Heim Quantum Theory for Space Propulsion Physics

Walter Drscher
1
, Jochem Huser
1,2
1
Institut fr Grenzgebiete der Wissenschaft (IGW),
Leopold - Franzens Universitt Innsbruck, Maximilianstr. 8, 6010 Innsbruck, Austria
2
Faculty Karl-Scharfenberg, University of Applied Sciences, Salzgitter, Germany,
contact: e-mail: jh@cle.de
Abstract. This paper describes a novel space propulsion technique, based on an extension of a unified field theory in
a quantized, higher-dimensional space, developed by the late B. Heim (!""# in the $%s and &%s of the last century,
termed Heim Quantum Theory (HQT#. 's a consequence of the unification, HQT predicts six fundamental
interactions. The t(o additional interactions should enable a completely different type of propulsion, denoted
gravitophoton field propulsion. The fifth interaction, termed gravitophoton force, (ould accelerate a material body
without the need of propellant. )ravitophoton interaction is a gravitational li*e force, mediated by gravitophoton
particles that come in both types, attractive and repulsive. )ravitophoton particles are generated in pairs from the
vacuum itself by the effect of vacuum polarization (virtual electrons#, under the presence of a very strong magnetic
field (photons#. +ue to gravitophoton pair production, the total energy extracted from the vacuum is zero. 'ttractive
gravitophotons interact (ith matter, and thus can become real particles, exacting a force on a material body.
,epulsive gravitophotons have a much smaller cross section and do not interact (ith matter. -onsequently, the
*inetic energy of the accelerated material body (ould come from the vacuum, satisfying the second condition, i.e., a
low energy budget for space propulsion. The name gravitophoton has been chosen because a transformation of
photons into gravitational energy should ta*e place. The third condition for advanced spaceflight, superluminal
speed, may be realized by transition into a parallel space, in (hich covariant la(s of physics are valid, (ith a
limiting speed of light nc, (here n is an integer and c is the vacuum speed of light. .n order to achieve such a
transition, the sixth fundamental interaction (ould be needed, termed vacuum field (or quintessence#, (hich is a
(ea*ly repulsive gravitational li*e force, mediated by the vacuum particle, being formed by the interaction of
repulsive gravitophotons (ith the gravitons of the spacecraft. The paper discusses the source of the t(o predicted
interactions, the concept of parallel space, and presents the physical model along (ith an experimental setup to
measure and estimate the gravitophoton force. /stimates for the magnitude of magnetic fields are presented, and trip
times for lunar and 0ars missions are given.
SPACETIME AND SPACE PROPULSION
1or effective and efficient lunar space transportation as (ell as interplanetary or interstellar space flight a
revolution in space propulsion technology is needed. .n this paper the physical principles for a novel propulsion
scheme are presented, obtained from an extension of HQT (Heim, !""#. 'ccording to HQT, the goals of 2'3'4s
Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Program (BPPP) (Millis, 2004) may be satisfied. It should be expected that new
physics leads to completely new technology (Thiemann, 2002). The requirements of BPPP for revolutionary space
propulsion are that no or a very limited amount of fuel is used, a low energy budget is maintained, and (possibly)
superluminal speed is reached. This immediately rules out any device flying today, or any concept that accelerates
a vehicle close to the speed of light. ' spacecraft moving only at a small fraction at the speed of light (ould
require a tremendous energy input, rendering such an attempt impractical.
Physical Concepts of HQT
.t is *no(n that the general theory of relativity (GR# in a 5-dimensional spacetime delivers one possible physical
interaction, namely gravitation. 3ince Nature sho(s us that there exist additional interactions (/0, (ea*, strong#,
and because both GR and the quantum principle are experimentally verified, it seems logical to extend the
geometrical principle to a discrete, higher-dimensional space. 1urthermore, the spontaneous order that has been
observed in the universe is opposite to the la(s of thermodynamics, predicting the increase of disorder or greater
entropy (3trogatz 6%%7#. /very(here highly evolved structures can be seen, (hich is an enigma for the science of
today. -onsequently, the theory utilizes an entelechial dimension, x
$
, an aeonic dimension, x
&
(see glossary#, and
coordinates x
"
, x
8
describing information, i.e., quantum mechanics, resulting in an 8-dimensional discrete space in
(hich a smallest elemental surface, the so-called metron, exists.
Poly-Metric and the Fundamental Physical Interactions in 8-D Quantized Heim Space
.n ), the gravitational force is nothing but an effect of the geometric curvature of spacetime. The predictions of
), have been tested extensively. Therefore, there is some confidence that this concept can be extended to all
physical forces, and that the structure of the equations of GR is valid for all physical interactions in a higher-
dimensional space, termed the Einsteinian Geometrization Principle EGP!. There are the subspaces
7
(ith real
coordinates (x

