Page 1 1/26/2014

Applied combustion engineering

(Prof. S.noda)
Student name: Subhan Ullah
Student ID: M135117
Department: Me!an"a#
$o%o!a&!" 'n"(er&"t% of $e!no#og%
1
1
1
]
1

)) )% )*
%) %% %*
*) *% **
Page 2 1/26/2014
Navier-Stokes Equations
+e ,ou#d #"-e to der"(e t!e differential form of the momentum conservation law for
"nompre&&".#e f#o,&. +e &!a## f"r&t !oo&e an "nf"n"te&"ma##% &ma## ontro#
) % * /
around t!e po"nt (*0 %0 )) and t!en &!r"n- t!"& (o#ume to a po"nt .%
a##o,"ng / 0. 1ea## from t!e Newtons second law of motion:
,!ere t!e left hand side represents the sum of the eternal forces and the right hand
side represents the inertia forces. S"ne ,e !a(e a#read% der"(ed t!e e*pre&&"on for
Dt
/ D
a

a& t!e ae#erat"on at a po"nt0 ,e2## u&e t!"& re&u#t !ere.

3et u& re("e, &ome fat& a.out &tre&&e&. $!e &tre&& ten&or t!at %ou ,ere taug!t "n t!e
&trengt! of mater"a#& and repre&ented .% t!e matr"* .e#o, !a& 4 omponent&.
5ote t!at 67 repre&ent& a normal stress and 67 repre&ent& a shear stress. S"ne &tre&&
"& def"ned a& a fore o(er an area0 each stress component has two subscripts. 8or
e*amp#e0
*
*
**
9
8

repre&ent& a fore "n t!e *:d"ret"on t!at "& a#&o at"ng o(er an area
t!at "& "n t!e *:d"ret"on. 5o,0 an area ma! be considered positive or negative"
depending on whether the outward normal to the area points in the positive or
negative coordinate direction# 8or e*amp#e0 "n t!e d"agram .e#o,0 ,e !a(e !o&en a
po&"t"(e and a negat"(e %:area.
$!u&0 t!e &tre&& due to t!e fore 8
%
&!o,n on t!e po&"t"(e %:fae ,"## repre&ent a po&"t"(e
&tre&&. S"m"#ar#%0 a po&"t"(e &tre&& on t!e negat"(e %:fae mu&t .e due to a fore po"nt"ng
a m 8 8
S ;


+

$

%
!
&
!

!
'
... )
2
%
( ) t 0 ) 0 % 0 * (
% 2
1
2
%
) t 0 ) 0 % 0 * (
%
) t 0 ) 0 % 0 * ( ) t 0 ) 0
2
%
% 0 * (
2
2
%%
2
%%
%% %%

Page 3 1/26/2014
"n t!e negat"(e %:d"ret"on0 P
%
. +e ma% .e a.#e to repre&ent &!ear &tre&&e& t!e &ame ,a%.
<ue&t"on: (an !ou identif! the shear stress due to the force $

shown in the above
diagram) *hat will its subscript be and will it !ield a positive or negative shear
stress)
In t!e ne*t &et of f"gure& we assume that the stress tensor is known at the center of a
small control volume
) % * /
which is centered at +" !" ',. $o e#"m"nate t!e
&tre&& (a#ue& on t!e &urfae& of t!e ontro# (o#ume ,e app#% t!e $a%#or &er"e& e*pan&"on&
a& .efore. +e a&&ume t!e &tre&&e& are a## positive (".e.0 fore& at on po&"t"(e fae& "n
po&"t"(e d"ret"on0 or on negat"(e fae& "n negat"(e d"ret"on.). =ne &u! t%p"a#
arrangement "& &!o,n on t,o %:fae& .e#o,.
3et u& e*am"ne t!e term
) *
2
%
%
%%
%%

,
_

.$!e or"g"n of
) ) 0 % 0 * (
%%

"& at t!e
enter of t!e (o#ume. >o,e(er0 since we would like to obtain the value of the stress on
the --!.-face" we must epand
) ) 0
2
%
% 0 * (
%%


u&"ng /a!lor series a.out t!e
) ) 0 % 0 * (
%%

and "t& %:der"(at"(e& at (*0%0)):

;ut t!"& pro("de& on#% t!e &!ear (a#ue0 t!e orre&pond"ng fore "n t!e 6:%7:d"ret"on "&
g"(en .%
) *
2
%
%
%%
%%

