1

Performance Evaluation of the On-line Transient Stability Control System (On-line TSC System)
Akira Takeuchi, Yoshihito Niwa Chubu Electric Power Co. Nagoya, Japan
Abstract-- Ten years have passed since the start of operation of CEPCOs on-line TSC system in 1995. This paper reports on the results of our evaluation of the actual performance of the system. Using the actual performance data, we intend to clarify the various merits of the system as listed below: 1) Improvement of TTC (total transfer capability) through elimination of transient stability limitations 2) Selectability of ideal power shedding 3) Reliability improved by configuration of different maker systems Keywords: -- On-line TSC system, power shedding, total transfer capability, state estimation, dynamic stability calculation

Masato Nakane, Tadashi Miura Chuden CTI Co. Nagoya, Japan

system and power source system after their network expansion. This system was initially the type for which the settings were determined in advance by manual calculations. Also, in 1995, an online-processing type of TSC system was developed and introduced, for the first time in the world, so as to provide a system stabilization procedure required by the construction of the second ring of the 500 kV network and the start of a loop operation [1][2][3]. With the introduction into the Shin-mikawa area in 2002, the on-line TSC was now in all the applicable systems of CEPCO. In 2003, this system received the 44th Edison Award from EEI (the Edison Electric Institute), which recognized CEPCOs achievement of the worlds first introduction of the system and the contribution of the system to efficient power management. II. ON-LINE TSC SYSTEM The on-line TSC system surveys its own system conditions by collecting status information of the breakers and disconnectors of the electric power system and measurement information of the line power flow, bus voltage, generator output and the like from the power supply information network. It also has the function of preemptively selecting a proper system stabilization procedure in response to assumed phenomena (contingency). The on-line TSC system, in particular, is the worlds first system which carries out stabilization procedures by collecting data on the current state of an entire power system and performing dynamic stability calculations for a large number of assumed phenomena based on the data collected online. A. Configuration of The On-line TSC System The on-line TSC system consists of TSC-P, TSC-C and TSC-T (See Fig. 2.). This system performs a control within 150 milliseconds from the detection of a system fault to the shut-off of certain generators. These constituent units are outlined below: (1) TSC-P (P : Parent) TSC-P serves as a CPU for the on-line TSC system. The overall system conditions of CEPCO are extracted from SV and TM data sent from all its substations. When a fault occurs in any of its transmission facilities being monitored, the generators to be shed for system stabilization are selected by stability calculations and the selection is conveyed to the

I. INTRODUCTION

apans electric power system consists of two separate frequency regions: a 50 Hz region and a 60 Hz region. The two regions are dc-linked by FC (frequency converter) stations. Located at the eastern end of the 60 Hz region, the electric power system of CEPCO (Chubu Electric Power Co., Inc.) is interconnected with a neighboring system by a single AC path. Our 500 kV system is in a loop operation, whereas a 275 kV system is basically in a radial operation. Being at the end of the elongated 60 Hz system stretching from east to west, our area has always had greater stability needs than those of the other power companies. That is why CEPCO has been tackling the problem of system stability in earnest.

60Hz

FC

50Hz

Chubu Electric Power Co., Inc.

Trunk Power Network

Fig. 1. Two Frequency regions and CEPCOs service area

In 1975, an older type of TSC (transient stability control) system, which was of a power flow monitoring type, was introduced to achieve the transient stability of our trunk power

1-4244-0493-2/06/$20.00 2006 IEEE.

TSC-C. The dynamic stability calculations are done on a system of about 100 generators, and one complete processing covers about 100 cases. The calculation period is designed to be five minutes or less, and the actual period is about three minutes. Complex stability calculations are performed at high speeds by a parallel arrangement of multiple CPUs with high processing capacity. (2) TSC-C (C : Child) Installed in each major substation, TSC-C receives information on the generators to be shed for stabilization from TSC-P. This unit detects a system fault near the substation and sends out a trip signal to the TSC-T installed at the generator to be shed. A fault is detected from the information of the line and/or bus protection relays operation, and the fault type is analyzed by the TSC-C. (3) TSC-T (T : Transfer Trip) Installed at the generator to be shed, a TSC-T receives a trip signal from a TSC-C and sends out an opening signal to its circuit breaker.
Fault occurs Network Information
On-line data
Stability Calculation Selection of Generators

Control (within 150ms)

