The Life of Imam Muhammad Al Jawad

TheLifeofImamMuhammadAlJawad Author:BaqirAlQurashi Introduction Dedication Hisbirthandupbringing Underthewingofhisfather ThetreacheryofalMa'moonagainstImamarRedhar Fromhishighidealsr Hisknowledgeandsciences TheZakat Nobilitiesofcharacter Hiscompanionsandthenarratorsofhistraditions 26.AbuAlialHasanbinRashidalBaghdadi 78.AlibinMahziyar TheageofImamalJawad(a.
ofImamalJawad(a.s) AttheageofalMa'moon AttheageofalMa'moon ImamalJawadaskingYahay
Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

Theend Referencebooks Introduction OneofthemostwonderfulpicturesofintellectandknowledgeinIslamisImamAbuJafar MuhammadalJawad(a.s),whopossessedthevirtuesandnobilitiesoftheworld,made springsofwisdomandknowledgeflowintheearthandwastheteacherandpioneerofthe scientificandculturalrevivalofhisage.Scholars,jurisprudents,narratorsoftraditionsand learnersofwisdomandsciencescametohimtodrinkfromthepurefountofhissciencesand cultures.JurisprudentshavereportedmuchfromhimconcerningtheverdictsoftheIslamic Sharia,worships,muamalat[1]andotherbranchesofjurisprudence,andallhavebeen recordedintheencyclopediasofjurisprudenceandHadith. ThisgreatImamwasoneofthefoundersofthejurisprudenceoftheAhlulBayt[2](a.s)that representedcreation,originalityandprogressofintellect. [1]Ritualobservances,socialcustomsandethicalrules. [2]AhlulBaytisatermreferringtothehonoredfamilyoftheProphet(s),namelyhisdaughter Fatima,ImamAli,ImamHasan,ImamHusaynandtheothernineinfallibleimamsdescending fromImamHusayn(peacebeuponthemall). Scholarshavereportedfromhimwonderfulvarietiesofwisdomandliteraturesregarding nobledeedsandconductsthatareamongthemostpreciousmaximsdealingwithdifferent educationalandmoralissues. ImamAbuJafaralJawad(a.s),withhistalents,geniusesandgreat,endlessscientificability, hasproventheluminousrealityadoptedbytheShiathatanimammustbethemostaware andvirtuousoneofthepeopleofhistimeandtheonewhohasmoreknowledgethananyone else,regardlessofwhetherheisyoungorold.Allahhasprovidedtheinfallibleimamsofthe AhlulBayt(a.s)withknowledge,wisdomandsoundjudgmentsimilartohowHeprovidedthe ArchProphetswiththesequalities.Thisconceptisoneofthemainelementsinthedoctrine oftheShia. ImamAbuJafar(a.s)hasproventhatclearly.Heundertooktheimamateandthereligious leadershipafterhisfathersdeathwhilehewas,ashistorianshaveunanimouslyagreed,not
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morethansevenyearsold.Thisgreatrolewouldnotallowitskeeper,accordingtothe mentalityofachild,toplungeintoanyfieldofknowledgeortoenterintoanyfieldofdebates andcontroversieswithgreatscholarsandspecialistsbecausethisisnotpossibleforalittle child,butImamalJawad(a.s),thoughhewasstillalittlechild,brokethatnotion. Themostfamousscholarsofhistimeaskedhimsomeofthemostcomplicatedphilosophical, theologicalandjurisprudentialquestions,andheansweredthemall.Amongthosescholars wasYahyabinAktham,thechiefofthejudgesofBaghdadwhomtheAbbasidshadchosento testImamalJawad(a.s).HeaskedImamalJawad(a.s)aboutajurisprudentialquestion,and ImamalJawad(a.s)ramifiedthequestionintoseveralbranchesandaskedYahyawhich branchhemeant.Yahyadidnotknowwhattosayandcouldnotsavehimselffromthat embarrassingsituation,andthenheconfessedthathecouldnotkeeppacewithImamal Jawad(a.s).[1] [1]Weshalldiscussthisquestionandothersinthecomingchapters. TheargumentsofImamalJawad(a.s)withYahyaandwithotherscholarsofthattime occupiedthepublicopinioninBaghdadandinothertowns.Theywerethemaintopicstalked ofinmeetingsthen,andthecaravanstransportedthemeverywhere.Theywereandstillarea sourceofadmirationthroughouthistory. WhatprovesthegreattreasureofhisknowledgewhilehewasstillyoungisthattheShia jurisprudents,afterthedeathofImamarRedha(a.s),hastenedtowardsYathrib(Medina)to knowthenextinfallibleimam.ThereliablepeopleguidedthemtoImamalJawad(a.s).They wenttohimandaskedhimthemostambiguousandcomplicatedquestions,andheanswered themall.Narratorssaythat,onanotheroccasion,hewasaskedthirtythousandquestions, andheansweredthemall.Itisnaturalthatthereisnojustificationtothisconfusingand amazingmatterexceptthatwhichtheShiabelieve:Allahhasendowedtheinfallibleimamsof AhlulBayt(a.s)withknowledge,wisdomandvirtue,withthelikesofwhichnooneamongst peoplehaseverbeenendowed. SomehistorianssaythatthetalentsandgeniusesofImamalJawad(a.s)affectedal Mamoon,theAbbasidcaliph,andconsequentlyhelovedImamalJawad(a.s)sincerelyand preferredhimtoevenhisownchildrenandfamily.HemarriedhimtohisdaughterUmmal Fadhl,giftedhimabundantlyandorderedhisgovernmentbodiesandtherestoftheofficial departmentstorespectandglorifyhim.However,thisisnottrue,asweshalldetailinthis booklateron. ImamalJawad(a.s)didnotfaceanyeconomicalpressuresthroughouthislife.Helivedat ease.AlMamoongavehimayearlysalaryofonemilliondirhams,whichwasaconsiderable

amountatthattimewhenonedirhamequaledthepriceofonesheep. ThiswasbesidestheabundantamountsofthelegaldueshereceivedwhichtheShiabelieved mustbepaidtoImamalJawad(a.s),likefor example,thehalfofthekhums,whichtheShiajurisprudentscallastherightoftheimam,the monieswhoseownerswereunknownandotherlegalduesbesidestheincomesoftheentails thatsomebenevolentpeopleoftheShiahadentailedonAhlulBayt(a.s)inQom[1]andother places.ImamalJawad(a.s)economizedinspendingonhimself.Hespentthoseabundant moniesonthepoorandneedypeopleamongsttheMuslims.Itisbecauseofthisunequalled generositythathehasbeencalledalJawad(thegenerous,theliberal).Thissurnamewasthe mostparticularandfamoussurnameofhis,totheextentthathewasknownamongstthe peoplebyit. ImamalJawad(a.s)wassurroundedbyahaloofvenerationandglorificationandrespected highlybyallclassesofsociety.Peoplesawinhispersonalitythescopeofhisgreatfatherswho hadcarriedthetorchofguidanceandgoodnesstomankind.However,hedidnotpayany attentiontothemanifestationsofvenerationsandglorificationswithwhichhewas surrounded.Instead,hepreferredasceticismandavoidedallthepleasuresofthisworld. Once,alHusaynsawhiminBaghdadwhilethemasseshadcrowdedaroundhim.Hesaidto himselfthatImamalJawad(a.s)wouldnotreturntohisasceticismandsinceritytoAllah. ImamalJawad(a.s)feltthatinhim.Hecametohimandkindlyandlenientlysaid,OHusayn, thebreadofbarleyandthegroundsaltinthesanctumofmygrandfather,themessengerof Allah(a.s),aremorebelovedtomethanwhatyouseemein[2]. ThisphenomenonwasoneoftheprominentaspectsintheconductsofImamalJawad(a.s)as itwastheprominentaspectintheconductsofalloftheinfallibleimamsoftheAhlulBayt (a.s).Ithasneverbeenmentionedthatanyofthemtriedthisworldlylifeoritspleasures.All ofthempreferredtheobedienceofAllahinsteadand [1]AholycityinIranwhereFatima(s),thedaughterofImamarRedha(s)andtheauntof ImamalJawad(s),wasburied. [2]IthbatalHudat,vol.6p.185. lookedforwardtotheafterlifeanddideverythingthatmighttakethemclosertoAllah. ImamalJawad(a.s)livedthatshortperiodofhisholylifetendingtowardsknowledge.He establishedthebasesandprinciplesofknowledgeandmadeuseoftheperiodofhisstayin Baghdadinspreadingknowledge,teachingdifferentsciencesandmergingtheintellectwith theIslamicsciencesandliteratures.[1]Agreatnumberofscholarsandnarratorsjoinedhimto

learnfromhimthedifferentIslamicsciences,suchastheology,philosophy,jurisprudenceand interpretation(tafsir).Thisbookrelatesthebiographiesofthosescholarsandnarrators accordingtothesourcesofbiographiesandhistory.Talkingaboutthesemencompletesour researchonthepersonalityofImamalJawad(a.s). TheageinwhichImamalJawad(a.s)livedwasoneofthebestIslamicagesthroughout historybecausecivilizationspreadwidelyinthatage.Fromamongthewonderfulscenesof thatcivilizationwasthedevelopmentofsciences,theestablishmentofinstitutesandlibraries andthetranslationofmedicalandphilosophicalbooksfromGreekandotherlanguagesinto Arabic.Baghdadbecamethecapitalofthegreatestcivilizationofsciencesandintellectinthe historyofIslam.Baghdadwasfullofscholarsandspecialistsinmedicine,linguistics, jurisprudenceandotherbranchesofknowledge.TheeconomicallifeinBaghdaddevelopedto averyfarextent,butunfortunatelygreatwealthaccumulatedinthehandsofcertainclasses, especiallytheclassthatservedtheAbbasidruleandworkedintheinterestoftheAbbasids. Thisclassofpeoplebecameterriblyrichtoadegreethattheydidnotknowhowtospend theirmonies.Theymadethedoorsoftheirhousesoutofgoldandwallowedinluxuriesand pleasureswhilethemassesoftheMuslimpeople [1]AqeedatashShia,p.200. sufferedfrompoverty,deprivationandbitterliving. WeshouldstudytheageofImamMuhammadalJawad(a.s)andsearchforitscivilizational, economical,politicalandsocialfeaturesforstudyingtheageinamethodicalwayisnecessary forresearchers.ThisbookisnotaspecialstudyonthebiographyofImamMuhammadal Jawad(a.s)only,butitisacomprehensivestudyoftheIslamicageinwhichImamalJawad (a.s)lived.(8) StudyingthebiographiesofthekingswhoruledduringtheageofImamalJawad(a.s)is relevanttohislifebecauseitshowsthedifficultiesandmisfortunesfromwhichheandthe Islamicnationhadtosufferduringthereignsofthosekings,whotriedtheirbesttowrongthe peopleandforcethemtodowhattheydisliked. ImamAbuJafarMuhammadalJawad(a.s)spentmostofhislifeduringthereignofal Mamoon,whowasoneofthemostprominentAbbasidcaliphsbasedonhisintellect, intelligentpoliciesandinfluentialpowerincontrollingevents.Wediscusshisbiography objectivelyanddiscussthepoliticaleventsthathadtakenplaceduringhisreign,suchashis appointingImamalJawad(a.s)ashisheirapparent,thebloodywarsbetweenhimandhis brotheralAmeen,thebattleofAbuasSarayaandothers.Wementionthereasonsthatled alMamoontomarryhisdaughterUmmalFadhltoImamalJawad(a.s).Wealsomentionthe

biographyofalMutasim,theAbbasidcaliph,duringwhosereignImamalJawad(a.s) sufferedthebitterestkindsofpersecution.HeforcedImamalJawad(a.s)toleaveYathrib (Medina)andliveunwillinglyinBaghdadunderhousearrest.Hesetdetectorstospyonhim andwatchhissayingsanddoingsandallthosewhovisitedhimandhadrelationswithhim. WhenhesawthehighpersonalityofImamalJawad(a.s)andfoundthathedidnotsupport himoracknowledgehispolicieswhichtendedtospreadinjusticeandcorruptioneverywhere intheearth,hehadpoisoninjectedinhimbytheImamswife,UmmalFadhl(alMa'moons daughter).Sheassassinatedhimwhilehewasstillyoung. Wehavedetailedthatinoneoftheforthcomingchaptersofthisbook. Ithinkthatthereisnobenefittothenationbetterthanpublishingthebiographiesofthe infallibleimamsofAhlulBayt(a.s)andmakingtheirvirtuesandexploitsknowntopeople becausetheywerethegenuinesourceofmansdignityandhonor,andtheywerethe overflowingspringsofintellectandknowledgenotonlytothisumma,butalsotoallpeople despitetheirdifferentraces,religionsandinclinations.Theinfallibleimamsraisedhighthe banneroftruthtoguidethedeviant,conducttheconfused,showtherightpathandleadto thefaithinAllah,whichisthebasisofgoodnessandpeaceintheearth. ResearchingtheconductsoftheAhlulBayt(a.s)leadstoshiningtreasuresofknowledgeand wisdomandunveilsthesoulsthathavebeenloyaltothetruth,thathavebeencreatedfor faith,thathavegonetowardsAllahtheAlmighty,thathaveadoptedthemissiontoinviteto Himandthathavesuffered,forthesakeofthat,fromthePharaohsoftheirages,fromthe likesofwhichnoreformerintheearthhaseversuffered. ImamalJawad(a.s)wasoneofthatpureprogenywhoraisedthewordsofAllah.Hewastried assevereatrialaswaspossibleand,therefore,facedfromthetyrantsofhisagedifferent kindsofpersecutionandoppression.Thisbookwillshowalltheseaspectsclearly. TheArabiclibraryhasnostudyonthelifeofImamAbuJafaralJawad(a.s)whoisoneofthe flowingspringsofintellectandknowledgeinIslamandoneofthepridesofthisnationand oneofitspioneeringleaders.NoonehaswrittenonhislifeexceptMuhammadbinWahban whocalledhisbookAkhbarAbiJafarathThani:the newsofAbuJafartheSecond[1],but,unfortunately,itisnotavailableinourlibraries.Itmay beoneofthemanuscriptsthattheummahaslostormaybeinoneofthewardrobesofthe manuscriptsoftheinternationallibraries. IhavebeensuccessfulthankstoAllahinresearchingthebiographyofthisgreatImamwho hasfilledtheworldwithhisvirtues,knowledge,asceticismandpiety.IdonotclaimthatI

havecoveredallthesidesofhisshininglife,forthisissomethingfarfromthereality,butI haveshedfaintlightsonsomeaspectsofhispersonality,thatwasthescopeofthelivesofhis purefatherswhohadlitthetorchofintellectualandsociallifeinIslam. Ithinkitismyduty,attheendofthisintroduction,tooffermyappreciation,gratitudeand loyaltytothegreatscholarSheikhHadialQurashiforhiseffortsinreviewingmany encyclopediassuchasWassa'ilashShiaandothersourceswhichprovideduswithalotof informationaboutthelifeofImamAbuJa'faralJawad(a.s),besideshisvaluablenotesinthis book.AlsoIfeelitismydutytothankthenoblemanSayyidAbdurrasool,thesonofSayyid RedhaalHusayniasSa'igh,forhiscontributioninspendingtowardsthepublicationofthe bookinitsfirstedition.IpraytoAllahtomakehimsuccessfulineverynobledeed. [1]AthThareea,vol.1p.315,alAlaam,vol.7p.155. Dedication Totheinspiringmindthathasencouragedscientificandintellectuallifeontheearth,Tothe creativeintellectthathasinitiatedrevivalandcreationforMuslims,TothegreatImam,Jafaras Sadiq,peacebeuponhim,Ioffer,withhumblenessandreverence,thiswork,inwhichIhave receivedthehonorofresearchingthebiographyofhisgrandsonImamMuhammadalJawad,the miracleofintellectandknowledgeinIslam,hopingitwillbeaccepted Hisbirthandupbringing BeforeindulginginresearchontheaspectsofImamalJawad'spersonalityandtalkingabouthis lifeandotherrelatedconcerns,Iwouldliketorefertohisnoblelineageandthatwhichis associated withit,concerninghisbirth,hisqualitiesandotherthingswhichmightbeconsidered ascluestotalkabouthispersonality. Hisnoblelineage Intheworldoflineages,thereisnolineagenoblerormoreexaltedthanthelineageofImamAbu

JafaralJawad(a.s).HewasfromtheheartoftheProphetsfamily,whichwastheholiest,most honorablefamilythathumanityhaseverknownthroughouttheages,thefamilythathasprovided theworldwiththeelementsofvirtueandperfectionandilluminatedallthecornersoflifewith knowledgeandfaith.Thehonoredoriginsandpurewombshecamefromareasfollows: Hisfather HisfatherwasImamAliarRedhabin[1]ImamMusabinJafaralKadhimbinImamMuhammadal BaqirbinImamAliZaynolAabideenbinImamalHusaynbinImamAlibinAbuTalib(peacebe uponthem).Thisisthegoldenchainwhichifreadonthedeafand [1]Binmeansthesonofandbintmeansthedaughterof. thedumbtheywillrecoverbythewillofAllah,asalMamoon,theAbbasidcaliph,hassaid.[1] AhmedbinHanbalsays,Ifthischainoflineageisrecitedonamadperson,hewillrecoverfrom hismadness.[2] AbulAlaalMaarri,[3]whomistrustedmostpeople,saidregardingthisnoblefamily, Theoneswhosebrilliancewasshown beforethecreationofMarsandLibra, beforetheHeavenshadbeencreated, andtheirorbitshadbeenorderedtocircuit. Fromthisgoodandnobletree,closetoAllahanddeartoeveryMuslim,ImamMuhammadal Jawad(a.s)branchedout.Hismother HismotherwasoneofthepurestandmostabstinentandvirtuousofMuslimwomen.Itwas sufficienttoherthatshehadgivenbirthtooneofthebestfiguresofIslamandoneofthebest imamsoftheMuslims.Itdidnotdegradeherpositionnorharmherdignitythatshewasa bondmaid.Islamhasdeclaredawaragainstthisphenomenonandconsidersitasanaspectofthe preIslamiclife,whichIslamhasdoneawaywith.IntheIslamicpointofview,pietyandobedience toAllaharethebasesofpreferenceamongstpeopleandnothingelse. Islamproudlyannulledallkindsofracialsegregationandconsideredthemasfactorsof backwardnessanddeclinationinsocietybecausetheydividedthenationintofightingsectsand parties.Therefore,theimamsoftheAhlulBayt(a.s)marriedbondmaidsinordertodoawaywith maliciousfeudsandremovethecausesofseparationamongstMuslims.ImamAlibinalHusayn ZaynolAabideen(asSajjad)(a.s)marriedabondmaidwhogavebirthtothegreat [1]UyunAkhbararRedha,vol.2p.147.

[2]AsSawaiqalMuhriqa,p.207. [3]HewasafamousArabpoet. revolutionarymartyr,Zayd.ImamarRedha(a.s)marriedabondmaidwhogavebirthtoImamal Jawad(a.s).Thesituationoftheinfallibleimamsintheirmarriageswithbondmaidswasadecisive refutationtowardstheenemiesofIslamwhotriedtheirbesttokeepMuslimsdivided. AsforthenameofthemotherofImamalJawad(a.s),historiansdisagree,andeachgroupsays somethingdifferent.Herearesomeofthehistoriansaccounts: 1.HernamewasalKhayzuran.ImamarRedha(a.s)namedhersowhenheractualnamewas Durrah.[1] 2.HernamewasSukaynahalNawbiyyah,oralMuraysiyyah[2],aswassaidbyhistorians.Itwas saidthatherlineagebelongedtoMariaalQubtiyyahthewifeofProphetMuhammad(a.s).[3] 3.HernamewasRayhanah.[4] 4.HernamewasSabeekah.[5] SomesourcesofhistoryneglectmentioninghernameandjustcallherUmmWalad.[6]Anyhow, itisnotofgreatimportancetoknowwhatheractualnamewas.Ofgreaterinterestisherlife history;however,unfortunately,thesourcesathandhavenotmentionedanythingaboutherlife. [1]BahralAnsab,vol2p.19,amanuscriptinAmeerulMomineenLibrary,DalailalImamah,p.29, DhiyaulAalameen,vol.2,amanuscriptinalHusayniyyaashShushtariyyaLibrary. [2]AlFusulalMuhimmah,p.252,TathkiratulKhawassbyibnalJawzi,p.321. [3]AlMiqnaah,p.482. [4]DalailalImama,p.209 [5]AlIrshad,p.356. [6]UmdatalTalib,p.188.UmmWaladisametonymyusedtorefertoabondmaid. Thegreatnewborn ImamarRedha(a.s)tookmuchcareofhis(wife)bondmaidbecausehehadperceivedthroughthe unseenthatshewouldgivebirthtoaboythatAllahhadchosenfortheimamateandthegeneral guardianshipoftheHolyProphet(a.s).HewouldbeoneoftheProphetstwelvesuccessors.Imam arRedha(a.s)hadinformedhisclosecompanionsofthat. ImamarRedha(a.s)entrustedhishonoredsisterHakeemahbintImamMusabinJafaralKadhim

(a.s)toremainwithhiswifeuntilshegavebirthtoherchild.[1]LadyHakeemahcarriedout everythingherbrotherhadaskedhertodo.Whenthebondmaidfeltshewasabouttogivebirth, ImamarRedha(a.s)askedhissistertocomewithamidwife.ImamarRedha(a.s)litalampinthe house[2]andremainedinexpectationofthegreatnewborn.Itwasnotlonguntilhisbondmaid gavebirthtoagreatfigureofintellectandjihadinIslam. ThedelightofImamarRedha(a.s) WavesofdelightandjoyovercameImamarRedha(a.s)afterthebirthofhisblessednewborn son.Hebegansaying, ThelikeofMosessonofImran,thesplitteroftheseas,andthelikeofJesussonofMary,blessed bethemotherthatborehimhasbeenbornetome.[3] ImamarRedha(a.s)turnedtohiscompanionsandtoldthemthegoodnewsofhisnewbornson. Hesaid,AllahhasgrantedmeonewhowillinheritmeandinheritthechildrenofDawood.[4] Hetoldthemthatthatnewbornchildwouldbetheimamafterhim. [1]Dala'ilalImama,209. [2]MukhtasaralBiharfeeAhwalalAimmabyNooruddeen,amanuscriptinthelibraryofKashiful Ghita. [3]BiharalAnwar,vol.12p.103. [4]Ibid.,104. Hereceivedthatgreatnewbornwithtremendousjoyanddelightbecausethatchildwasthe awaitedspiritualleaderoftheummaforthatperiod.Amongsthiscompanions,therewasDibilal Khuzaiy,[1]apoetoftheAhlulBayt(a.s).HeparticipatedwiththeAhlulBayt(a.s)intheirjoysand delightsoverthebirthofImamalJawad(a.s). Ceremoniesofthebirth ImamarRedha(a.s)tookhisnewbornsonandcarriedouttheritualceremoniesforhim.He recitedtheadhaninhisrightearandtheiqama[2]inhisleftearandthenplacedhimbackinhis cradle.[3] Hissurname ImamarRedha(a.s)gavehissonImamMuhammadalJawad(a.s)thesurnameofAbuJafar,like thesurnameofhisgrandfatherImamMuhammadalBaqir(a.s).Itisdifferentiatedbetweenthem bysayingAbuJafarthefirstforImamalBaqir(a.s)andAbuJafarthesecondforImamalJawad

(a.s). Hisepithets Asregardshisnobleepithets,theyshowhisgreatpersonalityandexaltedself.Themostcommon areasfollows: 1.AlJawad(thegenerous):hewasthuscalledbecauseofhisabundantactsofgood,beneficence andcharitytowardsthepeople. 2.AlTaqiy(thepious):hewasthuscalledbecausehefearedAllahandturnedandresortedto Him.Heneverrespondedtoanyincitementofdesireorfancy.AlMamoon,theAbbasidcaliph, hadtriedhimwithdifferenttypesofprovocations,buthewasnotdeceived.HeturnedtoAllah andpreferredHisobedienceto [1]JamiarRiwat,vol.2p.311. [2]Adhanandiqamaarecallstoprayerthatarerecitedbeforetheprayerbegins. [3]MukhtasaralBiharfeeAhwalalAimma. 3.AlQani(thesatisfied). 4.AlMurtadha(beingsatisfiedwith).[1] 5.AlRadhiy(thesatisfied). 6.AlMukhtar(theelect). 7.AlMutawakkil(thereliant(onAllah)). 8.AlZakiy(thepure).[2] 9.BabalMurad(thegateofdesiresandhopes).Hewasknownbythisepithetamongstthe MuslimswhobelievedthathewasagatefromthegatesoftheDivineMercy,towhichafflicted andneedypeopleresortedinordertoridthemselvesoftheirmisfortunesandafflictions. Thesearehisepithetsofwhicheachandeveryonereferstooneofhisexaltedqualitiesandnoble tendenciesthatareasourceofpridetothisumma. Hisfeatures Hisfeatureswerelikethoseofhisfathers,whichinturnwerelikethefeaturesoftheprophets. Thelineamentsofpietywereapparentonhisholyface.Somesourcesofhistorydescribehimas whitefacedwithamoderatestature.[3]Otherhistoriansmentionthathewasverybrown basedononlyoneoddnarration,[4]whichImamalKhooiyprovedtobeafabricated narration.[5]Wehavethereforebrushedthisnarrationawayforitisoddanduntrue.

