3rd International Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA 12-14 September 2001 Invited

d lecture1

Structural Health Monitoring R & D at the European Research Establishments in Aeronautics (EREA)
Daniel Balageas ONERA, Structures and Damage Mechanics Department F-92322 Chtillon cedex France

ABSTRACT The seven main Research Establishments in Aeronautics and Aerospace sciences in Europe are grouped in an Association, the EREA. A description of the compared activities in Structural Health Monitoring of these establishments is made, with emphasis on the more recent and interesting results obtained in this field. INTRODUCTION A growing interest exists in Europe for Structural Health Monitoring (SHM), demonstrated by the existence of various research & development national and international programs. As said by P.D. Foote in the keynote lecture on this topic given during the precedent Workshop [1], the activity in this field is as diverse as the cultures in the region. Nevertheless, integration at the political level and above all at the economical level has been increasing, especially in the last two years. As in other parts of the world, and in the frame of the globalization, European industry is merging. This evolution will involve more coherence and suppress redundancy in the programs. This is particularly true in the application domain of aeronautics and aerospace. This evolution, in a second step, will necessarily influence the structure of the research in Europe. Possibilities of fusion of European institutions for research in aeronautics and aerospace exist [2]. In this context, it seems opportune to make an inventory, in the field of Structural Health Monitoring, of the R & D programs presently in progress in the seven Research Establishments (RE) in charge of Aeronautic and Aerospace research in Europe. These RE having founded an association with a legal statute, the Association of European Research Establishments in Aeronautics (EREA), it is necessary, preliminarily to this inventory, to present briefly what EREA is. Published in Structural Health Monitoring, The Demands and Challenges, ed. FuKuo Chang, CRC Press, p. 12-29, 2001.
1

THE ASSOCIATION OF EUROPEAN RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENTS IN AERONAUTICS (EREA) The evolution of the economy in the aeronautic field was felt with acuteness in the beginning of the 90s and led to the creation, in October 1994, of the AEREA, later called EREA [a]. This initiative was motivated by the increasing-world wide competition and decreasing civil and military funding for aeronautical R&D, forcing the European aeronautics sector to sustain its strength and competence through combining, pooling and integrating resources. Having to cooperate and interact in a much more determined way, these research establishments initiated a process to reach their vision of a joint future with common institutional identity and centers of excellence and specialization. This first step towards was taken in order to: Increase the scope and extent of their cooperation by developing and executing joint research programs and technology transfer, Take effective measures for a rational use of resources by establishing a policy to coordinate the use of an investment in major facilities and experimental assets for common European needs, Broaden the exchange of qualified personnel. The traditional RE objectives are to provide scientific support and technical assistance to their respective governments, national industries and organizations. One important task is to maintain and exploit existing facilities and to identify requirements for the development of advanced facilities for simulation, testing and demonstration. In the vision for a joint future, the keyword is interdependence, while individual RE specialize and develop centers of excellence to make efficient use of available resources and create capacity for research on new topics. The constitution of EREA has to contribute to ensure Europe's role as a global player in aerospace technology and is a necessary step in our changing environment. EREA must also intensify the relationship with the European aeronautical industry and pursue joint interests towards governments (Group for Aeronautical Research & Technology in EURope, GARTEUR) and CEC (Commission of the European Communities). The RE involved in EREA are the followings: The "Centro Italiano Ricerche Aerospaziali S.C.p.A.", CIRA [b], in Italy, The "Defence Research Agency", DERA [c], in Great-Britain, The "Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fr Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V.", DLR [d], in Germany, The "Flygtekniska FrsksAnstalten", FFA, recently integrated into the Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI) [e], in Sweden, The "Instituto Nacional de Tcnica Aeroespacial", INTA [f], in Spain, The "Stichting Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium", NLR [g], in Netherlands, The Office National d'Etudes et de Recherches Arospatiales", ONERA [h], in France. Figure 1 presents a map of Europe, highlighting the seven countries and their RE participating to EREA. In October 1998, the vision defined in 1994 was confirmed and decision to strengthen the association was taken. In May 1999, this goal was achieved by setting up

Figure 1. European countries and their respective RE participating in the EREA. The centers of the RE in which activity in SHM exists are indicated on the map.