C. Merits of The On-line TSC System As mentioned above, the on-line TSC is a system for collecting system information from the power supply information network, performing stability calculations using the obtained system data and selecting generators to be shed in response to the current system conditions. The principal merits of the on-line TSC system are as follows: (1) Improvement of TTC (total transfer capability) through elimination of transient stability limits (2) Selectability of ideal power shedding (3) Reliability improved by configuration of different maker systems (4) Adaptability to any system conditions (5) Reduced burden on maintenance and operation personnel (6) Provision of operational support information The results of our evaluation of actual performance for the merits (1) to (3) are discussed in the following chapter. (See reference [4] for the merits (4) to (6).) III. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION IN RELATION TO THE MERITS OF THE SYSTEM A. Improvement of TTC through Elimination of Transient Stability Limits The TTC of transmission lines is determined by various factors, which include (1) current capacity, which depends on the physical properties of the conductors used (thermal capacity limit); (2) transient stability limit, which depends on the disturbance in the synchronous operation of generators when a system failure occurs; and (3) voltage stability limit, which depends on voltage drops when a system failure occurs. Of these factors, the one which presents the lowest value determines the TTC. In Japan, where radial operation of the power system is now common, however, the TTC is often determined by (2) and (3). (See Fig. 4.)
(3)Voltage Stability limit Power Flow (1)Thermal limit (2)Transient Stability limit

BusLineProtection Protection

Fault
Stand by for Generator shedding

Fault
Generator shedding signal

TSC-P

TSC-C

TSC-T

Power (Generator) Shedding

Fig. 2. Configuration of on-line TSC

B. Introduction of The On-line TSC Systems There are two on-line TSC systems currently operating, namely, the Trunk Power TSC System to protect the 500 kV trunk power system (introduced in 1995), and the Power Source TSC System to protect the 154 to 275 kV power source systems around the generators. The power source systems have been introduced successively into three separate areas, which are the CEPCOs western service area (introduced in 1996), eastern service area (introduced in 1998) and the Shin-mikawa area (introduced in 2002).
500kV double-circuit Line 275 kV double-circuit Line 154 kV double-circuit Line Line monitored by on-line TSC system Substation Switching Station Power Station Frequency Converter Station

Hokuriku EPCO
BTB

Trunk Power System

Tokyo EPCO

TTC
Lapse of time
Fig 4. TTC Limits

TSC-P TSC-C TSC-T Kansai EPCO Seibu Power Source System Tobu Power Source System Tokyo EPCO Shin-mikawa Power Source System

Pacific Ocean
0 SCALE OF MILES 100

Fig. 3. The present bulk power system and power source system of CEPCO

Within CEPCOs system are high-efficiency, large-scale thermal power source systems with their total station output of approx. 4,000 MW or more, which are operating at full output 24 hours a day. In evaluating the stability of a system like this, it is necessary to take into consideration the effects of the whole of CEPCOs power systems including the 500

4,000 3,500 ) W 3,000 M ( 2,500 w o l 2,000 F r e 1,500 w o 1,000 P 500 0

TTC after on-line TSC applied

Transmission Line Power Flow

kV trunk power systems. Therefore, when the on-line TSC system is not used, it is often the transient stability limits that determine the TTC. Yet, the use of the on-line TSC system raises the transient stability limit of (2) substantially. As a result, the transmission line whose transfer capability was once determined by the transient stability limit, can be used to its thermal capacity limit or voltage stability limit. Thus the on-line TSC system has succeeded in raising the TTC of one transmission line by 2,000 MW, for instance. (See Fig. 5.) Hence, it is no longer necessary to conduct restricted operations of power stations connected to this power source system.

by a substituting plant. GCr is generating cost by a restricted plant.

Cb = PE GCd

(4)

where Cb is benefit from TTC improvement. For example, we have calculated the increase in power flow in an calculation period, using a simplified image as shown in Fig. 6.

One TSC calculation period (about 5 min)

PAVR P0

Increase in Power Flow Actual power flow

Actual Power Flow

Increase of TTC (about 2,000MW)

TTC before on-line TSC applied

Time
Not calculated Power flow increase calculated (required power shedding) Not calculated

9 12 15 Time (hour)

18

21

0 24

Fig. 6. Calculation of equation (1)

Fig. 5. Power flow and increase of TTC

1): Economic Evaluation of The On-line TSC System We have carried out a calculation of the economic benefit of the on-line TSC system, using the actual performance data collected for a period of about three years from April 2002 to December 2004 after the introduction of the system. By focusing our attention on the power source systems of CEPCOs western area, eastern area and Shin-mikawa area, we calculated the restricted amount in generated output from the difference between the TTC when the on-line TSC system is not used and the power flow measured through measurement information. Then this value was multiplied by the difference in generation cost, which may result from substituted power generation by a plant of another power source system (difference in variation costs). The product thus obtained is the improvement in TTC when the on-line TSC system is used, or the economic benefit of the on-line TSC system. (See the following equations (1) to (4).)

