PROJECT ON DYES: PROJECT ON DYES ASHA SHARMA XII-A CONTENTS: CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT BASIS OF COLOUR NATURAL DYES

MAUVIENE COLOR FASTNESS DYE CLASIFICATION AZO DYES CERTIFICATE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thanks our chemistry teacher Mrs.Promila Kohly mam and our lab assistant Balbir sir. They helped me completing this project. She acted as a friend, philosopher and guide.

INTRODUCTION: INTRODUCTION The basis of this project is the chemistry behind fabric dyes- what are they? What are the origins of dyes? How are they made? What affects the dyes have an affinity for the substrate ( fibre ) they are applied to. Dyes are also either soluble, or dispersible in a solvent (the particles of a dispersed dyes are essentially aggregates of a few molecules) 1 . Pigments have no affinity for the substrate they are applied to, and tend to be present as an insoluble suspension in a drying oil or other resinous vehicle. Pigment particles also tend to be of the order of 1m in diameter 1 . However, the boundary between pigments and dyes is not sharp. The method of application of some dyes requires them to form

insoluble compounds within the fabric. See Protein Textile Dyes for a greater discussion of this effect way they attach to different fibres ? BASIS OF COLOUR : BASIS OF COLOUR The different colours of white light Everyone is familiar with rainbows- see the top picture for a well known example! Sunlight is refracted by atmospheric water, producing bands of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. These combined make up white light. If a light source is deficient in any colour band, the light appears to be coloured in the complementary colour . The table below shows wavelength, the corresponding colour , and its complementary colour 2

PowerPoint Presentation: This image shows the effect on white light reflected off a solid object This image shows the effect on white light transmitted through a solution, or other transparent article THE EFFECT OF MOLECULAR ENERGY LEVELS: THE EFFECT OF MOLECULAR ENERGY LEVELS . Transition metal complexes are coloured due to the distortion of the metal's Simple molecular excitation, such as in a neon tube, may cause the appearance of colour . This is due to rotation and/or vibration of the moleculesd -electron shell caused by ligands surrounding the metal ion. Electronic motion in conjugated organic systems, and charge transfer. Colour in crystalline solids

arises from band theory- the blurring of many orbitals through-out the solid. Solids are only coloured if the gap between the Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO, the Fermi level) and the Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (LUMO) is small enough. Colour due to refraction, scattering, dispersion and diffractionthese are all due to the geometrical and physical dimensions of a solid or a solution. The first four mechanisms all rely on some form of energy transfer to move either molecules or electrons from their ground state into some excited state. However, only one of these effectively applies to dye molecules, since dye molecules are almost without exception organic conjugated systems. The

overlapping p-orbitals effectively mean that no one electron absorbs more energy than another, since all p-electrons in the conjugated system are smeared above and below the molecule. Conjugated organic molecules absorb specific wavelengths of electro-magnetic radiation: The first four mechanisms all rely on some form of energy transfer to move either molecules or electrons from their ground state into some excited state. However, only one of these effectively applies to dye molecules, since dye molecules are almost without exception organic conjugated systems. The overlapping p- orbitals effectively mean that no one electron absorbs more energy than another, since all pelectrons in the conjugated system are smeared above and below the molecule. Conjugated organic

molecules absorb specific wavelengths of electro-magnetic radiation If this absorption falls within the visible region, then the light reflected or transmitted is deficient in a particular colour , and the solid (or solution) appears coloured : PowerPoint Presentation: The energy of the electronic transition can be calculated from DE = hn where DE is the difference between the two electronic levels, h is Planck's constant and n is the frequency of the absorbed radiation. NATURAL DYES : NATURAL DYES Early dyes The earliest records of dyeing processes are Chinese, and date from about 2600BC 3 . The drive to find new and interesting colours is understandable- most natural

fibres such as cotton, linen, wool and leather are shades of white, black or brown: Dyers Madder, Rubia tinctorum and R. peregrina, also gives a red dye, but this time, the main dye molecule is alizarin: : Dyers Madder, Rubia tinctorum and R. peregrina , also gives a red dye, but this time, the main dye molecule is alizarin: MAUVIENE:FIRST SYNTHETIC DYE: MAUVIENE:FIRST SYNTHETIC DYE No dye story would be complete without some mention of mauveine . It was first discovered in 1856 by a young chemist called William Henry Perkins, although it was not his intention! His aim was to synthesise quinine, a drug extracted from tree bark and used as a preventative against malaria. Since

very little was then known about the structure of quinine, or indeed any organic molecule, he took a stab in the dark and began by oxidising allyltoluidine 1 : 2C 10 H 13 N + 1O 2 ---> C 20 H 24 N 2 O 2 + H 2 O Since we now know the structures of both quinine and allyltoluidine , it is easy to see why it didn't work 1 . What he did notice, however, was a brown product This was sufficiently interesting for him to investigate further, and he repeated the experiment, but with aniline extracted from coal tar instead. This resulted in a black product, which we now know to be Aniline Black. But when he extracted this with alcohol, he obtained a purplish product which he called Aniline Purple1,2. When Aniline Purple was tested on silk at a dye works in Perth,