a legal entity and extending the perimeter to civil, military, and space-related aeronautics (in the agreement of 1994 the perimeter of AEREA was restricted to civil and dual-use applications). Finally, in July 1999, a new internal organization was launched. Today, EREA Establishments represent a heterogeneous group, with disparities in the perimeters, funding modes, national motivations, sizes and status. Table I gives some elements of comparison between Establishments.
TABLE I. THE EREA RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENTS: COMPARISON Establishment Status Activities (%) Aeronautics Space Others Budget (M) Internal expenditure (M) Investment expend. (M) Strength Total Incl. researchers 237 152 3500 2300 4800 2350 200 120 1300 520 900 400 1900 1200 CIRA
Consortium

DERA
Agency ER

DLR
Agency ER

FFA (FOI) INTA

Government RE

NLR

ONERA
Government RE

Government Foundation RE

42 36 22 66 65 46

100 0 0 529 410 55

35 54 11 1146 405 51

88 12 10 20 20 4

50 30 20 82 82 ?

82 15 3 77 74 9

55 21 24 209 206 20

STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING ACTIVITIES AT CIRA The SHM activities at CIRA are relatively new, since they began in 1995. They are made by the Laboratory of Smart Structures in Capua, Italy, and focused on development on Fiber Optic Sensing (FOS) systems. A fiber optic sensor for cure monitoring has been developed and tested [3-4]. The sensor, a fiber optic refractometer, is based on the principle of Fresnel reflection, using the free end of the sensing fiber. The reflected light depends on the refractive index mismatch at this interface, which varies with the advancement of the cure. The comparison with calorimetric data confirms the capability of the sensor to follow the cure kinetics during isothermal scans. Figure 2 presents a comparison between the degree of curing deduced from FOS-measurement of the refractive index and from Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) measurement, both measurements being done during isothermal curing. The integration with Fiber Bragg Gratings for temperature measurements has been discussed and tested by a novel demodulation scheme.

Figure 2. Refractive index FOS developed at CIRA and comparison between FOS (!) and DSC (!DSC) measurements of the degree of curing, for isothermal curing of an epoxy-based resin, taken from [5].

Works in progress are the followings: Discrimination between temperature and curing during dynamic cure cycles, Use of the same sensor for both cure and SHM by static strain measurements and ultrasound technique to perform real-time damage assessment monitoring [5], Distributed and multipoint sensing. The studies are made in collaboration with the Institute of Composite Materials Technology of the CNR (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche) and with the universities of Naples. CIRA is involved in the EUCLID Project AHMOS (see later the paragraph specially devoted to this project), in which it is the leader of Work Element on Definition of Sensing Techniques. In the frame of the same project, CIRA in collaboration with Alenia is also working on the application of modal analysis to localize and evaluate damage extension.

STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING ACTIVITIES AT DERA One of the major activities of DERA is as a partner in the EUCLID project on structural health monitoring, called AHMOS (see the paragraph devoted specially to this project). DERA is working on an UK MOD funded project, which aims to develop novel optical sensors for structural health monitoring. This work is being done in collaboration with BAE SYSTEMS and Smart Fibres Ltd. It has just started a one-year study trying to assess the military benefits of applying integrated health monitoring systems to military aircraft. DERA is continuing some work on the detection of damage, using optical fiber techniques, in novel structures, but cannot provide details of this application. Finally, DERA is also doing some commercial work about monitoring structural loading in a large structure with novel sensor types. STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING ACTIVITIES AT DLR The history of SHM at DLR began in the early 90s, with the development of an adaptive digital filter system for on line identification of eigenfrequencies in structures with time-varying parameters [6]. Later, a simple damage identification approach based on shifts of eigenfrequencies and damping factors was included. Localization of damage was achieved for a cracked beam by comparing measured frequency and damping deviations to a numerical database for all potential damage locations [7]. The current method is focusing on delamination damages in carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP). It is based on changes of modal damping parameters and correlation to a finite element model. Only a single actuator/sensor element is needed to successfully identify and locate the damage, which allows a fast and easy integration into existing flight hardware. The applications envisaged are essentially the delamination detection in CFRPcomponents of fighter aircraft. The identification concept has been verified in preliminary experimental investigations with one- and two dimensional test structures, and more recently some initial results have been obtained with a stringer-stiffened panel, using an advanced approach [8]. From this publication, a typical result of localization is given in Figure 3. The main program, achieved at the end of 2000, was the Advanced Aircraft Structure program (FFS). This program was conducted in co-operation with industry (Daimler-Chrysler). The manpower affected to SHM activities is relatively reduced (roughly one researcher), with an annual funding of 75 k. This low level of activity, which represents only 10 % of the total activity of DLR devoted to Smart Materials and Structures, will not change in the near future. Studies oriented towards acoustoultrasonics techniques are envisaged.