2): Economic Benefit of The On-line TSC System The calculation as discussed above shows that the average increase in line power flow from the improvement of TTC due to the use of the on-line TSC system is approx. 1,000 MW, which is equal to the economic benefit of about US$840,000 per day. B. Selectability of Ideal Power Shedding Fig. 7 shows a comparison of the results of power shedding selected by the former TSC system, which relied on the settings for a stabilization procedure by manual calculations, and by the on-line TSC system. As is apparent, the on-line TSC system, which sets optimum control settings in response to constantly changing system conditions, can reduce the control amount far more efficiently than did the former TSC.
) W) MW ( 2000 w ( oM l e F rm e u l w o1500 o PV g e i nn i d1000 Ld e n oh i S s sr i e 500 mo w s n P a r T 0
2500

Transmission line power flow

Pi = PAVR P0

(1)

Power shedding amount by the former TSC Power shedding amount by the on-line TSC

where Pi is the fault average increase in line power flow due to TTC improvement. PAVR is average power flow in a case in which power shedding is necessary. P0 is TTC when the online TSC system is not used.

PE = Pi Td GC d = GC s GC r

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

( 2)

Time (hour)

where PE is required restriction in generated output. Td is necessary duration of power shedding.

Fig. 7. Results of power shedding selection by the former-type system stabilization system and the on-line TSC

(3)

where GCd is difference in unit cost. GCs is generating cost

Fig. 8 illustrates the changes in power flow through power supply lines of an LNG thermal power source system. Fig. 9 shows the results of power shedding selected by an on-line TSC for the transmission line. Fig. 10 and Fig. 11 show the same by a coal-fired thermal power source system. CEPCOs LNG thermal power source system in its western service area has a major capacity of supplying 4,500 MW of electric power, which includes high-efficiency state-of-the-art combined cycle generators. This system uses middlecommitment units and regulates generator output according to demand. The on-line TSC system applied to this area has been flexibly selecting generators to be shed to stabilize the whole system in response to the large variations in generator output which reflect differences in day and night demand. (See Fig. 9.) In the coal-fired thermal power system of CEPCOs Shinmikawa area, the plants are low-cost and high-commitment coal-fired units, which operate at full output 24 hours a day. They also constitute a large-scale power source system whose total output is on 4,100 MW. In a power system like this, the power flow through the power lines peaks during the midnight hours, when the amount of power shedding also becomes the greatest during the entire 24 hours of a day. In this system, the variation in line power flow is small at about 600 MW, compared with that of the LNG thermal power system, but the variation in power shedding, which is 2,400 MW (two 700 MW generators and one 1,000 MW generator), is large. In this kind of area, any system disturbance near the power plant must be evaluated while monitoring the entire power system. Thus, the on-line TSC system provides optimum power shedding in contrast to the former TSC system which determines the amount of power shedding based on only one transmission line power flow. As a result, restriction of system disturbances due to unnecessary power sheddings may be reduced, and the burden on the operators lightened.

) W M ( w o l F r e w o P e n i L n o i s s i m s n a r T

) W M ( t n u o m a g n i d d e h S r e w o P

Transmission Line Power Flow

Total demand
25,000

4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 0:00 6:00 12:00 18:00

20,000

15,000

10,000

5,000

) W M ( d n a m e d l a t o T

0 0:00

power shedding amount Time (hour)

Fig. 9. Power shedding selection in an LNG thermal system

System side

System side

Power flow increase

1G 2G 3G
Load reduction
< Day hours >

1G 2G 3G
Constant output
< Night hours >

Fig. 10. Changes in power flow in an coal-fired system

System side

System side

) Transmission Line Power Flow W) MW ( w M ( o l t F n r u e o w m o P a g e n i n i L d d e n h o i S s s i r e w m s o n P a r T power shedding amount Time (hour)

