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Yu.V.Nachalov

The Basics of Torsion Mechanics.

1. The general principle of inertia as a generalization of Newton's mechanics.

As is well known, Newton's law of inertia can be written in analytical form as follows:

d (mv) = 0 ; v = const
dt

(m - mass, v - velocity vector) Thus Newton's mechanics considers inertial movement as non-
accelerated rectilinear motion. But as is well known from Euler's works, there exists an
analogue of Newton's first law for rotational motion:

d (Jw) = 0 ; w = const
dt

(J - the moment of inertia, w - angular velocity vector.) These equations demonstrate that if
external moments are absent, then the angular impulse Jw of the rotating solid body is
constant. That means that the angular velocity of the rotating solid body will also be a
constant. Thus these equations show that there exists not only rectilinear inertial motion, but
also rotational inertial motion. This fact does not contradict Newton's mechanics, since
Newton's mechanics simply does not take this fact into consideration. The rotational (torsion)
principle of inertia can be formulated as follows: If external moments are absent, then the
angular velocity of the rotating body remains constant. The combination of the principle of
rectilinear inertia (in the sense of Galileo-Newton) with the principle of torsion inertia allows
the formulation of the general principle of inertia: If no forces are acting, and no angular
moments are acting, then the motion of the solid body is inertial. This general principle of
inertia was first formulated by G.I.Shipov [1].

The general principle of inertia is the generalization of Galilei-Newton's principle of inertia,

and it shows that there exists not only non-accelerated inertial motion (as in Newton's
mechanics) but also accelerated inertial motion (since rotation is a motion with acceleration).
Thus the general principle of inertia shows that Newton's mechanics is incorrect for any
systems having rotation.

2. Torsion Interactions.

According to Newton's second law: F = ma, there is a row of generalized Newton's equations
in the modern theory of fields. In these generalized equations, F is considered to be a force
acting upon a charge having mass m. As a result of the geometrization of physical
interactions (for instance in Einstein's gravitational theory) Newton's equations were replaced
by the geodetic equations. It should be emphasized that in both cases (in Newton's and in
Einstein's mechanics) the accelerations (it doesn't matter: 3- or 4-dimentional) in the

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 equations are polar vectors. Polar vectors are formed as the second derivatives of translational
coordinates x, y, z, ct. Let's formulate the following definition: If an interaction results in
polar accelerations, then this interaction is a polar interaction. Thus the modern theory of
fields operates with polar interactions. But as is well known, there exist interactions which
result in axial accelerations. For example, angular acceleration is an axial vector. In classical
mechanics, such interactions can be described by Euler's equations for rotational motion: M =
Jw. (J - the moment of inertia, w - angular acceleration, M - external momemt)

We can formulate the following definition: If an interaction results in axial accelerations,

then this interaction is an axial (torsion) interaction. It should be emphasized that there exist
no fundamental generalizations for the equation M = Jw in the modern theory of fields. Thus
the modern theory of fields operates only with polar interactions, and torsional interactions
are not taken into consideration.

3. Torsion mechanics as a generalization of Einstein's mechanics.

As is well known, Einstein's general relativity theory operates with 4 translational coordinates
x, y, z, ct. Einstein's GR does not take into consideration the fact that the accelerated system
can possess an angular momentum. Thus Einstein's mechanics does not take into
consideration the existence of torsion interactions or the torsion principle of inertia.

In 1986 M.Carmeli attempted to create a special principle of rotational relativity [2] as an

addition to Einstein's special principle of translational relativity. But Carmeli's approach
didn't take into consideration some problems of inertia forces, and M.Carmeli could not finish
the program of rotational relativity. The program of rotational relativity has been completely
realized in the framework of the so-called theory of the physical vacuum by G.I.Shipov [3].
Shipov rigorously showed that Einstein's translational relativity should be complemented
with a rotational (torsion) relativity. The combination of translational and torsional relativities
allows the development of a new mechanics which is termed the mechanics of an orientable
material point (the mechanics of a material point with spin or torsion mechanics) [1]. The
mechanics of a material point with spin describes the motion of an accelerated system by 10
equations, but not by 4 equations as in Einstein's mechanics, and this mechanics is a
generalization of Einstein's mechanics. It has been shown that the complete description of the
motion of an accelerated system with spin cannot be made in the framework of Riemannian
geometry used in GR. The space of torsion mechanics has the structure of the geometry A4
(the geometry of absolute parallelism). The geometry of absolute parallelism was first
examined in the works of R.Weitzenbock [4,5]. It is interesting to note the fact that, in the
framework of A4 geometry, A.Einstein has authored the greatest number of works (13)
devoted to the unified field theory in comparison with the other geometries.

