Carbon-Oxygen Catalyzer

An Investigatory Project

Of

Harrison S Garcia and Jazzy Mendoza

Bansud National High School

Regional Science High School

Pag-asa, Bansud, Oriental Mindoro

Table of Contents

I. Abstract

II. Acknowledgement

III. Problem and its Settings

a. Background of the Study

b. General Objective

c. Specific Objective

d. Statement of the Problem

e. Hypothesis

f. Conceptual Framework

g. Significance of the Study

h. Scope and Limitations

i. Definition of Terms

IV. Review of Related Literature and Skills

V. Methodology

a. Research Method

b. Materials

c. Equipment/Apparatus and Utensils

d. Procedure

e. Training of the Panelist

f. Evaluation of the Products

g. Statistical Treatment

VI. Results and Discussion

a. Analysis of Data

VII. Conclusions and Recommendations

a. Conclusions

b. Recommendations

VIII. Bibliography

IX. Appendix

Abstract

Acknowledgement

CHAPTER I

Problem and Its Settings Background of the Study Nowadays, as transportation technology increases, the problem of excess carbon monoxide in the air arises. Due to this excess carbon monoxide in the atmosphere, several citizens develop respiratory ailments and carbon monoxide poisoning. In addition the said effects on humans, the excess carbon monoxide affect our environment greatly, as it poisons the other living organisms. So, the researcher concerned about the effects of Carbon Monoxide on the environment, devised a science investigatory project that aims to minimize carbon monoxide emissions from its major contributor, the transportation sector. The study he devised aims to reduce the emissions by equipping catalysts on most vehicles. The study is hoped to be a solution to the rocketing volume of toxic Carbon Monoxide in the atmosphere. General Objectives The main objective of this study is to produce a catalyzer fully capable of full separation of the components of Carbon Monoxide (CO) into Carbon(C) and Oxygen (O). This may fully reduce the volume of Carbon Monoxide in the atmosphere. Aside from being environmentally friendly, this machine would be low cost and high quality Specific Objectives Specifically, this study aims to

1) To find out if the device is fully capable of separating Carbon and Oxygen. 2) To find out the significant difference between the commercial product and the experimental product in terms of: 1. Durability 2. Versality 3. Cost Statement of the Problem This research study aims to assemble a machine that can separate Carbon Monoxide into Carbon and Oxygen. In addition, this study seeks to answer the following questions: 1) Can Carbon-Oxygen Catalyzer separate Carbon Monoxide into Carbon and Oxygen? 2) Will there be a significant difference between the experimental and commercial product: 2.1. Durability 2.2. Appearance 2.3. Versality 2.4. Cost Statement of Hypothesis In the study Carbon-Oxygen Catalyzer a Carbon Monoxide Separation Device Null Hypothesis 1. There is no significant difference between the experimental product and commercial product in terms of:

1.1. Durability 1.2. Versality 1.3. Appearance 1.4. Cost Conceptual Framework

Independent variable Catalyst used

Dependent Variable
Amount of Carbon Monoxide reduced

Intervening Variables

Significance of the study a) Car companies

The companies will be helped as they can produce the device as an accessory for mass production, through the availability of this product, low cost car units. Thus, increasing their profit and income. b) Vehicle Users They will be helped as they will have units that are eco-friendly and extremely low-cost. c) Passengers They will have more comfort with the ride as the unit releases oxygen instead of Carbon Monoxide. d) Motorists This group or strata will benefit, for they will have oxygen instead of carbon monoxide, in the form of an easier ride. e) Car dealers They will have more low cost units to the mass consumers. f) Government They are benefitted as they will have lesser air pollution problems.

Scopes and Limitations

This science investigatory project was focusing in identifying the effect of CarbonOxygen Catalyzer in the environment and community. Two experimental formulations were prepared. The product was tested on some places; significant difference among the two experimental formulations was also measured. The aspects looks into where the availability and effectively of the materials to be used in the experiment, the strategies, methods and proposed solution to the environmental problem. The experiment was conducted from November 2012 to December 2013 at BB1, Bongabong, Oriental Mindoro. Data processing and the analysis were done in Learning Resource Center Building (LRC building) of Bansud National High School Regional Science High School for Region IV- B MIMAROPA located at Pag-asa, Bansud, Oriental Mindoro.

