire as per the disaster management plan, which will be available at
times for the security and plant personnel, and local administration.
Fall hazards due Entire plant area Provision of handrails, toe boards, and non-slip surfaces in all elevated
to working at platforms, walkways, stairways, and ramps.
height (i.e. slipping Use of fall protection devices, including safety belt to prevent fall hazards for

Appendix 11
and tripping) work at height.
Working at height subject to prior work permit.
Regular safety training and provision of safety and warning signage near
potential location of slip trip hazards.
Road and rail Receipt and dispatch Regular training of drivers and crew members on road safety.

57
accidents sections, loading and Provision of road safety signage on roads and loading and unloading areas.
S.N. Hazard Type Sub Hazard Location Mitigation Measure

58
unloading areas, and

Appendix 11
outside the plant areas
Working in All confined spaces within Ensure adequate engineering measures to eliminate adverse character of
confined spaces the plant area any confined space in the plant. Any unavoidable work in confined area will
be dealt with using special care.
Prior risk assessment will be carried out and a safe working plan will be
prepared before getting on with the work.
Provision of protective equipments, such as self-contained air respirators,
will be provided to maintenance workers and cleaners who enter enclosed
areas for cleaning fuel, oil residues, or coal ash dust.
Any work in confined space will be subject to strict work permit system and
monitoring personnel will be available outside for any needed rescue.
Mechanical Failure of boilers Boiler house Workers responsible for cleaning boilers will be provided with special
footwear, masks, and dust-proof clothing.
Failure of safety Boiler, turbine, generator Ensuring pressure relief valves and interlocking arrangements as per the
devices, including and associated areas standard design of equipment.
pressure relief Regular inspection and periodic safety certification of all safety devices.
valves and Compliance with required rules and regulations for safety systems.
interlocks
` Hazards Pump rooms, workshops, Provision of shield guards and guard railings along belts, pulleys, shafting,
associated with belt conveyors for coal gears, or other moving parts.
moving and handling Guards will be designed and installed in conformance with appropriate
rotating machinery machine safety standards.
Hazards due to Mechanical workshops Follow up of standard operating procedures and regular training on electrical
heavy equipment, and other maintenance safety.
including cranes areas Regular inspection and periodic safety certification of all cranes and lifting
equipment.
Electrical Potential exposure Entire power plant, Follow up of standard operating procedures and regular training on electrical
to electricity specifically the generator safety.
(receiving and area, distribution panel, Ensure suitability and adaptability of electrical equipment with respect to
distribution) and control rooms classified hazardous areas and protection against lightening protection and
static charges.
Adopting preventive maintenance practices as per testing and inspection
schedules.
Ensure all maintenance and repair jobs with prior work permit system.
Use of personal protective equipment and ensuring compliance of the Indian
Electricity Rules, 2003.
Ensure all electrical circuits designed for automatic, remote shut down.
S.N. Hazard Type Sub Hazard Location Mitigation Measure

Health Exposure to toxic Boiler House, water Provision of secondary containment system for all liquid corrosive chemicals
and corrosive treatment plant, fuel and lubricating oil storages.
chemicals wastewater treatment Constructing storage tanks and pipes for toxic chemicals and fuel oil as per
plant, chlorine dozing the applicable standards. Inspection and radiography will follow to minimize
area, chemical storage risk of tank or pipeline failure.
areas, and laboratories Provision of protective equipment such as protective clothing and goggles,
safety shoes, and breathing masks for workers working in chemical storage
and handling areas.
Provision of emergency eyewash and showers in the working area.
Exposure to dust, Unloading areas, conveyor Installing adequate lateral ventilation in enclosed storage areas to reduce
smoke and other system, coal handling concentration of methane, carbon monoxide and volatile products from coal
poisonous gases area, ash dyke area, an oxidation by air, and to deal with smoke in case of any fire.
and liquids spent oils
Exposure to noise Turbine, generators, Provision of acoustic enclosures in high noise generating areas to keep
rooms, workshops, and noise levels lower than 90 dB[A].
other high noise Areas close to equipment generating high noise will be restricted entry. No
generating areas person will be allowed to enter without appropriate ear protection.
Provision of protective equipment such as ear muffs and ear plugs for all
workers working in high noise generating areas.
House keeping Entire plant area Provision of wash rooms and sanitary facilities as per the standard practices.
and general A separate lunchroom will be provided outside the work area.
sanitary conditions Periodic monitoring of work environment for suspended particulate matter,
sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, and carbon monoxide to avoid excessive
exposure.
Annual health check up will be carried out. A medical center with a head
nurse and support staff will be established to provide emergency medical
care. Arrangements with the nearby well-equipped hospital will be made to
provide full medical attention and additional treatment when needed.
General Periodical SHE training of staff and contractor. Ensuring special training to
Safety develop competent persons to manage specific issues such as safety from
the system, risk assessment, scaffolding, and fire protection, Training will