In [6,7] it was shown that the torsion of A4 geometry causes torsion fields which define the
density of all matter, and which are responsible for the existence of inertial forces. In this
sense, the torsion field can be considered as Einstein's unified field. In [8] it was shown that
the mass of any physical object can be altered as the result of alterations to the torsion fields
of this object. A mechanical system which can realize linear movement without using
frictional or reactive forces has been proposed, and movement equations have been written
and solved. It has been shown that an isolated mechanical system can realize movement using
the specially organized rotation of elements within the system. It should be noted that the first
working devices using this principle were already demonstrated in the 1960s by V.N.Tolchin,

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 the Head Designer at the Perm machinery factory, who was the first inventor to realize that it
is possible to control inertia forces [9].

An understanding of the methods of torsion field generation allows a rigorous theoretical

interpretation [3,8,22] to be given to all phenomena demonstrated by gyroscopes and
gyroscopic systems [10-14], and to the phenomena observed in various experiments with
spin-polarized particles (e.g. [15-21]).

1. Shipov G.I. "Mekhanika orientiruemoi tochki i obschii printsip inertsii." //Izvestiya

VUZ, seriya Fizika, 1985, # 3. (russian)
2. Carmeli M. //Int. J. Theor. Phys., 1986, v.25, № 1.
3. Shipov G.I. "Teoriya fizicheskogo vacuuma.", Moscow, NT-Centr, 1993, 362 p.
(russian)
4. Weitzenbock R. Invariantentheorie, Groningen: Noordhoff, 1923, p.320.
5. Weitzenbock R. Sitz.preuss.Akad.Wiss.phys.-math. Kl., 1924, p.466-501.
6. Shipov G.I. "Obscherelyativistskiye nelineinyye spinornyye uravneniya." //Izvextiya
VUZ, seriya Fizika, 1977, # 3. (russian)
7. Shipov G.I. "Problemy teorii elementarnykh vzaimodeistvii.", Moscow, Moscow
State University ("MGU" in russian), 1979. (russian)
8. Shipov G.I. "Ob ispolzovanii vacuumnyh polei krucheniya dlya peremescheniya
mekhanicheskikh sistem.", 1991, Moscow, CISE VENT ("MNTTs VENT" in
russian), preprint # 8, 50 p. (russian)
9. Tolchin V.N. "Inertsioid.", 1977, Perm, 99 p. (russian)
10. Kozyrev N.A. "Prichinnaya ili nesimmetrichnaya mekhanika v lineinom
priblizhenii.", Pulkovo, GAO AN SSSR, 1958, 90 p. (russian)
11. Polyakov S.M., Polyakov O.S. "Vvedeniye v eksperimentalnuyu gravitoniku.",
Moscow, Prometei, 1988, 136 p. (russian)
12. Hayasaka H., Takeuchi S. "Anomalous weight reduction on a gyroscope's right
rotation around the vertical axis of the Earth." //Phys.rev.lett., 1989, # 63, p.2701-
2704.
13. Laithwaite E.R. "The continuing story of gyroscopic magic." //Elec.rev., 1975, # 197,
p.675-678.
14. Veinik A.I. "Termodinamika realnykh protsessov.", Minsk, Nauka i tekhnika, 1991,
576 p. (russian)
15. Krisch A.D. "The spin of proton." //Scientific American, May, 1979.
16. Baryshevsky V.G., Podgoretsky M.I. "Yadernaya pretsessiya neitronov." //Zhyrnal
eksperimentalnoi i teoreticheskoi fiziki, 1964, v.47, p.1050. (russian)
17. Valraven Yu., Silver A. "Stabilizatsiya atomarnogo vodoroda." //Uspekhi fizicheskikh
nauk, 1983, v.139, # 4, p.701. (russian)
18. Lhuiller C. "Transport properties in a spin-polarized gas, III." //J.Phys. (Fr.), 1983,
v.44, # 1, p.1.
19. Sokolov Ju.L. in: Hydrogen atom. Eds.G.F.Bassani, M.Inguscio, T.W.Hausch. Berlin,
Heideiberg, 1989.
20. Sokolov Ju.L., Yakovlev V.P. "Izmereniye lembovskogo sdviga v atome vodoroda."
//Zhurnal eksperiment.i teoret.fiziki, 1982, # 1(7), p.15. (russian)
21. Pokazaniev V.G., Skrotskii G.V. "Psevdomagnetizm." //Uspekhi fizicheskikh nauk,
1979, v.129, # 4, p.615. (russian)
22. Gubarev E.A., Sidorov A.N., Shipov G.I. "Fundamentalnyye modeli elementarnykh
vzaimodeistvii i teoriya fizicheskogo vakuuma.", Moscow, 1992, CISE VENT,
preprint # 17, 68 p. (russian)

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