[1]AnNujoomazZahirah,vol.2p.231,alFusulalMuhimmah,p.252. [2]Dala'ilalImama,p.209. [3]NooralAbsaar,p.146,alFusulalMuhimmahbyibnalSabbagh,p.252. [4]AlMakassib,chap.OfalQiyafa. [5]MisbahalFaqaha,p.384. Hisbirthday HistorianswidelyconcurthatImamalJawad(a.s)wasbornonthenineteenthofRamadan,195 AH.[1]IthasalsobeenmentionedthathewasbornonthefifthofRamadan,175AH,butthisis totallyuntrueforitisdefinitethathewasnotbeenborninthatyearbutintheyear195instead, asnarratorsandhistorianshaveunanimouslyagreed. Thefigureonhisring(seal)ThefigureonhisringshowedthathehaddevotedhimselftoAllah.He hadwrittenonhisring(ashisownseal)gloryis(only)toAllah.[2]Hebelievedthatglorywasto Allahalone,theCreatoroftheuniverseandtheGiveroflife. Hisupbringing ImamMuhammadalJawad(a.s)wasbroughtupinthehouseofprophethoodandimamate,that housebywhichAllahhadhonoredtheMuslims.Hegrewupintheshadeofthathonoredhouse whilereceivinghighidealsfromhisfather,whoshedraysoflightfromhisgreatsoulontohim.His fatherhimselfhadundertakenhisupbringing.Hetookhimwithhimwhereverhewentandfed himwithhisownhands.YahyaasSananisaid,Once,IwenttoAbulHasanarRedha(a.s)(Imam alJawadsfather)inMeccawhilehewaspeelingabananaandfeedingAbuJafar(Imamal Jawad).Isaidtohim,MayIdieforyou!Isthistheblessednewborn?Hesaid, [1]AnNujoomazZahirah,vol.2p.231,alFusulalMuhimmah,p.252,alIrshad,p.356. [2]Dala'ilalImama,p.209.IthasbeenmentionedinMakarimalAkhlaq,p.92thatMuhammad binEesasaid,IheardalMuwaffaqsaying:onceIwasbeforeAbuJafarthesecond(Imamal Jawad),andheshowedmearingonhisfinger.Heaskedme,Doyouknowthisring?Isaid,Yes,I knowitsfigurebutnotitspicture.Itwasasilverringwitharoundstone.Onitwaswritten, SufficientuntomeisAllah.Aboveandunderthewritingtherewasaflower.Iaskedhim,Whose ringisthis?Hesaid,ItisAbulHasans.Iasked,Then,howdiditcometobeinyourhand?He said,Whenhewasabouttodie,hegaveittomeandsaid,Donottakeitoffyourhand(finger) exceptto(giveto)mysonAli! Yes,OYahya!ThisisthenewbornthatnooneinIslamhasbeenbornforourShiamoreblessed thanhim.[1]

Thiskindofeducationcoupledwithloveandrespecthasagreatinfluenceonthepsychological structureandsuccessofaperson,accordingtopsychologistsandeducationists. Hisintelligenceandgenius ImamMuhammadalJawad(a.s)displayedsignsofintelligenceandgeniusinhisearlyyearsthat astonishedpeopleandfilledthemwithadmirationandhighregard.Historianshavementioned manysignsofhisintelligence.Herearesomeofthem: 1.UmayyabinAlinarrated,IwaswithAbul[2]HasanarRedhainMeccaintheyearthathewent onpilgrimagetobidfarewelltotheSacredHouse(theKaaba)whenheintendedtotravelto Khurasan(inIran).HissonAbuJafaralJawadwaswithhim.AbulHasanbidhisfarewelltothe HouseandwenttotheSanctum(ofAbraham)andofferedprayerthere.AbuJafarwascarriedby oneofImamarRedhasservantstocircumambulatetheKaaba.Whenhe(withtheservant) reachedtheRockofAbraham,hesatthereandremainedforsometime.Muwaffaq,theservant, askedhimtogetupsotheycouldleave,butherefusedandwasverysadanddepressed. MuwaffaqwenttoImamarRedha(a.s)andtoldhimaboutthestateofhisson.ImamarRedha (a.s)cameandaskedhimtogetup.Herespondedtohisfatherwithsighsandtearssaying,How canIgetupOfather,whileyouhavebidfarewelltotheHouseinsuchawayasifyoushallnever comebacktoit? AwaveofpainoccupiedImamarRedha(a.s).Hebeggedhissontocomewithhimandtheson respondedtohisfather.[3] ThiseventshowstheintelligenceofImamalJawad(a.s)becauseheunderstoodfromthefarewell ofhisfathertotheSacredHousethatit [1]TanqeehalMaqal,vol.3p.317,BiharalAnwar,vol.12p.117. [2]AbuliscombinedofAbu(thefatherof)andal(the). [3]KashfalGhumma,vol.3p.152. washislastfarewell.Hesawthefearandgriefinhisfathersexpressionsthatmadehimperceive itwastheendofhisfatherslife.Indeeditwasso,becauseImamarRedha(a.s),afterhistravelto Khurasan,didnotcomebacktothesacredlands(MeccaandMedina).Hewasmartyredatthe handsofalMamoon,theAbbasidcaliph,withpoison. 2.Once,alMamoonwithhisofficialprocessionpassedbysomechildrenplayinginastreetin Baghdad,amongstwhomwasImamalJawad(a.s).Whenthechildrensawtheprocessionofal Mamoon,theyranawayexceptImamalJawad(a.s)whoremainedstandinginhisplace.Al

Mamoon,whodidnotknowthischild,becameastonishedandaskedhim,Whydidyounotrun awaywiththosechildren? ImamalJawad(a.s)answeredwithawonderfulreasonthataffectedalMamoon.Hesaid,O AmeerulMomineen,[1]thestreetisnotsonarrowthatIshouldclearitforyouandneitherhaveI anyguiltthatIshouldfearyou.Itrustthatyoudonotharmaguiltlessone. AlMamoonwasastoundedandaskedthechildabouthislineage,towhichImamalJawad(a.s) respondedaccordingly.AlMa'moonprayedtoAllahtohavemercyonImamalJawadsfather.[2] Weshalldiscussthispointlateron. 3.Oneofthesignsofhisincredibleintelligenceisthatwhenhewasinhisearlychildhood, scholarsandjurisprudentsaskedhimthirtythousandquestionsandheansweredthemall.There isnowaytojustifythisphenomenonexcepttosaythatAllahtheAlmightyhasendowedtheAhlul Bayt(a.s)withgreatpowersofknowledgethatHehasendowedtonooneexceptHisArch prophets. [1]Peoplehadgrownaccustomedtoaddressingrulerswiththistitleeventhoughtheydidnot deserveitbecauseitwastheattributeofImamAli(s)alone. [2]AkhbaradDuwal,p.115. ImamarRedhapraisesImamalJawad ImamarRedha(a.s)alwayspraisedImamalJawad(a.s)andpointedouthisvirtuesandtalents. Once,alFadhlbinSahlsenttoMuhammadbinAbuAbbad,theclerkofImamarRedha(a.s), askinghimaboutthekindofrelationofImamarRedha(a.s)withhissonImamMuhammadal Jawad(a.s),andtheclerkreplied,ArRedhadoesnotmention(hisson)Muhammadexceptbyhis surname.Heoftensays:AbuJafar(MuhammadalJawad)wrotetome,orIwrotetoAbu JafarandeventhoughheisyetachildinMedina,thelettersthatcometohisfatherareso eloquentandfluent.[1] NarratorshavenarratedoftheextentthatImamarRedha(a.s)wouldglorifyhissonMuhammad alJawad.TheysaidthatonceAbbadbinIsmaeelandibnAsbaatwerewithImamarRedha(a.s)in Mina[2]whenAbuJafarwasbroughttohisfatherarRedha(a.s).Theyaskedhim,Isthisthe blessednewborn? ImamarRedha(a.s)becamedelightedandsaid,Yes,thisisthenewbornthatnooneinIslamhas beenbornmoreblessedthanhim.[3]

TherearemanyothernarrationsrelatedfromImamarRedha(a.s)showingthatheoftenpraised ImamalJawad(a.s)andpointedouthisgreattalentsandvirtues. Glorification ImamalJawad(a.s)wassurrounded,sincehisearlydays,withahaloofglorificationand exaltationbythereligiouspeoplewhobelievedthathewasoneoftheProphetssuccessors,the loveofwhomAllahhadimposedonallMuslims. HistoriansmentionthatAlibinJafar,thegreatjurisprudentandthebrotherofImamMusabin Jafar(alKadhim)(a.s)andoneofthe [1]BiharalAnwar,vol.12p.104,IthbatalHudat,vol.6p.161. [2]AplacenearMeccaintheArabia. [3]BiharalAnwar,vol.12p.104. famouspersonalitiesoftheAlawid[1]Familyatthattime,wasoneofthosewhosanctifiedImam alJawad(a.s)andacknowledgedhisvirtueandimamate. MuhammadbinalHasanbinImarasaid,Once,IwaswithAlibinJafarinMedina,whereIstayed withhimfortwoyearstowritedownwhathehadheardfromhisbrother(ImamMusaal Kadhim),whenonedayAbuJafarMuhammadbinAli(alJawad)(a.s)cameintothemosqueof themessengerofAllah(a.s).AlibinJafarsuddenlyjumpedwithoutshoesorgarmentandkissed hishandandglorifiedhim.ImamalJawad(a.s)lookedathimandsaid,Ouncle,sitdownplease! MayAllahhavemercyonyou. AlibinJafarbowedrespectfullyandsaid,Omymaster,howcanIsitwhileyouarestanding? ImamalJawad(a.s)wentawayandthenAlibinJafarreturnedtohiscompanions.Theybegan scoldinghimforglorifyingImamalJawad(a.s)whowasveryyoungyet.Theysaidtohim,Youare theuncleofhisfather,sowhydidyouactinthatwaywithhim? HeansweredthemwiththeanswerofonewhobelievedinhisLordandreligionandwho recognizedtheactualpositionoftheimamate.Hesaidtothem,Keepsilent!ItisAllahWhohas notqualifiedthisbeard(hecaughthisbeardwithhishand)fortheimamateandhasqualifiedthis youngmanandplacedhiminthatpositionaccordingtoHiswill.WeseektheprotectionofAllah fromwhatyousay.Iamjustaslavetohim(toImamalJawad).[2] AlibinJafarprovedthattheimamatedidnotsubmittothewishofmanorhiswillbutwas insteadinthehandofAllah,WhochoseforitwhomHewilledfromamongstHispeople,

regardlessofwhethertheimamwasyoungorold. [1]BelongingtotheAlawi(ImamAlisprogeny)branchofthegreatfamilyofHashim,the Prophetsgrandfather. [2]BiharalAnwar,vol.12p.117,UsoolalKafi,vol.1p.380. Impressionsofhispersonality ThetalentsofImamMuhammadalJawad(a.s)occupiedthepassionsofscholars,andthey thereforerecordedtheiradmirationsandglorificationsofhimintheirbooks.Hereissomeofwhat theyhavesaidabouthim: 1.AthThahabi AthThahabihassaid,Muhammad(alJawad)wassurnamedalJawad(thegenerous),alQani (thesatisfied)andalMurtadha(beensatisfiedwith)andhewasoneofthechiefsoftheProphets familyhewasdescribedasbeinggenerous;therefore,hewassurnamedalJawad.[1] 2.IbnTaymiya Hehassaid,MuhammadbinAlialJawadwasoneofthenotablesoftheHashemites.Hewas famousofhisgenerosity,and,therefore,hewascalledalJawad.[2] 3.AsSafadi AsSafadihassaid,Muhammad(alJawad)wassurnamedalJawad,alQaniandalMurtadha.He wasoneofthechiefsoftheProphetsfamilyhewasdescribedasbeinggenerous;therefore,he wassurnamedalJawad.[3] 4.IbnalJawzi AsSibtbinalJawzihassaid,MuhammadalJawadfollowedthefootstepsofhisfatherin knowledge,pietyandgenerosity.[4] 5.MahmoodbinWuhayb SheikhMahmoodbinWuhaybhassaid,MuhammadalJawadinheritedtheknowledgeandvirtue ofhisfather,andhewastheloftiestamongsthisbrothersinpositionandperfection.[5]

[1]TareekhalIslam,8p.158. [2]MinhajasSunna,vol.2p.127. [3]AlWafibilWafiyyat,vol.4p.105. [4]TathkiratalKhawass,p.321. [5]JawharatalKalamfeeMadhasSadahalAlaam,p.149. 6.AzZarkali KhayruddeenazZarkalihassaid,MuhammadbinarRedhabinMusaalKadhim,atTalibi,al Hashimi,alQurashi,AbuJafar,surnamedalJawad,theninthofthetwelveimamsoftheShia, wasexaltedlikehisancestors,intelligent,eloquent,quickwitted.[1] 7.Kamaludden SheikhKamaluddeenMuhammadbinTalhahassaid,AsforthevirtuesofAbuJafaralJawad, theydidnotlastlongfortheDivineFatehaddeterminedthathewouldstayinthisworldfora littlewhileandleaveforhisLordsoon;sohisstaywasbriefandhisdayswereshort.[2] 8.AlibinEesaalArbali Hehassaid,AlJawadwasinallcasesgenerous(jawad)heexceededallpeopleinthepurityof hislineageandbirthandsatonthetopofglory.Noonehadeverapproachedhisrankorhisglory. Hewasexaltedinposition.Hishighpositionwasabovestarsandhisrankwasaboveallranks. Whenadelegationsawafire,theysaid:itmustbehisfire.[3]Nofirewaspredominantoverhis fire.Exaltedwashetowardshighness.Gloryandhonorfeltproudofhim.Mastershipfoundits meaninginhim.Hewasfarfromeveryviceandclosetoeveryvirtue.Nobilitiesdiffusedfromhis sidesandglorydrippedfromhim.Newsofgenerositywerenarratedabouthim,hisprogenyand hisfathers.Blessedishewhostrivestobeloyaltohim,andwoeuntohimwhotriestobehis opponent.Whenthelootsofgloryandloftinessaredivided,thepurestofthemwillbehis,and whenthebacksofhonoraremounted,thehighestofthemwillbehis.Hematchestherainin generosityandthelionincourageandzealanddefeatsconductswithhisgoodconduct.[4] [1]AlAlaam,vol.7p.155. [2]MatalibasSaoolfeeManaqibAalarRasool,vol.2p.74. [3]TheArabs,inthepast,usedtolettheirfiresflame,outofgenerosity,sothattravelersand wayfarerscouldresorttothem. [4]KashalGhummah,vol.3p.160.

Underthewingofhisfather ImamMuhammadalJawad(a.s)livedunderthewingofhisfatherforashortperiodthatwasnot morethansevenyears.However,atthisyoungage,hedisplayedintelligenceandtalentsthat astonishedtheminds.Likehisfather,virtuesandhighmoralshadbeenimpressedinsidehim,and hiseternalvalueswereastorchesofguidanceandawakeningintheIslamicsociety.Hereweshall discusssomeconcernsofImamarRedha(a.s)andhisloveforImamalJawad(a.s)andother thingsthathavearelationtothesubjectofthisbook. Hismorals ThemoralsofImamarRedha(a.s)weregiftsfromthemercyofAllahandtheywerelikethe moralsofhisgrandfatherProphetMuhammad(a.s)whohadbeendeputedbyAllahtoperfectthe nobilitiesofcharacter. IbrahimbinalAbbastalkedaboutthehighmoralsofImamarRedha(a.s)saying,Ihavenever seenorheardofanyonewhowasbetterthanAbulHasanarRedha(a.s).Hewasneverharshto anyoneatall.Heneverinterruptedanyonewhenspeaking,nordidherejecttheneedofanyone, nordidhestretchouthislegsorleanbackinthepresenceofacompanion,nordidheabuseany ofhisservants,nordidheeverguffaw.Heseatedhisservantswithhimathistable.Hesleptlittle atnightandpassedmostofhisnightsawake,worshipping Allahfromthebeginningofthenighttillitsend.Hedidmanyfavorsandpaidgreatcharities secretly,andmostofthatwasdoneinthedarkofthenight. ThesemoralswerelikethemoralsofhisgrandfatherthemessengerofAllah(a.s)whohad developedthelifeofmanandsavednationsandpeoplesfromalifeofdeviationand backwardnessandledthemtoalifefullofhonoranddignity. Historianshavementionedwonderfulpicturesofhisnobilities.Theyhavementionedthatwhen hewasinKhurasan,afterhavingbeenappointedastheheirapparent,whichwasthehighest positionintheIslamicstateafterthecaliphate,hedidnotorderhisservantstocarryoutmanyof hisaffairsbutratherhehimselfcarriedthemout.Once,hewantedtotakeabathbutdisliked orderingsomeonetopreparethebathforhim.Sohewenttothepublicbathinthemarket.The bathhousekeeperdidnotknowImamarRedha(a.s).Therewasasoldierinthebathhousewho alsowantedtotakeabath.ThesoldierremovedImamarRedha(a.s)fromhisplaceandordered himtopourwateroverhishead.Anotherman,whoknewImamarRedha(a.s),enteredthebath

andcriedouttothesoldier,Youwillperish!Doyouusethesonofthedaughterofthe messengerofAllahtoserveyou?Thesoldierbecamesoastonishedandbentdownkissingthe feetofImamarRedha(a.s)whilesayingtohim,WhydidyounotdisobeymewhenIhadordered you?! ImamarRedha(a.s)smiledathimandsaidlenientlyandkindly,Thereisarewardindoingthat, andIdidnotwanttodisobeyyouinwhatIshallberewardedfor.[1] Amonghishighmoralswasthatwheneverhesatdowntoameal,hewouldseathisservants, eventhestablemanandthedoorkeeper,toeatwithhim.Hewantedbythattoremove discriminationamongpeopleandtomakeallthemembersofsocietyunderstandthattheywere equaltoeachother.Thenobilitiesofcharacterwhichhehadwerethecontinuityofthemoralsof hisfatherswhohadestablished [1]NooralAbsar,p.138. virtuesandnoblecharactersintheworldoftheArabsandtheworldofIslam. Hisasceticism ImamarRedha(a.s)wasasceticregardingallthepleasuresofthislifeandthejoysoftheworld. HeturnedtowardsAllahtheAlmighty.Whenhewasappointedastheheirapparent,henever paidanyattentiontothepleasuresofauthorityandrulenordidheattachanyimportanceto them.Heconsideredthewalkingofmenbehindamanseductionforthefollowersand degradationforthefollowedone.Therefore,heneverwantedanofficialprocession,anditwas mosthatedtohimtobemetwithshowsofpompandglorification,asthekingsandcaliphswould oftentimesbemetwith. MuhammadbinAbbadtalksabouttheasceticismofImamarRedha(a.s)bysaying,Imamar Redha(a.s)usedtositonamat(ofplantsleaves)inthesummerandonaruginthewinter.He wouldwearcoarseclothes,andwhenhemetpeoplehewouldputonsomesofterclothes.[1] HistoriansmentionedthatonceSufyanathThawrimethimwhilehewasputtingonadressofsilk. Sufyanrejectedthatandsaidtohim,Wouldthatyouhadputonadressmoremodestthanthis! ImamarRedha(a.s)tookSufyanshandkindlyandinserteditinhissleevewheretherewasa coarsedressunderthatofsilkandsaidtohim,OSufyan,thesilkisforthepeopleandthecoarse clothisforthetruth. AsceticisminlifewasoneofthemostprominentqualitiesinthemoralsofAhlulBayt(a.s).They devotedthemselvestoAllahtotallyandsawthatdevotiontootherthanHimwouldnotleadto

thetruth. [1]UyunAkhbararRedha,vol.2p.178,alManaqib,vol.4p.360. Hisgenerosity TherewasnothingintheworldmorebelovedtoImamarRedha(a.s)thandoinggooddeedsand beingcharitableandbenevolenttopeople.Generositywasapartofhim.Historianshave mentionedmanysignsofhisgenerosity.Hereareafew: 1.HehadspentallhiswealthonthepoorwhenhewasinKhurasanandtheDayofArafacame. AlFadhlbinSahlrepudiatedthatfromImamarRedha(a.s)andtoldhim,Thisisaloss. ImamarRedha(a.s)saidtohim,No,ratheritisagain.Noharmisdoneaslongasyouintend generosityandreward. HelpingthepoorandbeingcharitabletotheweakforthesakeofAllahcannotbeconsideredasa lossatall.Thereallossiswhenonespendshismoniesinunlawfulways,especiallyspendingon thatwhichdoesnotbenefitsociety. 2.Once,amancame,greetedhimandsaid,Iamoneofthosewholoveyouandyourfathers.I havecomefromperforminghajj,andallmymoneyhasrunout.Ihavenothinglefttohelpmeget anywhere.Ifyoucould,pleasegivemeenoughtohelptakemebacktomyhome,andwhenI arrivethere,Iwillpaybackwhatyougivemeascharitytothepooronbehalfofyou.Imamar Redha(a.s)gotupandwentintoaroominhishouse.Afteramomenthestuckhishandout(of theroom)andsaidtotheman,Takethesetwohundreddinarstocarryoutyouraffairsanddo notrepaythemascharityonbehalfofme!Themanleftwhilebeingsodelightedwiththegiftof theImam.SomeoftheattendantsaskedImamarRedha(a.s),Whydidyouhideyourselffrom themanandgivehimthemoneywithoutlookingathim?ImamarRedha(a.s)said,Ididsoin ordertonotseetheshameofrequestonhisface.Haveyounotheardthetraditionofthe messengerofAllah(a.s),Hewhohideswhendoinggood,itisasifheoffersthehajjseventy times,andhewhodeclareshisbadactswillbedefeated.Haveyounotheardthelinesofthe poet: WheneverIcometohimrequestingsomething, Igobacktomyfamilywithoutlosingmyface.[1] 3.Onedayhepassedbyapoormanwhosaidtohim,Givemetotheextentofyour magnanimity.ImamarRedha(a.s)saidtohim,Icannotdothat.Thepoormanunderstoodthat