, x
6
, x
7
# that is 9 signature (-arroll 6%%5#, T

(ith the : signature time coordinate (x

5
# , 3
6
(ith -
signature coordinates for organization of structures (x
$
, x
&
#, and .
6
(ith -signature coordinates for information (x
"
,
x
8
#. .n the follo(ing, a Heim space is a quantized space comprising elemental surfaces (ith orientation (spin#, the
metron, (hose size is the ;lanc* length (apart from a factor# squared, comprising & or 8 dimensions. ' Heim space
may comprise several subspaces, each equipped (ith its o(n special metric, (hose signature is derived from the
signature of the individual subspaces. .t should be remembered that the Lorentzian metric of
5
has three spatial (9
signature# and one time-li*e coordinate (- signature# (-arroll 6%%5#. Heim space H
8
, (here the superscript denotes
dimension, comprises four subspaces or partial structures that form semantic units. -ombining these semantic
units by employing certain selection rules, a set of so called hermetry forms or partial metric tensors is obtained,
forming a poly-metric that represents all *no(n physical interactions. -onsidering the space H
8
<
7
T

3
6
.
6
,
the theory predicts six fundamental interactions, instead of the four experimentally *no(n ones. These interactions
emerge in our spacetime and represent real physical fields carrying energy. 'ccording to the theory, a
transformation of photons into gravitational energy (gravitophoton) should be possible. .t is this conversion that is
used as the physical basis for the novel space propulsion concept. This is a direct consequence of Heim space, and
the interpretation of a partial metric (hermetry form, see glossary# as a physical interaction or particle.
Six Fundamental Interactions in HQT
The two additional interactions predicted in HQT are identified as gravitophoton interaction, enabling the
conversion of photons into a gravitational li*e field, represented by t(o hypothetical gravitophoton (attractive and
repulsive# particles and quintessence, a (ea* repulsive gravitational li*e interaction (dark energy#. The
interpretation of the physical equations for the gravitophoton field leads to the conclusion that this field could be
used to both accelerate a material body and to cause a transition of a material body into some *ind of parallel
space, possibly allo(ing superluminal speed. 'ccording to Heim4s theory, gravitation, as (e *no( it, is comprised
of three interactions, namely by gravitons, gravitophotons (attractive and repulsive), and by the quintessence or
vacuum (repulsive) particle that is, there exist three quanta of gravitation. This means that the gravitational
constant G contains contributions from all three fields. The quintessence interaction, ho(ever, is much smaller
than the first t(o contributions. 1urthermore, in GR the gravitational potential is associated with the metric
tensor, and thus has a direct physical meaning. .n other (ords, if the EGP is extended to the poly-metric in Heim
space H
8
, the existence of exactly six physical interactions occurs as a natural consequence.
PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF GRAVITOPHOTON FIELD PROPULSION
.n GR the metric has the meaning as physical potential for gravitation. 's (as mentioned before this vie( is
extended to Heim space H
8
. =e no( present the most general transformation that is responsible for all physical
interactions. 0ost important is the double transformation as described in /q. (#. ' curve in
5
can be specified
by either -artesian coordinates x
m
or by curvilinear coordinates j
i
. Ho(ever, since
5
is a subspace of Heim
space H
8
(ith so called internal coordinates
o
(+r>scher and Hauser, 6%%5#, there exists a general coordinate
transformation x
m
(
o
(j
i
)) from
5
-H
8
-
5
resulting in the metric tensor (this is a ma?or difference to GR#
g
i k
=
x
m

o

o
j
i
x
m

j
k
, g
i k
=:

j , +=1
8
g
i k
(j+)
, g
i k
(j+)
=
x
m

(j)

(j)
j
i
x
m

(+)

(+)
j
k
.

(#
(here indices @, A < ,...,8 and i, m, k < ,...,5. The /instein summation convention is used. The above
transformation is instrumental for the construction of the poly-metric utilized to describing all possible physical
interactions. The metric tensor can be (ritten in the form as expressed in the second term of /q. (#. ;arentheses
indicate that there is no index summation. .n +r>scher and Hauser (6%%5# it (as sho(n that 6 hermetry forms
can be generated having direct physical meaning, by constructing specific combinations from the four subspaces.
The follo(ing denotation for the metric describing hermetry form HB (ith B<,...,6 is usedC
g
i k
( H

)=:

j, +H

g
i k
(j+)

(6#
(here summation indices are obtained from the definition of the hermetry forms. The expressions g
i k
( H