6,00 5,00 4,00 3,00 2,00 1,00 0 0:00 6:00 12:00

Total demand
20,00

15,00

10,00

5,00

) W M ( d n a m e d l a t o T

0 18:00 0:00

Fig. 11. Power shedding selection in an coal-fired system

Power flow reduction

C. Reliability Improved by Configuration of Different Maker Systems 1): Computation Flow of On-line TSC-P The on-line TSC-P has a dual maker configuration of system A by Toshiba and system B by Hitachi. This system realizes excellent reliability by the duality of not only its hardware but also its software, which uses two different systems for the same specifications. In this dual system, online system information is taken in at the same time and dynamic stability calculations are performed using the status estimations. Then the calculation results of the two constituent parts are compared with each other and the one requiring greater power shedding (safe side) is employed, thus making this system configuration highly reliable.

1G 2G 3G
Load reduction

1G 2G 3G

< Day time >

< Night time >

Output reduction

Fig. 8. Changes in power flow in an LNG thermal system

5
Online information

System A
Input of system information Status estimation
Comparison

Input of system information Status estimation Detailed stability calculation & power shedding selection Data transmission System B (Hitachi)

(MW)

Detailed stability calculation & power shedding selection Data transmission System A (Toshiba)

B m e t s y S

(MW)

Fig. 10. Computation flow of the power source TSC-P

2): Calculation of status estimation results The status estimation programs for both systems A and B of the on-line TSC system employ the weighted least-square method. However, the two makers, which rely on their own technologies for the processing of defective data or weighting, use different software of their own. In this investigation, we compared the results of status estimation by systems A and B for the same transmission lines during the period from April to December of 2004 (about 15,000 cases). Fig. 13 shows the results of comparison on a power line A in the western area, whereas Fig. 14 shows the results of comparison on a power line B in the eastern area. In these figures, the differences between status estimation and measurement information data (status estimation result measurement information value) for the same power line were plotted on the vertical axis for system A and the horizontal axis for system B, using the status estimation results based on the status information and measurement information data taken at the same time. This means that the range of points with smaller difference in the results between systems A and B are plotted closer to the y = x line in the figures. We can see from Fig. 13 and 14 that the difference in the results between systems A and B is small despite the difference in their software.
System A
(MW)

Fig. 14. Active power on 275 kV transmission line B 3): Comparison of The Results of Power Shedding Selection Next, comparison is made of the two systems concerning the results of power shedding selection. We have compared the results of power shedding selection for the same faults on the same transmission lines during the period from April to December of 2004, using about 15,000 cases, which were the same as those in the status estimation. The dynamic stability calculation programs for the on-line TSC system are the makers own programs, which use different software between systems A and B as with their status estimation programs. Fig. 15 shows the results of comparison in power shedding selection for a 3 phase 4 line-to-ground faults on a power line in the eastern area, and Fig. 16 those of a 2 phase 3 line-toground faults. In these figures, the ratios to the total count of computations (about 15,000 cases), with the number of units selected for power shedding by system A plotted on the vertical axis and the number of units selected for power shedding by system B plotted on the horizontal axis, are shown on the cells. These are the results of power shedding selection using the status information and measurement information taken at the same time. From Fig. 15 and 16, it is clear that there is a general agreement in the results of power shedding selection between the 3 phase 4 line-to-ground faults and the 2 phase 3 line-to-ground faults. Also, even when there is a difference in the selection results, we can see that the difference in power shedding amount is within one generator. As for 3 phase 4 line-to-ground faults, system A tends to have more selections for power shedding, whereas for the 2 phase 3 line-to-ground faults, system B tends to have more selections for power shedding. It can be seen that the tendencies vary with the mode of the fault. In this on-line TSC system, results from both systems A and B are compared, and the result requiring greater power shedding is employed. From these tendencies, therefore, it can be concluded that the configuration of different maker systems contributes to higher reliability in stabilization control as well.