hehadmadeamistakeinthewordingofhisquestionandagainasked,Givemetotheextentof mymagnanimity.ImamarRedha(a.s)smiledathimandsaid,Yes,nowIcan,andhegavehim twohundreddinars.[2] ThemagnanimityofImamarRedha(a.s)cannotbemeasured.Evenifhegavethepoormanall thatwasintheearth,itwouldstillnotbetotheextentofhismagnanimityandmercy,whichwas thecontinuityofthemagnanimityandmercyoftheHolyProphet(a.s). Theseweresomesignsofhisgenerositybywhichheintendedtodelightthesadheartsthathad beenburdenedwiththebitternessandwretchednessoflife. Hisknowledge ImamarRedha(a.s)wasthemostknowledgeable,mostvirtuousandmostawareoftheverdicts ofreligionandShariainhistime.AbdussalamalHarawi,whohadaccompaniedImamarRedha (a.s),talkedabouthisabundantknowledgesaying, IhavenotseenanyonemoreknowledgeablethanAlibinMusaarRedha.Noscholarmethim withoutafterwardsdeclaringwhatIdeclare.AlMamoongatheredanumberoftheologiansand jurisprudentstohaveadebatewithImamarRedha(a.s),butImamarRedha(a.s)defeatedthem alluntilnooneofthemremainedwhodidnotconfessthatImamarRedha(a.s)wasthebestof all.Once,Iheardhimsaying,IsatinarRawdha[3]andthereweresomanyscholarsinMedina. Whenanyoneofthemwasaskedaquestion, [1]BiharalAnwar,vol.12p.28. [2]AlManaqib,vol.4p.361362. [3]AplaceinthemosqueoftheProphet(s). theyallpointedtomeandsentthequestiontometoanswerit.[1] IbrahimbinalAbbassaid,IhaveneverseenarRedhabeingaskedsomethingwithouthis knowingtheanswer.Ihaveneverseenanyonemoreknowledgeablethanhimfromthefirstage (ofIslam)untilhisage.AlMamoontestedhimbyaskinghimabouteverything,andheanswered himcorrectlyeverytime.Hisspeech,hisanswersandhisexampleswereallderivedfromthe Quran.EverythreedayshecompletedrecitingtheentireHolyQuran.Hesaid,IfIwantedto recitethewholeQuraninlessthanthreedays,Iwould,buteveryverseIrecite,Iponderoverit aboutwhatwasitrevealedandatwhattimewasitrevealed.Therefore,Ifinishrecitingthe Quranwithinthreedays.[2] ImamarRedha(a.s)wasoneofthemastersofknowledgeandintellectinIslam.Hewasoneof

thosewhoestablishedforMuslimstheirscientificandculturallife.Talkingabouthisscientific talentsrequiresaspecial,longstudy.MayAllahmakeussuccessfultoaccomplishthatInshallah. Hisworshipping ImamarRedha(a.s)wasoneofthesincerestworshippersanddevoteesofAllah.Henever neglectedanyofthesupererogatoryprayersnoranyoftherecommendedperformances.Hedid everythingthatmighttakehimclosertoAllah.IbnAbudDhahaak,whohadaccompaniedImam arRedha(a.s)inhistravelfromYathrib(Medina)toKhurasan,mentionedhisworshippingsaying, ByAllah,Ihaveneverseenanyonemorepiousthanhim,ormoreintentinmentioningAllahall thetimethanhimormorefearingofAllahthanhim.[3] ImamarRedha(a.s)wassosinceretoAllahinhisworshipandobediencethatitseemedhehad beencreatedjustforworshipping [1]KashfalGhumma,vol.3p.107. [2]UyunAkhbararRedha,vol.2p.180. [3]Ibid.,p.179. andobedience.HehadgivenupallthepleasuresofthislifeandturnedwithdevotiontoAllahthe Almighty. Hisdignity Hisdignityandgravityweresoexaltedthatforeheadsbowedtohimwhereverhewent.Themien oftheprophetsandthesplendorofthekingsappearedinhim.Itwasduetohisgreatsublimity thatwheneverhesatamongstpeopleorascendedtheminbar,noonecouldraisehisvoicebefore him. Opinionsandwords Somefamouspersonalities,scholarsandauthorshaveglorifiedandpaidrespectstoImamar Redha(a.s)intruthfulwords.Herearesomeofthem: 1.AlMamoon AlMamoonadmiredthepersonalityofImamarRedha(a.s)andexpressedhisadmirationforhim onmanyoccasions.HewouldtellhiskinwhenevertheyblamedhimforhisappointingImamar Redha(a.s)ashisheirapparent,Asforwhatyouhavementionedaboutthehomageofal Ma'moontoAbulHasan,he(alMa'moon)hasnotpaidhomagetohim(toImamarRedha)except afterthinkingdeeplyaboutit,knowingthatthereisnooneontheearthmorevirtuous,more

pure,morepious,moreasceticinthisworldlylife,moreeloquent,moreacceptedbytheupper classandthepublic,ormoredevotedtoAllahthanhim.[1] Healsosaid,ImamarRedhaisthebest,mostknowledgeableandsincerestworshipperofthe peopleoftheearth.[2] ItisbecauseofthesehighqualitiesofImamarRedha(a.s)thattheShiahavebelievedinhimas theirimamandasoneofthosewhoseobedienceandloveAllahhasimposedonpeople. [1]HayatalImamareRedha,p.143. [2]UyunAkhbararRedha,vol.2p.183. 2.IbrahimbinalAbbas IbrahimbinalAbbasaccompaniedImamarRedha(a.s)andtalkedmuchabouthishighcharacter. Fromamongwhathehassaidarethesewords: He(ImamarRedha)oftenandalwaysdidgoodandcharitysecretlyandmostofthatwasdonein thedarkofthenight.Ifanyoneclaimsthathehasseensomeonelikehim,donotbelievehim.[1] 3.AarifTamir AarifTamirsaid,ImamarRedha(a.s)wasoneoftheimamswhoplayedagreatroleonthestage oftheIslamiceventsathistime.[2] TherearemanyothernarrationslikethesethatdeclarethehighqualitiesofImamarRedha(a.s) thatnoonehaseverhadexcepthisfathersbeforehimwhoraisedthebannerofguidanceinthe earth. Thepraisebythepoets Muchpoetryhasbeencomposedbyvariouspoetsinpraiseofthehighqualitiesandnoble characterofImamarRedha(a.s).Herearesomeofthem: 1.AsSouli AsSouli[3]wasveryfondofImamarRedha(a.s)andhasthereforesaid, Thebestofpeople,includinghimself,fathers,offspringandancestors,isAlithehonored.

[1]HayatalImamarRedha(thebiographyofImamarRedha),p.143. [2]AlImamafilIslam,p.125. [3]AsSouli:AbuIsaaqIbrahimbinalAbbasasSouliwasaneloquentauthorandskillfulpoet. Fromamongsthisprosearethesewords:Theexampleofthecompanionsofarulerislikea groupofpeoplewhoascendamountainandthenfalldown.Theonefromthemwhoishurtmost istheonewhowashighestinascending.HenarratedmanytraditionsfromImamarRedha(s). HediedinSamarra(inIraq)inShaban243AH,asmentionedinAlKunawelAlqaab,vol.2p.432 433. Taktum[1]hasbroughthimtousforpatienceandknowledge,Astheeighthimamwhocarriesout theauthorityofAllah.[2] 2.AbuNuass ThefollowingwonderfulversesofpoetryhavebeenascribedtoAbuNuass,thefamouspoet.He composedthemafterhehadbeenblamedfornotpraisingImamarRedha(a.s)inhispoems.He said, Itwassaidtome:youarethebestofallpeople intheartsofeloquence(speaking). WhyhaveyounotpraisedibnMusa[3]andthehighqualitiesgatheredinhim? Isaid:IfailtopraisetheimamtowhosefatherevenGabrielwasaservant.[4] 3.AbdullahbinalMubarak AbdullahbinalMubarakthepoethasrecited: ThisisAliandguidanceleadshim, fromthebestyouthsofQurayshlieshisorigin.[5] Muslims,inalloftheirclasses,haveunanimouslyagreedonglorifyingandhonoringImamar Redha(a.s)andconfessingthathewasthemostvirtuousoneofhistime. [1]ImamarRedhasmother. [2]ManaqibAalAbiTalib,vol.4p.332. [3]ImamarRedha(s).

[4]UyunAkhbararRedha,p.142143. [5]AlManaqib,vol.4p.362. Forcinghimtoacceptthepositionofheirapparent AlMa'moonforcedImamarRedha(a.s)toacceptthepositionofheirapparent.Hethreatenedto killhimifhewouldnotacceptthisposition.ThereasonsthatledalMa'moontodothiswereas follows: First,thequarrelbetweenhimandhisbrotheralAmeen,whichledthewartobreakoutbetween them,andthenmostoftheAbbasidfamilyjoinedalAmeenwhomtheylovedmorethanthey lovedalMa'moon.Therefore,alMa'moonplannedtostabilizehispoliticalsituationandspread hisauthoritybyentrustingthechiefandmasteroftheAlawids,ImamarRedha(a.s),whom Muslimsregardedhighlyandobeyedsincerelyandsawinhispersonalitythecontinuityofthe personalityofhisgrandfatherthemessengerofAllah(a.s),withthepositionofheirapparent. Second,therevoltofAbuasSaraya. Third,thegrowthoftheShiiteexpansionwhichspreadovermostpartsoftheIslamicstate,and therefore,alMa'moonwanted,byappointingImamarRedha(a.s)ashisheirapparent,toberid oftheseShiitemovements,asibnKhaldoonhassaid.[1] ThesewerethereasonsthatledalMa'moontoappointImamarRedha(a.s)ashisheirapparent althoughImamarRedha(a.s)knewwellthatthisposition(ofheirapparent)wasmerelyatitleof noconsequence(alMamoonhadnointentionofallowingImamarRedhatosucceedhim).Proof ofthisisthatImamarRedha(a.s)madeconditionsonalMa'moonthathe(ImamarRedha) wouldnotappointanyoneinanyposition,notdeposeanyone,notannulanyverdict,notchange anyavailablerulingandthathewouldjustbeacounselorfromafar.[2]IfImamarRedha(a.s) hadbelievedthattheintentionsofalMa'moonweresincere,hewouldnothavetakenanegative stancetowardshisgovernment;rather,hewouldhavecooperatedwithhiminallfields. [1]TareekhibnKhaldoon,vol.4p.9. [2]UyunAkhbararRedha,vol.2p.147. ThesermonofalMa'moon WhenpeoplehadpaidhomagetoImamarRedha(a.s)astheheirapparent,alMa'moon ascendedtheminbar(pulpit)andgaveaspeechinfrontofthepeople.Hesaid,Opeople,the homageofAlibinMusabinJafarbinMuhammadbinAlibinalHusaynbinAlibinAbuTalibhas cometoyou.ByAllah,ifthesenamesweretoberecitedoverthedeafanddumb,theywould

recoverbythewillofAllah.[1] Joyouscelebrations AlMa'mooninstructedhisgovernorsandregentsofthedistrictsthroughouttheIslamicstateto holdpublicfestivalsandtodecoratethecountry.Healsoorderedtheoratorstospreadthe virtuesofImamarRedha(a.s)andlaudtheexploitsoftheAhlulBayt(a.s).Hehimselfhelda publicfestivalinhisroyalcourtwhichwasattendedbyallclassesofpeople.HeseatedImamar Redha(a.s)besidehim,andthenalAbbasalKhateebstooduptomakeaspeech.Hegavean eloquentspeechandendeditwiththisverseofpoetry: Peoplemusthaveasunandamoon,youarethesunandthisisthemoon.[2] ThishomagewascarriedoutandtheIslamicworldbecameverydelightedwithit.Muslims declaredtheirsupportforthishomageandwerecertainthatitwouldachievealltheirhopesand wishes. WithImamalJawad(a.s) WehavetostopalittletotalkabouttheaffairsofImamalJawad(a.s)withhisfatherImamar Redha(a.s). [1]UyunAkhbararRedha,vol.2p.147. [2]UyunAkhbararRedha,vol.2,p.146. Carryingouthisfathersaffairs AlthoughImamalJawad(a.s)wasveryyoung,hewasresponsiblefortheaffairsandtasksofhis father,especiallythoseinMedina.[1] HistorianssaythatImamalJawad(a.s)orderedandforbadetheservantsandnooneofthemever objectedtohisorders.ImamarRedha(a.s)waspleasedwithwhateverhissondid. TheletterofImamarRedhatoImamalJawad WhenImamarRedha(a.s)wasinKhurasan,hesentalettertoImamalJawad(a.s)whichsaid: OAbuJafar,Ihavebeeninformedthatwhenyourideyoursumpter,themawali[2]makeyou leavefromthesmallgateofthegarden.Itisbecauseoftheirstinginessinthattheyfearsomeone mayreceivesomegoodness(alms)fromyou!

Iaskyoubymyrightoveryoutonotenterorleave(thehouse)exceptthroughthemaingate. Wheneveryouwanttogoout,keepsomegoldandsilverwithyou.Nooneshouldaskyoufor anythingwithoutyourgivingittohim.Ifoneofyourunclesasksyoutobepioustohim,donot givehimlessthanfiftydinars,andyoumaygivehimmoreifyouwant.Ifoneofyourauntsasks you,donotgiveherlessthanfiftydinars,andyoumaygivehermoreifyouwant.IwantAllahto exaltyou,sospendanddonotfearstinginessfromtheLordoftheThrone.[3] Generosity,doinggoodforpeopleandbeingcharitabletotheweakandthepoorwereembedded inthenatureofthepureimams(a.s).ImamarRedha(a.s)drewtheattentionofhissonImamal Jawad(a.s)towhattheservantsdidwithhimwhentheyledhimoutfromthesmallgatelestthe poorwouldseehim.Heorderedhimtoleave [1]DhiyaalAalameen,vol.2amanuscriptinalHusayniyyaalShushtariyyaLibrary. [2]Mawlameansafreedslave.Mawaliisthepluralform. [3]UyunAkhbararRedha,vol.2p.8.< fromthemaingatearoundwhichthepoorandtheweakwouldalwayscrowd.Heaskedhimto presentthemwithgiftsandbegeneroustothem.Thisfeaturewasoneofthespontaneous elementsinthemoralsoftheinfallibleimamsoftheAhlulBayt(a.s).ImamarRedhadeclaresal Jawadastheimamafterhim ImamarRedha(a.s)declaredtheimamateofhissonalJawadandappointedhimasthesuccessor afterhimandthegeneralauthoritytowhomMuslimswouldreferintheirreligiousaffairs.Many narratorshavenarratedtheappointmentofalJawadastheimamafterhisfather.Wemention heresomeofthesenarrations: 1.MuhammadalMahmoori MuhammadalMahmoorinarratedfromhisfatherashavingsaid,Once,Iwasstandingnear ImamarRedha(a.s)inTooss[1]whenoneofhiscompanionsaskedhim,Ifsomethinghappens(to you),towhomshallwerefer?Heaskedaboutthenextimamafterhimsothattheywouldknow towhomtheyshouldobeyandsubmit.ImamarRedha(a.s)said,TomysonAbuJafar. ImamalJawad(a.s)wasyetachild.Themansaid,Ithinkheisverylittleasofyet. ImamarRedha(a.s)replied,AllahsentJesusthesonofMary(asaprophet)thoughhewaseven youngerthanAbuJafarwillbewhenheshallbecometheimam.[2] TheanswerofImamarRedha(a.s)wasadecisiveevidencethatAllahtheAlmightyhadchosen

JesusChrist(a.s)asaprophetandgivenhimknowledgewhilehewasstillachildandyoungerin agethanImamalJawad(a.s).Prophethoodandimamatearefromonesource,andtheyarenot entrustedtoayoungoranoldman,butrather,theyareinthehandofAllahWhochoosesfor themwhomHelikesfromamongstHispeople. [1]InKhurasan. [2]AdDurranNadheem,p.218,amanuscriptinAmeerulMomineenLibrary. 2.SafwanbinYahya SafwanwasamongthosewhonarratedtraditionsoftheappointmentofImamalJawad(a.s)by hisfatherastheimamafterhim.Henarrated,Once,IsaidtoarRedha:weoftenaskedyou, beforeAllahgrantedAbuJafartoyou,abouttheimamafteryouandyouwouldsayAllahwill givemeaboy.Now,Allahhasgivenyouaboyandhasdelightedoureyes.Ifsomethinghappens (toyou),towhomshallwerefer?HepointedtoAbuJafar(alJawad)whowasbeforehimand whowasatthattimethreeyearsold.Isaid,Heisathreeyearoldchild!Hesaid,Itdoesnot matter.JesusChrist(a.s)wasentrustedwithprophethoodwhilehewaslessthanthreeyears.[1] 3.MamarbinKhallad MamarnarratedthetraditionsofImamarRedha(a.s)abouttheappointmentofhissonalJawad astheimamafterhim.Hesaid,Iheardhim(ImamarRedha)sayingtohiscompanionsafter havingmentionedsomethingtothem,Whatelsedoyouwant?ThisisAbuJafar.Ihaveseated himinmyplaceandmadehimmysuccessorWearethepeopleofahousewhoseyounginherit fromtheold,oneaftertheotherandeachoneisequaltotheother.[2] 4.AbdullahbinJafar AbdullahbinJafarsaid,Oneday,SafwanbinYahyaandIwenttoImamarRedha(a.s)whileAbu Jafar,whowasthreeyearsoldthen,wasbeforehim.Wesaid,MayAllahmakeusdieforyou!If somethinghappens[3]Allahforbidwhoshallbetheimamafteryou?Hesaid,Myson.He pointedtohissonalJawad.Wesaid,Eventhoughheisofthisage!?Hesaid,Yes!Allahthe AlmightyhasgivenJesusChrist(a.s)asanargumentthoughhewasbuttwoyearsold.[4] [1]AlFusulalMuhimmahbyibnalSabbagh,p.251,UsoolalKafi,vol.1p.379. [2]AlFusulalMuhimmah,p.251,BiharalAnwar,vol.12p.103. [3]Theymeanifyoudie. [4]BiharalAnwar,vol.12p.117. 5.MuhammadbinAbuAbbad

MuhammadbinAbuAbbadnarratedfromhisfatherwhosaid,IheardImamarRedha(a.s) saying:AbuJafarismyguardianandsuccessorinmyfamilyafterme.[1] AndtherearemanyothertraditionsrelatedfromImamarRedha(a.s)declaringtheimamateof MuhammadalJawad(a.s)afterhisfatherandhisbeingoneofthecaliphsoftheProphet(a.s)for hisUmma. ThetreacheryofalMa'moonagainstImamarRedhar WhenalMa'moonhadfulfilledthepoliticalpurposesofhishomagetoImamarRedha(a.s)ashis heirapparent,hethoughtofbetrayingandgettingridofhim.Weshalltalkinbriefaboutthe reasonsthatledalMa'moontocommitthiscrime. 1.Envy ThesoulofalMa'moonwasfilledwithenvyofImamarRedha(a.s)whowasveryfamousand respectableamongpeoplebecauseofhisvirtuesandabundantknowledge. HistorianshavementionedthatalMa'moonhadaskedtheleadingscholarsoftheIslamicdistricts tocometoKhurasantotestImamarRedha(a.s).Theyarguedwithhimondifferentphilosophical, theologicalandmedicalquestionsandonotherbranchesofknowledge.ThescholarsleftImam arRedha(a.s)afterwardswithcompletebeliefinhisimamate.Theybeganspreadinghisvirtues andsciences.WhenalMa'moonlearnedthat,heaskedMuhammadbinAmratToossitodrive peopleawayfrommeetingwithImamarRedha(a.s).[2]AbussaltalHarawiexposedthismatterin hisresponsetoAhmedbinAlialAnsarisquestionofhowwasalMa'moonpleasedwithkilling arRedhainspiteofhishonoringandlovinghimandhishavingmadehimhisheirapparent? [1]BiharalAnwar,vol.12p.104,IthbatalHudat,vol.6p.161. [2]UyunAkhbararRedha,vol.2p.172. Abussaltreplied,AlMa'moonhonoredandlovedImamarRedha(a.s)becausehewasawareof hisvirtueswhichwerealsoknowntothepeople,andheappointedhimashisheirapparentto makepeoplethinkthatImamarRedha(a.s)wishedforthisworldlylifeanditspleasuresand wouldconsequentlybedisrespectedbythepeople,butwhenhisvirtueandrespectamong peoplegrewevenmore,he(alMa'moon)sentfortheologiansfromdifferentcountrieshoping thatoneofthemmightdefeatImamarRedha(a.s)andthenhewouldbedisrespectedbythe

scholarsandthatwouldspreadamongthepublicandtheywouldthenturntheirbacksonhim. But,everyopponentfromtheJews,theChristians,themagi,theapostates,theBrahman,the atheists,theDahriyya,andeveryopponentfromthedissentingMuslimsectswasdefeatedby ImamarRedha(a.s)withhisclearevidences.Peoplebegansaying,ByAllah,heisevenworthier ofthecaliphatethanalMa'moonandthenewsmenreportedthattohim(alMa'moon)andhe becameveryangryandenviousofthat.[1] Envyisoneofthemostmaliciouspsychologicaldiseasesthatleadstoallvicesandundoubtedly throwsmanintogreatevil.ItwasenvythatcausedalMa'moontoassassinateImamarRedha (a.s)andtodoawaywithhim. 2.PleasingtheAbbasids SomehistorianshavethoughtthatalMa'moonpoisonedImamarRedha(a.s)tohumorthe Abbasidsandsatisfytheirpassions.[2]TheAbbasidshadflaredupandwereveryagitatedwhen ImamarRedha(a.s)wasappointedtheheirapparentofalMa'moonfortheyfearedthatthe caliphatemightnowmovetotheprogenyofAlibinAbuTalib(a.s).AlMa'moonwantedto removethisfearandworryfromtheAbbasids;therefore,heassassinatedImamarRedha(a.s) afterachievinghispoliticalgoals. [1]UyunAkhbararRedha,vol.2p.239. [2]UyunatTawareekh,vol.3p.227. 3.ImamarRedhadidnotflatteralMa'moon Perhaps,oneofthestrongestreasonsthatledalMa'moontoassassinateImamarRedha(a.s) wasthatImamarRedha(a.s)neverflatteredalMa'moonorhumoredhim.ImamarRedha(a.s) oftenandalwaysrecommendedalMa'moontofearandobeyAllahandwarnedhimofthe punishmentoftheafterlife.AbussaltalHarawihassaid,ArRedhadidnotflatteralMa'moonin anymatteroftruthand,inmostcases,repliedtohimwithwhatalMa'moondisliked.Thiswould makealMa'moonangryandledhimtobearagrudgeagainsthim,buthewouldnotshowit. Whenhefoundnowayoutwithhim,heassassinatedhim.[1] 4.TheprayerofEid AnotherimportantreasonthatledalMa'moontobearagrudgeagainstImamarRedha(a.s)was theprayerofEid.AlMa'moonaskedImamarRedha(a.s)toleadthecongregationalprayerofEid, butImamarRedha(a.s)refused.AlMa'moonkeptinsistingonituntiltheImamagreedbuton theconditionthathewouldleadthepeopleintheprayerashisgrandfatherthemessengerof Allahdid.AlMa'moonagreedtothatandorderedtheleaders,theofficersandtherestofthe