) are
interpreted as different physical interaction potentials caused by hermetry form HB, extending the interpretation of
metric employed in GR to the poly-metric of H
8
. 2ext, the hermetry forms pertaining to the three subspaces 3
6
,
.
6
, 3
6
D .
6
are investigated. -osmological data clearly sho( that the universe is expanding, (hich indicates a
repulsive interaction. )ravitational attraction is (ell *no(n since 2e(ton. Both interactions act on matter, so that
there should be t(o hermetry forms having anti-symmetric properties. The spaces corresponding to these
interaction are identified as 3
6
and .
6
. 1or the sa*e of simplicity, the follo(ing short form, omitting subscripts ik, is
introduced (j+):=g
i k
(j+)
. The gravitational field, as described by gravitons, is given by hermetry form H6, and
the vacuum field (quintessence# is given by H%
g
i k
( H
12
)=(55)+(56)+(65)+(66) , g
i k
( H
10
)=(77)+(78)+(87)+(88) .
(7#
There is a third hermetry form (hose metric is in the space 3
6
D .
6
. 3ince this metric is a combination of an
attractive and a repulsive interaction, it is assumed that there are exist t(o types of particles, termed attractive and
repulsive gravitophotons. The particle for mediating this interaction is called gravitophoton because of the possible
interaction (ith the electromagnetic field. .t is postulated from the metric of /qs. (5# that there are t(o types of
gravitophotons associated (ith the attractive and the repulsive gravitophoton potentials. Their respective coupling
constants are denoted by G
gp
-
and G
gp
+
that (ill be described belo(. The attractive or negative gravitophoton
particle is described by the first term in /q. (5#, the minus sign denoting negative energy density, because it
contains the metric of the graviton, (hich is directly visible from /q. (7#. The repulsive gravitophoton particle is
described by the second term in /q. (5#, the plus sign denoting positive energy density, because it contains the
metric of the vacuum or quintessence particle that describes a repulsive force.

g
i k
( H
11
-
)=(55)+(56)+(65)+(66) +
(57)+(67)+(58)+(68) ,

g
i k
( H
11
+
)=(77)+(78)+(87)+(88)+
(75)+(76)+(85)+(86).
(5#
Therefore, in Heim space H
8
there exist three physical interactions acting on material particles, namely, gravitation
represented by hermetry form H6 (3
6
# (attractive#, the quintessence or vacuum field hermetry form H% (.
6
#
repulsive#, and the gravitophoton field, hermetry form H (3
6
, .
6
# (both attractive and repulsive#. 2egative and
positive gravitophotons are generated simultaneously in pairs from the vacuum without extracting any energy from
the vacuum. H is the only hermetry form that is identically % that is
g
ik
( H
11
)=g
ik
( S
2
I
2
)=0. ($#
.t seems to be strange that a hermetry form that is zero should have any physical effect at all. This reflects the fact
that the total energy being extracted from the vacuum by pair production of gravitophotons is zero. Ho(ever, the
physical effect lies in the different absorption coefficients of negative and positive gravitophotons. 's it turns out
in, gravitophotons are generated by virtual electrons, that is, they are generated by vacuum polarization. H"" is the
only hermetry form that is comprised by space 3
6
D .
6
, the so called transcoordinates. 2one of the other hermetry
forms is identical to %, since this is the only hermetry form associated (ith creating pairs of particles from the
vacuum. Hence, the gravitational constant G is comprised of the three individual coupling strengths of these
interactions, G=G
g
+G
gp
-
+G
q
=6.6736918 10
11
(calculated value) where G
gp
-
1/67
2
G
g
and G
q
410
18
G
g
.
The three gravitational forces interact (ith different types of matter as sho(n Table 6. .n /q.(&# (e compare the
photon metric given by hermetry form H# (T
1
, S
2
,
2
), and the gravitophoton metric, observing that the
gravitophoton metric is contained in the photon metric.
g
i k
( ph)
:=g
i k
( H
5
)=

j, +=4
8
g
i k
(j+)
and g
i k
(gp)
:=g
i k
( H
11
)=

o, =5
8
g
i k
(o)
=0.
(&#
.n comparison (ith the first term of /q. (&#, the metric for the photon can be (ritten in the form
g
i k
( ph)
=g
i k
( gp)
+g
i k
(4 4)
+