Definition of Terms Carbon monoxide (CO) - is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that is slightly lighter than air. It is toxic to humans and animals when encountered in higher concentrations, although it is also produced in normal animal metabolism in low quantities, and is thought to have some normal biological functions. In the atmosphere it is spatially variable, short lived, having a role in the formation of ground-level ozone. Carbon monoxide consists of one carbon atom and one oxygen atom, connected by a triple bond that consists of two covalent bonds as well as onedative covalent bond. It is the simplest oxocarbon, and isoelectronic with the cyanide ion and molecular nitrogen. In coordination complexes the carbon monoxide ligand is called carbonyl.

Carbon monoxide is produced from the partial oxidation of carbon-containing compounds; it forms when there is not enough oxygen to produce carbon dioxide (CO2), such as when operating a stove or an internal combustion engine in an enclosed space. In the presence of oxygen, carbon monoxide burns with a blue flame, producing carbon dioxide. Coal gas, which was widely used before the 1960s for domestic lighting, cooking, and heating, had carbon monoxide as a significant constituent. Some processes in modern technology, such as iron smelting, still produce carbon monoxide as a byproduct. Worldwide, the largest source of carbon monoxide is natural in origin, due to photochemical reactions in the troposphere that generate about 5 x 1012kilograms per year.[3] Other natural sources of CO include volcanoes, forest fires, and other forms of combustion. In biology, carbon monoxide is naturally produced by the action of heme oxygenase 1 and 2 on the heme from hemoglobin breakdown. This process produces a certain amount of carboxyhemoglobin in normal persons, even if they do not breathe any carbon monoxide. Following the first report that carbon monoxide is a normal neurotransmitter in 1993,[4][5] as well as one of three gases that naturally modulate inflammatory responses in the body (the other two being nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide), carbon monoxide has received a great deal of clinical attention as a biological regulator. In many tissues, all three gases are known to act as anti-inflammatories, vasodilators, and promoters of neovascular growth.[6] Clinical trials of small amounts of carbon monoxide as a drug are ongoing. catalyst (k t l- st)

1. Chemistry A substance, usually used in small amounts relative to the reactants, that modifies and increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed in the process. Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Review of Related Literature

The modelling of catalytic reactions/reactors has undergone great improvements since the introduction of empirical power-law kinetics in chemical reaction engineering and micro-kinetic models based on insight into the nature of elementary steps have appeared for many reactions. However, recent in situ studies and surface science investigations has brought added attention to the fact that catalysts may behave in a dynamic manner and reconstruct depending on the reaction conditions. This feature severely limits traditional kinetic descriptions.

In the present paper, we present examples of the dynamical behaviour of some catalytic systems and discuss the corresponding limitations in existing models for catalytic reactions and reactors.

Catalytic reactors operated in non-steady-state are becoming more frequent in industry. The additional efforts needed to accurately simulate these types of reactors are discussed. Finally, we discuss the role of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) as a tool for detailed simulation of catalytic reactors.

This literature shows the components of commercial catalysts.

This work is focused on the deep catalytic oxidation of methane over supported palladium catalysts. The influences of the metal loading, oxidation state of palladium, nature of supports, presence of promoters in the supports (for zirconia-based supports), and thermal stability have been studied experimentally. Catalysts were prepared by incipient wetness of commercially available supports with aqueous solutions of palladium nitrate. For -alumina support, it was observed that the optimal amount of palladium is between 0.5% and 2%, with higher amounts leading to a loss in specific activity. Concerning the oxidation state of the catalyst, it is concluded that for all the supports tested in the present work, a reduction of the catalyst is not needed, yielding the same conversion at steady state catalysts reduced and oxidised. The thermal stability of various supported catalysts were also studied, zirconia supports being the most active. These supports, especially Y-modified zirconia support, do not suffer appreciable deactivation below 500 C.