B m e t s y S

(MW)

Fig. 13. Active power on 275 kV transmission line A

(%)

4 unit

TABLE I OPERATING RATES OF ON-LINE TSC SYSTEM IN THE PERIIOD FROM 2002 TO 2004

g n i Ad d e m h e t s s r y Se w o P

3 unit 2 unit 1 unit Stable 0.1 85.2 0.3 9.4

0.2 4.2

0.002

System type Trunk Power TSC system

B Stable

1 unit

2 unit

3 unit

4 unit

System B Power shedding

Fig. 15. Comparison results of power shedding selection at assumed 3 phase 4 line-to-ground faults

Power Source TSC system

System shutdown type One system shutdown hours Both system shutdown hours One system shutdown hours Both system shutdown hours

2002 2003 2004 214 0 379 0 205 0 282 0 162 0 196 0

Total 581 (2.2%) 0 (0.0%) 857 (3.3%) 0 (0.0%)

Operating rate (%) 100

100

IV. CONCLUSIONS Through our evaluation of the actual performance of the on-line TSC system during the period from 2002 to 2004, we have reached the following conclusions: (1) The introduction of the on-line TSC system has contributed significantly not only to a stable supply of electric power but also to an economic operation owing to the improved TTC. (2) The system configuration of different makers and different logics has helped eliminate the simultaneous stoppage of both systems A and B as shown in Table 1.

(%)

4 unit

g n i Ad d e m h e t s s r y Se w o P

3 unit 2 unit 1 unit Stable 0.002 87.2 3.3 1.6 0.2 2.1

B Stable

1 unit

2 unit

3 unit

4 unit

System B Power shedding

Fig. 16. Comparison results of power shedding selection at assumed 2 phase 3 line-to-ground faults

V. REFERENCES
[1] T.Inoue, M.Tsukada, H.Itoh, E.Suzuki, H.Shirai, Y.Kokai, Y.Nakata "Development Plan for Wide-Area Power Network Blackout Prevention System Based on Online Stability Calculation," CIGRE SC-39 Colloquium Paper 4.3, Sydney, September 1993 H. Ota, Y. Kitayama, H. Ito, N. Fukushima, K. omata, K. Morita, Y. Kokai "DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSIENT STABILITY CONTROL SYSTEM(TSC SYSTEM) BASED ON ON-LINE STABILITY CALCULATION", IEEE Trans. on Power SYSTEM, Vol.11, No.3, pp.1463-1472, August 1996. S.Kumano, Y.Miwa, Y.Kokai, M.Yotsu, K.Omata, T.Asano "Evaluation of the Transient Stability Controller System Model, " CIGRE SC-38 35th Session, Paris, August 1994. M.Koaizawa, Masato Nakane, Kazuya Omata, Yutaka Kokai "Actual Operating Experience of On-line Transient Stability Control System (TSC System)," IEEE PES Winter Meeting, 2000. Volume: 1, pp 84_89.

[2]

4): Operation time of the on-line TSC system Table 1 shows the shutdown hours of both systems and those of one of the systems of the on-line TSC system during the three years since 2002, when the Shin-mikawa area system started operating. We can see that the both system shutdown hours were zero and the one system shutdown hours were 2 to 3 percent of the total operating hours. It is to be noted also that the one system shutdown hours were mostly due to maintenance works and very little due to the faults. With this system, the maker duality of both hardware and software contributed greatly to the realization of high operating rates.

[3]

[4]

VI. BIOGRAPHIES
Akira Takeuchi was born in Mie, Japan on July 11, 1958. He received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from Ritsumeikan University, Japan in 1981. He joined Chubu Electric Power Co., Inc. in April 1981.He has been working in the field of power system planning, protection and operations. Currently, he is a manager of power system engineering section, power system operations department.He is a member of IEE Japan and a regular member of CIGRE SCB5.

Yoshihito Niwa was born in Gifu, Japan on April 22, 1973. He received B.S. and M.S. degrees in Electrical Engineering from Waseda University in 1996 and 1998 respectively. He joined Chubu Electric Power Co., Inc. in April 1998. He has been engaged in the construction of protection relays and the maintenance of on-line TSC. He is currently working at Power System Operations Department. He is a member of IEE Japan.

Masato Nakane was born in Aichi, Japan on April 4, 1961. He received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from Meijyo University in 1985. He joined Chuden Computer Service Co., Ltd. in April 1985. He has been engaged in development of computer systems for power system control.Chuden CTI Co., Ltd. was established through the amalgamation of the CTI Ltd. and the Chuden Computing Service Ltd. Since 2003 he has been engaged in development of computer systems for power system control and analysis.

Tsdashi Miura was born in Aichi, Japan on August 2, 1971. He graduated in Information engineering from Telecommunication engineering academy in 1993. He joined Chuden Computer Service Co., Ltd. in 1993. He has been engaged in development of computer systems for power system control. Chuden Co., Ltd. was established through the amalgamation of the CTI Ltd. and the Chuden Computing Service Ltd. Since 2003 he has been engaged in development of computer systems for power system control and analysis.