peopletogotothehouseofImamarRedha(a.s)earlyinthemorning.Thepeople,inalltheir differentclasses,wentoutearlyinthemorningandsatinthestreetswhileothersclimbedupthe rooftops,andallwerelookingeagerlyforthecomingofImamarRedha(a.s).Inthemorning, ImamarRedha(a.s)tookaghusl[2]andpreparedhimselffortheEidPrayer.Hedonnedawhite turbanandletoneendofithangdownhischestandlettheotherendhangbetweenhis shoulders.Heorderedhisservantstodothesame.Hewentoutbarefootholdingastickinhis hand.Aftereverystep,heraisedhisheadandsaidAllahuAkbar(Allahisgreat).Thepowerof hisutterancewasfelt,asitseemedtothepeoplethattheairandeventhewallsofhouseswere respondingtohim. [1]UyunAkhbararRedha,vol.2p.239. [2]Aritualablution. Theleadersandtherestofpeoplehaddonnedthebestoftheirclothes,wereholdingweapons andhadpreparedthemselvesinthemannertheyconsideredbest,astheywereaccustomedto doingwiththeirkingsandrulers.ImamarRedha(a.s)continuedhismarchinhisownsplendid mannerwhichmadeheadsturnandsubmittoit.Heraisedhisvoiceandkeptreciting,Allahu Akbar,AllahuAkbarforwhatHehasguidedusto.AllahuAkbarforwhatHehasgrantedusof cattle,andpraisebetoAllahforthatwhichHehastrieduswith. Peopleraisedtheirvoiceswhilerepeatingwhatherecitedandbegancrying,fortheysawinthe imamtheactionsofthemessengerofAllah.Theydiscoveredthedeviationoftheirrulersandsaw thattheywerenotonthetruth.Marv[1]burstintoaclamor.Theleadersfellofffromtheir mounts.Somehistorianshavesaidthattheluckyleaderswerethosewhowereabletofindan acquaintancetoleadtheiranimalsbacktotheirhomes. ImamarRedha(a.s),aftereverytensteps,stoppedtorecitetheTakbeer(AllahuAkbar)four times.Thepeoplerepeatedafterhim.TheycriedloudlyfortheyviewedtheImamasthenatural continuityofthepersonalityofhisgrandfatherthemessengerofAllah,whowasthegreatest liberatoroftheoppressedhumanity. AlBahri,thepoet,describedImamarRedhas(a.s)leavingtoleadtheprayerinthefollowing words: Theyrememberedbyyourexpression,whenyoucameoutoftherows, theProphetandsotheysaidTahlilandTakbir,[2] untilyoureachedthemosque,wearingthelightofguidancethatwasvisibleonyou, [1]Marwwasthecapitalofthestateatthattime. [2]TahlilissayingLailahaillallah(thereisnogodbutAllah)andTakbirisAllahuakbar(Allahis

great). andwalkedreverentlyandsubmissivelytoAllah,neitherwithpridenorwitharrogance. Iftheminbarcouldwalk,itwouldhurrytowardsyououtofyearning.[1] AlMa'moonwasinformedthatthepeopleweresohighlyreveringandglorifyingImamarRedha (a.s).AlFadhlbinSahlsaidtohim,IfarRedhareachestheplaceofprayerinthisstate,people willbeseducedbyhim.Youhadbetteraskhimtoreturn.AlMa'moonthensenttoImamar Redha(a.s)tocomebackandhereturned.[2] ThesearesomereasonshistorianshavementionedwhichmadealMa'moonbearagrudge againstImamarRedha(a.s)andfearforhisruleandauthority,and,consequently,hedecidedto committhemostheinouscrimeinIslam,andthatwastheassassinationoftheImam. TheassassinationofImamarRedha WhenalMa'moonwasunabletobearImamarRedha(a.s)anylonger,hedecidedtoassassinate him.Heinvitedhimandofferedhimaclusterofgrapesinwhichhehadinsertedsomepoison.He saidtohim,OsonofthemessengerofAllah,Ihavenotseengrapesbetterthanthese. ImamarRedha(a.s)replied,TheremaybegrapesinParadisebetterthanthese. AlMa'moonaskedImamarRedha(a.s)toeatfromthosegrapesbuttheImamwasreluctantand saidtoalMa'moon,Wouldyouexcusemefromit? AlMa'moonscoldedandshoutedathim,Youmusteatthem.Whatpreventsyoufromeating? Areyouaccusingusofsomething? [1]ManaqibAalAbiTalib,vol.4p.372. [2]UyunAkhbararRedha,vol.2p.150151,NooralAbsar,p.143. HethenforcedImamarRedha(a.s)toeatthegrapes.ImamarRedha(a.s)atethreeberriesand thenthrewtheclusteraway.Thepoisonacteduponhimatonceandhegotuptoleavetheir meeting.AlMa'moonaskedhim,Whereareyougoing? ImamarRedha(a.s)glancedathimandsaidinasadandtremblingvoice,Towhereyouhave directedme.Hemeanttodeath.[1]

Thepoisonreactedinhisbodyandthepainsofdeathattackedhim.AlMa'moonsenta messengertoImamarRedha(a.s)asking,Whatwouldyourecommendmetodo? ImamarRedha(a.s)saidtothemessenger,Tellhim:herecommendsyounottogivesomeonea thingthatyoumayfeelregretfor.[2]ImamarRedha(a.s)meantthepositionofheirapparent withwhichalMa'moonhadentrustedhimandhadboundhimselfbyitbeforeAllahandthe nationandthenhebrokehistrust. ImamarRedha(a.s)turnedtoAbussaltandsaid,OAbussalt,theydidit.[3]Hemeanthis assassinationwaswroughtbyalMa'moon. ImamarRedha(a.s)begansufferingfromthebitterpainsofthepoison.Hisintestineswerecut andhisinsidesmelted.Deathwasquicklyapproachingtheimamtoextinguishthatshiningflame whichhadlittheintellectualandsociallifeintheworldoftheArabsandtheMuslims.Imamar Redha(a.s),eveninthatcriticalordeal,wasbusyintheremembranceofAllah.Thebitterpainsof thatseveredeathdidnotpreventhimfrommentioninghisLord.Hebreathedhislastwhile praisingandglorifyingAllah.HisgreatsoulascendedtoitsCreatorasthesoulsoftheprophets andimamshaddonebeforehim,surroundedbytheangelsandthecontentmentofAllah.The soulofImamarRedha(a.s)ascendedtoAllahtheMercifulafterhehadcarriedouthisgreat, reformativemissionofdefendingthereligionofAllahandprotectingHisprinciplesandgoals. [1]UyunAkhbararRedha,vol.2p.243. [2]UyunatTawareekh,vol.3p.227. [3]AlIrshad,p.355. AlMa'moonannouncestheImamsdeath AlMa'moonhidthenewsofImamarRedhasdeathforadayandanightandthenhesentfor MuhammadbinJafarasSadiqandsomeothermenofaal[1]AbuTalib(theAlawids),ordering themtocometohim.Whentheycametohim,heannouncedtothemthedeathofImamar Redha(a.s)andpretendedtobeverysadanddistressedbyit.Hewentwiththemtothebodyof theimamandshowedthemthathehadnotbeenstruckbyaswordorstabbedwithaspear.Then headdressedtheholycorpseoftheimamsaying,Obrother,itpainsmetoseeyouinthisstate.I wishIhaddiedbeforeyou,butAllahonlydoeswhatHewants.[2] Preparingtheholycorpse AlMa'moonpreparedthecorpse,washedit,shroudeditandplaceditinthecoffin.Thenhe wrotetoallpartsofKhurasaninvitingthemtopartakeinthehonorofescortingtheholycorpseof ImamarRedha(a.s)tohisgrave.

PeopleofallclasseshurriedtoescorttheholycorpseoftheImam.Itwasagreat,memorableday, thelikeofwhichKhurasanhadneverbeforewitnessed.AlMa'moonadvancedbeforethebier andaddressedthecorpseinavoicethatcouldbeheardbyall.Hesaid,Whichofthesetwo misfortunesisgreatertome:mylosingyouortheaccusationofpeopleagainstme? Inhislastabode Theholycorpsewasbroughtunderahalooftahlilandtakbir.AlMa'moonplacedthecorpseof ImamarRedha(a.s)inthetombbesidethegraveofHarunarRashid[3]andthusburiedthe clearestpageoftheIslamicmissionthathadprovidedpeoplewiththeelementsofintellectand culture.ImamarRedha(a.s)wasburiedin [1]Aalmeansthefamilyortheprogenyof. [2]AlIrshad,p.355. [3]HarunarRashidwasthefifthAbbasidcaliphandhewasthefatherofalMa'moon. thatpureareaandhisholyshrineinKhurasanhasbecomealandmarkofhumandignity.Itisthe mosthonoredandimpregnablesanctuminIslam.Peopledonotknowashrineofanyofthesaints ofAllahthathassuchregard,honoranddignity.TheProphet(a.s)hadbeeninformedbythe unseenthatoneofhisguardianswouldbeburiedinKhurasan.Hementionedthatinhistraditions andmentionedthehonorandtherewardthatthevisitorsofthatshrinewouldreceive.Hesaid, ApartofmewillbeburiedinKhurasan.Foreverydistressedonewhovisitsit,Allahwillrelieve hisdistress,andforeverysinnerwhovisitsit,Allahwillforgivehimhissins.[1] OnepoethasmoldedthisProphetictraditionintotwoversesofpoetrythathavebeenwrittenon thewallsoftheholyshrine.Thepoetsays, Hewholikestoseeatombinhissleep, whereAllahrelievesthedistressesofitsvisitors, lethimcometovisitthistomb, inwhichAllahhashousedachoiceprogenyfromthemessengerofAllah.[2] Thisspecialziyarah[3]hasbeenrelatedfromImamalJawad(a.s)forhisfatherImamarRedha (a.s): PeacebeuponyouOtheinfallibleimam,highbornimam,farbutnear,poisonedin desolation.[4] [1]AlHadaiqalWardiyyah,vol.2p.219. [2]InthebookAnwaralYaqeen,amanuscriptinKashifalGhitaLibrary,tovisitToosswas mentionedinsteadoftovisitthistomb.ToossisthenameoftheareawhereImamarRedha(s)

hasbeenburied. [3]Ziyarahisaspecialaddress,likeasupplication,thatisofferedtotheinfallibleimamsandholy saint [4]HayatalImamarRedha,p.432. Themeritsofvisitinghisholyshrine ManytraditionswerereportedfromImamalJawad(a.s)talkingaboutthemeritsofvisitingthe holyshrineofhisfather,ImamarRedha(a.s),andtherewardAllahhaspreparedforthevisitors. Herearesomeofthosetraditions: 1.AbdulAdheembinAbdullahalHasanisaid,IheardMuhammadbinAliarRedha(Imamal Jawad)saying:whoevervisits(theshrineof)myfatherandsuffersfromtheharmsofrain,coldor heat,Allahwillsavehisbodyfromthefire(ofHell).[1] 2.AlibinAsbaatsaid,Once,IaskedAbuJafar:whatdoeshe,whovisitsyourfatherinKhurasan, get?Hesaid,TheParadise,byAllah,theParadise.[2] 3.AbdulAdheembinAbdullahalHasanisaid,IsaidtoAbuJa'far,Iamconfusedbetweenvisiting AbuAbdullahalHusayn(a.s)andvisitingthetombofyourfatherinTooss.Whatdoyouadvise? Hesaidtome,Stayhere!Hethenwentinside(thehouse)andthencameoutwhilehiseyes weresheddingtearsdownhischeeks.Hesaid,ThevisitorsofAbuAbdullaharetoomanyandthe visitorsofmyfatherstombinToossaretoofew.[3] MuslimsconsoleImamalJawad WhenthepainfulnewsofthedeathofImamarRedha(a.s)reachedthepeopleofYathrib (Medina),theyhurriedtoImamalJawad(a.s)toconsolehim.Theyparticipatedwithhiminhis sorrowandpainforthedeathofhisfather.Manydelegationsfromtheothercountriesalsocame togivehimtheircondolences.Fromamongthedelegations,therewasthegreatpoetAbdullah binAyyoobalKhuraybiwhohadmetImamarRedha(a.s)andhaddevotedhimselftohim.He recitedapoembeforeImamalJawad(a.s)elegizingImamarRedha(a.s). [1]WassailashShia,vol.10p.437. [2]Ibid. [3]Ibid.,p.442. OthergroupsoftheShiaalsocametohim,condolingwithhimwarmlyforthegreatdisasterthat hadafflictedhimandalltheShia.

TheconfusionoftheShia TheShiabecameterriblyconfusedabouttheimamateafterthedeathofImamarRedha(a.s), becauseImamalJawad(a.s)wasjustsixyearsandsomemonthsofageatthattime.[1]This causedtheShiatobecomeconfusedandtodisagreewitheachother.Somethoughtthatasix yearoldchildcouldnotbeanimamandtheimamateshouldbeentrustedtoanolderman.A groupoftheShiagatheredinoneoftheirhouses.AmongthemwerearRayyanbinasSalt,Yonus, SafwanbinYahya,MuhammadbinHakeemandAbdurrahmanbinalHajjaj.Theydiscussedthe matteroftheimamateandbegantocry.Yonussaidtothem,Stopyourcryingandwaituntilthis childgrowsup.HemeantImamalJawad(a.s).ArRayyanbinasSaltsaid,Ifitisdecreedby AllahtheAlmighty,thenatwodayoldchildcanbelikeahundredyearoldman,butifitisnot decreedbyAllah,thenevenifonelivesforfivethousandyears,hewillnotbeabletodowhatthe masterscandoorevenapartofit.Thisisworthponderingover.[2] ThiswasthedecisiveanswerthatrevealedtheshiningrealitywhichtheTwelverShiabelievein: childhoodoradulthoodhavenothingtodowiththepositionofimamate,whichisliketheposition ofprophethoodinmostofitsspecifications,forbothimamateandprophethoodareinthehand ofAllah,WhoentrustswiththemwhomsoeverHechoosesfromamongstHispeople. Delegationsofjurisprudentsandulama Asignificantnumberofscholarsandjurisprudents,whohadbeenselectedbytheShiitemilieusin Baghdadandothercountries,cametoYathribfollowingthedeathofImamarRedha(a.s)inorder to [1]Inmostsources,itismentionedthattheageofImamalJawad(s)thenwassevenyearsand somemonths. [2]Dala'ilalImama,p.250,FiraqashShia,p.59. ascertainthenewimam.Theywereabouteightymen,ashistorianshavementionedintheir books.WhentheyarrivedinYathrib,theywenttothehouseofImamAbuAbdullahasSadiq(a.s). Aredrugwasspreadoutforthem.AbdullahthesonofImamMusaalKadhim(a.s)cametothem andsatattheheadoftheirmeeting,claiminghimselftobetheimamafterImamarRedha(a.s) andthereligiousauthorityoftheUmma.Amanstoodupandcalledouttotheulama,Thisisthe sonofthemessengerofAllah.Whoeverhasaquestionlethimaskit.Oneoftheulamastoodup andaskedhim,Whatdoyouthinkaboutthemanwhosaystohiswife:Idivorceyouasmany timesastherearestarsinthesky? AbdullahthesonofImamMusaalKadhimansweredagainstthejurisprudenceoftheAhlulBayt (a.s)saying,SheisdivorcedthricebeforetheGemini.

Theulamaandthejurisprudentswereastonishedatthisanswer,whichwasdifferentfromthat whichtheinfallibleimamshaddeterminedthatdivorcecouldonlybeachievedonce.[1]Wedo notknowwhyAbdullahsingledouttheGeminifromallthestarsandplanets! Anotheroneofthejurisprudentsaskedhim,Whatisyouropinionregardingamanwhohas sexualintercoursewithananimal? AgainheansweredcontrarytothelawofAllah.Hesaid,Hishandshouldbecutoffandheshould bewhippedahundred Theattendeeswereastonished.Someofthembegantocrybecauseofthesefatwasthat contradictedtheverdictsofAllah.Theybecameveryconfused.Whiletheywereinthisstate,a doornearthefrontofthemeetingwasopenedoutofwhichemergedMuwaffaqtheservant,and thenImamAbuJa'farMuhammadalJawad(a.s)appearedwithsuchaloftinessthatmadeall headsbowtohimsubmissively.Theulamaandthejurisprudentsstoodupoutofrespectand began [1]Ahusbandmaysaytohiswifeyouaredivorcedonetimewhenhewantstodivorceherand shewillnolongerbehislegalwife.Hedoesnothavetorepeatthisstatementthreetimes. glorifyinghim.Amanintroducedhimtotheattendeesastheimamafterhisfatherandasthe greatauthorityforMuslims. ThemanwhohadaskedthefirstquestioncametotheImamandaskedhim,Whatdoyouthink aboutthemanwhosaystohiswife:Idivorceyouasmanytimesastherearestarsinthesky? ImamalJawad(a.s)said,Oman,readintheBookofAllah:(Divorcemaybe(pronounced)twice, thenkeep(them)ingoodfellowshiporlet(them)gowithkindness)[1]andthenitisatthethird (thatdivorcebecomesirrevocable). Theattendantswonderedattheintelligenceoftheimamandwerecertainthattheyhadreached theaimwhichtheyhadsought.TheaskertoldImamalJawad(a.s)ofthefatwaofhisuncle AbdullahthesonofImamalKadhimconcerningthesamematter.ImamalJawad(a.s)turnedto hisuncleandsaid,Ouncle,fearAllahanddonotgiveanyfatwawhenthereexistsintheumma onewhoismoreawarethanyou. Abdullahbowedhisheadtotheearthanddidnotknowwhattosay.Themanwiththesecond questioncametoImamalJawad(a.s)andaskedhim,Whatisyouropinionregardingamanwho hassexualintercoursewithananimal?

ImamalJawad(a.s)said,Heshouldbesubjectedtoadiscretionarypunishment,andtheanimal shouldbemarkedwithalastingmarkonitsbackandtakenoutofthecountrysothattheshame ofitdoesnotremainwiththeman. TheaskerinformedImamalJawad(a.s)ofthefatwaofhisuncle.ImamalJawad(a.s)strongly rejectedthatfatwaand,turningtohisuncle,angrilysaid,ThereisnogodbutAllah(OmyGod!)! OAbdullah,itissogreatamattertoAllahthatwhentomorrowyouwillstopbeforeHim,Hewill askyou:whydidyougiveafatwatomypeopleaboutthatwhichyoudidnotknow,whereas therewassomeoneintheummawhowasmoreawarethanyou? [1]Qur'an,2:229. Abdullahbeganmakingexcusesandjustifyinghisanswerbysaying,Ihaveseenmybrotherar Redhaanswerthisquestionwiththissameanswer. ImamalJawad(a.s)deniedthisandshoutedathim,ArRedhawasaskedaboutagravedigger whohaddugoutadeadwoman,madelovetoherandtakenherclothes.He(arRedha)ordered tocuthishandoffforstealing,towhiphimforcommittingadulteryandtoexilehimformaiming thedead.[1] TheulamaandthescholarsthenaskedImamalJawad(a.s)manyquestionsregardingdifferent mattersofjurisprudence.Historianssaythattherewereaboutthirtythousandquestionsasked. Somehistorianshavementionedthattheimamwasaskedallthesethirtythousandquestionsin onemeetingandheansweredthemallthenandthere.[2]Wedonotthinkthatitcouldhavebeen possibletoanswerallthesequestionsinonemeetingbecausetimewouldnotallowforthat,but itismorereasonabletosaythatImamalJawad(a.s)wasaskedthirtythousandquestionsin differentmeetingsandonmanydifferentoccasions. Anyhow,theulamabecamesatisfiedofhisimamateandreturnedtotheircountriesspreadingthe newsthatthenextimamwasMuhammadalJawad.TheyrelatedtotheMuslimswhattheyhad witnessedofhisabundantknowledgeandsaidthathewasthegreatmiracleofIslamforthough hewassoyounginage,hepossessedsuchahighlevelofknowledgeofsciencesthatcould neitherbedefinednordescribed. ItisworthnotingthatsomeoftheShiahadaskedImamarRedha(a.s)somequestionsinhis lifetime,whichhehadanswered,andthentheywenttoImamalJawad(a.s)afterthedeathofhis fatherandaskedhimthesamequestionstotryhim,butheansweredtheminaccordancewith theanswersofhisfather. [1]AdDurranNadheem,p.218,amanuscriptinAmeerulMomineenLibrary.

[2]Wassa'ilashShia,vol.18,p.511512.s AbuKhirashnarrated,IwasattendingameetingofarRedhawhensomemancametohimand said,MayIdieforyou!Mywife,whoisanhonestbondmaid,suckledoneofmyservantwomen atthesametimewhenshewassucklingasonofmine.Isitunlawfulformetomarrythatservant woman?ImamarRedha(a.s)replied,Thereisnosucklingafterweaning.[1]Themanthenasked himaboutprayerinalHaramayn[2]andhesaid,Youcanofferitinitsshortenedform(qasr:two rakas)ifyoulike,andyoucanofferitinitsfullform(tamam:fourrakas)ifyoulike.When,later on,Iwenttoperformthehajj,IwenttoAbuJa'far(alJawad)andaskedhimthesesamequestions andhegavemethesameanswersthathisfatherhadgiven.[3] Anyhow,theShiareferredtohimandbelievedinhisimamate.NoShiabelievedinanyotherthan himastheimam. [1]Itmeansthatsucklingwillhavenoeffectafterweaning,andespeciallyinthiscasewherethe servantwasanadult. [2]AlHaramayn(thetwosacredplaces):MeccaandMedina. [3]AdDurranNadheem,p.219. Fromhishighidealsr ThepersonalityofImamAbuJa'faralJawad(a.s)possessedallthehighidealsandloftyexamples thatanyhumanbeingwouldtakepridein.Herearesomeoftheseideals: Imamate ImamalJawad(a.s)assumedtheimamateandthegeneralreligiousleadershipwhenhewasjust sevenyearsandsomemonthsinage,asJesusChrist(a.s)hadassumedtheprophethoodwhenhe wasevenyoungerthanthisinage. Imamateisbasedonadeepphilosophythataimsatexaltingthepositionofmanand administeringthetruthandjusticethatmanseeks.Andhere,wewillbrieflydigresstodiscuss someaffairsofimamate. Itsgoals

Imamatetakesgreatcaretoachieveitsactualgoals,undertheshadowsofwhichmancanlive happilyandpeacefully.Fromamongthegoalsofimamatearethefollowing: 1.Administeringjusticeeverywhere,socialandpoliticalalike,sothatthenation,underthe shadowofimamate,willnotfaceanysocialorindividualinjusticeandnoindividualorcommunity willbepreferredtoanotherforallshouldbeequalbeforejusticeandthe truth.Byadministeringthispurejustice,mancanbecomethedeputyofAllahonHisearthandthe nationwillnotfindanycrookednessinitspath. 2.Risingagainstinjusticeandtyranny,resistingoppressionandpreventingthecontrolofthe strongovertheweak;theShiahaveundoubtedlyundertakenthisaspect.Theyhaveled successiverevolutionsagainstinjusticeandaggressionandhavefoughttheoppressivepowers. Theheadsoftheirchiefsandimamshavebeenraisedonspears,foreverilluminatingthepathof freedomanddignity.Moawiya[1]hadanotablegroupoftheShiakilled,amongwhomwasAmr binalHamqalKhuzaiy,apropagandistfortruth,freedomandstruggle.Afterbeingkilled,his headwasraisedonaspearandcirculatedinthetownsandcountries,illuminatingforpeoplethe wayofstruggle.YazeedthesonofMoawiyahadthepureprogenyoftheProphet(a.s)killedand theirheadsraisedonspearsastheywereparadedthroughdifferenttowns.Theseandother revolutionshavegivenIslameternalgloriesthroughouthistory.Theyhaveforcedtheworldto recognizethatIslamisareligionofstruggleandrevoltagainstinjustice,oppressionandtyranny. ThegreatrevolutionsthatroseinthehistoryofIslamrosenotbutbytheinspirationofthe imamate,whoseshiningprinciplesoccupiedtheheartsofthoserevolutionarieswhominedthe palacesandcastlesoftheunjustandthetyrantswithbombsthattoredownallsignsoftheirpride andarrogance. 3.ProtectingtheeconomyofthenationandnotspendingfromtheTreasuryexcepttoservethe publicwelfare,developtheeconomicalresources,increasetheindividualincomeandreformthe generaleconomytoremovepoverty,whichistheequivalentofdisbelief.Therulerandtheother officersofthegovernmenthavenorighttomeddlewiththepowersandpropertiesofthestateor tounlawfullytakesomethingforthemselvesortheirrelatives.Themaincauseoftherevolution thatoverthrewthegovernmentofOthman,thechiefoftheUmayyadfamily,wasthemeddlingof theUmayyadswiththe [1]ThefirstruleroftheUmayyadstate. wealthofthestateandseizingitforthemselvesandtheirfollowers. 4.SpreadingfaithinAllah,uponwhichthepowersofgoodandpeaceoneartharebased;when

faithinAllahrootsdeeplyinsideaman,itbecomesimpossibleforhimtocommitanyinjusticeor oppressionagainstothers.Rather,themanbecomesasourceofmercyandgoodtoothers. 5.Purifyingthesoulsandheartsandplantingnoblequalitiesandvirtuesinthemsothatdoing goodandavoidingevilmaybecomeoneoftheirelementsandconstituents,andconsequentlythe goalsofhumanitycanbeachieved. 6.Spreadingpeaceandsecurityandremovingallkindsofdisturbancesandtroubles,andthus, individualsmaylivepeacefully,withoutfeelingthatfearfollowsthemorterrorchasesthem,and asheepcanlivebesideawolfwithoutfearingorbeingcautiousofit. ThesearesomeofthegoalsoftheimamateinwhichtheShiabelieveandwhichisthehigherbase forthedevelopmentofmankindinallstagesofhistory. Thequalitiesoftheimam Animammusthavehighqualitiesandnobleidealssuchas: Knowledge TheShiaunanimouslyagreethatanimammustbeincomparableinhisabundantknowledgeof sciencesandhemustbethemostawareofthepeopleofhistimeintheaffairsoftheShariaand theverdictsofreligion.Hemustbeawareofthepoliticalandadministrativeaffairsandother affairsregardingwhatconcernsthepeople.Asregardstheevidencesforthis,theyaresoclear thatnoonecandenyorhidethem.Thefirstimam,AmeerulMomineenAlibinAbuTalib(a.s),the masterofthepureprogenyoftheProphet(a.s),establishedmanyfieldsofknowledge.Theywere thirtytwoinnumber,asalAqqad[1]hassaid.Overfourteencenturiesago,hewasinforming peopleofthetechnologicaldevelopmentofthisage.Hesaid,A [1]HeisanEgyptianauthor. timewillcometopeoplewhenthepeopleintheWestwillbeabletoseethepeopleintheEast, andthepeopleintheEastwillbeabletoseethepeopleintheWest.Healsosaid,Atimewill cometopeoplewhenthepeopleintheWestwillbeabletohearthepeopleintheEast,andthe peopleintheEastwillbeabletohearthepeopleintheWest.Andthishasbeenverifiedwiththe inventionsoftheradioandthetelevision.Healsosaid,Atimewillcometopeoplewhenironwill move.Thishasalsocometruewiththeinventionsofthecar,thetrainandotherthings.ImamAli (a.s)talkedaboutmanythingslikethis,andourreaderscanfindthemindifferentbookssuchas alGhaybabyatToossi,BiharalAnwarbyalMajlisiandotherbooksthathavebeenwrittenon thissubject.