Scotland, it gave a rich purple colour. He took out a patent on it and went into production2. : This was sufficiently interesting for him to investigate further, and he repeated the experiment, but with aniline extracted from coal tar instead. This resulted in a black product, which we now know to be Aniline Black. But when he extracted this with alcohol, he obtained a purplish product which he called Aniline Purple 1,2 . When Aniline Purple was tested on silk at a dye works in Perth, Scotland, it gave a rich purple colour . He took out a patent on it and went into production 2 . COLOR FASTNESS : COLOR FASTNESS A definition of fastness "That property of a pigment or dye, or the leather, cloth, paper, ink,

etc., containing the coloring matter, to retain its original hue, especially without fading, running, or changing when wetted, washed, cleaned; or stored under normal conditions when exposed to light, heat, or other influences." For example, linen is much harder to dye than silk or cotton (although indigo dyes both cotton and linen well- see later). A dye which works well on leather will probably not be suitable for wool. DYE CLASSIFICATION: DYE CLASSIFICATION According to its chemical structure. According to how it is applied to materials. How Do we classify dyes? There are two practical ways to classify a dye: on the basis of their structure:

on the basis of their structure Azo dyes are the most important of the dye classes, with the largest range of colours (see Basis of Colour ). All azo dyes contain at least one -N=N- group. See the Azo Dyes page for more explanation. The next most important dye class contains carbonyl functions (C=O). This group includes anthraquinones 2 Azo dyes : Azo dyes The azo compound class accounts for 60-70% of all dyes. As you might expect, they all contain an azo group, -N=N-, which links two sp 2 hybridised carbon atoms. Often, these carbons are part of aromatic systems, but this is not always the case. Most azo dyes contain only one azo group, but some contain two ( dis azo ), three (

tris azo ) or more 2 . Isomerism in azo dyes Geometrical isomerism As with any double bond, the planar -N=N- bond shows geometrical isomerism: This change from trans (preferred) to cis can be effected by exposure to UV radiation. This can lead to photochromism, a light-induced reversible colour change in some dyes, for example C.I. Disperse Red 1. This effect was considered a nuisance and has largely been eliminated by careful development of more stable dyes. But photochromic dyes are beginning to make a comeback in technology like sunglasses and sunroofs in cars2: This change from trans (preferred) to cis can be effected by exposure to UV radiation. This can lead to photochromism , a light-induced

reversible colour change in some dyes, for example C.I. Disperse Red 1. This effect was considered a nuisance and has largely been eliminated by careful development of more stable dyes. But photochromic dyes are beginning to make a comeback in technology like sunglasses and sunroofs in cars 2 Tautomerism : Tautomerism This involves the removal of a hydrogen from one part of the molecule, and the addition of a hydrogen to a different part of the molecule. This is common when there is an -OH group ortho or para to the azo group: Tautomeric forms can be identified form their characteristic spectra. Ketohydrazones are normally bathochromic compared to their counterpart hydroxyazo forms.

Ketohydrazones also have higher molar extinction co- efficients . However, not all azo dyes show tautomerism , and some tautomeric forms are more stable than others 2 . Since we now know the structures of both quinine and allyltoluidine , it is easy to see why it didn't work 1 . What he did notice, however, was a brown produc .: . An overview of azo dye synthesis is shown below: Stage 1- Diazotisation This involves a primary aromatic amine, called the diazo component. It is treated in low temperature, acid conditions with sodium nitrite to form an unstable diazonium salt 2 . Stage 2- Azo coupling The diazonium salt is reacted with a coupling component (for example a

phenol or an aromatic amine). This forms the stable azo dye.

Chemistry Project Report on Dyeing of Fabrics

Declaration I, ____________ student of ___________________ is doing project report entitled Dyeing of Fabrics being submitted to ___________________is an original piece of work done by me. (Signature)

DYEING OF FABRICS

Dyeing of Fabrics are coloured compounds used for imparting colour to the textiles, silk, wool, food stuffs, etc. A dye is an organic compound which can absorb some band of the light falling on it. The rest of the light is reflected. The reflected light will eventually have colour complementary to that of the absorbed. A dye may absorb all visible light except one band that may be reflected. The dye will then have colour of the reflected band.