Appendix 11
include the proper use of all equipment operated, safe lifting practices, the
location and handling of fire extinguishers, and the use of personal
protective equipment.
Ensure good housekeeping practices (e.g., keeping all walkways clear of
debris, cleaning up oil spots and excess water as soon as they are noticed,
and regular inspection and maintenance of all machinery).

59
Daily collection and separate storage of hazardous and non-hazardous
S.N. Hazard Type Sub Hazard Location Mitigation Measure

60
waste. Arrangement will be made to collect the waste in a segregated

Appendix 11
manner at the point of generation. The end user will be identified for the
collected wastes for handing over as per the approval of Haryana State
Pollution Control Board.
Compliance with mandatory requirements for general safety and health of
employees.
Provision of adequate signage in Hindi and English languages for all
hazardous and risky areas, installation, safety measures, and escape routes,
safe working zones.
Provision of adequate lighting in all working areas. Efforts will be made in
most of the areas provided with natural lights supplemented with artificial
illumination to promote workers health and safety. Emergency lighting of
adequate intensity will be available in the plant to ensure safe shut down and
evacuation in case of power outage. Plant will be automatically activated for
lighting upon failure of power source.
dB(A) = decibels acoustic (A weighted) ; SHE = safety, health and environment;
Note: the above mentioned mitigation measures are not exhaustive, JPL will continue to update the required measures as part of the standard operating
procedures for effective implementation during project implementation.
 Appendix 12 61

ASH UTILIZATION PLAN

1. The Project will generate a considerable volume of ash as a by-product of coal

combustion. The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) has issued mandatory guidelines
on ash utilization that all coal-based power stations in India must adhere to, as summarized
below.

A. Legal Requirement

2. For coal-fired power plants, MoEF has issued notifications under the Environmental
(Protection) Rules, 1986 for restricted ash content (as per Notification 1997) and disposal of fly
ash (as per notification of 1999 as amended in 2003). These notifications require the following:

2. Ash Content

3. The notification of 1997 for ash content generated by thermal plants is governed by use
of coal with ash content not exceeding 34%, with effect from June 2001 (the date later extended
to June 2002). This applies to all thermal plants located beyond 1,000 kilometers (km) from the
pithead and any thermal plant located in an urban or sensitive area, irrespective of the distance
from the pithead (except any pithead power plant). The Project will fully comply with this
regulation as it will use coal with a maximum ash content of 34%.

3. Disposal of Fly Ash Notification (14 September 1999 and amendment 27th
August 2003)

4. The main objective of this notification is to conserve topsoil, protect the environment,
and prevent the dumping and disposal of fly ash discharged from lignite-based power plants.
The salient feature of this notification is that:

Every construction agency engaged in construction of a building within a radius of fifty to

one hundred kilometers from a coal or lignite based thermal power plant shall use fly ash
bricks, or blocks, or tiles, or clay fly ash bricks, or cement fly ash bricks, or blocks or
similar products or a combination or aggregate of them in such construction as per the
following minimum percentage (by volume) of the total bricks, blocks and tiles, as the
case may be, used in each construction project, namely:

• 25 per cent by 31st August 2004;

• 50 per cent by 31st August 2005;
• 75 per cent by 31st August, 2006; and
• 100 per cent by 31st August 2007.

5. For thermal power plants, the utilization of fly ash is governed by the following
requirements:

(i) Every coal- or lignite-based power plant shall make available ash for at least 10
years from the date of publication of this notification without any payment or any
other consideration, for the purpose of manufacturing ash-based products such
as cement, concrete blocks, bricks, panels, or any other material, or for the
construction of roads, embankments, dams, dykes, or for any other construction
activity.
62 Appendix 12

(ii) In respect of construction of buildings within a radius of 50 kilometers from a coal

or lignite based thermal power plant the following minimum percentage (by
volume) of use of bricks, blocks and tiles shall apply:

• 50 per cent by 31st August 2004;

• 100 per cent by 31st August 2005.

