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Core 1 and Core 2

Trigonometry
Triangle ABC

Sine Rule

can be used upside down if trying to find an angle Important that side a is opposite angle A and side b opposite angle B and side c opposite angle C

Cosine Rule is given in formulae sheets but you need to be able to


rearrange to get as the subject

( )

important that the angle C is the angle between the two sides a and b

Area of Triangle

+ = Radians Sector Area Arc length =


Basic Trigonometry SOHCAHTOA = = =



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( = ) ( = ) ( = + ) ( = ) () = ( + ) = ( ) () = Useful Trigonometric Triangles


Just remember that sin 30 = and you can work out the rest using Pythagoras Theorem and basic trigonometry

Just remember that tan 45 = 1 and you can work out the rest using Pythagoras Theorem and basic trigonometry

60

2 1 30 1 = = = 45

45

= = =

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Solving quadratics
factorise, complete the square or quadratic equation

Quadratic Equation
+ + = 0

Completing the square


we can use this to work out where the turning points are and to help sketch the curve or to solve quadratic equations. Eg 4 16 + 5 = 4( 4 )+ 5 = 4(( 2) 2 ) 5 4(( 2) 4) 5 = 4( 2) 21 Turning point (2, -21) Line of symmetry = 2

Hidden Quadratics
By using substitution we can change an equation into a quadratic that can be solved. eg + 6 + 8 = 0 Let = so we have + 6 + 8 = 0 or + 2 8 = 0 let = both of which can be solved

so we have + 2 8 = 0

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Laws of logarithms = =

= = + = =

= Change of base Solving equations with logs


Eg = 5 take logs of both sides = (5 ) = 5 = could also have taken logs to base 5 and then would get the same answer =

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Calculus Differentiation
multiply by power and reduce power by 1

Integration = +

increase power by 1 and then divide by new power

= +

Area under curve between curve and axis

Area under curve ) =


(

between curve and y axis

) =

Stationary Points
Minimum, maximums and points of inflection Differentiate and set =0 and solve to find To investigate whether a minimum or maximum differentiate again to get substitute in the value and if positive then minimum, if negative then maximum, if 0 then a point of inflection

Increasing function
Where the gradient is positive (sloping upwards)

Decreasing function
Where the gradient is negative (sloping downwards)
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Coordinate Geometry Equation of a line Gradient of line

If have gradient m and a point ( , ) that the line goes through

= ( )

If have two points on the line ( , ) and ( , )

Equation of a circle
Centre (a, b) and radius r

( ) + ( ) = (

Midpoint
If have two points on the line ( , ) and ( , )

Length of a line

If have two points on the line ( , ) and ( , )By Pythagoras Theorem

( ) + ( )

Normal is perpendicular to Tangent The gradients are the negative reciprocal of each other
eg gradient tangent then gradient normal is

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Sequences
Formulae given in booklet but do need to recognise if a geometric sequence or arithmetic

Geometric Arithmetic
eg , , ,

each term is a constant multiple of the previous term each term is a constant addition to the previous term each term gets closer and closer to a number

Convergent

, each term does not converge

Divergent
eg 7, 15, 23, 31,

Periodic

the terms start repeating eg 3, 2, 4, 5, 3, 2, 4, 5, 3, 2, 4, 5, has period 4 Period is number of terms before the sequence repeats

()
(4

sum of terms from r = 1 up to r = n eg 1) = 3 + 7 + 11 + 15 + 19 = 55 (sum of all the terms from r = 1 up to r = 5)

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Indices = = ( ) = =

= = Polynomials Factor Theorem

If () = then = is a root and ( ) is a factor

Remainder Theorem

When () is divided by ( ) the remainder is ()

To sketch a cubic polynomial try to factorise Surds =


( )( )( ) = 0 will cross the axis at a, b and c

()()
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()

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Quadratic inequalities

solve ( )( ) < 0 ( )( ) > 0 solve where this equals 0 (when ) = = and then see whether we want the bit between a and b or the bits either side A positive quadratic has a shape so will be below the axis between a and b ( )( ) < < < ( )( ) > < >

Transformations () + translation of a units in the positive y direction ( + ) translation of a units in the negative direction () stretch of scale factor a parallel to the y axis () stretch of scale factor parallel to the axis Discriminant
Part of the quadratic equation. Tells us how many real roots there are. > = (or repeated roots) <

Circle Theorems
A tangent meets a radius at right angles The perpendicular distance from the centre of a circle to a chord bisects that chord Angles in a semicircle are right angles
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Curves

The angle gets repeated at -

The angle gets repeated at 2 -

The angle gets repeated at +

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If you found these helpful and would like to see some more then visit our website http://www.chattertontuition.co.uk/A-level-maths-papers

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