"#am$le Kristallingeologie

Results Another test e#am$le A, 2008

28 participants
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

lecture 7
*o iation %orme& .( &i%%erent minera s *i.rous %i.ro ite (si imanite) P at( .iotite 2 on#ate ,uart- #rains

Maximum 70 points Pass 35 points ( 50%)

Foliations & lineations

Best resu t 67 points !"era#e resu t.( 54 points ( 2.3) *o iation %orme& .( *o iation %orme& $orst cr(sta resu t 30 points (2 o% 28 %ai e&' i.e. 7%) #rain si-e "ar(in# o#rap1ic "ar(in# orientation "ar(in# minera composition

1 1 . 3 1 .7 2 2. 3 2 .7 3 3 .3 3 . 7 4 5

Foliations 'rimar& and foliations lineations ((

%iagenetic secondar& foliations What& makes a foliation?

! %iagenetic foliation %ormsor s1ort ( a%ter se&imentation i#nment o% minera #rains #rain a##re#ates
B( compaction 0 rotation o% c a( minera s P at( minera s' e.#. mica 3orma ( para e to .e&&in# * attene& #rains o% norma ( not+p at( minera s e.#. ,uart- or (econdar& %orm a%ter a roc) is it1i%ie&' o i"ine foliations * attene& minera a##re#ates' e.#.processes pe.. es in a &e%orme& .( tectonic an& metamorp1ic con# omerate

Primar( Foliation %o iations ( Foliation %orm as part o% t1e ori#ina roc) !n( p anar structure in a roc) (edimentar& la&ering !ineation ( !inear )agmatic !n( inear la&ering structure in a roc)
*hemical+mineralogical a(erin#

! i#nment o% structures
/t( o ites 0 so ution seams Micro%ractures /1ear .an&s /e&imentar( a(erin# (/ )
0

*o iations an& ineations must .e Flo, foliation Penetrati"e + p at( Not: s ic)ensi&es (! i#nment o% minera s) %au t striations
)agmatic la&ering in leucogranite, "l-a .sland

(r1(t1mic sett in# o% cr(sta s)

4ia#enetic %o iation

*irst rea tectonic %o iation (/

)echanisms of foliation formation

Mec1anica rotation an& .en&in# /o ution trans%er 7r(sta p astic % o8 9riente& ne8+#ro8t1
Foliation usuall& (initiall& forms normal to the ma#imum com$ression 'arallel to 234$lane of strain elli$soid .n case of shear 5ones (*4$lane , can foliation forms ++ shear $lane

Foliation classifications
Foliation 5 "er( #enera term %or an(t1in# p anar
Fine tectonic %o iation6 Coarse tectonic %o iation6 clea/age schistosit&

*ontinuous clea/age

($aced clea/age
A0)icrolithons 10*lea/age domains

($aced clea/age
%is7uncti/e clea/age
3o o &er tectonic %o iation .et8een c ea"a#e &omains

6se of clea/ages
7 ea"a#es are extreme ( use%u to &etermine se,uence o% &e%ormation e"ents

*renulation clea/age
Micro+%o &in# o% o &er %o iation .et8een c ea"a#e &omains

%is7uncti/e clea/age

*renulations9 small scale

7 ea"a#e %orme& .( &isso ution seams (st( o ites) in o8+#ra&e imestones' Biure' /pain

7renu ations in amp1i.o ite+%acies meta+pe ites' 7ap &e 7reus' /pain

*renulations9 micro4scale

2xamp e o% crenu ation o% a .iotite %o iation. !mp1i.o ite+ %acies meta+pe ites' 7ap &e 7reus' /pain

7renu ations in 1i#1+#ra&e meta+pe ites' *in an&

!mp1i.o ite+%acies meta+ pe ites' 7ap &e 7reus' /pain 7renu ations are .are ( "isi. e in section crenu ation ineation

':4fa-ric
' : ' :
7om.ination o% crenu ation an& so ution trans%er can ea& to a tectonic a(erin# 8it1
:uart-+ric1 a(ers6 ,uart-itic :4domains Mica+ric1 a(ers6 pe itic '4domains