(iii) The provisions of sub-paragraph (1A) shall be applicable to all construction

agencies such as Housing Boards and those in the private sector builders of
apartments, hotels, resorts and cottages and the like. It shall be the responsibility
of the construction agencies either undertaking the construction or approving the
design or both to ensure compliance of the provisions of sub-paragraph (1A) and
to submit such returns as may be called for and compliance reports to the State
Government or Union Territory Administration.

B. Quantity of Ash Expected to be Generated

6. The power plant is expected to consume about 5.9 million tons of coal annually. The ash
content of the coal is expected to be 34% maximum. Therefore, the power plant is expected to
produce approximately 2.0 million tons per annum (mtpa) of ash. Out of this total, 80%
(equivalent to 16 million mtpa) will be fly ash and balance 20% will be in the form of bottom ash
(0.4 MMTA).

C. Ash Collection Facility

7. The Project will collect all the fly ash in dry form, enabling the delivery of 100% fly ash to
the user industries from the first year of operation onwards. The fly ash collected from the
pollution control equipment will be pneumatically conveyed to the silo storage system. The ash
will then be directly transferred to covered trucks of the user industry, such as cement plants. In
the event of lower offtake by the user or a lack of demand, the ash collected at the silo will be
wetted by spraying water and transferred into covered trucks for final dumping in the ash dyke.

8. The bottom ash discharged from the furnace will be collected by the scraper-conveyor in
wet form and stored in the nearby ash silo. If there is demand for re-use, bottom ash will be
supplied directly to customers from the silo. Alternatively, dump trucks will transport ash from
the silo and deposit it in the ash dyke.

9. The ash dyke will have sufficient capacity to temporarily store the fly and bottom ash that
cannot be handled when produced. The site has sufficient land to expand the ash dyke if
required.

D. Potential Users

10. Fly ash generated from the proposed power plant will be commercially utilized to the
fullest extent possible. Recently, the prominent bulk consumer for fly ash has been the cement
Industry. Fine quality dry fly ash has been a major ingredient in cement. The Project’s ability to
directly deliver firm, quality fly ash is expected to attract potential cement manufacturers in the
vicinity. Since Delhi is close by and major construction activity is occurring in and around the
city, the demand for cement and fly ash is expected to be high. Another major use for ash is
expected from the construction of national highways and roads. Brick manufacturers along the
Jhajjar–Delhi route that currently use soil from nearby areas are expected to be another
 Appendix 12 63

potential user of fly ash. Apart from these uses, fly ash can be used for the construction and
expansion of the on-site ash dyke. Ash could also be used for reclamation of low-lying land.

E. Disposal

11. As the Project moves forward, further interaction with user industries will be needed to
reach agreements on the commercial supply of fly ash and bottom ash. JPL will explore all
potential opportunities to ensure that the ash is fully utilized. Efforts will be made to exceed the
ash utilization target set by MoEF.

12. A more comprehensive ash utilization plan will be developed before the commencement
of plant operation, setting out quantities of ash to be utilized by different users and other
operational details.
64 Appendix 13

SUMMARY OF PUBLIC HEARING 1

A. GENERAL DISCUSSION

1. Legal Requirement

1. As per the environmental impact assessment (EIA) notification S.O. No. 1533(E) dated
14.09.2006, public consultation has to be conducted by the State Pollution Control Board for
new thermal power plants to receive environment clearance from the Ministry of Environment
and Forest (MoEF). Through the public hearing, the Haryana State Pollution Control Board
invites suggestions, views, comments and objections from the public regarding the Project. The
Project proponent applied for the public hearing to the Haryana State Pollution Control Board for
the establishment of 1,320 MW, Jhajjar Thermal Power Plant at Khanpur Kurd, Khanpur Kalan,
Wazidpur and Jharli villages.

2. In line with the above statutory requirements, the notice of public hearing was published
in various leading newspapers. The public hearing was conducted under the chairmanship of Mr.
Ajit B Joshi, IAS (Indian Administrative Service) Additional Deputy Commissioner (ADC), Jhajjar.
The list of officers who conducted the public hearing is provided in Annexure-A below. About
127 persons from surrounding areas attended the public hearing.

