19th century agriculture In the late 19th century, in regards to western agriculture A.

the prices paid for American farm goods rose after the 1880s B. the reality of farming was very much like its popular image little effort with the public C. commercial farmers were not self-sufficient and made little effort to become so D. increasingly, more farmers owned the land on which they worked E. American farm families were relatively unaffected by the effects of world production Abraham Lincoln African American population: -South wanted blacks to count for population so the South would have a stronger influence in the House of Representatives would increase taxes decided that slaves would count as "3/5 of a person" at the Constitutional convention -all of the following contributed to the growth of the free african american population in the united states in the early nineteenth century except... federal constitutional provisions for emancipation African American soldiers -which of the following statements about african american soldiers during the civil war is correct... for most of the war, they were paid less than white soldiers of equal rank

American cities: The dramatic growth of American cities between 1800 and 1860 a) led to a lower death rate b) contributed to a decline in the birthrate c) resulted in unsanitary conditions in many communities d) forced the federal government to slow immigration e) created sharp political conflict between farmers and urbanites American Colonization Society: organization founded in 1817 to transport Blacks back to Africa - dedicated to transporting freeborn blacks and emancipated slaves to Africa., Formed in 1816, stated that the best way to end the slavery problem in the United States was for blacks to emigrate to Africa; by 1822 a few American blacks emigrated to Liberia. Organization's views were later rejected by most abolitionists. Annexation of Texas: John Tyler brought texas into the union as the 28th state in 1845 anti-combination laws: battle of the Little Big Horn

black codes: Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves Booker T. Washington: founded the tuskegee institute to help african americans develop useful job skills, believed in a gradualist approach to rights for African Americans - argument put forward by Booker T. Washington that African-americans should not focus on civil rights or social equality but concentrate on economic self-improvement. - African American leader who advocated vocational training as way of economic opportunity and gradual equality for African Americans border states: in the civil war the states between the north and the south: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri - Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation (1863) freed slaves only in areas controlled by the Confederacy needs border states. Boss Tweed: head of Tammany Hall, the powerful Democratic political machine in NYC from 1868-1871; eventually jailed for graft and fraud Brook Farm: A transcendentalist Utopian experiment, put into practice by transcendentalist former Unitarian minister George Ripley at a farm in West Roxbury, Massachusetts, at that time nine miles from Boston. The community, in operation from 1841 to 1847, was inspired by the socialist concepts of Charles Fourier. Fourierism was the belief that there could be a utopian society where people could share together to have a better lifestyle. - The establishment of Brook Farm and the Oneida Community in the Antebellum United States reflected the blossoming of perfectionist aspirations Civil War advantages and disadvantages Compromise of 1850: agreement designed to ease tensions caused by the expansion of slavery into western territories - The Compromise of 1850 was an intricate package of five bills, passed on September 4, 1850, defusing a four-year confrontation between the slave states of the South and the free states of the North - the compromise of 1850 did which of the following? enacted a stringent fugitive slave law. cotton gin: The first modern industrial gin, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793, used a combination of a wire screen and small wire hooks to pull the cotton through, while brushes continuously removed the loose cotton lint to prevent jams. Larger, more complex automated versions of the cotton gin remain a crucial part of the cotton industry today

- In addition to the cotton gin, Eli Whitney's major contribution to American technology was his introduction of interchangeable parts

crop rotation: planting a different crop on the same plot every few years Cross of Gold: William Jennings Bryan's famous speech that criticized the monetary policy of the government for being too hard on the farmer; wanted US to back money with silver, not gold William Jennings Bryans cross of gold, oration was primarily an expression of his -advocacy of free and unlimited coinage of silver

Customs duties : Taxes on imports and exports -in 1890 the most important source of revenue for the federal government was Customs duties Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions: declared that all "people are created equal"; used the Declaration of Independence to argue for women's rights - This is a document that came from the Seneca Falls Convention that listed some of the common injustices against women. The women at this convention wanted increased legal and political rights for women. document signed by the majority of the people present at the Seneca Falls Convention; based upon the US Declaration of Independence, "grand basis for attaining the civil, social, political, and religious rights of women." - The "Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions" issued by the Seneca Falls Convention demanded Greater rights for women Dred Scott v. Sanford: 1856 Supreme Court case in which a slave; Dred Scott, sued unsuccessfully for his freedom because he had been taken to live in territories where slavery was illegal. - 1857 Supreme Court decision that stated that slaves were not citizens; that living in a free state or territory, even for many years, did not free slaves; and declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitional - A black slave, had lived with his master for 5 years in Illinois and Wisconsin Territory. Backed by interested abolitionists, he sued for freedom on the basis of his long residence on free soil. The ruling on the case was that He was a black slave and not a citizen, so he had no rights.