delamination x-shift

+ y-shift

Figure 3. Application of the DLR method to a stringer-stiffened composite panel (results taken from [8]): a) View of the panel, b) Sensor and damage location coordinates, c) Correlation of finite-element numerical damping distribution, calculated with seven modes, with experimental one resulting from the piezoelectric sensor, as a function of x-shift between supposed and actual delamination location, d) same, as a function of y-shift. The identified position of the defect is given by the maximum of the correlation and has to be compared to the actual one (x=0, y=0), taking into account the maximum extension of the defect in x and y directions (indicated in the graphs).

STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING ACTIVITIES AT FFA (FOI) FFA (now integrated inside FOI) and collaborating partners started an ongoing Smart Structures Program in 1991. The goal of the program has been to gain knowledge and experience towards a completely integrated health monitoring and intelligent system for aerospace composite structures. The focus has been on fiberoptic sensors, which are suited for embedding in composite structures. Smart structures envisioned will contain distributed arrays or strategically located sensor and actuator systems according to required level of integrated functions and limits of different sensing/actuating capabilities. These systems will be attached or embedded within the composite material with the purpose of enhancing structural safety, reducing maintenance cost and optimizing aircraft usage. Further, the inclusion of actuators provides the basis for adaptive structures, e.g., for flow control over surfaces or vibration control. The Structural Health Monitoring program had collaborating partners with different areas of expertise from the beginning. During the course of the program, FFA has been the responsible organization which, in addition to conducting research, has had the role of program manager. The program was originally initiated in 1991 by

FFA, with expertise in structures and composite materials, and Ericsson Cable AB, with expertise in optical fibers. ACREO AB (formerly IOF, the Institute of Optical Research) also joined the program in 1991 bringing know-how on optical sensors and detection systems to the project. At about the same time, a cooperation with the Fiber and Electro-Optics Research Center (FEORC) at Virginia Tech was initiated to draw on their considerable experience in the field of fiber-optic sensors. The collaboration with Ericsson Cable AB and Virginia Tech ended in 1994, at which time the responsibility for the optical fiber technology was transferred to ACREO AB, the remaining partner. During 1998 and 1999, a collaboration has also taken place with Ericsson Components AB in the area of optical fiber connectors for embedded sensors. A two-year joint project with Volvo Aero Corporation and ACREO on strain measurements of jet engine rotating components with Bragg grating sensors was performed with project starting in 1996. In the area of damage detection, FFA currently has collaboration with IEMN at the Universit de Valenciennes (France), which has expertise in Lamb-wave generation with piezoceramic actuators. The major source of funding has been the Swedish Defense Materiel Administration (FMV). Other sources have been internal funding at FFA, Ericsson Cable AB and ACREO AB. FFA was also funded in this area in the fourth framework Brite-Euram program MONITOR from 1996 to 1999. Currently four researchers are involved in the research work, with an annual budget of roughly 400 k. In the program, work has been conducted in four areas: Development of optical fibers and optical fiber sensors (OFS) [9-13], Development of an integrated fiber-optic sensor system for structural health monitoring, composed of optical and electronic modulation and demodulation equipment combined with associated optical sensors [14], Studies into the material and structural issues associated with composite materials with embedded optical fibers [15-17], Work on damage detection in composite materials using acoustic emission and Lamb waves techniques [18,19]. At the current stage, a polyimide-coated optical fiber has been developed with good interface properties when embedded in a composite. Figure 4 taken from [10], shows comparison between the interfacial strength behaviors of polyimide coated glass fibers with and without silane sizing. For structural health monitoring, a fiber-optic sensor system with time-domain multiplexed interferometric Bragg grating sensors has been developed. A large effort directed at characterizing the effects of embedded optical fibers and sensors on the performance of the sensors and composite have led to a sound understanding of these issues. The fatigue behavior, in particular, has been studied. Figure 5 presents results of fatigue experiments, with constant amplitude stress, sinusoidal tension-compression loading (R = -1) for samples of quasi isotropic carbon/resin composite, with and without optical fiber, and in Room Temperature Dry - RTD - conditions and in High Temperature (90C) Wet (75% relative humidity) - HTW- conditions. No difference between samples with and without optical fiber is seen in RTD conditions and a slight difference in HTW conditions, still within the scatter of the RTD data.