Classification of Dyes Based on Application 1. Acid Dyes : Acid media is required for application of this dye. The substantivity of this dye is maximum to wool and least to cellulosic fibre. The acid causes adverse effect on silk in terms of appearance. The dye has good fastness to light. These dyes, which are sodium salts of organic acids just as sulphuric acid, have poor washing fastness property. 2. Basic Dyes : These dyes are the salts of the coloured basic groups containing amino group ( --NH2 or - NR2 ). Modified nylon and polyesters can be dyed with these dyes. e.g. Aniline Yellow and Malachite Green

3. Direct Dyeing of Fabrics : These are the Dyes which can be applied directly to the fabrics from an aqueous solution. These are most useful for fabrics which can form hydrogen bonds with the Dyeing of Fabrics. Thus they are used for dyeing cotton, wool, silk, rayon, nylon. e.g. Congo red and Martius yellow 4. Insoluble Dyeing of Fabrics : These are Insoluble Dyeing of Fabrics compounds produced in site on the surface of the fabric i.e. why they are also called as ingrain Dyeing of Fabrics. The reaction involves the coupling between napthal absorbed on the surface of the fabric with the diazonium salt. As there is only surface absorption, the colour is not very fast. These Dyeing of

Fabrics are generally used for dyeing cotton, silk, nylon, polyester etc. e.g. Orange - 1 5. Vat Dyeing of Fabrics : These are insoluble Dyeing of Fabrics which are first reduced to a colourless form in a large vat with a reducing agent such as alkaline sodium hypo-sulphite and then applied to the fabrics. e.g. Indigo. 6. Fibre Reactive Dyeing of Fabrics : These are the Dyeing of Fabrics which contain a reactive group which combines directly with the hydroxyl or the amino group of the fibre. Because of the chemical reaction the colour is fast and has a very

long life. Cotton, wool or silk can be dyed with this type of Dyeing of Fabrics. 7. Disperse Dyeing of Fabrics : These Dyes are water soluble Dyeing of Fabrics which are dispersed in suitable reagents before application to the synthetic fibres. These Dyeing of Fabrics Dyeing of Fabrics are used for dyeing nylon and polyester. 8. Mordant Dyeing of Fabrics : These Dyeing of Fabrics do not dye the fabric directly but require a binding agent known as mordant. The mordant acts as a binding agent between the fibre and the dye. These are used to dye wool. e.g. Alizarin (Turkey Red).

Dyeing From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the process of coloring using dyes. For dying and the end of life, see death. This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. No cleanup reason has been specified. Please help improve this article if you can. (January 2011)

Pigments for sale at a market in Goa, India.

Cotton being dyed manually in contemporary India. Dyeing is the process of adding colour to textile products like fibres, yarns, and fabrics.[1] Dyeing is normally done in a special solution containingdyes and particular chemical material. After dyeing, dye molecules have uncut chemical bond with fiber molecules. The temperature and time controlling are two key factors in dyeing. There are mainly two classes of dye, natural and man-made. The primary source of dye, historically, has generally been nature, with the dyes being extracted from animals or plants.

Since the mid-18th century, however, humans have produced artificial dyes to achieve a broader range of colors and to render the dyes more stable to resist washing and general use. Different classes of dyes are used for different types of fiber and at different stages of the textile production process, from loose fibers through yarn and cloth to completed garments. Acrylic fibers are dyed with basic dyes, while nylon and protein fibers such as wool and silk are dyed with acid dyes, and polyester yarn is dyed with disperse dyes. Cotton is dyed with a range of dye types, including vat dyes, and modern synthetic reactive and direct dyes. Contents [hide]

1 Etymology 2 History 3 Methods 3.1 Direct application 3.2 Yarn dyeing 4 Removal of dyes 5 See also 6 References Etymology[edit]
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The word dye is from Middle English deie and from Old [1] English dag and dah. The first known use of the word dye was before the 12th [2] century. History[edit] Main article: Natural dye