Emancipation: the freeing of enslaved people - issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862, it declared that all slaves in the rebellious Confederate states would be free - -Proclamation was written in the fall of 1862, after a few Union victories- will go into effect of January 1st, 1863 -The Proclamation will free slaves in states that are in rebellion against the union -Lincoln is asserting his authority over the entire United States- white Southerners refuse to acknowledge his power -Some Northerners are angry because they dont think the Proclamation went far enough - want slavery banned throughout the US -Slaves in border areas are upset that the Proclamation doesnt cover them -People start to view the war as a fight against slavery - A proposal for the uncompensated emancipation of American slaves was advanced by William Lloyd Garrison in The Liberator in 1831

First Great Awakening: - emotional sermons at revival meetings in 1730s; made faith more personal for many whites and blacks; some converted to certain Protestant faiths; first black Baptist churches were founded Foreign response to the American Civil War Freedmens Bureau act of 1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs, This Bureau was not renewed in 1866 as Johnson struck his first battle with congress. He felt that this bureau made the government responsible for the care of indigents, which was not in the constitution, as well as it was passed by a congress that denied representation to all people of the union. The Veto was upheld - Established on March 3, 1865 (prior to the ending of the Civil War), this organization established by Congress provided food, medical care, resettlement aid, establishment of schools, and overseers to oversee the administering of justice for the newly freed African Americans. Fugitive Slave Act - The Fugitive Slave Act gave slavery a legally protect status. Slavery was unspoken before, but now was legally protected by the federal government. This Act allowed slave owners to go to court in their home states to reclaim runaway slaves who owed service. This meant that this Act was Federal law, meaning that slaves could legally be chased after. - a law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders; part of the Compromise of 1850

Gilded Age - a term coined by Mark Twain for late 19th century America; "gilded" means covered in gold, and Twain described this era as gilded because it glittered on the outside, but underneath the surface it was full of corruption; during this time, the Western Frontier was closing, a modern industrial economy was established, political partisanship was apparent, and numerous reforms were enacted - During the Gilded Age, which of the following groups generally voted Republican? A. Black northerners Henry Clay - Henry clay was a man who invented the document called "the American System". This document stated some major ideas he believed that would help the Untied States - speaker of the House of Representatives and political leader from Kentucky -Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." (responsible for the Missouri Compromise). Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however. - After the election of 1824, the president's choice of Henry Clay as secretary of state resulted in Charges of a corrupt bargain with John Q. Adams

Sale of federal lands to finance high education

horizontal integration - process which one controls most of the businesses in a field -A technique used by John D. Rockefeller. An act of joining or consolidating with ones competitors to create a monopoly. Rockefeller was excellent with using this technique to monopolize certain markets. It is responsible for the majority of his wealth. Immigration- to move from one country to another with the intention of stayin In the 1830's and 1840's, all of the following were generally true about immigration EXCEPT an overwhelming majority of native-born Americans welcomed the immigrants Jacksonian Democracy- The idea of spreading political power to the people and ensuring majority rule as well as supporting the "common man" - included many reforms: free public schools, more women's rights, better working conditions in factories, and the rise of the Abolition movement. In the election, Jackson was portrayed as a common man and his opponent, J.Q. Adams, was attacked for his aristocratic principles. Electors in the electorial

college were also chosen by popular vote. Common man, nationalism, National Nominating Conventions. - Jacksonian Democracy was distinguished by the belief that political participation by the common mand should be increased

Jeffersonian Democracy- This is the phrase used to describe the general political principles embraced by Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson favored reducing the size and scope of the national government. Once in office, he announced conservative fiscal policies that reduced the public debt also supported simplicity, disliking especially the ceremonial aspects of the Federalist administrations. Jefferson articulated a clear vision of what type of society and citizenry he thought was best suited for protecting American virtue: an agrarian society in which all men were honest, hardworking, and responsiblepromoted independence derived from self-sufficiency. John C. Calhoun- Vice President under Andrew Jackson; leading Southern politician; began his political career as a nationalist and an advocate of protective tariffs, later he becomes an advocate of free trade, states' rights, limited government, and nullification. - War Hawk; supporter of states' rights; believed South Carolina had the right to "nullify", or ignore, federal laws that they thought were wrong, part of Whig Party -The doctrine of nullification put forth by John C. Calhoun in The South Carolina Exposition and Protest, published anonymously in 1828, held that The citizens of a state could call a convention to nullify a federal law if that law contradicted the Constitution Kansas-Nebraska- 1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty. - Sen. Douglas wanted to divide the territory into the Nebraska Territory and the Kansas Territory; to gain support of the South, he decided slavery could be decided by popular sovereignty liberal republicanism- Short-lived third party of 1872 that attempted to curb Grant administration corruption - 1872 political party that branched off from main republican party in order to try to fight the corruption of Grant Liberty party platformManifest Destiny- "sea to shining sea"; the belief that the U.S. should own all territory between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

- This expression was popular in the 1840s. Many people believed that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This rationale drove the acquisition of territory. - the idea of Manifest Destiny included all of the following except commerce and industry would decline as the nation expanded its agricultural base