a)

b)

Figure 4. Optimization of the optical fiber coating for embedded OFS at FFA, from [10]: comparison between the interfacial strength behaviors of polyimide coated glass fibers with and without silane sizing. a) Initial debonding load as a function of sample thickness, from push-out tests, b) micrograph of the indentation surface of the polyimide coated fiber with silane sizing (left) and without silane sizing (right) showing the difference in failure locations (respectively at the coating/composite interface and at the polyimide coating/fiber interface).

Figure 5. Fatigue experiments at FOI, from [15] a) Fatigue curve for C/epoxy specimens with and without embedded optical fibers, for a stress range corresponding to 30 to 70 % of the ultimate compressive/tensile strength b) The two configurations of the embedded fibers inside the specimen for the fatigue tests (left: parallel, right: loop).

For damage detection, methods to monitor acoustic emission and actively generated Lamb-waves have been investigated. In particular, the behavior of piezoceramic transducers (270 m-thick), embedded in 4.79 mm-thick C/epoxy

sample, in static and fatigue loading was studied, revealing a large working range (up to 90% of the final failure of the specimen - 1 GPa and no effect on the generation of the Lamb waves due to fatigue for more than 400,000 cycles, at least at low level of stress ( 170 MPa, corresponding to 0.2% strain). At higher level ( 260 MPa, corresponding to 0.3 % strain), a change in the Lamb waves generated was noted but seems to be mainly associated with matrix cracking in the composite. Some of these results are presented in Figure 6.

Stress Cycle range level when changes (MPa) occurred

Changes in the modulus of FFTs No significant 45 None changes No significant 130 None changes Slight decrease 170 50,000 - 100,000 in amplitude Significantly 260 50,000 - 100,000 attenuated

Figure 6. Detected changes of the Lamb waves generated by an embedded piezoceramic transducer after 100,000 cycles (dash line, compared to initial state, solid line) at 0.3% alternative strain loading, from [19].

STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING ACTIVITIES AT INTA INTA first steps in SHM activities have been made in 1999 with the structural integration of fiber optic sensors in carbon/epoxy composites. Since this time, INTA has continued in this field with own activities, activities in cooperation with the aeronautical engineering high school of the Polytechnic University of Madrid (Dr. Gemes) and with the aerospace company EADS-CASA. Together with these two institutions, INTA is participating in a European EUCLID project (CEPA 3, RTP 3.20) on active health monitoring techniques. Up to now INTA has presented results of its research at the European COST F3 conference on SHM in Madrid (June 2000) [20] and in the Adaptronic Congress in Berlin (April 2001) [21]. Kinds of techniques involved are mainly the structural integration of fiber optic sensors in carbon/epoxy composites and its mechanical characterization. Together with the above-mentioned institutions INTA is evaluating the structural deformation and changes in the optical spectrum of the fiber optic Bragg grating sensors to monitor the structural health. INTAs main interests at this moment are to develop reliable technologies to integrate the optical fibers in the host composite material structure without damaging the sensors, to evaluate the effects of the integrated optical fibers on the composite material mechanical behavior under service conditions, to validate the optical strain measurement as a real alternative to classical resistive strain gages, to solve interface problems, etc. Figure 7 presents a composite panel with integrated Fiber Bragg gratings manufactured at INTA.

Figure 7. CFRP panel with two fiber Bragg grating sensors inside each stiffener (a) and details on the integration of the sensors in a stiffener (b) and its position inside the mould (c), taken from [20].