This literature proves the capacity of palladium to convert carbon monoxide. Gel-type polymers uploaded with 8.515.4 wt% of palladium(II) ions based on the low cross-linked glycidyl methacrylate resins with imino-amino functionalities coupled with heterocyclic rings were prepared, characterized (FT-IR, DR UVvis, HR-SEM, ICP-OES methods) and tested as catalysts in the SuzukiMiyaura reactions of a series bromo- and chloroarenes with phenylboronic acid at 2570 C. The effects of the reaction medium, temperature, catalyst structure and concentration on the activity of the catalysts and Pd leaching were studied for the model reaction of bromobenzene with phenyl boronic acids. It was found that the catalysts with the branched system of TAEA were more active than those with the linear one (EDA). The activity of the catalysts strongly depended on the nature of heteroatoms of

heterocyclic aldehyde moieties in imine ligands. The catalyst activity decreased in the order: 2pyridinecarboxaldehyde (PA) > furfural (FA) > 2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde (TA). The best of the catalysts was used additionally in the reactions of substituted bromo- and chloroarenes. It turned out to catalyze efficiently the cross-coupling of bromoarenes bearing both electron donor and electron acceptor substituents. The reactivity of bromoarenes changed in the order: CHO > HF > Me > OMe OH. The catalyst was found inactive in coupling of 4nitrochlorobenzene under the same reaction conditions. The catalyst with TAEA moieties was recycled in the reaction of bromobenzene minimum five times. Its activity, however, decreased gradually on each stage.

This proves that catalytic formulations can be used in gel form.

Review of Related Studies

The Ce0.45Zr0.45Y0.05La0.05O2 oxygen storage material and La-stabilized alumina (LaAl2O3) were prepared. After aging at 1000C for 5 h, Ce0.45Zr0.45Y0.05La0.05O2 maintains superior textual and oxygen storage properties, and La-Al2O3 has superior textual properties. Mediumcoupled Pt-Rh monolithic catalysts for CNG vehicles were prepared by impregnating Ce0.45Zr0.45Y0.05La0.05O2 and La-Al2O3 with H2PtCl6 and RhCl3solutions and then washcoated on the cordierite honeycomb. The medium-coupled catalysts showed high activity at low temperature and thermal stability. The results from the emission test of a JETTA-MT CNG vehicle indicated that the prepared catalysts were capable of fulfilling Euro III requirements.

This study proves that palladium and similar elements has the capacity to convert carbon monoxide into oxygen.

Composite supports CeO2-ZrO2-Al2O3 (CZA) and CeO2-ZrO2-Al2O3-La2O3 (CZALa) were prepared by co-precipitation method. Palladium catalysts were prepared by impregnation and their purification ability for CH4, CO and NOx in the mixture gas simulated the exhaust from natural gas vehicles (NGVs) operated under stoichiometric condition was investigated. The effect of La2O3 on the physicochemical properties of supports and catalysts was characterized by various techniques. The characterizations with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy revealed that the doping of La2O3 restrained effectively the sintering of crystallite particles, maintained the crystallite particles in nanoscale and stabilized the crystal phase after calcination at 1000 C. The results of N2-adsorption, H2-temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR) and oxygen storage capacity (OSC) measurements indicated that La2O3 improved the textural properties, reducibility and OSC of composite supports. Activity testing results showed that the catalysts exhibit excellent activities for the simultaneous removal of methane, CO and NOx in the simulated exhaust gas. The catalysts supported on CZALa showed remarkable thermal stability and catalytic activity for the three pollutants, especially for NOx. The prepared palladium catalysts have high ability to remove NOx, CH4 and CO, and they can be used as excellent catalysts for the purification of exhaust from NGVs operated under stoichiometric condition. The catalysts reported in this work also have significant potential in industrial application because of their high performance and low cost.

This proves that aa mixture of the materials can separate carbon and oxygen to some extent.