Marbury v. Madison- 1803: establishes judicial review as a check on legislative power. Marshall: If the constitution is the supreme law of the land, something must ensure laws are in accordance with it. Judgement against commission. -Marbury v. Madison (1803) is famous for establishing the principle of Judicial review

McCulloch v. Maryland Mexican-American War- after Mexican refusal to sell California-New Mexico region, Polk sent troops and it ended w/ Treat of Guadalupe-Hidalgo Missouri compromise - The Missouri Compromise did which of the following? Allowed Maine to enter the Union as a free state

New England textile mills- prior to the civil war, a transformation occurred in the workforce of the new england textile mills as new england farm girls were replaced by... irish immigrants

nullification controversy-enhanced Andrew Jacksons reputation as a strong President The nullification controversy of 1832-1833 was significant, in part, because enhanced Andrew Jacksons reputation as a strong President Oneida Community- the blossoming of perfectionist aspirations

Plessy v. Ferguson - Which of the following was NOT a decision of the Marshall Court? a) Gibbons v. Ogden b) Dartmouth College v. Woodward c) Plessy v. Ferguson d) McCulloch v. Maryland e) Marbury v. Madison -The supreme court decision in Plessy v. ferguson did which of the following Sanctioned separate but equal public facilities for African americans

Political machines President Jacksons Native American policy- The removal of the Cherokee people from the Southeast to settlements across the Mississippi Public education Pullman strike- Strike of workers living in George Pullman's model company town near Chicago. Pullman announced a general cut in wages and fired leaders of the workers' delegation who tried to bargin with him. The workers then laid down their tools and asked the American Railroad Union for help. The union's boycott tied up rail transportation across the country. After the leader of the ARU in jail for sixmonths, the supreme court approved the use of court injunctions against strikes, which gave employers a very powerful weapon to break unions. Radical Republicans- A small group of people in 1865 who supported black suffrage. They were led by Senator Charles Sumner and Congressman Thaddeus Stevens. They supported the abolition of slavery and a demanding reconstruction policy during the war and after. Reconstruction- Historical period marked by military occupation, Constitutional changes and Presidential Impeachment - the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union only after they agreed to the 13th amendment which abolished slave Reconstruction Acts of 1867- Four statutes known as Reconstruction Acts following the Civil War. They created five military districts in the seceded states; each district was headed by a military official empowered to appoint state officials; voters (whites and freed blacks) were to be registered; states were to draft new constitutions providing for black male suffrage; states were required to ratify the 14th Amendment. republican party-the republican party originated in the mid 1850s as a sectional party committed to which of the following?

-opposition to the further extension of slavery into the territories Sharecropping- sharing the crop, african americans who stayed on plantations did this. poor whites and aa would do the labor and the owner would provide the tools and land, at the end of the season the poor people would have to pay a "rent" in crops and most of the time the person would end up in a serious debt that they cannot get out of. But, offered freed blacks independence and land of their own. - landowners divided their land and assigned each head of African American household a few acres for a share of the crop Sioux wars- The Sioux Wars lasted from 1876-1877. These were spectacular clashes between the Sioux Indians and white men. very bloody - The Sioux Wars lasted from 1876-1877. These were spectacular clashes between the Sioux Indians and white men. They were spurred by gold-greedy miners rushing into Sioux land. The white men were breaking their treaty with the Indians. The Sioux Indians were led by Sitting Bull and they were pushed by Custer's forces. Custer led these forces until he was killed at the battle at Little Bighorn. Many of the Indian were finally forced into Canada, where they were forced by starvation to surrender. Slavery- which of the following best describes theposition on slavery of most northerners during the sectional crises of the 1850s they were williong to accept slavery where it existed but opposed further expansion to the territories Social Darwinism-Progressive reformers rejected Social Darwinism because they believed that (C) conflict and competition did not necessarily improve society Stephen A. Douglas Tariff of Abominations of 1828- An important consequence of the "Tariff of Abominations" (1828) is that it led to the enunciation of the doctrine of nullification tariffs 1816 1828 three-fifths compromise- The "Three-Fifths Compromise" originally contained in the Constitution referred to the B. rate at which one slave counted toward congressional representation Transcendentalism- Which of the following is true of the American transcendentalists? Argued for the importance of human intuition and individualism Transportation revolution

Turner thesis- Theory put forth by Frederick Turner that stated the frontier was the source of American vitality and exceptionalism. vertical integration- A monopoly that controls the entire process of creating a product William L. Garrison- Immediate emancipation of slaves without compensation or emigration - William Lloyd Garrison and the American Antislavery Society supported: Immediate emancipation of slaves without compensation or emigration Williams Jennings Bryan- Principle figure in Populist Party - served as Sec. of State under Wilson (resigned in protest of WWI) - prosecutor in the Scopes Trial Wilmot Proviso- the wilmot proviso specifically provided for... the prohibition of slavery in lands acquired from mexico in the mexican american war women reformers