o , =5
8
( g
i k
(o4)
+g
i k
(4)
) .
("#
TABLE 1. The Three )ravitational .nteractions are ,elated to +ifferent Types of 0atter.
Generated by Messenger particles Force Coupling constant
real particles graviton attractive Gg
virtual particles gravitophoton repulsive and attractive
G
gp
+
, G
gp
-
=1/67
2
Planck mass
vacuum
quintessence or vacuum
particle
repulsive Gq$%&'#(#")
*"+
G
.n Table (# it is sho(n that gravitons (attractive# are exchanged bet(een real particles, gravitophotons (attractive
and repulsive# are exchanged bet(een virtual particles, and the quintessence or vacuum particle is due to the
vacuum itself. Therefore, for real charged particles in an accelerator the additional tensor potential does not exist.
The tensor potential only occurs if virtual particles, e.g., virtual electrons are present. This fact is important in the
experiment to measure the gravitophoton force. .n the presence of virtual electrons and a suitable magnetic field,
pairs of attractive and repulsive gravitophotons can be generated from the vacuum. Enly attractive gravitophotons
can interact (ith real particles. 'ccording to HQT, repulsive gravitophotons and gravitons can be converted into
quintessence particles. The second and third terms at the ,H3 of /q. ("#, can be associated (ith the electric force
(electric scalar potential# and the Forentz force (vector potential#. The first term represents the combined metric for
the negative and positive gravitophoton particles. .f an experiment or a physical device can be conceived (hich
causes the metric of the photon to become % and ma*e the second and third terms cancel, then the metric for the
gravitophoton particles remains. The resulting gravitational force from these pairs of gravitophotons is the basis
for the propulsion concept, termed gravitophoton field propulsion or field propulsion.
.n +r>scher and Hauser (6%%5# an experiment (as suggested to measure the gravitophoton force. 'bove a station-
ary superconducting magnetic coil there is a rotating torus li*e a fly(heel of some %% *g. +ue to the Heim*,o*
rentz formula, /q. ($#, there should be a gravitophoton force generated in the rotating torus. 1rom the Forentz
force, F=q E+q v
T
B, in our experiment v
T
denotes the velocity of the rotating torus#, there follo(s the exis-
tence of a scalar electric potential and a vector potential A (ith components A
i
=j
0
Qv
i
/ R (here Qvi denotes
the total current in the magnetic coil and i<,6,7. Ho(ever, as can be seen from /q. ("#, the metric tensor for the
photon comprises an electric potential, a vector potential, and a tensor potential, representing a ne( force applying
the geometrization principle of /instein to Heim space H
8
. The complete electromagnetic interaction is therefore
given by a 5-dimensional tensor potential (, 'i, 'i*# (ith i,* <,6,7. The tensor potential plays a crucial role in
providing the acceleration concept by converting photons into gravitophoton pairs as (ill be outlined in the follo(-
ing section.
Acceleration Principle of Gravitophoton Field Propulsion
.n the follo(ing the physical mechanism of the gravitophoton force is presented, responsible for the conversion of
photons into gravitophotons. This description is the *ey for devising an experiment and to providing the guidelines
for the construction of a gravitophoton propulsion device. The mechanism for the generation of the postulated
negative and positive gravitophoton particles is based on the concept of vacuum polarization, *no(n from
Guantum /lectrodynamics (QED#. .n QED the vacuum behaves li*e a dielectric absorbing and producing virtual
particles, and the -oulomb potential is associated (ith the transfer of a single virtual photon. Hacuum polarization
in form of the electron-photon interaction changes the -oulomb potential of a point charge for distances (ithin the
electron -ompton (avelength (ith respect to a nucleus. The velocities v
i
, v
i
T
in combination (ith the total
charge Q in the current loop or magnetic coil need to be chosen such that r
N
\
C
, other(ise vacuum
polarization does not occur. The concept of vacuum has changed (ith the development of GR and it is treated no(
as a a field that can have its o(n quantized states (,ovelli, 6%%7#. Ene of its features is that it is stable and energy
cannot be extracted from it. Because of the quantum mechanical uncertainty relation ne( particles may
spontaneously appear out of the vacuum, termed virtual particles, e.g. Famb shift !5". ' virtual particle may
become real (Irauss, 6%%%# by absorbing energy through a collision (ith a real particle, i.e., it does not disappear
bac* into the vacuum after a short period of time. 3uch a process is required in QFT (Guantum 1ield Theory# (Jee,
6%%7#.
. -irtual electrons. Fet us consider a virtual electron produced by the nucleus of an atom in the rotating torus.
3uch a virtual electron is produced according to the Heisenberg uncertainty relation.
6. -acuum polarization. 't a distance from the nucleus r/ the virtual electron sees an electric potential generated
by the protons. ' magnetic coil is used to generate a magnetic vector and tensor potential in the rotating torus
that is placed above the magnetic coil.
7. 0nshielded electron charge. .t is (ell *no(n that for distances r/ K
\
C
=
h
m
e
c
=2.4310
12
m ,
the -ompton
(avelength of the electron, the electron charge increases because it is no longer completely shielded. The
electron potential can therefore be split into t(o terms, namely the shielded electron charge -e and the
additional charge -e.
5. 1ancellation of shielded electron potential by magnetic vector potential. The terms for the electric and
magnetic potentials are of different signs as sho(n in /q. (76# in +r>scher and Hauser (6%%5#. -onsidering the
nucleus of one of the atoms in the material comprising the torus, there is a location r/ for (hich the shielded
electric and magnetic potentials cancel, namely for
r
N
=
Z e
Q
R
c
v
i
c
v
i
T