ImamasSadiq(a.s),amiracleofknowledgeandintellectintheearth,talkedaboutpollutionin spaceandintheseasanditsseriousharmsagainstman.Hetalkedabouttheexistenceoflifeon someplanets.Itwashewhoestablishedthebasesofanatomy,especiallytheorgansofmanand talkedaboutthewondersinsidemansbodyandthewonderfulsystemssuchasthedigestive systemandothersystems.AllthishasbeenmentionedinthebookTawheedalMufadhdhal, whichisawonderfultraditionofImamasSadiq(a.s)asnarratedbyalMufadhdhal.Imamas Sadiq(a.s)isconsideredasthefirstestablisherofphysicsandchemistry,forheinstructedtheir basestohisdiscipleJabirbinHayyan,theprideoftheEastandthepioneerofdevelopmentinthe earth. AlJawad(a.s)provedwhattheShiabelieveabouttheimamate.Thoughhewasveryyoung,he wasskilledinallthedifferentsciences.Hewasaskedbytheulamaandthejurisprudentsabout everything,andheansweredallofthem,andthiscausedShiismtospreadeverywhereatthat timeandledmostoftheulamatobelieveinimamate.Manyulama,jurisprudentsandnarrators metwithImamalJawad(a.s)whilehewassevenyearsandsomemonthsofage.They surroundedhimtodrinkfromthespringofhisknowledge.Theynarratedfromhimanswersto manyphilosophicalandtheologicalquestions.ThisistheclearestevidenceoftheShiasbeliefin imamate. Infallibility ThereisanotherveryimportantqualitythattheShiabelieveinherenttotheirimams.Itisthe infallibilityoftheimamsandtheirimmunityfromenteringintoanyfieldofsinandunlawfulness. Thisisaclearfactwithnoroomfordoubt.Hewhopondersoverthelivesofthepureimamswill findthisfactveryclear.ImamAli(a.s)hassaid,ByAllah,ifIweretobegiventhesevenregions withallthatisundertheirspheresjusttodisobeyAllahbydeprivinganantofahuskofabarley grain,Iwouldnotdoso.Isinfallibilityotherthanthis?! IfImamHusayn(a.s)hadmadepeacewiththeUmayyadsandsubmittedtotheirpolicies,he wouldnothavefacedthemisfortunesanddisastersofKerbala.[1]Infallibilitywasthemost prominentqualityoftheimams.Theyhadgreatfaithandinfinitepowersofpietythatprotected themfromcommittinganysortofsin. Infallibility,inthisframe,doesnotcontradictknowledgeandisnotirregulartothelawsoflife.He whodeniestheinfallibilityoftheimamsofAhlulBayt(a.s)willdeviatefromthetruthandincline towardstheuntruth. Hisworship

ImamalJawad(a.s)wasthetruestworshipperwhoperformedworshipsathistime,themost reverenttoAllahandthesincerestinobeyingHim,likeallthepureimamsfromhisfathershad beenbeforehimandhaddevotedtheirlivestoAllahanddoneallthatmighttakethemcloserto Allah.Theformsofhisworshipswereasfollows: [1]KerbalaisaplaceinIraqwhereImamHusayn(s),hisfamilyandhiscompanionsweremartyred atthehandsoftheUmayyadarmyonAshura(thetenthofMuharram)inthefamouseventof Islamichistory. Hisofferingrecommendedworships(nafila) ImamalJawad(a.s)usedtoofferalotofrecommendedworships(nawafil).Narratorsof traditionshavereportedthathewouldoffertworakas(unitsofprayer),ineachofwhichhe wouldrecitethesuraofalFatiha(1)andthesuraofalIkhlaas(112)seventytimes.[1]Hewould offeralotofworshipinthemonthofRajab.ArRayyanbinasSaltsaid,WhenAbuJafarthe secondwasinBaghdad,hefastedonthemiddleandthetwentyseventhofRajabandallhis servantsfastedwithhim.Heorderedustoofferaprayerthatwastwelverakas.Ineachrakawe hadtorecitethesuraofalFatihaandanothersura,andwhenwefinishedtheprayer,werecited thesurasofalFatiha,alIkhlass,alFalaq(113)andanNaas(114)fourtimeseach,andlailaha illallahuwallahuakbar,subhanallahwelhamdulillah,walahawlawalaquwwataillabillahalaliy aladheem[2]fourtimes.[3]ImamalJawad(a.s)said,InRajabthereisanightthatisbetterthan allthatthesunriseson:itisthenightofthetwentyseventh.Hementionedaspecialprayerto beofferedthatnight.[4] Hishajj ImamAbuJa'faralJawad(a.s)performedthehajjmanytimes.AlHasanbinAlialKufinarrated someofImamalJawadsworshipsduringthehajj.Hesaid,IsawAbuJa'farthesecond(a.s)in 215(or225)AHbidfarewelltotheHouse(theKaaba)hecircumambulatedtheHouseandkissed theYemeniCornerineveryturn.Intheseventhturn,hekissedthecornerandtheBlackRockand rubbedhishand(overtheRock)andthenrubbedhisfacewithhishand.Then,hecametothe Temple(ofAbraham)andofferedaprayeroftworakasbehindit.Hewenttotherearofthe Kaaba,removedhisdressfromhisabdomenandstayedlongsupplicating [1]Wassa'ilashShia,vol.5p.298. [2]lailahaillallah(thereisnogodbutAllah)wallahuakbar(andAllahisgreat),subhanallah(glory betoAllah)welhamdulillah(andpraisebetoAllah),walahawlawalaquwwataillabillahalaliy aladheem(thereisnopowerandstrengthsaveinAllah,theHigh,theGreat). [3]Wassa'ilashShia,vol.5p.243. [4]Ibid.,p.242.

Allah.Then,hewentoutfromthegateofalHannatinandleft.In219AHIsawhimbidfarewellto theHouseinthenight.HekissedtheYemeniCornerandtheBlackRockineveryturn.Inthe seventhturn,hewenttotherearoftheKaabaneartheYemeniCornerandontherectangular rock.Heremovedthedressfromhisabdomen,kissedtheRockandrubbedonit.Hewenttothe Temple,offeredprayerbehinditandthenheleftanddidnotcomebacktotheHouse.Hestayed attherearoftheKaaba(alMultazam)asmuchastheperiodofthecircumambulationofsomeof ourcompanionswhocircumambulatedsevenoreightturns.[1] AlibinMahziyarnarrated,IsawAbuJa'farthesecond(a.s)inthenightofziyarah(visit)makethe circumambulationofwomenandofferprayerbehindtheTemple(ofAbraham).Then,heentered thewellofZamzamandladledsomewaterwiththebucket.Hedranksomeandpoursomeover someofhisbodyoneofourcompanionstoldmethathehadseenhim(ImamalJawad)inthe nextyeardothesamething.[2] ThisdetaileddescriptionofnarratorsisbecausetheactionsoftheimamsarefromtheSunnathat theShiafollowintheirworship. Hissupplications ImamalJawad(a.s)hadmanysupplicationsshowingtheextentofhisdevotednesstoAllahthe Almighty.Fromamonghissupplicationsisthisone:OYouWhohasnolikeoranexample,You areAllah;thereisnogodbutYou.ThereisnocreatorsaveYou.Youannihilatethecreaturesand Youremain.YouarepatientwithwhoeverdisobeysYou.InforgivenessisYoursatisfaction[3] Once,MuhammadbinalFudhaylhadwrittentohimaskingtoteachhimasupplication.Imamal Jawad(a.s)wrotetohim,Inthemorningandintheeveningyousay:Allah,AllahismyLord,the Beneficent,theMerciful.IdonotassociatewithHimanythingand [1]WassailashShia,vol.10p.232. [2]Ibid.,vol.9p.515. [3]AyanashShia,vol.2,4p.245. ifyouaddtothismore,itwillbegoodforyou.YousupplicateAllahwiththissupplicationto satisfyyourneedbecauseitisforeverythingbythewillofAllahtheAlmightyandAllahdoes whateverHelikes.[1] ThesupplicationsoftheinfallibleimamsshowtheessenceofsincerityandobediencetoAllah. TheyhaddevotedthemselvestoAllahandHislovehadbeenimpressedintheirfeelingsand emotionsandsotheywerewholeheartedlydevotedwhensupplicatedHim.

Hisasceticism BeingasceticinthislifewasoneofthemostprominentmoralsofthepureimamsofAhlulBayt (a.s).Theyturnedawayfromthepleasuresofthislifeanddidallthatmighttakethemcloserto Allah. ImamAli(a.s),thepioneerofthegreatjusticeintheearth,duringhiscaliphateworethecoarsest clothesandatethecoarsestfoods.Hedidnottakeanygoldorsilverforhimself,didnotcollect wealthorbuildhouses.Inthelightofthisshiningconductallthepureimamswalked.Theyall wereasceticinthislifeandtheyturnedawayfromitspleasures. ImamalJawad(a.s)wasintheprimeofyouthwhenalMa'moongavehimabundantmonies aboutonemilliondirhamsbesidesthelegalduesthatcametohimfromtheShiawhobelievedin hisimamateandtheentailedendowmentsinQumandotherplaces,buthedidnotspend anythingofthosemoniesonhisprivateaffairs.Hespentthemonthepoorandtheneedy. AlHusaynalMukarisawImamalJawad(a.s)inBaghdadwhilebeingsurroundedbyhonoringand glorifyingbytheofficialandpublicmilieus.HethoughtwithhimselfthatImamalJawad(a.s) wouldnotgobacktohishomelandinYathribandhewouldresideinBaghdadwherehelivedat easeandluxury.ImamalJawad(a.s)knewHusaynsintentionandsohewentnearhimandsaid, OHusayn,thebreadofbarleyandthegroundsaltinthesanctum [1]UyunAkhbararRedha,vol.2p.534. (Medina)ofmygrandfatherthemessengerofAllahismorebelovedtomethanwhatyouseeme in[1] ImamalJawad(a.s)didnotlikethemeansofluxuryandeasethestatehadgiventohim.Hewas likehisfatherswhohaddivorcedtheworldlylifeandturnedtowardsAllahthinkingofnothing otherthanHim. Hisgenerosity ImamAbuJa'far(a.s)wasoneofthemostgenerousandopenhandedpeople.Hewascalledal Jawad(thegenerous)becauseofhisexcessivegenerosity,openhandedness,charitablenessand kindnesstopeople.Historiansmentionedmanyscenesofhisgenerosity. 1.Oneyear,AhmedbinHadeedandsomeofhiscompanionssetouttoperformthehajj.Ontheir way,somerobbersattackedthemandrobbedallthemoniesandluggagetheyhad.Whenthey

arrivedinYathrib,AhmedbinHadeedwenttoImamalJawad(a.s)andtoldhimaboutwhathad happenedtohimandtohiscompanions.ImamalJawad(a.s)gavehimsomeclothesandasumof moneytobedistributedamonghiscompanions.Thissumofmoneywasasmuchasthatwhich hadbeenrobbedfromthem.[2]ImamalJawad(a.s)hadsavedthemfromtheirdistressand recompensedthemforwhathadbeentakenfromthem. 2.AlUtbinarratedthatoneoftheAlawidslovedabondmaidinYathribandhecouldnotpayher price.HetoldImamalJawad(a.s)ofthat.ImamalJawad(a.s)askedhimaboutherkeeperandhe toldwhohewas.Somedayslater,theAlawidmanaskedaboutthebondmaidanditwassaidto himthatshehadbeensold.Heaskedwhothebuyerwasandtheanswerwaswedonotknow. ImamalJawad(a.s)hadboughtthebondmaidsecretly.TheAlawidmanwassoupsetand distressed.HehurriedtoImamalJawad(a.s)cryingout,Thebondmaidwassold. [1]IthbatalHudat,vol.6p.185. [2]AlWafibilWafiyyat,vol.4p.105,BiharalAnwar,vol.12p.109. ImamalJawad(a.s)smiledathimandsaid,Doyouknowwhohasboughther? Themansaid,No,Idonot. ImamalJawad(a.s)tookthemanwithhimandwenttothesmallvillagewherethebondmaidwas there.Hetookthemantoahouseandorderedhimtocomein.Themanrefusedtogointothe housebecausehedidnotknowwhosehouseitwas.ImamalJawad(a.s)hadjustboughtthe houserecently.ImamalJawad(a.s)insistedonthemantocomein.Theybothcameintothe houseandwhentheysawthebondmaid,ImamalJawad(a.s)askedtheman,Doyouknowher? Themansaid,Yes,Ido! ImamalJawad(a.s)saidtohim,She,thehousewithallitsfurniture,thegardenanditsyieldare yours.Youcanlivewiththebondmaid.Themansheartwasfilledwithdelightandhewas confusedhowtothankImamalJawad(a.s).[1] ThesearesomeoftheplentifulnewshistorianshavementionedaboutthegenerosityofImamal Jawad(a.s).NarratorsandhistorianssaythatthegenerosityofImamalJawad(a.s)andhischarity hadincludedeventheanimals. MuhammadbinalWaleedalKirmaninarrated,Oneday,IhadamealwithAbuJa'farthesecond (a.s).WhenIfinishedeatingandthedisheswerelifted,theservantwenttopickthecrumbsthat wereontheground.AbuJa'far(a.s)saidtohim,Leavewhateverthereisinthedesertevenifitis alegofasheepandpickwhateveronthegroundinsidethehouse![2]ImamalJawad(a.s)

orderedhisservanttoleavethefoodthatwasinthedesertforbirdsandbeasts. [1]MiratazZamaan,vol.6p.105,amanuscriptinAmeerulMomineenLibrary. [2]Wassa'ilashShia,vol.6p.499. Doinggoodtopeople BeingbenevolentandmercifultopeoplewasanotherprominentqualityofImamalJawad(a.s). Historiansmentionedmanystoriesonhisbenevolencewhichwementionsomehere: AhmedbinZakariyyaasSaydalaninarratedthatamanfrombani[1]HanifafromSajistanhadsaid, IaccompaniedAbuJa'farintheyearwhenhewenttoperformthehajjatthebeginningofthe ruleofalMutassim.[2]Isaidtohimwhenwewereatthemeal,MayIdieforyou!Ourwali believesinyouandlovesyou.Onmethereisalandtaxtohisdiwan.Ifyouplease,mayIdiefor you,towritetohimtobekindtome.Hesaid,Idonotknowhim.Isaid,MayIdieforyou!Heis oneofyourloversandfollowersandyourlettertohimwillbenefitme. ImamalJawad(a.s)respondedtohimandwrotethisletter:Thebearerofmyletterhas mentionedthegoodbeliefsofyou.Youwillnotberewardedforyourdeedsexceptthosewhich youdocorrectly.DogoodtoyourbrothersandknowthatAllahtheAlmightywillaskyouabout everythingeventotheweightofanatomandagrainofmustard WhenthemanwentbacktoSajistan,hefoundthatthewalialHusaynbinAbdullahan Naysaboori,whoknewabouttheletterthatImamalJawad(a.s)hadsenttohim,hadcometo receivehimfromtwoleaguesbeforehewouldarrive.Thewalitooktheletterandkissedit.He consideredthatasanhonortohim.Heaskedthemanabouthisneedandthemantoldhim.He saidtotheman,DonotgivemeanytaxaslongasIaminmyposition.Thenheaskedhimabout hisfamilyandchildrentoknowtheirnumberandthenhegavethempresents.Themandidnot paythetaxaslongasthewaliwasalive,besidesthatthewalididnotstophisgiftstohim.[3]All thatwasduetotheblessingandkindnessofImamalJawad(a.s). [1]Banimeansthefamilyoforthetribeof. [2]OneoftheAbbasidcaliphs. [3]BiharalAnwar,vol.12p.129. Hiscomfortingthepeople ImamalJawad(a.s)comfortedpeopleintheirjoysandsorrows.HistorianssaidthatIbrahimbin MuhammadalHamadanihadreceivedagrievancefromthewaliandhewrotetoImamalJawad (a.s)tellinghimaboutwhathadhappenedtohim.ImamalJawad(a.s)feltpainandrepliedtohim

bythisletter:MayAllahhastenyourvictoryoverhim,whohaswrongedyou,andsaveyoufrom hisburden(troubles).BecertainthatthehelpofAllahwillcomesooninshallahandthegood afterlifewillbeyoursandpraiseAllahtoomuch[1] Heoftencomfortedafflictedanddistressedpeople.Once,hesentalettertoaman,whohad beenafflictedbythedeathofhisson.Hesaidintheletter:IntheNameofAllah,theBeneficent, theMerciful.Youmentionedyourdistressoflosingyoursonandmentionedthathewasthemost belovedoneamongyourchildrentoyou.Thus,AllahtheAlmightytakesfromchildrenandother thanchildrenthepurestonethatafamilyhas,sothattherewardoftheafflictedonesis increased.MayAllahincreaseyourreward,comfortyouandstrengthenyourheart,HeisMighty, Powerful.MayAllahgiveyouadescendantsoonandIhopethatHehasdonesoinshallah[2] ThisemotionallettershowedtheextentofthesympathyofImamalJawad(a.s)withpeopleand hiscomforttothemintheirjoysandsorrows. AmanoftheShiawrotetoImamalJawad(a.s)complainingtohimthepainandthesorrowthat occupiedhimafterthedeathofhissonandtheimamrepliedtohiminaletterofcomfortsaying: HaveyounotknownthatAllahtheAlmightychoosesfromthepropertiesandthechildrenofa believerthemostpreciousonestorewardhiminreturn?[3] [1]BiharalAnwar,vol.12p.126. [2]Wassa'ilashShia,vol.2p.874. [3]Wassa'ilashShia,vol.2p.893. ImamalJawad(a.s)participatedwithpeopleintheirjoysanddistresses,comfortedthemintheir misfortunesanddisastersandhelpedthepoorandtheweek.Bythisbenevolenceandcharity ImamalJawad(a.s)hadoccupiedtheheartsandthefeelingsandmadepeoplelovehimandbe sinceretohiminthefullsenseoftheword. TheseweresomeofthevaluesandidealsofImamalJawad(a.s)thathadraisedhimtothe highestpositionlikehisfatherswhohadmadethespringsofknowledgeandwisdomoverflow everywhereintheearthandraisedthetorchofguidanceandfaith. ImamalJawad(a.s)wasoneofthemostwonderfulexamplesofvirtueandperfectioninthe earth.Peoplehadneverseenathistimeanequaltohiminknowledge,piety,devotednessand religiousness.Hewasuniqueinhisvirtuesandmoralswhichwerethesecretofhisimamate. TheIslamiccirclesadmiredImamalJawad(a.s)andwonderedathistalentsandintellectualand scientificabilitieswhichwereinfinite.Thesetalentsandabilitieshaveconfirmedthefaithand certaintyoftheShiaandtheirbeliefthattheimammustbethemostaware,mostknowledgeable, mostvirtuousandmostpiousofthepeopleofhistime.

