Chapter 17 Energy policy of 2005 o Emphasized fossil fuels o Created more coal mining plants 1st Law Efficiency

cy the percentage difference between what is available and what is actually converted to energy 2nd Law Efficiency how well matched the energy end use is with the quality of energy source. Cogeneration uses the waste heat and turns it into something useful. For example, heating up water to make steam. Energy efficient buildings Air pollution is a problem due to the lack of air circulation Hard & Soft Path o Hard Path continues to use fossil fuels (the easy way out) o Soft Path finding and using alternative energy (hard to do) Chapter 18 Oil mining rocks o Source rock where the oil is created o Reservoir rocks Oil is kept there until mined o Cap rocks prevent the rock from escaping up to the surface and evaporating. Enhanced oil recover pushing water, gas, or chemicals down to bring up more oil Methane hydrates underwater, trapped by ice crystals. Not mined because they are not stable Tar Sands sedimentary rocks or sands impregnated with tar oil. Recovered by mining the sands and washing the oil out with hot water Clean air amendments chemical and/or physical cleaning of coal prior to combustion. o Scrubbing injection of material rich in calcium carbonate into the gases following burning to remove sulfur dioxide Different states of Sulfur o Sulfur dioxide released when burning coal. It can cause acid rain o Sulfuric acid created in the atmosphere Fractional distillation a process where the oil is heated to high temperatures in order to separate the different types of oils based on the boiling temp Synfuel - liquid or gas transformed from a solid fossil fue. Converts coal to gas. A lot of energy is lost Chapter 19 Photovoltaics convert sunlight directly into energy o Used in developing countries to power fridges o Batteries are needed to keep energy overnight

Energy Unit

Luz Solar electric-generating system uses curved mirrors to heat a synthetic oil o Natural gas is used to heat up the oil if the sunlight does not produce enough heat Dams impact on the environment o Flood large tracts of land o Block fish migration o Trap sediment that would otherwise replenish beaches Groundwater can be used in the winter to heat up houses, and in summer to cool down. Chapter 20 Nuclear energy types o Fusion requires extremely high temps o Fission what is done today Breeder reactors produce more fuels using spent fuel cells rather than just disposing them Control Rods are used to control core temperatures by absorbing neutrons and therefore slowing down the reaction Nuclear fuel cycle o Mining and processing the uranioum to controlled fission o Uranium 235 enrichment to 3% o Packaging the fuel cells o Fuel cells being used by the reactors o Dealing with nuclear waste o During the cycle, radiation can enter or exit at any time The maximum amount of radiation a person who works in a nuclear plant can be exposed to is 50 mSv Yucca mountain is where we might dispose of high level radiation items.