(8#
(here the constant charge value 2e (as used. n add!t!"n, the #ater!al !n the t"ru$ $h"uld c"nta!n h%dr"&en
atoms to get a value of 2 as small as possible, that is close to .
$. ,inearized metric of the photon expressed by vacuum polarization constant 3. =ith Ae=Ae (here the
value of 3 is derived from vacuum polarization4 as sho(n in (Fandau, !!#, and a value r/ smaller than the
-ompton (avelength of the electron as (ell as using step 5., the linearized photon potential ta*es the form
h
4 4
( ph)
=
1
4nc
0
1
m
e
c
2
eQ
R
v
i
c
v
i
T
c
( A
v
k
c
v
k
T
c
). (!#
&. 1ondition for vanishing photon potential. 1rom the nature of 3, it is obvious that the first term in the above
potential is generated from the vacuum, (hile the second term comes from the tensor potential generated in the
coil. The total energy extracted from the vacuum is, ho(ever, al(ays zero. 'ccording to (Irauss, 6%%%# the
cosmological constant is $D%
-%
56m
'
. The third condition is, according to /q. (!#, to ma*e the photon potential
vanish, i.e., to trigger the conversion of a photon into negative and positive gravitophotons, (hich requires that
3 ta*es on a value 7 that is

A=
v
k
c
v
k
T
c
,

(%#
(here the value of 7 depends on the velocities of the charges in the coil and the rotating torus. This conversion
ta*es place at a larger value of r, since the product on the ,H3 of /q. (%# is some %
-
. This means that the
conversion of photons into gravitophotons begins to occur as soon as the condition h
4 4
( ph)
0 is satisfied.
". 1onversion of photons into pairs of gravitophotons. ' conversion of photons into gravitophotons is possible
according to /qs. (#. The first equation describes the production of /
8
gravitophoton particles from photons.
This equation is obtained from Heim4s theory in 8+ space in combination (ith considerations from number
theory, and predicts the conversion of photons into gravitophoton particles. The second equation is ta*en from
(Fandau, !!#
w
ph
(r)w
ph
=Nw
gp
w
ph
(r)w
ph
=Aw
ph
.

(#
8. 1onversion amplitude. The physical meaning of /qs. (# is that an electromagnetic potential (photon#
containing probability amplitude 3wph can be converted into a gravitophoton potential (pair of gravitophotons#
(ith associated probability amplitude /wgp. 1rom /qs. (# the follo(ing relation holds for gravitophoton
production, requiring the existence of a shielding potential
Nw
gp
=Aw
ph
. (6#
The function '(r# can be calculated from Fandau4s (Fandau, !!# radiation correction (ith numerical values
for ' ranging from %
-7
to %
-5
.
!. Three conditions for gravitophoton production. There are the follo(ing three conditions to be satisfied in order
to convert a photon into a pair of negative and positive gravitophotons, insuring that the total energy extracted
form the vacuum in form of gravitophoton particles is zero.

A=
v
k
c
v
k
T
c
r
N
\
C
=
h
m
e
c
r
N
=
Z e
Q
R
c
v
i
c
v
i
T

(7#
The crucial point in the interpretation of /q. (7# is that the first equation provides a value of 79%
-
. This
value is needed to start converting photons into gravitophotons. Ho(ever, for this value of 7 the conversion
process is not efficient, i.e., the number of gravitophotons produced is too small to result in an appreciable
force. /quations t(o and three determine the conditions at (hich, according to /q. (5# as explained belo(, an
effective gravitophoton potential exists for (hich the respective value r/ is determined. The corresponding value
for 3 L 7 is some %
-7
. .t should be noted that /q. (%# is not interpreted as a resonance phenomenon, but sets
a condition for the photon potential to disappear and the gravitophoton potential to appear that is, for the onset
of the conversion of photons into gravitophotons. Ence this happened, the value of 3 can be increased further,
giving rise to an efficient and effective gravitophoton potential for field propulsion.
%. :etric for gravitophoton pairs generated from the vacuum. ,eplacing 3 by /q. (6# and ensuring that the
potential of /q. (6# identically vanishes, the converted gravitophoton field ta*es the form
(5#
The $!&n in /q. (5# represents the fact that there are both attractive and repulsive gravitophotons as
described by the t(o metric forms in /q. (5#. The sum of the t(o potentials adds up to %. The gravitophoton
field is a gravitational li*e field, except that it can be both attractive and repulsive.
. ;ifferent coupling constants for attractive and repulsive gravitophotons. Ho(ever, the coupling constants of
the t(o particles are different, and only the negative (attractive# gravitophotons are absorbed by protons and
neutrons, (hile absorption by electrons can be neglected. This can be made plausible since the negative
(attractive# gravitophoton contains the metric of the graviton4 (hile the positive repulsive gravitophoton
contains the metric of the quintessence particle that does only interact extremely (ea*ly (ith matter. Through
the interaction of the attractive gravitophoton (ith matter it becomes a real particle and thus a measurable force
is generated.
6. Two*stage gravitophoton propulsion. 'ny gravitophoton propulsion device therefore (or*s as a t(o-stage
system, first accelerating the spacecraft by the gravitophoton force and then, for certain values of the magnetic
field and torus properties, causes a transition into parallel space.
Heim-Lorentz Equations for Space Propulsion
The Heim-Forentz equations, /qs. ($, &#, (+r>scher and Hauser, 6%%5# describe the acceleration of a material
body by the gravitophoton force. 2egative gravitophotons are subsequently absorbed by the protons and neutrons in
the torus (hich have a much larger absorption cross section compared to positive gravitophotons (+r>scher and
Hauser, 6%%5#. The Heim*,orentz equations that describe the gravitational interaction resulting from negative
gravitophotons are of the form (+r>scher and Hauser, 6%%5#