2. EIA and Project Summary

3. The executive summary and copy of the rapid EIA were made available at the project
site by the Project’s proponent and copies were distributed to the public. The public hearing
started with an introduction by Mr. S.P, Rathi, Regional Officer (RO), Bahadurgarh, Haryana
State Pollution Control Board, explaining the provisions and requirements of EIA clearance from
MoEF under the amended EIA notification dated 14.09.06, which prohibits the establishment of
the Project without prior environmental clearance from the Government of India. The project
proponent was requested to explain the Project, including details about proposed pollution
control measures and the EIA study.

4. Dr. Balbir Singh, representative of the proponent M/s Haryana Power Generation
Corporation Limited (HPGCL), explained the Project, its cost, raw material, plant capacity,
pollution control measures and other arrangements to manage environmental impacts, along
with details of the EIA. He assured the attendees that HPGCL would abide by all relevant rules
and regulations of the Government and Board. He explained that the law (Electricity Act 2003)
had authorized HPGCL to set up a 1,320 MW coal-based thermal power plant in Jhajjar district
for which 1,220 acres of land was required. The total project cost was estimated to be $1,090
million (IRs.53,000 million) approximately. The estimated capital cost of environmental control
measures was $59 million (IRs 2,870 million) approximately. The first unit is likely to be
completed within 36 months and the second unit is likely to be completed within 42 months. The
main source of raw water for the plant will be JLN feeder canal, located about 12 km from the
site. The plant will be a coal-based thermal plant, with the main source of air pollution from the
plant being the boilers and the coal handling plant. To control suspended particulate (SPM)
emissions from the stack, electrostatic precipitators will be installed with an ash trapping

1
Summarized from minutes of the public hearing conducted on 29 Oct 2007 by Haryana State Pollution Control Board.
 Appendix 13 65

efficiency of 99.89%, limiting the SPM concentration of emissions to 100 milligrams per normal
cubic meter (mg/Nm3). Dust emissions from coal and ash handling would be minimized by a
dust extraction and dust suppression system.

5. He further informed that the effluent generated by the plant will be treated in the effluent
treatment plant and most treated effluent will be recycled and used for on-site plantation
irrigation. Fly ash generated by the plant will be stored in properly lined ash ponds and will be
disposed of and utilized in an environmentally safe manner. The greenbelt and raw water
reservoir will covering about 329 acres of the total plant site as per the guidelines MoEF and the
Central Pollution Control Board.

6. Mr. S P. Rathi, Regional Officer, Haryana State Pollution Control Board, Bahadurgarh
invited questions and comments from attendees. These questions and comments, and the
responses to them are summarized below.

3. Questions and Answers

7. Question No.1.

Mr. Mehtab Singh, Bahu Johlary village, and Mr. Randhir Singh, Badani village:

• What will be the effect of plant operation on ambient air temperatures in the surrounding
area?

An HPGCL representative replied that most heat generated by the plant will be utilized for
electricity generation, with most of the remainder emitted via a 275 meter (m) high stack, thus
the plant will not affect local temperatures to the dispersion of emissions.

8. Question No. 2

Mr. Dayanand, Jharli village

• What effects will plant emissions (i.e. sulphur dioxide (SO2), oxides of nitrogen (NOX))
have on nearby residents?
• The need for a hospital in the area for proper medical checkups and treatment of villagers,
workers and laborers.
• The need for a nearby veterinary hospital.

An HPGCL representative replied that the levels of SO2 and NOx will be lower than the limits
fixed by MoEF and CPCB. However, the level of SPM is a major concern and this will be
controlled by installing ESPs with an efficiency of 99.89% to control the level of particulate
matter in emissions. The ADC Jhajjar commented that the request for health facilities for local
residents and veterinary facilities will be conveyed to the Government for further necessary
action.

9. Question No.3

Mr. Rattan Singh, resident of Khanpur Khurd village

• Suggested that the name of the plant should be Khanpur Khurd as the majority of the
acquired land is from this village. Also suggested that local facilities should be built
(including Kanya Vidhalya [School for Girls] and a sports stadium) and that jobs should be
provided to the villagers whose land had been acquired for the Project.
66 Appendix 13

The ADC replied that these issues will be forwarded to the Government for consideration.

10. Question No. 4

Mr. Inder Singh, Khanpur Kala village

• Suggested that if more land has to be acquired f o r the Project then land f r o m village
Khanpur Kala should be considered.