! c ear %o iation %orme& .( a i#nment o% .iotite' #arnet an& e on#ate ,uart- #rains

' :

;ectonic a(erin# is #enera ( "er( re#u ar' as oppose& to se&imentar( a(ers

;er& coarse ':4fa-ric

A#ial $lanar clea/age

7 ea"a#e norma ( &e"e ops perpen&icu ar to maximum s1ortenin# 7 ea"a#e t1ere%ore usua ( &e"e ops para e to t1e axia p ane ;1ere%ore norma ( in 234$lane

<oo)in# %rom t1e si&e <oo)in# &o8n on a(ers

/0 / 1

A#ial $lanar clea/age

A#ial $lanar clea/age

7ontinuous

gneissic

c ea"a#e in mi#matite' Mas)u =>i"iera=' *in an&

!xia +p anar crenu ation c ea"a#e in amp1i.o ite+%acies roc)s' 7ap &e 7reus' /pain

*lea/age refraction (
/ergence

1rechung

*lea/age refraction

7 ea"a#e 1as &i%%erent orientation in &i%%erent a(ers 7 ea"a#e in competent a(ers ma)es an# e 8it1 axia p ane ;1is pro&uces clea/age fans
7ompetent6 ?ncompetent6 larger an# e 8it1 a(erin# smaller an# e 8it1 a(erin#

!ineations 4 80 <race lineations

!ineation 5 an( inear e ement t1at occurs per"asi"e ( in a roc) ;race ineations are %orme& .( intersectin# %o iations
.ntersection lineation (e.#. < or + ineation %or ineation on .e&&in#
23

! crenulation lineation is a specia t(pe o% intersection ineation

.ntersection lineations and fold a#is

?ntersection o% an axia p anar c ea"a#e 8it1 an o &er %o iation #i"es (ou t1e %o & axis Aere t8o examp es o% intersection ( ) ineations
8

!ineations 4 20 =-7ect lineations

=-7ect lineation 5 an( ineation %orme& .( a i#ne& o.@ects 8it1 a inear s1ape

Aggregate lineation *orme& .( inear #rain a##re#ates ( (e.#. pe.. es)

0

>rain lineation *orme& .( e on#ate #rains t1at are norma ( not inear in s1ape (e.#. ,uart-)

)ineral lineation *orme& .( e on#ate #rains t1at are norma ( inear in s1ape (e.#. amp1i.o es)

( (

Formation of o-7ect lineations

80 9riente& #ro8t1 o% e on#ate minera s (minor importance) 20 /tretc1in# o% minera s an& minera a##re#ates ++B stretching lineation (/trec)un#s inear ) 7ommon in 1i#1 strain s1ear -ones C para e to D+&irection o% strain e ipse

Formation of o-7ect lineations

?0 Passi"e rotation o% ri#i& minera s or minera a##re#ates

Ma#matic minera ineation o% a i#ne& %e &spars in #ranite' 2 .a ?s an&

20 (tretching lineation

!, (, !( tectonites
;ectonite 5 stron# ( &e%orme& roc) (4tectonite 6 %o iation &ominates !4tectonite 6 ineation &ominates !(4tectonite 6 .ot1 important ;1e ineation in&icates t1e &irection o% maximum stretc1in#6
the tectonic trans$ort direction

/tretc1e& con# omerate' /out1 !ustra ian coast

<he shear direction in shear 5ones

(ummar&
>oc)s can contain %o iations an& ineations /ome important %o iations
Primar( %o iation (/ !xia p anar c ea"a#e 7renu ation c ea"a#e
0

7 ea"a#e EE axia p ane EE DF+p ane o% %inite strain But' re%raction c1an#es orientation o% c ea"a#e ?mportant ineations6
?ntersection ineation +B o%ten in&icates %o & axes /tretc1in# ineation +B in&icates s1ear &irection (D+axis o% strain)