The dyer of the fountain "Weberbrunnen" in Monschau (Germany). Archaeologists have found evidence of textile dyeing dating back to the Neolithic period. The earliest surviving evidence of textile dyeing was found at the large Neolithic settlement at atalhyk in southern Anatolia, where traces of red dyes, possibly from ochre, an iron

oxide pigment derived from clay), were found.[3] In China, dyeing with plants, barks, and insects has been traced back more than 5,000 years.[4] Early evidence of dyeing comes fromSindh province in Pakistan, where a piece of cotton dyed with a vegetable dye was recovered from the archaeological site at Mohenjo-daro (3rd millennium BCE).[5] The dye used in this case was madder, which, along with other dyes such as indigo, was introduced to other regions through trade.[5] Natural insect dyes such as Tyrian purple and kermes and plantbased dyes such as woad, indigo and madder were important elements of the economies of Asia and Europe until the discovery of man-made synthetic dyes in the mid-19th century. The first synthetic dye was William

Perkin'smauveine in 1856, derived from coal tar. Alizarin, the red dye present in madder, was the first natural pigment to be duplicated synthetically in 1869,[6] a development which led to the collapse of the market for naturally grown madder.[7] The development of new, strongly colored synthetic dyes followed quickly, and by the 1870s commercial dyeing with natural dyestuffs was disappearing. Methods[edit]

Dyeing in Fes, Morocco. Dyes are applied to textile goods by dyeing from dye solutions and by printing from dye pastes. The methods are Direct application[edit] The term "direct dye application" stems from some dyestuff having to be either fermented as in the case of some natural dye or chemically reduced as in the case of synthetic vat and sulfur dyes before being applied. This renders the dye soluble so that it can be absorbed by the fiber since the insoluble dye has very little substantivity to the fiber. Direct dyes, a class of dyes largely for dyeing cotton, are water soluble and can be applied directly to the fiber from an aqueous solution. Most other classes of synthetic dye, other than vat and

surface dyes, are also applied in this way. The term may also be applied to dyeing without the use of mordants to fix the dye once it is applied. Mordants were often required to alter the hue and intensity of natural dyes and improve color fastness. Chromium salts were until recently extensively used in dying wool with synthetic mordant dyes. These were used for economical high color fastness dark shades such as black and navy. Environmental concerns have now restricted their use, and they have been replaced with reactive and metal complex dyes that do not require mordant. Yarn dyeing[edit] There are many forms of yarn dyeing. Common forms are the package form and the hanks form. Cotton yarns are

mostly dyed at package form, and acrylic or wool yarn are dyed at hank form. In the continuous filament industry, polyester or polyamide yarns are always dyed at package form, while viscose rayon yarns are partly dyed at hank form because of technology.[8] The common dyeing process of cotton yarn with reactive dyes at package form is as follows: 1. The raw yarn is wound on a spring tube to achieve a package suitable for dye penetration. 2. These softened packages are loaded on a dyeing carrier's spindle one on another. 3. The packages are pressed up to a desired height to achieve suitable density of packing.

4. The carrier is loaded on the dyeing machine and the yarn is dyed. 5. After dyeing, the packages are unloaded from the carrier into a trolly. 6. Now the trolly is taken to hydro extractor where water is removed. 7. The packages are hydro extracted to remove the maximum amount of water leaving the desired color into raw yarn. 8. The packages are then dried to achieve the final dyed package. After this process, the dyed yarn packages are packed and delivered. For more dyeing methods, visit hereWet_Processing_Engineering

Removal of dyes[edit] If things go wrong in the dyeing process, the dyer may be forced to remove the dye already applied by a process called "stripping". This normally means destroying the dye with powerful reducing agents such as sodium hydrosulphite or oxidizing agents such as hydrogen peroxide or sodium hypochlorite. The process often risks damaging the substrate (fiber). Where possible, it is often less risky to dye the material a darker shade, with black often being the easiest or last option. See also[edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related

to Dyeing. Glossary of dyeing terms Natural dye Tie-dye Vat dye References[edit]

1. ^ Jump up to:a b "Dyeing". The Free Dictionary By Farlex. Retrieved 2012-05-25. 2. Jump up^ "Dye". MerriamWebster. Retrieved 2012-05-25. 3. Jump up^ Barber (1991), pp. 223-225. 4. Jump up^ Goodwin, Jill. A Dyer's Manual, Pelham, 1982. ISBN 07207-1327-7p. 11. 5. ^ Jump up to:a b Bhardwaj, H.C. & Jain, K.K., "Indian Dyes and Industry During 18th-19th Century", Indian

Journal of History of Science 17 (11): 70-81, New Delhi: Indian National Science Academy. 6. Jump up^ Hans-Samuel Bien, Josef Stawitz, Klaus Wunderlich Anthraquinone Dyes and Intermediates in Ullmanns Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2005 Will;.,ey-VCH, Weinheim: 2005.doi:10.1002/14356007.a02 355 . 7. Jump up^ Goodwin (1982), p. 65 8. Jump up^ Farer Thread Look up dyeing in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.