In this study, polyethylene glycol (PEG) with different molecular weight, polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), are chosen as porogens for preparing chitosan base porous microsphere supported palladium catalyst for coupling reactions. The pore structure of the microspheres was controlled by the compatibility of chitosan and counterpart polymers. The prepared porous chitosan microspheres supported palladium heterogeneous catalysts have been evaluated using the well-established Ullmann reductive homocoupling and the Heck crosscoupling reactions. The activities, stabilities and recyclability of the porous chitosan microspheres supported palladium catalysts are not only highly dependent upon the surface areas of the solid supports, but also upon the chemical properties of the water-soluble polymers. The degradation of the prepared heterogeneous palladium catalysts is mainly caused by a combination of the palladium leaching and the morphological transformation of the palladium species from the amorphous into the crystals.

This proves that palladium has a higher conversion capability versus commercial products.

Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

Research Method

Experimental method was used in this study, particularly, parallel-group design .This design is most appropriate because four groups were used at the same time with only one variable (control group) was manipulated or changed. The experimental group varies while the parallel group serves as control for comparative purposes.

In this study, there are three groups, namely, commercial catalyst; E1 catalyst; E2 catalyst; and E3 catalyst. The control group used was the commercial product. The experimental groups were the E1 catalyst; E2 catalyst; and E3 catalyst.

Materials

The materials used in this study were 1 kg silver; 1 kg palladium; and 1 kg copper (you can get these items in a Mineral Shop). The materials kept constant throughout the study were 4 catalytic units; and 4 sample vehicles.

Equipment/Apparatus and Utensils

The equipment and utensils used in this study was a carbon emission measurement device; and 4 pieces of clean cloth.

Procedure

In the preparation of the study, the researcher used the following procedures. First, the researcher gathered the required materials and equipments. Next, the researcher prepared the formulations for each of the experimental catalysts. Then, he applied the different formulations to the experimental catalyst. He put the said catalyst into the sample vehicles. Then he tested and recorded the amount of Carbon emissions.

Evaluation of the Products

In order to test the effectiveness of the product, the researcher recorded the amount of carbon emission get from the tested vehicles in the table below:

Vehicles

Amount of Carbon Emission

Statistical Treatment

The statistical techniques used in the analyzing and interpreting the data were weighted arithmetic mean and the F-test or two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Mean was used to determine the acceptability of the quantity attributes of the three formulations and the experimental group. The formula is as follows: f x where f x f f or

stands for the weighted arithmetic mean; f, frequency; x, weight; fx, sum of the

product of f and x; and f, sum of the frequency.

F-test or two-way ANOVA was used to determine the significant difference on the acceptability of the quantity attributes of the three formulations and the experimental group. The formula is as follows: =

where Fs stands for F-value for samples; MSs, mean square for samples; and MSE, mean square for error. = where F stands for F-value for panelists; MSP, mean square for panelists; and MSE, mean square for error.

In this connection, the researcher opted for 5 percent level of probability to determine the degree of significance of the findings with 99 percent reliability.

Chapter IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Analysis of Data

Chapter V

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusions

Recommendations

Bibliography

Retrieved on February 23, 2013, from:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleListURL&_method=list&_Articl eListID=155577884&_sort=r&_st=13&view=c&_acct=C000228598&_version=1&_url Version=0&_userid=10&md5=bb86ca717db4fd386d66c2d73bba0784&searchtype=a Ibid. Karol B., Agnieszka B., Wiktor B. (November 7, 2012) Synthesis of gel-type imino-amino functionalized methacrylate-styrene terpolymers as supports for palladium catalysts for the SuzukiMiyaura reaction. Retrieved on February 23, 2013, from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926860X12005042

Op cit.

YUAN S, et al.(May 2007) Medium-Coupled Catalysts Meeting Euro III Emission Standards for Condensed Natural Gas Vehicles. Retrieved on February 23, 2013, from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1872206707600369

Zhang X, et al. (June 2009) CeO2-ZrO2-La2O3-Al2O3 composite oxide and its supported palladium catalyst for the treatment of exhaust of natural gas engined vehicles .Retrieved on February 23, 2013, from Op cit

Appendix