($#
h
4 4
(gp)
=(
Nw
gp
w
ph
)(
N ' w
gp
w
ph
)
1
4nc
0
1
m
e
c
2
eQ
R
v
i
c
v
i
T
c
.
F
gp
=A
p
e j
0
v
T
H ,
(here the index p in A
p
!nd!cate$ that "nl% 'r"t"n and neutr"n a($"r't!"n 'r"ce$$e$ are c"n$!dered. )r"#
(*r+$cher and ,au$er 2004)
A
p
=
32
3
(
Nw
gpe
w
ph
)
2
(
Nw
gpa
)
4
(
h
m
p
c
)
2

0
3
Z .

(&#
3ince the first equation in /qs. (# describes the conversion of photons into 2
6
gravitophoton pairs, @gp needs to
be replaced by /
6
<gp. Mp (dimensionless# is a highly nonlinear function of the probability amplitude of the
gravitophoton particle. The *inetic energy of the spacecraft is not provided by the magnetic field that acts as a
catalyzer in the conversion process in providing photons. .n this process, no energy is extracted from the vacuum,
since gravitophoton particles are produced in pairs, attractive and repulsive.
Gravitophoton Field Propulsion Force from Acceleration
1ormulas ($, &# (ill be used to calculate the strength of the gravitophoton field. To increase the strength of the
interaction, a material containing hydrogen atoms should be used, because of the small value of r. ' transition into
parallel space requires a magnetic induction of some 7% T and torus material different from hydrogen.
TABLE 2. The right most column sho(s the total gravitophoton force in 2e(ton that (ould act on the rotating ring. The force
results from the absorption of attractive gravitophotons by protons.
n
N w
gpe
j
0
H (T#
Fgp
(/#
%
5
6.& %
-5
6.% 7.14%
-57
%
$
. %
-$
&.7 7%

%
&
.$10
-4
6%.% 5.$%
"
%
&
6.$10
-4
$%.% .5$%
!
The interaction of a gravitophoton (ith an electron, regardless (hether real or virtual, can be neglected. The
number of turns of the magnetic coil is denoted by n, the magnetic induction is given in Tesla, and the current
through the coil is %% ', except for the last ro( (here 6$% ' (ere used. The mass of the rotating torus is %% *g,
its thic*ness, d (diameter# %.%$ m, and its circumferential speed is %
7
mNs. The (ire cross section is mm
6
. The
meaning of the probability amplitude is given in the text. 1or instance, if a larger spacecraft of %
$
*g (ith a
rotating ring of %
7
*g needs to have a constant acceleration of g, a magnetic induction j
0
H of some 7 T is
needed together (ith a current density of %% A/mm
6
and a coil of 5D%
$
turns for a value N w
gpe
=4.410
5
. The
resulting force (ould be %
&
N. Thus a launch of such a spacecraft from the surface of the earth seems to be
technically feasible. The high current in the superconducting coil produces a magnetic field H. Helocity v* is the
speed of the charge, some %
7
mNs, in the superconducting magnetic coil. Together (ith the velocity v
k
T
of the
rotating torus, this magnetic field generates the photon conversion potential according to /q. (!#. 's a future
validation activity, the magnitude of the gravitophoton force obtainable from the pulsed 3andia J-machine (&% T#
should be calculated, and the overall experimental frame(or* should be determined.
Space Flight using Gravitophoton Propulsion
)ravitophoton propulsion ta*es place in t(o phases. .n phase one a spacecraft is sub?ect to acceleration in
5
.
'cceleration is achieved by the absorption of negative gravitophotons through the protons and neutrons in the
torus material. -overing large interplanetary distances, (ould require the transition into parallel space, (hich is
phase t(o of the field propulsion, involving the repulsive quintessence particle. ' transition into a parallel space
leads to an increase in speed by a factor n, compared to our spacetime
5
, /q. (8#. 1ollo(ing the arguments by
Irauss in 0illis (ed.# (!!!# (a signal is needed to tell spacetime to (arp, but its speed itself cannot exceed c#, GR
clearly does not allo( to travel faster than the speed of light in spacetime
5
. .nteraction of positive gravitophotons
(ith spacecraft gravitons is reducing its gravitational potential, O, (hich either requires the mass of the spacecraft
to be reduced in
5
, or the gravitational constant G to become smaller. 1or reduced mass, conservation of
momentum (ould require a velocity c' > c in
5
. +ue to quantum gravity theory, a quantized minimal area
t=8 .3nhG/c
3
exists. Therefore any physical phenomenon requiring a gravitational constant G' K G or a
speed of light c' > c in
5
has to be ruled out, violating the fact that P is the minimum surface. En the other hand,
because of positive gravitophoton action, d is actually reduced, and thus the concept of parallel space (or parallel
universe or multiverse# is introduced, denoted as
5
(n# (ith nN. 1or n<, v(#C<v (velocity of the spacecraft#
and
5
(#C<
5
. .t is postulated that a spacecraft, under certain conditions, stated belo( by /q.(8#, (ill be able to
transition into such a parallel space. 1or G(n)=G/n, M(n)=nM, and c(n)= nc, the spacecraft (ould transition into
n
th
-parallel space
5
(n#. ' parallel space
5
(n#, in (hich covariant physical la(s (ith respect to
5
exist, is
characterized by the scaling transformation
("#
The fact that n must be an integer stems from the requirement in Foop Guantum Theory (,QT# for a smallest
length scale. The Forentz transformation is invariant (ith regard to the transformations of /qs. ("# that is,
physical la(s are covariant under discrete (quantized# spacetime dilatations (contractions#. There are t(o
important questions to be addressed, namely ho( the value n can be influenced by experimental parameters, and
ho( the bac*-transformation from
5
(n#
5
is (or*ing. The value of n is obtained from /q. (8#, relating the
field strength of the gravitophoton field, g
+
gp, (ith the gravitational field strength, gg, produced by the spacecraft
itself,
!=
g
gp
+
g
g
G
gp
G
.
(8#
.n the rotating torus, the positive and negative gravitophoton fields are generated together, and, because of energy
conservation, their strengths are equal and can be directly calculated from /q. ($#. 'ssuming a magnetic
induction of 7% T, a current density of 67% 'Nmm
6
, and 410
5
turns for the magnetic coil, the positive
gravitophoton field should result in an acceleration of 310
2
m/s
2
, in direct vicinity of the torus. 3ome % m a(ay
from the torus the acceleration is do(n to some %. g or mNs
6
. This value for g
=
gp is being used in calculating the
value of n for interplanetary missions. 1or a transition into parallel space, positive gravitophotons do interact (ith
the gravitons of the spacecraft, being converted into vacuum particles (sixth interaction#, thus reducing the
gravitational potential of the spacecraft. /q. (8# then determines the condition for transition into parallel space
4
(n). 3ince n is an integer, the effect is quantized and requires a threshold value for g
=
gp. The result of the bac*-
transformation must not depend on the choice of the origin of the coordinate system in
4
. 's a result of the t(o
mappings from
4