,
_

a& a first order approimation. S"m"#ar"#% t!e ot!er
&tre&& term& are ,r"tten#

!
'
) *
2
%
%
%*
%*

,
_

) *
2
%
%
%)
%)

,
_

) *
2
%
%
%*
%*

,
_

+
) *
2
%
%
%)
%)

,
_

+
) *
2
%
%
%%
%%

,
_

) *
2
%
%
%%
%%

,
_

+
) % * /
%
)
*
Page 4 1/26/2014
0erivation of Navier1s Equations
Now let us focus on onl! the forces that act in the !-direction ("n&tead of t!o&e t!at at
on %:fae&). =ne t!"& re&u#t "& der"(ed ,e ma% .e a.#e to ,r"te &"m"#ar e*pre&&"on& for
t!e *: and ):d"ret"on&. 8or t!"& purpo&e0 u&e t!e fo##o,"ng &-et!:
5ote t!at t!e a.o(e &!o,n are t!e onl! possible surface forces in the !-direction on the
control volume. $!erefore:
Page 5 1/26/2014
2od! %orce a#ong
) % *
%
;
;%
8 %
5o, ,e are read% to ,r"te t!e !-component of the momentum equation:
S"ne t!e ma&& of t!e &ma## ontro# (o#ume !o&en "&
) % * /
0 and
)
(
,
%
(
(
*
(
u
t
(
Dt
D(
a
%

0 t!u&0

,
_

,
_

z
v
w
y
v
v
x
v
u
t
v
z y x z y x B z y x
z y x
y
zy yy xy


?ane##"ng / from .ot! &"de& ,e get:

,
_

,
_

)
(
,
%
(
(
*
(
u
t
(
;
) % *
%
)% %% *%
$!e first three terms on the left hand side represent surface forces per unit volume
and t!e fourth one is the bod! force per unit volume# S"m"#"ar#%0 t!e r"g!t !and &"de
term& o##et"(e#% repre&ent the inertia force per unit volume.
3et u& e*am"ne t!e term
*
*%

one aga"n. $!"& term "& t!e &urfae fore on t!e ontro#
(o#ume t!at ar"&e& due to t!e net shear force between two -. surfaces but acting

!
'
) %
2
*
*
*%
*%

,
_

+
% *
2
)
)
)%
)%

,
_

) %
2
*
*
*%
*%

,
_

% *
2
)
)
)%
)%

,
_

+
) *
2
%
%
%%
%%

,
_

) *
2
%
%
%%
%%

,
_

+
%
)
*
) *
2
%
%
%%
%%
) *
2
%
%
%%
%% S%
8

,
_

,
_

+
) %
2
*
*
*%
*%
) %
2
*
*
*%
*%

,
_

,
_

+ +
% *
2
)
)
)%
)%
% *
2
)
)
)%
)%

,
_

,
_

+ +
) *
2
%
)
2 ) %
2
*
*
2 ) *
2
%
%
2
)% *% %%

) % *
) % *
)% %% *%

,
_

% ;% S%
ma 8 8 +
Page 6 1/26/2014
along the !-direction. 3"-e,"&e t!e &eond and t!"rd term& are due to t!e norma# fore
and &!ear fore .et,een t,o %:&urfae& and t,o ):&urfae& re&pet"(e#%.
5ote there is a pattern which emerges from the summation of all the !-forces on the
control volume. $!e &tre&& term&@ &eond &u.&r"pt& are a## %0 repre&ent"ng t!e d"ret"on
of t!e fore0 .ut t!e f"r&t &u.&r"pt& t!at repre&ent ,!"! area& t!e fore& at on0 !ange
from * to ) for ea! &ue&&"(e term. S"m"#ar#% t!e der"(at"(e& !ange a#&o from * to ) for
ea! term. $!e (etor omponent "& repre&ented .% %0 and t!e (e#o"t% omponent "&
aord"ng#%0 (. 3"-e,"&e t!e *:and t!e ):eAuat"on& ma% a#&o .e ,r"tten rat!er t!an
der"(ed. 8"na##% a## t!ree eAuat"on& are repre&ented .%:
$!e a.o(e t!ree eAuat"on& are o##et"(e#% a##ed the Navier1s equations0 named after
t!e"r or"g"nator. 5ote t!at t!e&e eAuat"on& !a(e 4 "ndependent (ar"a.#e& (*0 %0 )0 and t) .ut
34 dependent variables +u" v" w" and the stress components,. +e &!a## a&&ume t!at t!e
.od% fore omponent& (,!"! "& u&ua##% due to gra("t% "n me!an"a# eng"neer"ng
pro.#em&) are -no,n. $!erefore0 t!e Navier1s equations are not solvable &"ne t!ere are
4 more un-no,n& "n t!e&e eAuat"on& t!an t!e num.er of eAuat"on&.
$o ma-e t!e&e eAuat"on& &o#(a.#e0 Stokes propo&ed a &et of constitutive relations g"(en
.e#o,. $!e&e re#at"on&0 together with the continuit! equation der"(ed .efore ma-e t!e
5a("er2& eAuat"on& &o#(a.#e. $!e Sto-e2& re#at"on& "n (artesian (oordinates are:

,
_

,
_

)
u
,
%
u
(
*
u
u
t
u
;
) % *
*
)*
%*
**

,
_

,
_

)
(
,
%
(
(
*
(
u
t
(
;
) % *
%
)% %% *%

,
_

,
_

)
,
,
%
,
(
*
,
u
t
,
;
) % *
)
))
%)
*)

,
_

)
(
%
,
)% %)

,
_

%
u
*
(
%* *%

,
_

*
,
)
u
*) )*
%
(
2 /
3
2
p
%%

+

)
,
2 /
3
2
p
))

+

*
u
2 /
3
2
p
**

+

Page 7 1/26/2014
In t!e a.o(e re#at"on&0 "& t!e d!namic viscosit! and p "& t!e thermod!namic
pressure. 9#&o note t!at &"ne t!e &tre&& ten&or "& &%mmetr" (".e.0
*%
B
%*
0 et)0 t!e f"r&t
t!ree re#at"on& are ,r"tten "n a more ompat form rat!er t!an u&"ng 6 #"ne&.
S"ne our fou& "n t!"& #a&& "& "nompre&&".#e f#o,&0 ,e ma% .e a.#e to &et 0 /

"n
t!e a.o(e re#at"on& .% t!e u&e of t!e ont"nu"t% eAuat"on for "nompre&&".#e f#o,&. If ,e
&u.&t"tute t!e a.o(e eAuat"on "nto t!e 5a("er2& eAuat"on& and repeated#% u&e t!e
ont"nu"t% eAuat"on for "nompre&&".#e f#o,& (t!"& ,or- "& #eft out for %ou to tr% a& an
e*er"&e)0 ,e o.ta"n t!e &"mp#"f"ed form of t!e 5a("er2& eAuat"on& a&:
In t!e a.o(e eAuat"on&0 popu#ar#% a##ed the Navier-Stokes equations0 ,e !a(e on#% 4
dependent (ar"a.#e& (u0 (0 ,0 and p)0 one aga"n a&&um"ng ;
*
0 ;
%
0 and ;
)
to .e -no,n.
$!u& add"ng t!e ont"nu"t% eAuat"on to t!"& &et:
+e no, !a(e a &et of 4 eAuat"on& "n 4 dependent (ar"a.#e&0 or un-no,n&. $!erefore0 t!e
f#u"d d%nam" pro.#em& for "nompre&&".#e f#o,& are no, #ear#% &een to .e &o#(a.#e.

,
_

,
_

2
2
2
2
2
2
*
)
u
%
u
*
u
*
p
;
)
u
,
%
u
(
*
u
u
t
u

,
_

,
_

2
2
2
2
2
2
%
)
(
%
(
*
(
%
p
;
)
(
,
%
(
(
*
(
u
t
(

,
_

,
_

2
2
2
2
2
2
)
)
,
%
,
*
,
)
p
;
)
,
,
%
,
(
*
,
u
t
,
0
)
,
%
(
*
u
/

0 /

+A,
/ p ;
Dt
/ D
2

+ +2,

,
_

,
_

2
2
2
2
2
2
)
/
%
/
*
/
p ;
)
/
,
%
/
(
*
/
u
t
/

0 /

Page C 1/26/2014
In #ater !apter&0 our attempt ,"## .e to &o#(e t!"& &et of 4 eAuat"on& "n 4 un-no,n&
ana#%t"a##% for (ar"ou& "nterna# and e*terna# f#o, onf"gurat"on&. 5emember that these
equations ma! not be applied to compressible flow problems# %or those" we need to
derive the Navier-Stokes equations without the eplicit use of the incompressible
continuit! equation#
=ften t!e ont"nu"t% eAuat"on and t!e "nompre&&".#e 5a("er:Sto-e& eAuat"on& are ,r"tten
"n (etor form a&:
=r0 &"mp#%:
5ote t!at t!e f"r&t eAuat"on +A, "& a scalar equation (S"ne
)
,
%
(
*
u
/