Hisknowledgeandsciences TheabundanceofImamalJawadsknowledgeandscienceswasastonishingandhewasindeed thegreatmiracleofIslam.Hewasskillfulindifferentsciencesandartssincehewastooyoung. Scholars,jurisprudents,philosophersandtheologiansaskedhimaboutthedeepestandmost precisequestionsandheansweredthemall.Theywereastonishedandconfusedforthatand someofthembelievedinhisimamate.Itisnaturallythatthereisnojustificationforthis astonishingphenomenonsavetobelieveintheimamate,whichisthebeliefoftheShiathatAllah hasgrantedtheimamsofAhlulBayt(a.s)knowledge,wisdomandsoundjudgmentasHehas grantedHisArchProphetsandMessengers. Hereweshalltalkbrieflyaboutthesciences,maximsandartsofImamalJawad(a.s). TheHadith ImamMuhammadalJawad(a.s)narratedagroupoftraditionsfromthemessengerofAllah throughtheseriesofhisfathers.HealsonarratedfromhisgrandfathersImamAli(a.s)andImam asSadiq(a.s)andfromhisfatherImamarRedha(a.s). HisnarrationsfromtheMessengerofAllah HerearesometraditionsthathenarratedfromtheProphet(a.s): 1.HenarratedthatthemessengerofAllah(a.s)hadsaid,Fatimahasprotectedherhonorand beenabstinentandtherefore,AllahhasprotectedherandherprogenyfromtheFire.[1] 2.HenarratedfromhisgrandfatherAmeerulMomineen(a.s)hissaying,ThemessengerofAllah (a.s)sentmetoYemenandrecommendedmebysaying,OAli,he,whoasksAllahforproper guidance,willnotbedisappointedandhe,whoconsultswithothers,willnotregret.OAli,march inthedarknessbecausetheearthiscrossedinthenightandnotintheday.OAli,setoutearlyin themorninginthenameofAllahbecauseAllahhasblessedtomyummathecarryingoutofdeeds intheearlymorning[2] 3.HenarratedthattheProphet(a.s)hadsaid,Whoeverblamesthetime,hisblamingwilllast long.[3] 4.HenarratedfromtheProphet(a.s)hissaying,Manishiddenunderhistongue.[4]

HisnarrationsfromImamAli HenarratedmanytraditionsfromhisgrandfatherAmeerulMomineen(a.s).Forexample,he narrated, Once,amanfromBasragotupandsaidtoAmeerulMomineen,Wouldyoutellusabout brothers? ImamAlisaid,Brothersaretwokinds;brothersoftrustandbrothersofsmile.Asforthebrothers oftrust,theyarelikethehand,thewing,thekinandthemoneytoyou.Ifthereistrustbetween youand [1]NuzhatalJalees,vol.2p.11,alWafibilWafiyyat,vol.4p.106,alAimmaalIthnaAshar,p.103. [2]MiraatalJinan,vol.2p.81,NuzhatalJalees,vol.2p.111,alWafibilWafiyyat,vol.4p.106,al AimmaalIthnaAshar,p.103. [3]BiharalAnwar,vol.12p.101. [4]Ibid. yourbrother,yougivehimfromyourmoney,helphimwithyourhand,makefriendswithhis friends,beenemytohisenemy,keephissecrets,supporthimandshowhisgoodqualities.O askingman,knowthatbrothersoftrustarerarerthantheredsulfur.Andasforthebrothersof smile,yougetyourpleasurefromthem.Donotcutyourrelationwiththemanddonotaskthem formorefromtheirconsciences.Smileatthemandbecourteoustothemaslongastheydothat toyou.[1] ImamAlihadstudiedthepsychologyofthesocietyandknowntheinteriorsoftheselvesandtheir intentionsandtendenciesandthenhegavealivepicturesonallthesocialsidessuchasfriendship amongpeople.Heanalyzedfriendshipinarealanalysisthatdidnotdifferthroughouthistoryand ages. HisnarrationsfromImamasSadiq HenarratedfromImamasSadiq(a.s)atraditionthatonce,amanhadaskedhisfathersome questionsandheansweredbysaying,Saytothem:wasthereanycontradictioninthe knowledgeofAllahthattheProphet(a.s)haddivulged?Iftheysayno,thenyouwouldsayto them:Doeshe,wholegislateaverdicthavingcontradiction,contradictthemessengerofAllah? Theywillsayyes.Iftheysayno,theywillcontradicttheirfirstsaying.Youwouldsaytothem: (butnoneknowsits(theQur'ans)interpretationexceptAllahandthosewhoarefirmlyrootedin knowledge).Iftheysay:whoarethosewhoarefirmlyrootedinknowledge?Youwouldsay:Itis

hewhosedoingshavenocontradiction.Iftheysay:whoishe?Youwouldsay:itwasthe messengerofAllah(a.s)ifthemessengerofAllahhadnotappointedasuccessorafterhim,he wouldhavewastedthosewhowouldbethesuccessorsafterhimheasked,doestheQur'annot sufficeyou?Hesaid,Yes,iftheyfindaninterpretertoit.Heasked,HavethemessengerofAllah notinterpretedit?Hesaid,Yes,hehaveinterpretedittoonemananddeclaredtothenationthe positionofthatman.ItwasAlibinAbu [1]Wassa'ilashShia,vol.8p.58. Talibamuhkam[1]isnottwothingsbutonething.Whoevergivesajudgmentthathasno contradiction,hisjudgmentisfromthejudgmentofAllahandwhoevergivesajudgmentthathas contradictionandseesthatheisright;hisjudgmentisafterthejudgmentoftheSatan[2] Hisnarrationsfromhisfather AbdulAdheembinAbdullahalHasaninarratedthatAbuJa'farthesecondsaidtohim,Iheardmy fathersayingthathisfatherMusabinJafarsaid,Once,AmrbinUbaydcametoAbuAbdullah(as Sadiq)(a.s).Whenheofferedgreetingandtookaseat,herecitedthisQuranicverse,(Andthose whoshunthegreatsinsandindecencies)[3]andkeptsilent. AbuAbdullah(a.s)saidtohim,Whatmadeyoukeepsilent? Amrsaid,IliketoknowthegreatsinsfromtheBookofAllahtheAlmighty. AbuAbdullah(a.s)said,OyesAmr!Thegreatestofsinsispolytheism.Allahsays,(Surelywhoever associates(others)withAllah,thenAllahhasforbiddentohimtheParadise)[4]andbeing desperateofthemercyofAllahbecauseAllahsays,(surelynonedespairsofAllah'smercy excepttheunbelievingpeople)[5]andthenthefeelingsafefromthesuddenpunishmentofAllah becauseAllahsays,(ButnonefeelssecurefromAllah'splanexceptthepeoplewhoshall perish).[6]FromthegreatsinstherearealsoundutifulnesstoparentsbecauseAllahhas consideredanundutifulonetohisparentsasarrogantandunblessed,andkillingapersonthat AllahhasforbiddenexceptforajustcausebecauseAllahsays,(Andwhoeverkillsabeliever [1]Muhkamistheversewhosesenseisclearlyestablished. [2]WassailashShia,vol.18p.131. [3]Qur'an,42:37. [4]Qur'an,5:72. [5]Qur'an,12:87. [6]Qur'an,7:99.

intentionally,hispunishmentishell;heshallabideinit)[1]anddefamingamarriedwoman becauseAllahsays,(Surelythosewhoaccusechastebelievingwomen,whoareunaware(ofthe evil),arecursedinthisworldandthehereafter,andtheyshallhaveagrievouschastisement)[2] andeatingthepropertiesoftheorphansforAllahsays,(Asfor)thosewhoswallowtheproperty oftheorphansunjustly,surelytheyonlyswallowfireintotheirbelliesandtheyshallenterburning fire)[3]andthefleeingfromjihad(sacredwar)forAllahsays,(Andwhoevershallturnhisbackto themonthatday,unlessheturnasideforthesakeoffightingorwithdrawstoacompany,then he,indeed,becomesdeservingofAllah'swrath,andhisabodeishell;andanevildestinationshall itbe)[4]andeatingusurybecauseAllahsays,(Thosewhodevourusurywillnotstandexceptas standonewhomtheSatanbyhistouchHathdriventomadness)[5]andmagicbecauseAllahsays, (theytaughtmensorcerythenmenlearnedfromthesetwo,magicandsurelytheydoknow thathewhoboughtitthereinwillhaveno(happy)portionintheHereafter)[6]andadultery becauseAllahsays,(and(who)donotcommitfornication,andhewhodoesthisshallfinda requitalofsin.Thepunishmentshallbedoubledtohimonthedayofresurrection,andheshall abidethereininabasement)[7]andtheperjuryoathbecauseAllahsays,((Asfor)thosewhotakea smallpriceforthecovenantofAllahandtheirownoaths,surelytheyshallhavenoportioninthe hereafter)[8]andembezzlementbecauseAllahsays,(Whosoembezzleswillbringwhathe embezzledwithhimontheDayofResurrection)[9]andpreventingtheobligatoryzakatbecause Allahsays,(Onthedaywhenitshallbeheatedinthefireofhell,thentheirforeheadsandtheir sides [1]Qur'an,493. [2]Qur'an,24:23. [3]Qur'an,4:10. [4]Qur'an,8:16. [5]Qur'an,2:275. [6]Qur'an,2:102. [7]Qur'an,25:6869. [8]Qur'an,3:77. [9]Qur'an,3:161. andtheirbacksshallbebrandedwithit)[1]andfalsetestimonyandtheconcealingofatestimony becauseAllahsays,(anddonotconcealtestimony,andwhoeverconcealsit,hisheartissurely sinful)[2]anddrinkingalcoholbecauseAllahhasprohibitedit,worshippingtheidles,givingupthe prayerintentionallyorgivingupanyotherobligationthatAllahhasimposedbecausethe messengerofAllahsays,Whoevergivesuptheprayerintendedlywillbefreefromthetrustof AllahandHismessengerandbreakingthepromiseandtheraptureoftherelationswiththekin becauseAllahsays,(AndthosewhobreakthecovenantofAllahafteritsconfirmationandcut asunderthatwhichAllahhasorderedtobejoinedandmakemischiefintheland;(asfor)those, uponthemshallbecurseandtheyshallhavetheevilabode).[3]ThenAmrwentoutweeping

loudlyandsaying,Perisheshewhofollowshisownopinionanddisputeswithyouonvirtueand knowledge[4] Thistraditionwarnsofcommittingsinsandcrimesthatannulmansconscience,threatenthe sociallifewithdangersandplaceobstaclesinthewayofthecivilizationandtheprogressofman. Monotheism AtthetimeofImamalJawad(a.s)manysuspicionsandillusionsaboutmonotheismhadbeen raisedbythespitefulenemiesofIslamtoshakethefaithinsidetheheartsofMuslimsandmake themdoubtaboutthebeliefsoftheirgreatreligion.ImamalJawad(a.s)hadrefutedmanyof thosesuspicionsandaccusations.Herearesomeexamplesonthat: 1.SomephilosophersandtheologianscametoImamalJawad(a.s)andthefollowingquestion wasputforth:TellmeabouttheExaltedLord,HehasnamesandattributesinHisbook.Are thesenamesandattributes(equal)Him? [1]Qur'an,9:35. [2]Qur'an,2:283. [3]Qur'an,13:25. [4]BiharalAnwar,vol.12p.128129. ImamalJawad(a.s)said,Thisquestionhastwofaces;ifyousaythatHeisHisattributes,thiswill meanthathecanbedescribedbynumberandquantityandAllahisfarabovethis.Andifyousay: thesenamesandattributeshaveexistedsincenobeginning,thiswillhavetwomeanings;ifyou saytheyhaveexistedwithHiminHisknowledgeandHedeservesthem,youarerightandifyou say:theirgraphing,spellingandpronouncinghaveexisted,thiswillgiveanothermeaning.Glory betoAllahandHeisfarabovetohaveanythingoranyassociatewithhim.Allahhasexisted wherethereisnocreationandthenHecreatedthemtobethemeansbetweenHimandHis creaturestobeseechandworshipHimbythem.TheyarehismentionandHeWhoismentioned bythementionisAllahtheOneandOnlyGodWhohasexistedsincenobeginning.Themeanings ofHisattributeshaveexistedandthemeaningofthemisAllahthatseparatingandunitingdonot befithim.ItisadivisiblethingthatseparatesandunitesanditisnotpossibletosaythatAllahis unitednorishemanyorfewbutHeistheGodinHisessenceandwhateverotherthantheOneis indivisibleandAllahistheOnethatisindivisible.Heisnotthoughttobemanyorfew,muchor little.Everyindivisiblethingisthoughttobemanyorfewandisacreaturethathasacreator.Your sayingthatAllahhaspoweroverallthingsmeansthatnothingatallfailsHim.Heisnotsaidtobe unablebutallotherthanHimareunable.AlsoyoursayingthatHeisawaremeansthatyoudeny ignorancefromHimandascribeignorancetoallotherthanHim.IfAllahannihilatesthings,He annihilatesgraphsandspellings.HedoesnotendandstillexistsWhohasstillbeenaware.

ImamalJawad(a.s)discussedtheessenceofmonotheismandsaideveryattributeofAllahdidnot requiremuchnessorlittleness.NochangetakesplaceinHisattributesandnodivisibilityinHis essence.HisattributeareHisveryessence. TheaskerwasastonishedatthevastknowledgeofImamalJawad(a.s)onthesecomplicated issuesandhekeptonaskinghim,HowisourLordcalledAllhearing? ImamalJawad(a.s)said,NothingthatisperceivedbyearsisunperceivablebyHimthoughwedo notdescribeHimofhavingthe sensiblehearinginthehead.AlsowecallHimasAllSeeingbecausenothingthatisseenbyeyesis invisibletohimsuchascolors,menandotherthingsthoughwedonotdescribehimofhaving eyes.WecallHimGentlebecauseHeknowseverythingaboutgentle(tiny)thingssuchasinsects andthingstinierthaninsects.Heknowsthepositionoftheirorgans,reason,lust,copulation, sympathywiththeirdescendants,communicationwitheachother,andcarryingfoodtotheir offspringinmountains,valleysanddeserts.Weknowthattheircreatorisgentlewithoutmanner becausemannerisforfashionedcreatures.OurLordiscalledMightynotforthemightofviolence availableincreatures.IfHismightisthemightofviolence,Hewillbecomparedandtherewillbe apossibilityofincrease,andthatwhichundergoesincreaseispossibletoundergodecrease,and thatwhichisdeficientisnotGod,andthatwhichisnotGodisunablebutourLordisExalted, High.Hehasnolike,noopposite,noequal,nomanner,noendandnodangers.Itisprohibitedfor heartstocompareHim,formindstolimitHim,andforconsciencestofashionHim.Heisfarabove theaspectsofHiscreaturesandthefeaturesofHispeople,andexaltedbeHeinhighexaltation abovethat.[1] ImamalJawad(a.s),inthesestudies,provedthathewasoneofthegreatphilosophersand theologiansinIslam.Weask:inwhichschoolImamalJawad(a.s)hadstudiedphilosophyand theologyuntilhebecameoneofthepillarsofthisart?Heansweredwithaccurateanswersthat greatphilosophersandthinkerswereunabletoanswerlikethem.Thereisnojustificationforthat exceptwhattheShiabelieveinthatAllahhasgrantedhimknowledgeandvirtueandgivenhim judgmentwhileyetyoung. 2.MuhammadbinEesaaskedImamAbuJa'far(a.s)aboutmonotheismsaying,Iimagine something ImamalJawad(a.s)saidtohim,Yes,Heisnotperceivableorlimited.Thatwhichcomestoyour imaginationisdifferentfromHim.NothingislikeHimandimaginationsdonotperceiveHim.Heis unlikewhatisimaginedbyminds[2]

[1]AtTawheed,p.142143. [2]AtTawheed,p.164. ImaginationdoesnotgettoAllahtheAlmightyinHisessenceandattributesbecauseimagination perceivespossiblethingsandnottheNecessaryBeing. 3.AlHusaynbinSaeedsaid,Once,AbuJa'farthesecond(a.s)wasasked:isitpossibletosaythat Allahisathing? Hesaid,Yes,whenexcludingHimfromthetwolimits;thelimitoftatil(strippingAllahofHis attributes)andthelimitoftashbih(comparison).[1] 4.AbuHashimalJafariaskedImamalJawad(a.s)aboutthisQuranicverse(Visioncomprehends Himnot,andHecomprehends(all)vision)[2]andImamalJawad(a.s)said,OAbuHashim,the imaginationofheartsismoreaccuratethanthesightofeyes.Youmayperceivewithyour imaginationSind[3]andIndiaandothercountriesthatyouhavenotvisitedalthoughyoudonot perceivethemwithyoureyes.TheimaginationofheartsdoesnotperceiveHim,thenhowabout thesightofeyes?[4] TheessenceofAllahcannotbeperceivedbytheimaginationofhearts(minds)thoughthis imaginationissogreat,andcannotbeperceivedbyeyesfortheyboth(mindsandeyes)are limitedtotimeandplacewhereastheessenceofAllahdoesnotsubmittotimeorplacebecause itisHeWhohascreatedthem.Mindwithallitsabilitiesisfinitethatitcannotdiscoverthethings thatarenotlimitedtotimeandplace.AshShafiiysays,Mindhasalimitthatitendsatlikesight thatithasalimititendsat. 5.AbuHashimalJafariaskedImamAbuJa'faralJawad(a.s),WhatisthemeaningoftheOne? ImamalJawad(a.s)said,ItisHeWhomtongueshaveagreedonHisonenessasAllahhassaid, (Andifyouaskthemwhohascreatedtheheavensandtheearth,theywillcertainlysay:Allah).[5] [1]AtTawheed,p.64. [2]Qur'an,6:103 [3]AprovinceinPakistan. [4]AtTawheed,p.69.ThistraditionwasascribedtoImamalBaqir(s)butitisawrongascription. [5]Qur'an,31:25,39:38. Juristicquestions ThetraditionsreportedfromImamalJawad(a.s)formagoodsourceforthejurisprudentsofthe

TwelverShiatoderivelegalverdictsbecausetheyareapartoftheSunnawhichhasbeendefined asthesayingsanddoingsoftheinfallibleonesandtheiracknowledgingofthedoingsofothers. AgreatnumberoftraditionshasbeenreportedfromImamalJawad(a.s)andwrittendowninthe encyclopediasofjurisprudenceandHadith.Wementionsomeofthemhere: ThePrayer Thestudiesofprayerwiththeirbranchesarefromthewidestchaptersofjurisprudent.From amongthebrancheswhichImamalJawad(a.s)haddiscussedarethefollowing: 1.SheikhasSaduqmentionedatraditionfromYahyabinImranwhosaid,IwrotetoAbuJa'far thesecond(a.s)askinghimaboutthe(furof)squirrel,the(furof)fennecandthesilk.Isaidto him,MayIdieforyou!Ilikethatyoudonotanswermewiththetaqiyya(reservationor dissimulation).HewrotetomewithhishandwritingsayingtomethatIcouldoffertheprayer withthem.[1] Jurisprudentstookthistraditionasanevidenceonthepermissibilityofofferingtheprayerswith thefuroftheseanimals.Thereareothertraditionsshowingtheimpermissibilityofofferingthe prayerswiththefuroftheseanimalsanditisnotourbusinesstopreferagroupofthese traditionstotheotherbecauseitconcernsthejurisprudentialbooksandnotthisone. 2.QassimasSayqalnarrated,IwrotetoImamarRedha(a.s)tellinghimthatIworkedinmaking sheathsfromtheskinsofdeaddonkeysandsomeofthemstucktomyclotheswhichIoffered prayerswith.HewrotetomethatIhadtotakeaspecialdressforprayers.ThenIwrotetoAbu Ja'far(a.s)tellinghimthatIhadwrittentohisfathersoandsoandheansweredmewithsoand soandthatitwasdifficultformeandsoIbeganmakingthesheathsfromtheskinsofthewild animalsthatwereslaughteredlegally.Hewrotetome [1]Wassa'ilashShia,vol.3p.253. saying,Allgooddoingsarecarriedoutwithpatience,mayAllahhavemercyuponyou!Ifyou make(thesheaths)from(theskinsof)wildanimalsthatareslaughteredlegally,thereisno objectiontoit.[1] 3.Jurisprudentshaveconcludedthepermissibilityofofferingprayerswithpureshoesmadefrom theskinsoflegallyslaughteredanimalsfromthetraditionnarratedbyAlibinMahziyarwhosaid,I sawAbuJa'far(a.s)offersixrakasbehindtheMaqam(standingplace)ofAbrahamatmiddayon thedayofTarwiya(moistening)withhisshoesonandhedidnottakethemoff.[2] AbdullahbinRazeennarratedthathesawAbuJa'farthesecond(a.s)offertheprayerinthe

mosqueofthemessengerofAllahnearthehouseofFatima(a.s)aftertakingoffhisshoesandhe sawhimoffertheprayerinthesameplacewithouttakingoffhisshoes. 4.JurisprudentshaveconcludedthepermissibilityofsupplicatingAllahduringtheprayer accordingtothetraditionnarratedbyMuhammadbinAlibinalHusaynthatImamAbuJa'far(a.s) hadsaid,ItispossibleforonetosupplicatehisLordbysayingeverythingduringtheprayer.[3] TheZakat ManytraditionswerereportedfromImamAbuJa'far(a.s)aboutthebranchesofthezakat. Jurisprudentshaveconcludedthepermissibilityofpayingthezakatfromthepriceofacertain thingandnotnecessaryfromthethingitselfaccordingtothetraditionsnarratedfromImamAbu Ja'far(a.s)byMuhammadbinKhalidalBarqiwhosaid,IwrotetoAbuJa'farthesecond(a.s) askinghim:Isitpossibletopaymoneyfortheduezakatonwheat,barleyandgoldorIshouldpay fromeachonethedueportion?AbuJa'far(a.s)replied,Whatiseasyispaid.[4] [1]Wassa'ilashShia,vol.3p.489. [2]Ibid.,p.3o3. [3]Wassa'ilashShia,vol.7p.263. [4]Ibid.,vol.6p.131. TheKhums TheTwelverShiabelieveintheobligationofthekhums[1]whichisoneofthemostimportant IslamictaxesthatcausethedevelopmentoftheMuslimseconomyandtreattheproblemof poverty,andahalfofthekhums,whichiscalledtherightoftheimam,isspentontheIslamic foundationsandtheintellectualandscientificlifeinIslam.Khumsisobligatoryinsomecasesas jurisprudentshavementionedsuchastheamountthatisovertheyearsexpenditureofoneand hisfamilyfromtheprofitsoftrade,agricultureandotherprofessions.Jurisprudentshavetaken theirverdictsonthatfromthetraditionsnarratedfromImamAbuJa'faralJawad(a.s).Hereare someofthosetraditions: 1.AlibinMahziyarnarratedthatMuhammadbinalHasanalAsharisaid,Oneofourcompanions haswrittentoAbuJa'farthesecondsaying,Wouldyoutellmeaboutthekhums;isitonallthe profitsthatonegetsfromallkindsofprofessionsandcrafts?Andhowisthat?ImamalJawad (a.s)wrotetohim,Thekhumsisafterprovision[2].[3]

2.AlibinMahziyarsaid,AbuJa'farwrotetohimaletterandIreaditonthewaytoMecca.He said,ThatwhichIhavemadeobligatoryinthisyearwhichistheyearof220AHonlyisfora certainmeaningthatIhatetoexplainallthemeaningforfearofbeingspread.Ishallexplainto yousomeofitinshallah.Mymawali[4]IprayAllahtoreformthemorsomeofthemneglected theirduty.WhenIknewthat,Iwantedtopurifythembymydecisiononthekhumsinthisyear. Allahsays,(Takealmsoutoftheirproperty,youwouldcleansethemandpurifythemthereby,and prayforthem;surelyyourprayerisa [1]Khumsmeansafifth.Itisataxonpropertiesandincomestobepaidundercertainconditions. [2]Itmeansthatonewould,first,insureenoughprovisiontohimandhisfamilyforayearand thenthekhumsistakenfromthefurthermoneyandsomecertainpossessions. [3]Wassa'ilashShia,vol.6p.348. [4]Mawaliarethefreedslaveswhostillfollowtheirmaster.Thesingleformismawla. relieftothem;andAllahisHearing,Knowing.DotheynotknowthatAllahacceptsrepentance fromHisservantsandtakesthealms,andthatAllahistheOftreturning(tomercy),theMerciful. Andsay:Work;soAllahwillseeyourworkand(sowill)HisMessengerandthebelievers;andyou shallbebroughtbacktotheKnoweroftheunseenandtheseen,thenHewillinformyouofwhat youdid).[1] Ididnotimposethatonthemineveryyear.Idonotimposeanythingonthemexceptthezakat thatAllahhasimposedonthem.Ihavejustimposedthekhumsontheminthisyearingoldand silverwhichhavebeenkeptforayearandIhavenotimposedthatontheminanyprovision, vessels,cattle,servantsoranyprofittheyhavegainedfromtradingoranygardenexceptone gardenthatIshallexplaintoyouaboutit.Ihavedonethatjusttomakeiteasyformymawaliasa favorfrommebecausetherulerstakemuchfromtheirmoniesandoppressthem.Butasforthe lootsandprofits,theyareobligatoryonthemineveryyear.Allahsays,(Andknowthatwhatever thingyougain,afifthofitisforAllahandfortheMessengerandforthenearofkinandthe orphansandtheneedyandthewayfarer,ifyoubelieveinAllahandinthatwhichWerevealedto Ourservant,onthedayofdistinction,thedayonwhichthetwopartiesmet;andAllahhaspower overallthings).[2]Loots,mayAllahhavemercyonyou,arethatwhichonegetsinthewars. Profitsarethatwhichonegetsindifferentprofessionsandpresentsofagoodvalueofferedfrom onetoanother,andtheinheritancethatisgotfromneitherafathernorason,andwhenan enemyisannihilatedandhispossessionsaretaken,andlikethemoneywhosekeeperisunknown, andthepropertiesoftheunbelievingKhuramites[3]thatmymawalihavegot.Youknowthat greatmonieshavereachedthehandsofsomeofmymawali.Whoeverhassomethingofthat(all theaforementioneditems)hastogiveittomyagentandwhoeverisfaranditisdifficulttohimto paythosemonies,lethimtrytosendthemevenlateron,becausethe(good)intentionofamanis betterthanhisdoing.Asforthatwhich