The kinds of applications envisaged are primary composite structures in airplanes. Main programs in progress are an internal project on SHM and the European EUCLID RTP 3.20 project on Active Health Monitoring Systems. The size of the group in charge of these studies in INTA establishment is at about 1 man-year, the average annual funding for these studies during the nearly three years being about 30 k. In the future, the Spanish RE will give more importance to Health Monitoring studies. Co-operations on SHM with other EREA Establishments have only been realized within the above-mentioned EUCLID project in which CIRA, DERA and NLR are also involved. STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING ACTIVITIES AT NLR Load monitoring is very important for NLR which concentrates its efforts on this activity and foresee a growth in the future. On the contrary, there is limited work on smart structures. At NLR, there are no large research programs going on for load monitoring. NLR does some research in the framework of the contracts for national and international

customers. In the past most monitoring was related to the airframe. In the last years more programs for the engine are starting up. The programs are related to various aircrafts: B-747, Fokker-100, Starfighter, NF5, Lynx, Orion, Chinook and F-16. NLR has developed the CSI (Crack Severity Index) concept for analyzing stress sequences with respect to crack growth potential. The group in charge of this activity counts 10 people, and has for theoretical support the Structures and Materials Division (about 105 people) available. The budget for load monitoring is roughly 1 million Euro from contracts. NLR has cooperation with other establishments in Europe. It takes part in the EUCLID Program AHMOS (see later) and is involved in the PHM (Prognostic and Health Management) system of the JSF (Joint Strike Fighter). In the PHM, not only the actual Load, Usage and Health will be monitored, but all available information, like maintenance information, will be used to make a prognosis when, in the future, aircraft components will be degraded beyond acceptable levels. NLR works together with Lockheed Martin Tactical Aircraft Systems and Boeing, and is starting up discussions with Pratt & Whitney and General Electric. The cooperation with industry is related to the development of load monitoring equipment. Most recently: the AIDA recording system for the LYNX and the FACE system for the F-16. Figure 8 presents the strain gage locations in the F-16 for the FACE System [22]. NLR makes publications in AGARD and RTO (NATO Research and Technology Organisation), which are mostly a description of the recording projects.
FS 325 (MSR) wing root bending

FS 479 horizontal/ vertical tail bending

FS 462 vertical tail bending

FS 374 fuselage bending

BL 120 wing tip bending

Figure 8. Strain gage locations for FACE system, taken from [24].

STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING ACTIVITIES AT ONERA The SHM activities at Onera started in 1994. During two years they were focused on preliminary studies oriented towards acousto-ultrasonics techniques for detection of barely visible damage like delaminations in CFRP (active method: Lamb waves

propagation) or detection of damaging impacts (passive method: modal acoustic emission). These studies, achieved with internal funding, were based on several Ph. D. works, some of them in cooperation with IEMN (Institut dElectronique et de Microlectronique du Nord). The aim of these preliminary works was a better understanding of generation, propagation and interaction of Lamb waves with damages in CFRP plates [23-25]. Technological problems to optimize and to embed piezoelectric miniaturized transducers were also addressed [26,27]. In 1996, more system-oriented studies were initiated, in several directions: Continuation of the development of acousto-ultrasonics techniques, by technological improvement of the transducers and of data reduction techniques. The major part of the work was done on internal funding at Onera in the frame of a longterm multidisciplinary, multi-annual program on Smart Materials and Structures. The part of this program, which ends this year, corresponds to a manpower of roughly six researchers and Ph. D. students. This program was accompanied by some contracts from DGAC (Dlgation Gnrale de lAviation Civile), DGA (Dlgation Gnrale pour lArmement), and EEC (MONITOR Program [28]). The types of structures interested by these SHM systems were initially CFRP layered structures [29,30] (see figure 9), then composite sandwich structures for radomes (GFRP skins and foam core) [31]. The more remarkable points of these developments are: -The use of wavelet transforms leading to interesting results for active detection of damages [32-34], - The development of a full-field, quasi real-time imaging technique allowing the visualization of Lamb waves propagating in structures and interacting with defects [31,35]. This technique is essential to help understanding these complex phenomena and is now used routinely for the development of the present acoustoultrasonic SHM systems. Figure 10 presents such visualization, taken from [31].