"& a
&a#ar). >o,e(er0 t!e &eond eAuat"on0 +2)0 !"de& 3 eAuat"on& (one ea! for t!e *0 %0 and )
omponent&) "nto a &"ng#e eAuat"on. $!u& ,e &t"## !a(e 4 eAuat"on& "n 4 un-no,n&.
+e !a(e a#read% d"&u&&ed t!e p!%&"a# &"gn"f"ane of t!e eAuat"on +A,. DAuat"on +2, "&
t!e (etor form of t!e 5e,ton2& &eond #a, of mot"on (e*ept ea! term !a& .een
d"("ded .% / dur"ng t!e der"(at"on). $!u& t!e #eft !and &"de repre&ent& "nert"a fore per
un"t (o#ume0 ,!"#e ea! of t!e t!ree term& "n t!e r"g!t !and &"de repre&ent& a t%pe of
e*terna# fore per un"t (o#ume (.od% fore0 pre&&ure fore0 and ("&ou& fore
re&pet"("#%).
Eample +use of Navier1s equation 6 Stokes1 laws,:
&roblem:
/he velocit! profile for full! developed laminar flow between two parallel plates separated b!
distance 4b is given b!

,
_

2
2
ma*
.
%
1 u u
where u
ma
is the centerline velocit! +at ! 7
8,# 0etermine the shear force per unit volume on a fluid element in the -direction#
%ind the maimum value of this quantit! for this flow" when b =1 m, u
max
=2 m/s and
=10
-1
N sec/m
2
(SAE-10W).
u
ma*
*
%
%
u
%
u
*
(
%*

,
_

0
)
u
*
,
)*

,
_

0
0 0
Page 4 1/26/2014
Solution:
9iven:
/e#o"t% Prof"#e u(%)
9t % B 00 u B u
ma*
9t % B t.0 u B 0
%ind:
(")
) %
)*
%*

("") $!e ma*"mum (a#ue of t!e t!e re&u#t "n (")
+0iscussion:$!"& pro.#em& #anguage "nd"ate& u&e of t!e 5a("er:Sto-e& eAuat"on.
doe& not !o#d ot!er,"&e :owever if the Navier-Stokes form +2, is used" we
must test for incompressibilit! since +2,.
9&&ume: ( B 0 B , &"ne t!e (e#o"t% prof"#e g"(en "& on#% "n t!e *:
d"ret"on.
?!e- "nompre&&"."#"t%:
0
)
,
0 0
%
(
0 0
*
u

0 /

$!u& t!e pro.#em ma% .e &o#(ed .% &"mp#% a#u#at"ng u
2
. +e &!a## a## t!"&
part Met!od II)
;ethod <
Eo(ern"ng eAuat"on: 5a("er2& eAuat"on2& *:omponent0 ,"t!
+i, Shear force per unit volume along the - direction is given b!
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
%
u
)
u
%
u
*
u
u

,
_

0
0

,
_

2
ma*
.
% 2
u
%
u
2
ma*
2
2
.
u 2
%
u

t tan on&
.
u
2
) %
2
ma* )*
%*

Page 10 1/26/2014

( )
2
2
0
y
u
z y
u
y z y
zx yx

+
,
_

Now"
+ii, Ma*"mum (a#ue B
4 .
) 1 (
) 2 (
) 10 ( 2
1


5/m
3
$!"& (a#ue "& f"*ed e(er%,!ere "n t!e !anne#.
;ethod <<
Eo(ern"ng eAuat"on: *:omponent of t!e "nompre&&".#e 5a("er2& eAuat"on. 8"nd
u
2
.
$!e re&t of t!e &o#ut"on fo##o,& t!e &ame ,a% a& g"(en "n ;ethod < a.o(e.