Trigonometry
Triangle ABC
Sine Rule
can be used upside down if trying to find an angle Important that side a is opposite angle A and side b opposite angle B and side c opposite angle C
( )
important that the angle C is the angle between the two sides a and b
Area of Triangle
Just remember that tan 45 = 1 and you can work out the rest using Pythagoras Theorem and basic trigonometry
60
2 1 30 1 = = = 45
45
= = =
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Solving quadratics
factorise, complete the square or quadratic equation
Quadratic Equation
+ + = 0
Hidden Quadratics
By using substitution we can change an equation into a quadratic that can be solved. eg + 6 + 8 = 0 Let = so we have + 6 + 8 = 0 or + 2 8 = 0 let = both of which can be solved
so we have + 2 8 = 0
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Laws of logarithms = =
= = + = =
Eg = 5 take logs of both sides = (5 ) = 5 = could also have taken logs to base 5 and then would get the same answer =
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Calculus Differentiation
multiply by power and reduce power by 1
Integration = +
= +
) =
Stationary Points
Minimum, maximums and points of inflection Differentiate and set =0 and solve to find To investigate whether a minimum or maximum differentiate again to get substitute in the value and if positive then minimum, if negative then maximum, if 0 then a point of inflection
Increasing function
Where the gradient is positive (sloping upwards)
Decreasing function
Where the gradient is negative (sloping downwards)
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= ( )
Equation of a circle
Centre (a, b) and radius r
( ) + ( ) = (
Midpoint
If have two points on the line ( , ) and ( , )
Length of a line
( ) + ( )
Normal is perpendicular to Tangent The gradients are the negative reciprocal of each other
eg gradient tangent then gradient normal is
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Sequences
Formulae given in booklet but do need to recognise if a geometric sequence or arithmetic
Geometric Arithmetic
eg , , ,
each term is a constant multiple of the previous term each term is a constant addition to the previous term each term gets closer and closer to a number
Convergent
Divergent
eg 7, 15, 23, 31,
Periodic
the terms start repeating eg 3, 2, 4, 5, 3, 2, 4, 5, 3, 2, 4, 5, has period 4 Period is number of terms before the sequence repeats
()
(4
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Indices = = ( ) = =
Remainder Theorem
()()
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()
Quadratic inequalities
solve ( )( ) < 0 ( )( ) > 0 solve where this equals 0 (when ) = = and then see whether we want the bit between a and b or the bits either side A positive quadratic has a shape so will be below the axis between a and b ( )( ) < < < ( )( ) > < >
Transformations () + translation of a units in the positive y direction ( + ) translation of a units in the negative direction () stretch of scale factor a parallel to the y axis () stretch of scale factor parallel to the axis Discriminant
Part of the quadratic equation. Tells us how many real roots there are. > = (or repeated roots) <
Circle Theorems
A tangent meets a radius at right angles The perpendicular distance from the centre of a circle to a chord bisects that chord Angles in a semicircle are right angles
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Curves
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