4
(n)
4
, the spacecraft has moved a distance n v t (hen reentering
4
. The value t
denotes the time difference bet(een leaving and reentering
4
, as measured by an observer in
4
. This mapping for
the transformation of distance, time and velocity differences cannot be the identity matrix that is, the second
transformation is not the inverse of the first one. ' quantity v(n#<nv(#, obtained from a quantity of
4
, is not
transformed again (hen going bac* from
4
(n) to
4
. This is in contrast to a quantity li*e t(n) that transforms
into T. The reason for this non-symmetric behavior is that t(n) is a quantity from
4
(n) and thus is being
transformed. The spacecraft is assumed to be leaving
4
(ith velocity v. 3ince energy needs to be conserved in
4
,
x
i
(!)=
1
!
2
x (1) , i =1,2,3 " # (!)=
1
!
3
# (1)
v(!)=! v(1) " c(!)=!c(1) " G(!)=
1
!
G " h(!)=h " !N.
the *inetic energy of the spacecraft remains unchanged upon reentry. 1rom the numbers provided, it is clear that
gravitophoton field propulsion, is far superior compared to chemical propulsion, or any other currently conceived
propulsion system. 1or instance, an acceleration of g could be sustained during a lunar mission. 1or such a
mission only the acceleration phase is needed. ' launch from the surface of the earth is foreseen (ith a spacecraft
of a mass of some .$ %
$
*g. =ith a magnetic induction of 6% T, compare Table (6#, a rotational speed of the
torus of v
T
< %
7
mNs, and a torus mass of 6%
7
*g, an acceleration larger than g is produced and thus the first
half of the distance, d0, to the moon is covered in some 6 hours, (hich follo(s from #=
.
2
$
/ g , resulting in a
total flight time of 5 hours. ' :ars mission, under the same assumptions as a flight to the moon, (ould need an
acceleration phase of 55 hours. The final velocity (ould be v$ gt $ .5!%
&
mNs& The total flight time to 0ars
(ith acceleration and deceleration is 75 days. /ntering parallel space, a transition is possible at a speed of some
7%
5
mNs that (ill be reached after approximately hour at a constant acceleration of g. .n parallel space the
velocity increases to %.5 c, reducing total flight time to some 6.$ hours. 1or an interstellar mission see (+r>scher
and Hauser, 6%%5#.
CONCLUSIONS
.n this paper a novel t(o stage propulsion concept, termed field propulsion, (as presented that does not require
fuel and has a lo( energy budget. ' spacecraft might attain superluminal speed by entering parallel space. The
physics of field propulsion is based on an extension of the unified field theory by B. Heim, predicting t(o addi-
tional, gravitational li*e fundamental interactions, indicated by their messenger particles, attractive or repulsive
gravitophotons and the repulsive quintessence particle. The physical mechanism for generating these particles to-
gether (ith an experimental set-up (as discussed. .t (as calculated that the gravitophoton force for a magnetic in-
duction of some 6% T should be able to launch a spacecraft of %
$
*g from the surface of the earth, resulting in a
flight time of some 5 hours for a lunar mission. 'lso, the conditions for a spacecraft to transition into postulated
parallel space (ere presented, allo(ing to reach higher velocities that may eventually become superluminal. 's to
the credibility of HQT, it is most remar*able that most recent quantum gravity (,ovelli, 6%%7Q 3molin, 6%%5# also
uses a bac*ground independent, non-perturbative formulation but currently is restricted to gravity in 5+ that is, no
other forces are incorporated so far, (hile HQT lives in a quantized 8+ space (ith a poly-metric, unifying all fun-
damental physics, but requiring t(o additional interactions, i.e., there are three quanta of gravitation.
NOMENCLATURE
- . value /"r the "n$et "/ c"nver$!"n "/ 'h"t"n$ !nt" &rav!t"'h"t"n$, $ee 01. (10)
2 . the $tren&th "/ the $h!eld!n& '"tent!al cau$ed (% v!rtual electr"n$
c . 6.!!" !65 $8 %
8
ms
-
, vacuum speed of light
d . d!a#eter "/ the t"ru$ 3#4
d% . d!a#eter "/ the at"# !n !t$ &r"und $tate 3#4
-e < electron charge -.&%6 %
-!
-
)&' . &rav!t"'h"t"n /"rce, al$" ter#ed ,e!#-5"rent6 /"rce, $ee 01. (16)
) < )g 9 )gp 9 )q < &.&"7&!8 %
-
m
7
*g
-
s
-6
,