Figure 9. Carbon/epoxy plate instrumented with piezoelectric transducers for active and passive acousto-ultrasonic SHM feasibility studies, taken from [30].

A lighter effort was devoted to the development of an original technique based on electromagnetic detection of damages, applicable to CFRP structures [36]. Recent developments, presented during this workshop [37] constitute an important step in this electromagnetic approach of SHM: several different methods can now be applied to both CFRP and GFRP structures and the technique is now single-ended, needing only one layer achieving at the same time excitation and detection.

Figure 10. Shearographic images of the interaction of a Lamb waves generated by a pair of piezoelectric transducer bonded on the skins of a composite sandwich coupon with an artificial defect (void in the core foam) simulating a skin/core debond, taken from [31].

Evaluation of the feasibility of SHM for a radome structure made of a dielectric composite sandwich (GFRP skins and foam core) and using Optical Fiber Sensors (OFS). Two types of OFS were evaluated, in a cooperative program with CEA/LETI and AIA-Cuers, under contract of DGA for skin/core debonding detection: microbending-sensitive optical fibers monitored by OTDR (Optical Time Domain Reflectometry) and Fiber Bragg Grating sensors. The results, only obtained on flat plates, were positive [38,39], but indicated the necessity to embed a network made of a high number of OFS, which could be costly. Some results of this study, taken from [39], are presented in Figure 11.

Impact

Fig. 11: Detection of a barely visible impact damage in a radome composite sandwich panel (GFRP skins and foam core) using OFS: a) Surface indentation due to a 10 J - impact, b) Micrography of the damaged area, c) OTDR (!) and FBG sensors (") ranges of detection of skin/core debond as a function of impact energy, taken from [39].

 Since 1999, a feasibility of an active acousto-ultrasonic SHM system for the same type of radome structure is studied under DGA contract. This multi-annual program is in cooperation with both university laboratories (IEMN of the University of Valenciennes and LMP - Laboratoire de Mcanique Physique - of the University of Bordeaux) and industrial end-users (AIA-Cuers and Thales). It is planned to compare the respective performances of such a system with the previous one using an OFS network. Attempts to generate Lamb waves with an embedded optical fiber delivery system for acousto-ultrasonics SHM systems based only on embedded optical fibers were successfully achieved in 1999 [40]. Figure 12 shows the dispersion curves of the Lamb waves generated in a C/epoxy composite by delivering a laser pulse through an embedded optical fiber.
Wave nunber (m -1)
6000

a
sonde interfromtrique Mach-Zehnder BMi

4000

c
2000 A 0 S 1 2 A1 A2 S1 A3 2 3

fibre optique

prouvette de carbone/poxy

S0 0 0

Frequency x half thickness (MHz.mm)

Figure 12. Identification of the Lamb waves modes generated in a carbon/epoxy plate by a laser pulse delivered by an embedded optical fiber: a) Micrograph of the tip of the embedded optical fiber delivering the laser pulse generating the Lamb waves, b) Schematic view of the measurement set-up, c) Comparison of theoretical dispersion curves to experimental ones obtained by a 2-D Fourier transform applied to a B-scan image resulting from interferometric probe measurements, taken from [40].

This varied activity gives to Onera a prominent position in France in the field of SHM research. This position leads Onera to propose and organize, in co-operation with the LCPC (Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chausses) and the ENS (Ecole Normale Suprieure de Cachan), the first European Workshop on SHM (SHM 2002, [i]), which will take place next July in Paris, and is planned to initiate a series of European Workshops, to be hold biannually in alternation with the Stanford Workshop. THE EUCLID PROJECT AHMOS The European EUCLID projects are defense-oriented and each co-operating country is funding its National participants. The partners are both Research Establishments like the EREAs members, and industrial entities.