[1]Qur'an,9:103105. [2]Qur'an,8:41. [3]Asecthavingbadbeliefs. hasbeenimposedonthegardensandtheyieldsineveryyear,itisthehalfofthesixthonhim whosegardensatisfieshisneeds,andhe,whosegardendoesnotsatisfieshisneeds,doesnot havetopaythehalfofthesixthoranythingelse[1] Thistruetraditionisfullofambiguitiesandmanyofitspointsarenotclear.Itwasaccusedof havingseveralparadoxeswhichsomejurisprudentstriedtorefute.Theresearcherand jurisprudentalBahranisaid,Itistruethatwhichsomeofourcompanionshavementionedthat thistraditionistooambiguousandtooproblematic.[2] Thehajj TheTwelverShiajurisprudentsdependedonthetraditionsofImamalJawad(a.s)inderivingtheir fatwasonsomebranchesandquestionsofthehajj. 1.Jurisprudentsconcludedtherecommendationofthehajjtoayoungboyfromatradition narratedbyMuhammadbinalFudhaylwhosaid,IaskedAbuJa'farthesecond(a.s)whena youngboywouldgotoperformthehajjandhesaid,Whenhereplacesthemilkteeth.[3] Jurisprudentshavedetailedhowayoungboywouldperformthehajj. 2.Jurisprudentshavegivenafatwathatifadissenter(fromtheShia)performsthehajjandthen hebecomesaShia,hedoesnothavetorepeathishajjexceptifheviolatesoneofthepillarsof thehajjaccordingtotheShia.[4]AtraditionwasreportedfromImamalJawad(a.s)determining thatadissenterhadtorepeathishajj.AlibinMahziyarsaid,IbrahimbinMuhammadbinImran alHamadaniwrotetoAbuJa'far(a.s)sayingtohim,IperformedthehajjwhileIwasadissenter (fromtheShia).Ihadnotperformedthehajjbefore.Icamefromtheminorhajjintothemajor hajj.ImamalJawad(a.s)wrotetohim,Repeatyourhajj![5] [1]Wassa'ilashShia,vol.6p.350. [2]AlHadaiqanNadhira. [3]Wassa'ilashShia,vol.8p.37. [4]AlLumahadDamashqiyyah,vol.2p.177. [5]Wassa'ilashShia,vol.8p.43. 3.Shiajurisprudentshaveagreedonthattheminorhajjisthebestkindsofhajjforonewho wantstoperformamandob(recommended)hajj.Theydependedinthatonthetraditions narratedfromImamalJawad(a.s)andotherimamsofAhlulBayt(a.s).AhmedbinAbuNasrsaid,

AbuJa'far(a.s)oftensaid,One,whoperformstheminorhajjandgoesontoperformthemajor hajj,isbetterthanasingleonewholeadsalhadiy.[1]Healsosaid,Ahajjidoesnotenter(into themajorhajj)withathingbetterthantheminorhajj.[2] 4.Fromthethingsthatonemustavoidinthehajjisthetakingofshadesbymenwhenmarching whereaswomenmaytakeshades.[3]BakrbinSalihsaid,IwrotetoAbuJa'farthesecond(a.s) sayingtohim,Myauntiswithmeandsheismymate(onthecamel).Shebecomesveryhot whenshewearstheihram.[4]DoyouseeIcanmakeshadeoverherandme?Hewrote,Youcan makeshadeoverheralone.[5]Theseweresomeverdictsonthebranchesofthehajjthathad reportedfromImamalJawad(a.s).Vow ImamalJawad(a.s)wasaskedaboutsomequestionsofvowanditsconcernsandheanswered themall. 1.Hewasaskedaboutonewhovowedahundredsacrificesorsomethingthathecouldnotcarry out.Hesaid,ThemessengerofAllah(a.s)said,ThisisfromthestepsoftheSatan.[6] [1]AlHadiyiseverythingthatisofferedtotheKaabaandespeciallythesacrificesofferedinthe seasonofthemajorhajj. [2]Wassa'ilashShia,vol.8p.177. [3]AlLumahadDamashqiyyah,vol.2p.324. [4]Aspecialgarmentwornbythehajjisduringofferingtheritualsofthehajj. [5]Wassa'ilashShia,vol.9p.153. [6]Ibid.,vol.16p.221. Theabilitytoobedienceasjurisprudentssaysisaconditionforthevalidityofthetakleef[1] whichisimpossibletoconcernwhatcannotbecarriedout.Becausethevow,inthisquestion, couldnotbecarriedouttherefore,thevowwasunlawful. 2.AmanfromtheHashemiteswrotealettertoImamalJawad(a.s)sayinginit,Ihavevowed someyearsagotogototheshoreoftheseatowardsoursidewherethevolunteers(ofthe mujahidin)stationedinJeddahandotherplacesontheshore.DoyouseemayIdieforyouthat ImustcarryoutmyvowornotorIhavetoredeemitbydoingsomegoodorcharity? ImamalJawad(a.s)answeredhiminalettersaying,Ifoneofthedissentershadheardyourvow fromyou,soyoucarryoutyourvowifyoufearthathemayvituperateyou;otherwise,youcan redeemwhatyouhaveintendedthroughdoinggoodandcharity.MayAllahguideusandyouto whatHelikesandpleases.[2] ThisvowwasnotpermissibleandImamalJawad(a.s)advisedthemantospendtheexpenseof

hisstationinginthecamponcharityandhelpingthepoor. Expiationofbreakingtheoath TheTwelverShiajurisprudentshavegivenafatwathathe,whobreakshiscovenantwithAllah, mustundergooneoptionoftheexpiationwhichiseithertofreeaslave,fastingtwosuccessive monthsorfeedingsixtyneedypersons.TheydependedinthatonatraditionreportedfromImam alJawad(a.s).AhmedbinMuhammadbinEesanarratedthattherewasamanwhohadpromised AllahneartheBlackRock(intheKaaba)nottocommitanysinatallbutwhenhewentbacktohis country,hebegancommittingsinsagain.AbuJa'farsaid,Hehastofreeaslaveorfastorfeed sixtypoorpersonsandturntoAllahandaskHimtoforgivehim.[3] [1]TakleefdenotesthefactofanimpositiononthepartofGodofobligationsonhiscreatures,of subjectingthemtoalaw. [2]TahtheebalAhkam,vol.8p.311. [3]Wassa'ilashShia,vol.16p.248. Entailment ImamAbuJa'farwasaskedaboutmanyquestionsofentailmentandheansweredthemandinthe lightofhisanswersjurisprudentsgavetheirfatwas. 1.Hewasaskedabouttheentailmentonafamily,whosememberslivedindifferentcountries thatwhethertheguardianoftheentailmentmusttaketheshareofeachonefromtheincomeof theentailmenttohim(tothemembersofthefamily)ornot.ImamalJawad(a.s)answeredthat theguardiandidnothavetodothatandtheincomeoftheentailmentconcernedthosewhowere presentinthecountrywheretheentailmentwas.Hereisthetraditionofthisquestion: AlibinMuhammadbinSuleimananNawfalinarrated,IwrotetoAbuJa'farthesecond(a.s)asking himaboutthelandwhichmyfatherhadentailedontheneedychildrenofsoandsowhowere toomanyandwholivedindifferentplaces.Herepliedtome,Itisforthosewhoarepresentin thecountrywheretheentailmentisandyoudonothavetofollowafterthosewhoareabsent.[1] 2.AlibinMahzyarnarrated,IwrotetoAbuJa'farthesecond(a.s)tellinghim,Soandsohas boughtagardenandentailedit.Hemadeitsfifthtoyou.Heasksaboutyouropiniononselling yourshareofthelandorthathewouldtakeitforhimselfafterestimatingitspriceorhewould leaveitasanentailment.ImamalJawad(a.s)wrotetome,TellsoandsothatIorderhimtosell myshareofthelandandsendmethepriceandthisismyopinioninshallah,orhewouldtakeit afterestimatingitspriceifthisisbettertohim.[2]AlHurralAamilyinterpretedthetraditionthat ImamalJawad(a.s)hadnotreceivedthelandasitwasunderstoodfromthetraditionandsothe

sellingwouldbepermissible. [1]Wassa'ilashShia,vol.13p.308. [2]Ibid.,p.304. 3.AlibinMahziyarnarrated,IwrotetoAbuJa'far(a.s)tellinghimthatIs~haqbinIbrahimhad entailedhisgardenonthehajjandonhiswifeandtheremainderonthepoor.Muhammadbin Ibrahimwitnessedonhimselfthathehadsomemoneytobedistributedamongourbrothers,and fromtheHashemitesthereweresomeoneswhoknewthattheyhadarightinthatmoney.Do youthinkitwouldbegiventothemifitwasascharitybecausetheentailmentofIs~haqwas charityHewrotetomesaying,IunderstoodmayAllahhavemercyonyouthatwhichyou mentionedfromthewillofIs~haqbinIbrahimandthatwhichMuhammadbinIbrahimwitnessed onhimselfofandthatwhichyouundertooktotakesomeofthatmoneytotheneedypersonsof theHashemites.TakethattothemmayAllahhavemercyonyoubecauseiftheywereinneed, theywouldbeworthierthantheothersforsomethingthatifIexplaintoyou,youwillunderstand itinshallah.[1] AlHurralAamilyputthistraditionunderthetitlethepermissibilityofgivingthepoorpersonsof theHashemitesfromcharityexceptthezakatoftheentailmentsthatareentailedonthepoor.[2] Marriage ManytraditionshavebeenreportedfromImamAbuJa'faralJawad(a.s)onthematterof marriagethatjurisprudentshavedependedonintheirfatwas.Amongthosetraditionswasthat anunclehadnoguardianshiponhisbrothersdaughterinmarriage.MuhammadbinalHasanal Asharisaid,IwroteaboutsomeofmycousinstoAbuJa'farthesecond(a.s)tellinghim,Whatdo yousayaboutalittlegirlwhoseuncle(fathersbrother)hadmarriedher(tosomeone)andwhen shebecameadult,sherefusedthatmarriage?Hewrotesaying,Sheisnottobeforcedtothat andthematterisuptoher.[3] [1]Wassa'ilashShia,vol.13p.322. [2]Ibid.,vol.9p.213. [3]Ibid.,vol.14p.207. Divorce ImamalJawad(a.s)wasaskedaboutthedivorcethatwascontrarytothejurisprudenceofAhlul Bayt(a.s)andherepliedthatitwasnotlawfulifthedivorceewasfromthefollowersofAhlulBayt (a.s)andhe/sheobeyedwhattheysaid.But,ifthedivorceewasnotfromthefollowersofAhlul Bayt(a.s),his/herdivorcewouldbepermissible.HereistheanswerofImamalJawad(a.s)tothe

questionwhichMuhammadbinIbrahimhadaskedhim:Iunderstoodwhatyoumentionedabout thematterofyourdaughterandherhusbandseeifheisfromthosewhofollowusandbelievein oursayings,thenhisdivorceisnotvalidbecausehedidnotdosomethingheignored,butifheis fromthosewhodonotfollowusorbelieveinoursayings,thenyouaretotakeherfromhim becausehehasintendedseparation.[1] Suckling Iftheconditionsthatjurisprudentshavementionedareavailableinthesuckling[2]thenthelegal effectsincumbentonachildofkinshipwillbethesameonachildofsuckling.Itismentionedin thetraditionthatSucklingisabondlikethebondofkinship. FromamongthequestionsofsucklingofferedtoImamalJawad(a.s)isthisone.AlibinMahziyar said,EesabinJafarbinEesaaskedAbuJa'farthesecond(a.s),Somewomansuckledoneofmy sons.Isitlawfultometogetmarriedtoherhusbandsdaughter? ImamalJawad(a.s)said,Howanicequestionyouhaveasked!Itisforthisthatpeoplesay:his wifeisunlawfultohimbecauseofthemilkofman,andthisisthemilkofmanandnothing else.Hesaid,Thegirlisnotthedaughterofthewomanwhohassuckledmyson.Sheisthe daughterofotherthanher.ImamalJawad(a.s)said,Eveniftheyweretenfromdifferent mothers,itwouldbeunlawfultoyoutogetmarriedtoanyoneofthem.Theyareconsideredas yourdaughters.[3] [1]Wassa'ilashShia,vol.15p.320. [2]Ifawomansucklesachildofotherparentsforcertainperiodandundercertainconditions,the childwillbeconsideredashersonordaughter(insuckling)andwillbethebrotherorsisterofher children. [3]Wassa'ilashShia,vol.14p.296. Lawfulnessofthemarriageofanadulterertothewomanhecommitsadulterywith ImamAbuJa'faralJawad(a.s)wasaskedifanadulterercouldgetmarriedtothewomanhehas committedadulterywithandherepliedthathecouldafterthewomanwouldundergothe iddah.[1] AlHasanbinAlibinShubanarratedthatAbuJa'faralJawad(a.s)wasaskedaboutamanwhohad marriedawomanaftercommittingadulterywithherwhetherthismarriagewaslawfulornot. ImamalJawad(a.s)said,Hewouldleaveheruntilshepassestheiddahfromhisspermandfrom thespermofotherthanhimbecauseshemightcommitadulterywithotherthanhimasshedid withhim.Andthen,hecangetmarriedtoherifhewants.Theexampleofthiswomanislikethe

exampleofapalmtree;somemanatefromitsfruitunlawfullyandthenheboughtitandate fromitsfruitlawfully.[2] Deprivationofillegitimatechildrenofinheritance Fromthedangerousconsequencesofadulteryisthattheillegitimatechildisnotattachedtohis fatherandmotherandhedoesnotinheritthem.MuhammadbinalHasanalAsharisaid,Oneof ourcompanionswrotetoAbuJa'farthesecond(a.s)aboutamanwhocommittedadulterywitha womanandthenhegotmarriedtoheraftershebecamepregnant.Shegavebirthtoaboywho extremelylookedliketheman.ImamalJawad(a.s)wrotewithhishandandsealeditwithhisseal saying:Thechildisasonofadulteryandhedoesnotinherit.[3] [1]Theperiodofabstentionfromsexualrelationsimposedonawidowafterthedeathofher husbandandadivorcedwomansincethemomentofdivorceorawomanwhosemarriagehas beenannulledbeforeremarrying. [2]Wassa'ilashShia,vol.15p.476. [3]Ibid.,vol.17p.567. Shufa Shufa[1]isoneofthequestionsofjurisprudence.ImamalJawad(a.s)wasaskedaboutsomeof itsrulingsandherepliedtothem. ThereliablejurisprudentAlibinMahziyarsaid,IaskedAbuJa'farthesecond(a.s)aboutaman whoaskedforashufaofapieceoflandandhewenttobringthemoneybuthedidnotcome. Whatwouldthekeeperofthelanddo?Wouldhesellthelandorhewouldwaitforthecomingof hispartnerwhowantedtheshufa?ImamalJawad(a.s)said,Ifthepartnerwaswithhim(the keeperoftheland)inthesamecountry,hewouldwaitforhimforthreedaystobringthemoney otherwise,hecouldsellthelandandhencetheshufawouldbeinvalid.But,ifthepartnerasked foraperiodoftimesothathecouldbringthemoneyfromanothercountry,hewouldwaitfor himasfarastheperiodofthetravelfromthatcountryandthenforotherthreedaysifhearrived inthecountry;otherwise,theshufawouldbeinvalid.[2] SheikhalHurrhasmentionedthistraditionunderthetitleIfthemoneyisinthesamecountry,it istobewaitedforthreedaysandifitisinanothercountry,itistobewaitedforasmuchasthe periodofgoing(tothatcountry)andcomingbackandforadditionalthreedaysbutiftheperiod exceedsthelimit,theshufawillbeinvalid. Inheritance

ImamAbuJa'faralJawad(a.s)wasaskedaboutsomebranchesofinheritanceandheanswered themall.Herewementionsomeofthem: 1.MuhammadbinAlibinalHusaynnarratedthatalBizantihadsaid,IsaidtoAbuJa'farthe second(a.s),Somemandiedandleftadaughterandanuncle.Hesaid,Hiswealthistothe daughter.Isaid,Somemandiedandleftadaughterandabrother,oranephew.Hekeptsilent longandthensaid,Hiswealthistothedaughter.[3] [1]Shufa:therightofthecoownertobuyouthispartner'ssharewhichisforsale. [2]Wassa'ilashShia,vol.17p.324. [3]Wassa'ilashShia,vol.17p.446. 2.AlibinMahziyarsaid,IaskedAbuJa'farthesecond(a.s)aboutahousewhichwasforawoman whohadasonandadaughter.Thesonwenttoworkintheseaanddidnotcomeback.The womandiedandthedaughterclaimedthathermotherhaddonatedthehousetoher.Shebought somesharesofthehouseandoneshareremainedbesidethehouseofoneofourcompanions.He dislikedbuyingthissharebecausethesonofthatwomanwasabsent.Hefeareditwouldbe unlawfultobuyitandhedidnotknowanythingabouttheabsentson(whetheraliveordead). AbuJa'far(a.s)askedme,Sincewhenhashebeenabsent?Isaid,Sincemanyyears.Hesaid,He hastowaitfortenyearssincetheabsenceofthesonandthenhecanbuyit.Isaid,Ifhewaits fortenyearsofabsence,willthebuyingofthehousethenbelawful?Hesaid,Yes,itwill.[1] Byhere,talkingaboutthejurisprudentialquestionsthatImamalJawad(a.s)hasbeenasked aboutandrepliedtocometoanend.ThosequestionsshowclearlythatImamalJawad(a.s)was theonlyreligiousauthoritythatallMuslimsreferredtoconcerningtheirreligiousaffairs. Causesoftheverdicts ImamalJawad(a.s)haddeclaredthecausesbehindthelegislationofsomeverdicts. 1.MuhammadbinSuleimanaskedaboutthecauseoftheiddahofadivorcedwomanwhyitwas forthreemenstruationsorthreemonthswhereastheiddahofawidowwasfourmonthsandten days,andImamalJawad(a.s)replied,Theiddahofadivorcedwomanisthreemonthssothatit willbecertainthatherwombhasnofetus.Butasfortheiddahofwidow,Allahhasputa conditionfor(thebenefitof)womenandaconditiononthem.Allahhasdeterminedthatitisnot permissibleforahusbandtoabstainfrom(sleeping [1]SheikhalHurrcommentsonthisbysaying,Thepermissibilityofsellingaftertenyearsdoes notrequirethedeathofthatsonbecausethe(legal)rulercansellapropertyofanabsentperson ifthereisanadvantageinit.Someofourjurisprudentshavesaidthat.

with)hiswife.Allahsays,(Thosewhoswearthattheywillnotgointotheirwivesshouldwaitfour months).[1]Allahhaspermittednoonenottosleepwithhiswifemorethanfourmonthsbecause Heknowsthatwomancannotbepatientformorethanthisperiodinthisconcern.Andasforthe conditionthatisonawomanwhenherhusbanddies,itisthatshehastoundergotheiddahfor fourmonthsandtendays.Allahhastakenfromherafterthedeathofherhusbandasthatwhich Hehastakenforherfromherhusbandduringhislife.Allahsays,(And(asfor)thoseofyouwho dieandleavewivesbehind,theyshouldkeepthemselvesinwaitingforfourmonthsandten days).[2]Thesetendayshavenotbeenmentionedexceptwiththefourmonths.Itisknownthat theutmostpatienceofwomaninabstainingfromcopulationisfourmonths;therefore,Allahhas necessitatedthisperiodforherandonher.[3] 2.MuhammadbinSuleimanaskedImamalJawad(a.s)aboutthecauseforthatwhenahusband accusedhiswifeofadulteryhiswitnesswouldbeasfourwitnessesbeforeAllahandwhenother thanthehusbandaccusedthewifeofthatmanwhetherhewasoneofherrelativesornot,he wouldprovehisaccusationwithclearevidenceorotherwise,hewouldundergothelegallimitsby beingwhipped.ImamalJawad(a.s)said, AbuJa'far(ImamalBaqir)wasaskedsoandhesaid,Whenahusbandaccuseshiswifeof adulteryandsaysthathehasseenher(commitadultery)withhiseyes,hiswitnesswillbeasfour witnessesbeforeAllahandifhesaysthathehasnotseenher,hewillbeaskedtoprovehis accusationbyclearevidences;otherwise,hewillbetreatedasothers.Itissobecauseahusband comestohiswifedayandnightinawaythatneitherdoesherfathernordoeshersondo.Itis possibletohimtosaythathehasseenher(commitsin).But,ifotherthanthehusbandsayshe hasseenthatwife(commitadultery), [1]Qur'an,2:224. [2]Qur'an,2:234. [3]WassailashShia,vol.15p.452,IlalashSharayi,p.172,alMahasin,p.303. itwillbesaidtohim:whathasmadeyoubeinthepositionwhereyoualonecouldseehercommit adultery?YouareaccusedandyoumustundergothelegalpunishmentthatAllahhasdetermined onyou[1] GivinggoodnewsaboutthecomingofImamalMahdi ThethingthatcannotbedeniedorconcealedisthegoodnewsthattheProphet(a.s)hadgivento hisnationabouttheriseofthegreatreformer,theawaitedimamwhowillrestorethereligion andachievethegreatjusticeunderhisfairrulewherethewrongedandoppressedwilllivesafely andpeacefully,thetruthandgoodnesswillprevailallovertheworld,socialinjusticewilldisappear andallthehumankindwilllivewithoutanykindofwrongdoingoroppression.Hisrulewillbethe