gravitational constant (computed# (ith )g <graviton
constant, G
g
G that is )g < &.&"66%7" %
-
m
7
*g
-
s
-6
(computed# describes the gravitational interaction
(ithout the postulated gravitophoton and quintessence interactions. )gp gravitophoton constant,
G
gp
(1/67)
2
G
g
and )q quintessence constant, G
q
410
18
G
g
g
i k
( gp)
< metric subtensor for the gravitophoton in subspace .
6
3
6

g
i k
( ph)
< metric subtensor for the photon in subspace .
6
3
6
T

H < magnetic field strength R'm

-
S
h < .%$5 $"6 && %
-75
Ts, ;lanc*4s constant
me < !.%! 78! " %%
-7
*g4 electron mass
mp < .&"6 &67 %
-6"
*g4 proton mass
/wgp < 'wph , see /qs. (6, &#, i.e., gravitophoton production needs a shielding potential
/> wgp < wph , factor introduced into /q. (5# to demonstrate that ?gp is a purely gravitational force
n < number of turns of magnetic coil
n c < integer multiple of c4 valid in parallel space, see /q. (8#
@ < distance from center of magnetic coil to location of virtual electron in torus RmS
Q < total electric charge of electrons moving in magnetic coil
r2 < distance from nucleus to virtual electron in torus RmS
v < velocity vector of charges flo(ing in the magnetic coil, some %
7
ms
-
for superconductors
v
T
< bul* velocity vector for rigid rotating ring (torus# (see 3ections. 7 and 5#, some %
7
ms
-
in circumferential
direction, modern fly(heels can reach ,8%% ms
-
wgp , wgpe , wgpa ,wgUq , wphUqp , wq < probability amplitudes (the square is the coupling coefficient# for,
respectively, the gravitophoton force (fifth fundamental interaction#, the emission of a gravitophoton by an
electron w
gpe
=w
gp
, absorption of a gravitophoton by a proton or neutron, transformation of gravitophotons
and gravitons into the quintessence particle (rest mass of some %
-77
eH, corresponding to dar* energy#,
transformation of photons into gravitophotons (see /q. (##, and quintessence particle (sixth fundamental
interaction, corresponding to dar* energy#
J < atomic number
@ < coupling constant for the electromagnetic force or fine structure constant N7"
@gp < coupling constant for the gravitophoton force
r% < 8.854 187 817%
-6
'sH
-
m
-
4 vacuum permittivity
% < 5%
-"
2m
-6
4 vacuum permeability
t < metron area (minimal surface, according to Heim 7)hN8c
7
#, current value is &.$%
-"%
m
6
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors are most grateful to ;rof. ;. +r. +r. '. ,esch, director of .)= at .nnsbruc* Vniversity, for his con-
tinuous support in (riting this paper. The second author (as partly funded by 'rbeitsgruppe .nnovative ;ro?e*te
(').;#, 0inistry of 3cience and /ducation, Hanover, )ermany. The authors are grateful to ,oger W. Fenard, 3an-
dia Faboratories for providing information on 3andia4s high performance magnets.
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