Structural Health Monitoring is the subject of a recently launched project called AHMOS (Active Health Monitoring Systems), the precise subject of which being Structural Health Monitoring for Military Platforms - Requirements, Design and Demonstration. This project, led by EADS-Germany involves sixteen organizations from eight countries: Germany, Italy, Great Britain, Belgium, Spain, The Netherlands, Finland and Denmark. It is related here, since it involves four of the seven RE of EREA: CIRA, DERA, INTA, and NLR and will represented for these establishments an important activity in the field of SHM. The project seeks to demonstrate structural health monitoring systems on largescale structures, the superior objective being to reduce the cost of ownership of military aircraft or other military platforms by reducing inspection and maintenance costs (including repair), and to extend the life of a wide range of existing and new military platforms. It started on July 21, 2000 and will last 3 years, with a total contractual budget of 9.5 M. The list of partners and the distribution of the budget between countries are given in Table II.
TABLE II. STRUCTURE OF THE EUCLID PROJECT AHMOS AND PARTICIPATION OF EREAS RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENTS Nation Belgium Denmark Finland Italy The Netherlands Spain United Kingdom Germany National Lead Companies CSL (Centre Spatial de Lige) DEMEX Consulting Engineers Patria Alenia Fokker Stork Fokker Services EADS-SP BAE Systems EADS-GE Riso National Laboratory VTT Manufacturing Technology CIRA NLR INTA Univ. Polytec. Madrid DERA Smart Fibres Ltd Sub-contractors Percent of total amount 10 10 10 16 11 14 18 11

CONCLUSION As said in the introduction, the activities in Europe concerning Structural Health Monitoring are very diverse. This is also true when looking at the more restricted community constituted by the seven Research Establishments belonging to the EREA. Table III, which sums up the more significant information collected for this overview, illustrates clearly this fact. Strong differences exist between them: number of researchers, funding, years of experience, type of techniques used. This diversity is also beneficial, bringing more complementarity than competition. This complementarity is used in CEC programs [1] for civilian applications and in EUCLID projects for Defense applications. Among the various European structures,

EREA could have the specific role of federating the National efforts into common projects of long-term research in aeronautics. Until now, this did not happen in the specific domain of SHM, in opposition to what occurred for Smart Structures controlling their shape for aerodynamic purpose. The author hopes that this will change in the near future, and that, whatever be the evolution on this particular point, the present overview will strengthen the opinion of the readers that in the aeronautical and aerospace fields, the EREA Research Establishments remain the major actors of European Research.
TABLE III. RECAPITULATION OF THE MOST SIGNIFICATIVE INFORMATION ON SHM ACTIVITIES IN THE EREA RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENTS
Nation Research Manpower Establ. (man.year) Annual Budget (k!) 900 75 * 1000** 30 400 * Activity Paticipation Type of SHM technique used in SHM EUCLID since Project Optical Fiber AcoustoModal AHMOS Sensors ultrasonics Identification 1994 beginn. 90's 1995 ** 1999 1991 * ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

Electromagnetic !

France Germany Italy Netherlands Spain Sweden U.K.

Onera DLR CIRA NLR INTA FOI DERA

8 1 1 10** 1 4 *

* not communicated ** activity on Usage Monitoring, not on Health Monitoring

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author would like to thank the following colleagues who allowed him to recover the necessary information from the various Establishments of EREA: Dr. Alain Boutier from Onera, Dr. Antonio Calabro from CIRA, Dr. Stefan Keye from DLR, Dr. Klas Levin from FOI, Dr. Peter A. Llyod from DERA, Dr. Jos Mara Pintado from INTA, Dr. Dirk Jan Spiekhout from NLR. REFERENCES
1. 2. 3. 4. Foote P.D.1999. Structural health Monitoring: Tales from Europe. Structural Health Monitoring 2000. Lancaster, PA: Technomic Publishing Co., Inc., pp. 24-35. LOnera et le DLR prparent leur fusion, in Air et Cosmos, n 1797, May 25, 2001, p. 14. Cusano A., G. Breglio, A. Calabr, M. Giordano, A. Cutolo and L. Nicolais 2000. An Optoelectronic Sensor for Cure Monitoring in Thermoset based Composites, Sensors and Actuators A, Vol. 84 Issue 3, pp. 270-275. Cusano A., P. Salvarezza, G. Breglio, A. Cutolo, A. Calabr, M. Giordano, S. De Nicola, and L. Nicolais 2001. An integrated fiber optic sensing system for in situ characterization of the curing process of thermoset based composites, Smart Structures and Materials 2001: Sensory Phenomena and Measurement Instrumentation for Smart Structures and Materials, SPIE Proceedings Series, Vol. 4328.

5.

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21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

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