Mr. Satyender Duhan, SDM, Jhajjar and Mr. Balbir Singh, HPGCL representative, responded that
all required land had been finalized. However, if more land is required then Khanpur Kala land
will be considered.

11. Question No.5

Mr. Maahavir Singh, Khanpur Khurd village

• Suggested that the kuccha (unpaved) approach road passing through Khanpur Khurd village
be made a pucca (paved road) to reduce the dust created by traffic.

The ADC Jhajjar appreciated the suggestion and provided an assurance of

necessary compliance.

12. Question No.6

Mr. Ram Chander, Khanpur Khurd village

• Asked for quicker settlement and award of compensation to the villagers whose land has been
acquired for the Project.

Mr. Khalil Ahmed, the District Revenue Officer (DRO), replied that the delay in compensation was
mainly due to disputes between the owners and claimants and the Government, with court cases
pending or in progress. The disbursal of compensation shall be made as soon as this is resolved.
He suggested that concerned claim holders should approach the concerned Patwaris 2 to seek a
faster resolution of these matters.

13. Question No. 7

Mr. Ajit B. Joshi, I.A.S., Additional Deputy Commissioner, Jhajjar

• Asked what arrangements will be made for safe and proper disposal and storage and
treatment of the fly ash generated from the thermal power plant, which is the main wastage
from the plant.

Dr. Balbir Singh, an HPGCL representative, stated that three types of fly ash will be generated by
the plant: bottom ash, economizer ash and fly ash from the ESPs. Ash will be re-used in cement
plants, for manufacturing bricks and tiles and as per the directions of MoEF. Facilities for the
storage of fly ash will be provided for next 10–15 years in the form of ash dykes and silos.
Various options will be kept open for the regular use and consumption of fly ash by different
agencies for road making and as per the guidelines issued by MoEF.

2
An official of local government, who keeps records of the ownership and transfer of land.
 Appendix 13 67

14. Question No. 8

Mr. S.P. Rathi, Regional Officer, Haryana State Pollution Control Board, Bahadurgarh
• Asked what effluent treatment facilities will be provided for wastewater management
and sewage treatment, including zero discharge from the plant.

An HPGCL representative replied that the plant has been designed for zero discharge except
during the monsoon season, while a sewage treatment plant will be installed, with treated water
to be used for on-site greenbelt irrigation.

• Asked if the ash pond will be provided with an impervious lining.

An HPGCL representative responded that an impervious lining in the ash dyke will be provided.

• Asked about the final disposal of treated water during the monsoon season.

An HPGCL representative replied that treated water would be disposed of via a pipeline to a
drain next to the JLN feeder canal.

15. Question No. 9

Mr. Munshi Ram, Ex-Sarpanch, Khanpur Khurd village

• Asked about the sale of standing crops on Project-acquired land.

Mr. Satyender Duhan, SDM Jhajjar responded that farmers are permitted to cut their crops
before the commencement of project construction.

16. Question No. 10

Mr. S.P. Rathi, RO, Haryana State Pollution Control Board, Bahadurgarh
• Asked about the plantation (greenbelt) in the project site.

An HPGCL representative responded that a range of vegetation species will be planted during
and after plant construction, with 25% of the main project site to be developed as a greenbelt.

B. CONCLUSION

17. The officers and public commented that the project proponent should provide proper and
adequate arrangements and pollution control measures to improve the local environment on the
plant site and in the surrounding area, and should adhere to all commitments that were made
during the public hearing.

18. The public hearing ended with thanks to the Chair.

19. Annexure-A
List of officers who conducted the public hearing:
(i) Mr. Ajit B Joshi, IAS, Additional Deputy Commissioner (ADC), Jhajjar;
(ii) Mr. Khalil Ahmed, District Revenue Officer (DRO), Jhajjar;
68 Appendix 13

(iii) Mr. Satyender Duhan, Sub-divisional District Magistrate (SDM) Jhajjar;

(iv) Mr. S.P. Rathi, Regional Officer, Haryana State Pollution Control Board,
Bahadurgarh;
(v) Mr. Shakti Singh, Assistant Environment Engineer (AEE), Haryana State
Pollution Control Board, Bahadurgarh;
(vi) Mr. Satinder Pal, Assistant Environment Engineer (AEE), Haryana State
Pollution Control Board, Bahadurgarh.