continuityofthegovernmentoftheProphet(a.s)andthegovernmentofImamAli(a.s)whowas thepioneerofthetruthandjusticeintheearth. Thebeliefinthenecessityofthecomingoftheawaitedimam(mayAllahhastenhis reappearance)isapartofthemissionofIslamandanimportantelementintheIslamicbeliefs. Islam,initsrealconcept,mustprevailintheearthandtheworldlyprinciplesmustdisappear becausetheyhavecausedmisfortunesanddisasterstomanandbroughthimtroublesand problems.AllahmustsaveHispeoplesfromalltheseevilsatthehandofthisgreatimam. Anyhow,manytruetraditionshavebeenreportedfromtheProphet(a.s)andtheinfallibles imams(a.s)confirmingtheinevitableriseoftheawaitedimamwhoisfromthepureprogenyof ProphetMuhammad(a.s).ImamalJawad(a.s)wasoneoftheseimamswhohadgivengoodnews abouttheriseoftheawaitedimam,alMahdi(a.s). 1.AbdulAdheembinAbdullahalHasanisaid,Once,IwenttomymasterMuhammadbinAlibin Musa(alJawad)(a.s)intendingtoaskhimaboutalQaim[2]whetherhewasalMahdioranother one. [1]Wassa'ilashShia,vol.15p.594. [2]AlQaimisanattributeofImamalMahdi,theawaitedimam. BeforeIutteredaword,hesaid,OAbulQassim,alQaimofusisalMahdiwhomustbeawaited inhisoccultationandmustbeobeyedinhisappearance.Heisthethirdofmyprogeny.ByAllah WhohassentMuhammadwithprophethoodandsingledusoutwithimamate,iftherewillbe onlyonedayintheworld,AllahwillprolongthatdayuntilalQaimwillappeartofilltheearth withfairnessandjusticeasithasbeenfilledwithinjusticeandoppression.Allahwillpreparethe affairstohimasHehaspreparedtheaffairstoMoseswherehewenttobringafireandcame backtobetheprophetofhisnation.ImamalJawad(a.s)added,ThebestdeedofourShiaisthe awaitingfordeliverance.[1] 2.AbdulAdheemalHasanisaid,IsaidtoMuhammadbinAli,IwishyouweretheQaimofAhlul Bayt(a.s)whowillfilltheearthwithjusticeandfairnessasithasbeenfilledwithinjusticeand oppression. ImamalJawad(a.s)said,OAbulQassim,everyoneofusisQaim(executor)oftheordersof AllahtheAlmightyandaguidetothereligionofAllah,buttheQaimbywhomAllahwillpurifythe earthfromthepeopleofunbeliefandtheismandwhowillfilltheearthwithjusticeandfairnessis hewhosebirthwillbeunknowntopeopleandwhowilldisappearanditwillbeimpermissiblefor peopletocallhimbyhisname.HisnameandsurnamearelikethoseofthemessengerofAllah (a.s).Theearthwillbesubmittedtohimandeverydifficultywillbeeasytohim.Hiscompanions,

whowillbethreehundredandthirteenmenasthenumberofthemenofBadr,[2]willjoinhim fromthefarthestpartsoftheworldasAllahsays,(whereveryouare,Allahwillbringyouall together;surelyAllahhaspoweroverallthings).[3]Whenthisnumberofloyalmenwilljoinhim, Allahwillmakehimappear.[4] [1]IkmaluddeenwaItmamanNimah,vol.2p.4849,alKifayahwenNusoos,amanuscriptin KashifalGhitaLibrary. [2]BadrwasabattlebetweenthepolytheistsandtheProphet(s)whosecompanionsinthe fightingwerethreehundredandthirteenmen. [3]Qur'an,2:148.[4]IkmaluddeenwaItmamanNimah,vol.2p.49,alKifayahwenNusoos. ImamalJawad(a.s)informedaboutsomeaspectsoftheawaitedimamsuchashisoccultation andthenumberofhiscompanionsafterhisreappearancethatwasasthenumberofthe companionsoftheProphet(a.s)onthedayofBadr.TheProphet(a.s),withthosefewmenwho werearmedwithfaithandloyalty,coulddefeattheheadsoftheignoranceofthepreIslamicera anddestroythepowersofoppressionandraisethewordofAllahhighintheearth.Sowillbehis greatguardiantheawaitedimam(a.s).He,withhisfewfaithfulcompanions,willchangetheway oflifeandspreadpoliticalandsocialjusticeallovertheearth.Hewillachievethegreatestvictories forhumanityanddoawaywithallthemanifestationsofignorancethathaveprevailedinthese ageswherepeoplehavesubmittedtomaterialpleasuresandignoredthespiritualvaluesand nobleideals.WeprayAllahtomakeuslivethebrightdaysoftheruleofImamalMahdi(a.s). Fromtherealityoffaith ImamAbuJa'faralJawad(a.s)hasgivensomehighandmeaningfuladvicesinvitingtobelievein Allah,trustinHimandrelyonHim. 1.TrustinginAllah ImamalJawad(a.s)says,WhoevertrustsinAllah,Allahmakeshimhappyandwhoeverrelieson Allah,Allahsufficeshisneeds.ThetrustinAllahisafortwhichnoonetakesrefugeinexceptthe believers,andtherelianceonAllahisaprotectionfromeveryevilandarefugefromevery enemy.[1] Thesegoldenwordshavethemostwonderfulthingpeopleneedintheirlives.Itisthetrustin Allah,theCreatoroftheuniverseandtheGiveroflife. 2.BeingsatisfiedwithAllah Hesays,WhoeverissatisfiedwithAllah,peopleneedhimandwhoeverfearsAllah,peoplelove

him.[2] [1]AlFusulalMuhimmahbyibnasSabbagh,p.373. [2]JawharatalKalam,p.150. WhoeverissatisfiedwithAllah,willnotneedanyoneotherthanHimandpeoplewillneedhim becausehewillbeaguideandasourceofgivingtothem. 3.DevotiontoAllah HeurgedonthedevotiontoAllahWhoseabundantgiftsandmercydonotstop,forwhoever devoteshimselftootherthanHimwillloseandbedisappointed. Hesays,WhoeverdevoteshimselftootherthanAllah,Allahentrustshimtohim(tothatone). 4.TurningtoAllahwiththeheart TheessenceoffaithistoturntoAllahwiththedeepoftheheartandtheinnersofthesoul.Of course,thisismuchmoreimportantthantiringtheorganswithworships.ImamalJawad(a.s) says,TurningtoAllahwiththedeepoftheheartismuchbetterthantiringtheorgans.[1] Nobilitiesofcharacter 1.ImamalJawad(a.s)says,Fromthegoodmoralsofsomeoneishisrefrainingfromharming others,fromhisgenerosityishisdutifulnesstothatwholoveshim,fromhispatienceisthe littlenessofcomplaining,fromhissincerityishisforbidding(others)fromthatwhichhedoesnot please,fromhiskindnesstohisbrotherisavoidingscoldinghiminthepresenceofthosewhomhe dislikes,fromhistruecompanionshipishislookingovertheexpensesandfromthesignsofhis loveishismuchagreeingandlittledisagreeing.[2] WiththesewonderfulwordsImamalJawad(a.s)hasestablishedthebasesofthenobilitiesof characterandgoodmoralsandhasinvitedtothefriendshipandcompanionshipthatarebasedon intellectandleniency. [1]AdDurranNadheem,p.223. [2]AlIttihafbihubbilAshraf,p.77,adDurranNadheem,p.223.

2.Hesays,Itisfromtheperfectmagnanimityofonethathedoesnotmeetanyonewiththat whichhedislikesandfromhisreasonabilityandfairnessisthatheacceptsthetruthwhenit appearstohim. Satisfyingtheneedsofpeople ImamalJawad(a.s)himselfoftenandalwaystriedandinvitedtosatisfytheneedsofpeople becauseitwouldleadtogoodconsequencesoneofwhichisthecontinuityofblessings. Hesays,AllahhassomepeoplewhomHesinglesoutwithHisblessingsandtheseblessingsare stillwiththemaslongastheyspendfromthem(onneedypeople).Iftheypreventthese blessings,Allahtakesthembackfromthemandgivesthemtootherthanthem.[1] ImamalJawad(a.s)confirmsthisinanothertradition.Hesays,WhenevertheblessingsofAllah areplentifultosomeone,theneedsofpeopletohimaregreat,andhe,whodoesnotundertake thisresponsibility,willcausetheseblessingstodisappear.[2] Mannersofbehavior ImamalJawad(a.s)hasestablishedcorrectprogramstothegoodmannersandbehaviorsamong people.Hesays, 1.Threefeaturescauselove;beingfairinassociation,comfortinginmisfortunesandhavinga goodheart.[3] 2.Therearethreethingsthatwhoeverhashadwillnotregret;avoidinghastiness,consultingwith othersandrelyingonAllahwhendetermining.He,whoadviseshisbrothersecretly,doeshim goodandhe,whoadviseshisbrotheropenly,doeshimwrong.[4] [1]AlFusulalMuhimmahbyibnasSabbagh,p.258. [2]Ibid. [3]JawharatalKalam,p.150. [4]AlIttihafbihubbilAshraf,p.78. 3.Thetitleofthepageofabelieverishisgoodmoralsandthetitleofthepageofahappyoneis thegoodpraisetohim.Gratefulnessistheadornmentofnarration,humblenessistheadornment ofknowledgeandgoodmannersaretheadornmentofreason.Beautyisinthetongueand perfectionisinthemind.[1]

Thesewordshavetheprinciplesofwisdomandthebasesofmoralsandmanners.Ifhehasnot saidexceptthesewords,theywouldbeenoughtoprovehisimamate,forhowcouldayoungman intheearlyyearsofhisyouthuttersuchimmortalmaximsthatgreatscholarscouldnotdo? Hiscalltothedoingoffavor Hesays,Thepeopleoffavorareinneedofdoingit(favor)morethanthepeoplewhoareinneed ofitbecausetheywillhaveitsreward,prideandmention.Whateverfavormandoesitbenefits himfirst.[2] Fromhissermons ManysermonshavebeenreportedfromImamalJawad(a.s).Herearesomeofthem: 1.Hesays,Thedelayingofrepentanceisselfdeceit,longprocrastinationisconfusion,claiming excusesbeforeAllahisperishmentandtheinsistingonsinsisfeelingsafefromthepunishmentof Allah(ButnonefeelssecurefromAllah'splanexceptthepeoplewhoshallperish).[3][4] 2.Onceamanaskedhimtoadvisehimofsomethingsandhesaid,Makepatienceasyourpillow, embracepoverty,refusedesires,contradictfancy,andknowthatyouarealwaysundertheeyeof Allah!Seehowyouwilldo[5] [1]AlIttihafbihubbilAshraf,p.78. [2]AdDurranNadheem. [3]Qur'an,7:99. [4]TuhafalUqool,p.456. [5]Ibid,p.456. 3.ImamalJawad(a.s)wrotethisshortlettertooneofhisfollowers.Itwasfullofpreachingand guidance.Hesaid,Asforthislife,weacknowledgeit,buthe,whosedesireislikethedesireofhis companionandhebelievesinhisreligion,willbewithhimwhereverheis,andtheafterlifeisthe abodeofeternity.[1] ThesearesomeofhissermonsthatcallfordoingallthatmaytakemanclosertohisLordandtake himawayfromHispunishment.Thesesermonswarnoffollowingtheevildesiresinsidemanthat leadhimtowardsdangersandperishmentandthrowhimintothefieldsofvicesandcrimes.Imam alJawad(a.s)hascaredmuchforpreachingpeopleandguidingthemtotherightpathashis fathershaddonebefore.Thisphenomenonistheshiniestonewereadintheirlivesand biographies.

Hisletters ImamalJawad(a.s)exchangedlettersondifferentmatterswithsomeofthosewhobelievedin hisimamate.Herearesomeofthoseletters: 1.HesentalettertoamanfromalHeerah(inIraq)sayingaftermentioningthenameofAllah, PraisebetoAllahWhohaspickedoutfromHiscreatures,chosenfromHispeopleandsingledout fromamongHisprophetsMuhammadandsenthimasabearerofgoodtidingsandawarnerand aguidetoHispathwhichwhoeverwalkedinwassaved,whoeverprecededrenegedandwhoever deviatedfromperished.TheblessingsofAllahbeonMuhammadandhisprogeny. Andthen,IrecommendthepeopleofresponsetofearAllahWhohasmadetowhoeverfearsHim adeliverancefromhismisfortune.AllahtheAlmightyhasmadetohisguardianwhatHehasmade toHimselfandtoHisprophetinHisBookwitheloquentArabiclanguageIhavebeeninformed thatsomepeopleclaimedourloveandfabricatedinthereligionofAllahandthereligionofHis angels. [1]TuhafalUqoolp.456. Theywereungratefultotheblessingsandtheyboretheirsinsandthesinsofthosewhoimitated them.TheSatanoccupiedthemandmadethemforgetthementionofAllahandwhattheyhad inheritedfromthegoodancestorswhosawthetruthandkepttoitanddidnotpreferavile, transientworldlylifetoaneternalafterlife.Wherewillthefalsifiersgo?Adaywillcometothem whentheirfalsehoodwilldisappearfromthemandthemeansofdeceitwillcease.Thatistheday ofregretwheretheheartswillbeinthelarynxes.PraisebetoAllahWhodoeswhateverHelikes andHeistheKnowing,theAware.[1] Thesourcesavailabledidnotrefertothenamesofthosepersonswhohaddeviatedfromthe truth.WedonotknowthereasonsthatmadethemrejectthewayofAhlulBayt(a.s)andembrace anotherreligion. 2.BakrbinSalihsaid,OneofmykinwrotealettertoAbuJa'farthesecondsaying,Myfatheris anenemytoAhlulBayt(a.s)havingamaliciousthoughttowardsthem.Imetdistressesand difficultiesfromhim.WouldyoupleaseprayAllahforme?WhatdoyouseeIshalldo,mayIdie foryou?ShallItalktohimopenlyorIshallhumorhim? ImamalJawad(a.s)repliedtohimaftermentioningthenameofAllah,Iunderstoodyourletter andwhatyoumentionedaboutthecaseofyourfather.IshallnotstopprayingAllahforyou inshallah.Tohumoryourfatherisbettertoyouthantalkingtohimopenly.Surelywithdifficulty thereisease.Bepatientfortheendistothepious.MayAllahfixyouontheguardianshipofthose

whomyoufollow.WeandyouarethedepositofAllahWhodoesnotwasteHisdeposits.[2] [1]AdDurranNadheem,p.322323. [2]BiharalAnwar,vol.12p.112. ThislettershowsthatachildmustbedutifultohisfatherevenifheisanenemytoAhlulBayt (a.s).Italsoordersachildtobepatientwiththedifficultiesandmisfortuneshemeetsfromhis father.Withthesehighmoralstheinfallibleimams(a.s)recommendedtheirfollowerstobegood examplestopeople. 3.IbrahimbinMuhammadwasthedeputyofImamalJawad(a.s)inHamadan(inIran)toteach thepeopletheprinciplesoftheirreligionandtoreceivethelegalduesfromthemandsendthem toImamalJawad(a.s).Once,hesentthedueshereceivedfromthepeopletheretoImamal Jawad(a.s)andImamalJawad(a.s)senthimthisletter. Theamounthasarrived.MayAllahacceptfromyouandbepleasedwiththem(thosepeople)and makethemwithusinthislifeandintheafterlife.Ihavesentyousoandsodinarsandsoandso clothes.MayAllahblessyouandblessallHisgiftstoyou.IhavewrittentoalNasrorderinghimto refrainfromresistingandobjectingtoyouandinformedhimaboutyourpositiontome.Ihave alsowrittentoAyyoborderinghimtodothesameandIhavewrittentomyfollowersandalliesin Hamadanorderingthemtoobeyyou,tosubmittoyourordersandthatthereisnodeputyother thanyou.[1] ThislettershowsthetrustofImamalJawad(a.s)inhisdeputyIbrahimandhissupportingtohim. HehaswrittentotheopponentsofIbrahimorderingthemtosubmittohimandtoobeyhis ordersinordertostrengthenhisposition. RepentanceAllahhasopenedthedoorofrepentancetoHispeopleandinvitedthemtopurify theirsoulsandsavethemselvesfromthegreatsinsandcrimestheycommit. AhmedbinEesamentionedatraditionfromhisfatherthataman,whohaddealtwithusuryfora longtime,wenttoAbuJa'faralJawad(a.s)andtoldhimaboutthemajorsinhehadcommitted. ImamalJawad(a.s)saidtohim,YourdeliveranceisintheBookof [1]BiharalAnwar,vol.12,p.162. Allah.Allahsays,(HeuntowhomanadmonitionfromhisLordcomes,and(he)refrains(in obediencethereto),heshallkeep(theprofitsof)thatwhichispast).[1]Theadmonitionis repentance.Hemightignoretheprohibition(ofusury)andthenheknewit.Thatwhichhas passedispermissibleandthatwhichremainsmustbedealtwithcarefully.[2]

Asforthemonieshehastakenoutofusurywithoutanyright,hemustpaythembacktotheir ownersbecausehewillnotbefreefromthemjustbyrepentingandthetraditiontalksaboutthe obligatoryverdict. FromtherevelationofAllahtosomeofHisprophets ImamalJawad(a.s)narratedfromhisfathers(a.s)thatAllahhadrevealedtooneofHisprophets, Asforyourasceticisminthislife,itisthatyouhastentocomfortandasforyourdevotednessto Me,itmakesyoumightybyMe;buthaveyouresistedanenemyofMeandsupportedaguardian ofMe?[3] Whatabelieverneeds ImamalJawad(a.s)talkedaboutthatwhichabelieverneededinthislifebysaying,Abeliever needsasuccessfromAllah,anadviserfrominsidehimselfandaccepting(theadvicesof)those whoadviseshim.[4] Wonderfulmaximsandarts ImamAbuJa'faralJawad(a.s)hasacollectionofwonderfulwordswhichareconsideredasoneof theminesoftheIslamicheritageandthewonderfulintellectualtreasuresinIslam.Theyhavethe originsofwisdom,thebasesofmoralsandtheextractofexperiments. [1]Qur'an,2:275. [2]Wassa'ilashShia,vol.12p.433. [3]TuhafalUqool,p.455456. [4]TuhafalUqool,p.457. 1.Hesays,Donotanticipatemattersbeforetheirtimethatyoumayregret.Donotlivejustwith wishesthatyourheartsmaybehard.BemercifultotheweakandaskformercyfromAllahby beingmercifulyourselves! Thistraditionhassomeimportantpoints: a.forbiddingfromhastinessindealingwithmattersbeforetheybecomeclearbecauseitleadsto regretandloss b.ForbiddingfromlivingwithwishesbecauseitmakesonehardheartedandawayfromAllah c.Urgingonbeingmercifultotheweakandcharitabletotheneedybecauseitisthekeytothe mercyofAllah

2.Hesays,ThreethingstakeonetothecontentednessofAllah;askingAllahforforgivenessoften andalways,beinglenientandgivingcharity.Andtherearethreethingsthatwhoeverhas,willnot regret;avoidinghastiness,consultingwithothersandrelyingonAllahwhendetermining something. ThistraditionisrichwithwhattakesmanclosertohisLord.ItinvitesmantokeeponaskingAllah forforgiveness,tobelenientandtogivecharitiesoftenandalwaysbecauseAllahlovesthese qualitiesandbythemmangetstothecontentednessofAllah.Thetraditionalsotalksaboutthat whichmakesmanhappyinthislife.Itinvitesmantobecharacterizedbythesethreeaspects: a.Avoidinghastinessbecauseitcausesmanmanyproblemsanddistresses.Oneofthepoetssays, Aslowonemayachievesomeofhisneeds andhastyonemaymisshisaim. b.Consultingwithothersontheaffairsandavoidingdespotismbecausemanoftenmistakes c.RelyingonAllahwhendeterminingtodosomethingandavoidinghesitationforitcausesworry andupsettomansmentalityandpersonality 3.Hesays,Howwillhe,whomAllahsecures,belostandhowwillhe,whomAllahpursues,be safe? InthistraditionthereisaninvitationformantobeclosertohisLordandtotrustinHispowers.It isimpossibleforone,whomAllahsecures,tobelostanditisimpossibleforone,whomAllah pursues,tobesafe. 4.Hesays,Thedayofjusticeontheoppressorissevererthanthedayofinjusticeonthe oppressed. ImamalJawad(a.s)warnsfrompracticinginjusticeandoppressionagainstpeoplebecausesurely Allahwillavengeontheunjustwhethersoonerorlater.Thedayofjusticewhenawrongdoerwill bepunishedwillbemuchsevererthanthedaywhenanoppressedoneiswronged. 5.Hesays,Nothingdestroysreligionlikeheresiesdo.Nothingdegradesgravitylikegreediness does.Bytherulerthesubjectsbecomegoodandbysupplicationmisfortunesaredischarged. Thesewordsshowsomereligious,socialandpoliticalsides:

a.Theheresiesthatareascribedtoreligiondistortitstruthandharmitsspiritualandintellectual essence. b.Greedinessdegradesthedignityofmanandtakeshimtodarkabyssesintheignorantcorners ofthislife. c.Ifarulerisgood,hispeoplewillbegoodanddevelopedspiritually,socially,intellectuallyand economically. d.SupplicationtoAllahdischargesmisfortunesanddisasters. 6.Hesays,Knowthatpietyishonor,knowledgeisatreasureandsilenceisalight. ThereisnodoubtaboutthesefactsthatImamalJawad(a.s)hassaid.FearingAllahbringsman honor,knowledgeisthegreatestandmostprecioustreasureinthislifeandsilenceisalight becauseitgivesonemanyadvantagesandkeepshimsafefrommanytroublesandproblems. 7.Hesays,Whentwomenareequalinreligiousnessandhonor,thebetterofthemtoAllahisthe politerofthembyhisrecitingtheQur'anasithasbeenrevealedandsupplicatingAllahwith correctlanguagebecauseasolecisticsupplicationdoesnotgouptotheHeaven. Thistraditionconsiderspolitenessasoneofthebestqualitiesofmanandthatittakesmancloser toAllahandthatoneoftheessentialmoralsisrecitingtheQur'anwithoutsolecism.Imamal Jawad(a.s)deniessolecismeveninsupplicationssayingthatasolecisticsupplicationisnot acceptedbyAllah. 8.Hesays,He,whoreviles(others),isansweredandhe,whobecomesrash,isstricken. Itisawonderfulwordthatexpressestheverysocialreality.He,whorevilespeople,iscertainly answeredwiththesame,andhe,whoisrash,meetsperishmentanddestruction. 9.Hesays,Knowledgeablepersonsarestrangersbecauseofthemanyignorantpeoplearound them. Scientistsandscholarsarestrangersinasocietythatisprevailedbyignorancebecausetheir knowledgeandsciencesarenotappreciatedbytheignorant.Rather,theignorantmockatthe scientistandthisistheworseestrangementforthescientists. 10.Hesays,He,whowantstolivelong,hastoprepareapatientheartformisfortunes. Whenmanwantstolivelong,hehastobesopatientwiththemisfortunesandbadeventshe

meets.Beingimpatientwithmisfortunesmanmakeshimselfliabletodiseasesandperishment. 11.Hesays,He,whoactswithoutknowledge,damagesmorethanhedoesgood. 12.Hesays,He,whohasabrother(friend)inthewayofAllah,willhaveahouseinParadise. 13.Hesays,He,whofollowshisdesirers,pleaseshisenemy. One,whofollowshisdesires,fanciesandlusts,carriesouttheaimsofhisenemy.IfheobeysIblis, hewillbefarfromAllahandthisisthegoalofIblis.Followingthedesiresdegradesmaninthe societywhichmakestheenemiespleased. 14.Hesays,Therideroflusts,hisslipisnotforgiven. He,whosubmitstohislusts,becomesacaptivetothem.Hewillnotbeforgivenorexcused. 15.Hesays,Thehonorofabelieverisinhisunneedinesstopeople. 16.Hesays,LettheguardianofAllahintheopennessnotbeanenemytoHiminprivacy. He,whopretendstobefaithfulbeforepeopleanddisobeysAllahsecretly,isaliarandhypocrite. 17.Hesays,Bepatientwithwhatyouhateinthewayofthetruthandrefrainfromwhatyoulike ifitleadsyoutodesires! 18.Hesays,He,whoconcealsguidancefromyoujustforthesakeofhisdesires,isyourenemy. ImamalJawad(a.s)talksaboutsomeagentsandfollowersofgovernmentswhoconcealfromthe rulerswhatthenationneedsforreformanddevelopment.Infact,theseareenemiesevenifthey showsincerityandkindness. 19.Hesays,Bewareofaccompanyinganevildoerbecauseheislikeadrawnswordwhoselookis nicebutitseffectisbad! 20.Hesays,Needsarerequestedbyhopeandtheycomedownbyfate. TheneedsofpeoplearerequestedthroughtheexpectationfromAllahandtheyaresatisfiedby thefateofAllah.Thewillandeffortsofmanhavenothingtodowiththat. 21.Hesays,Goodhealthisthebestofblessings.

22.Hesays,Whenfateisdecided,thewidespacebecomesnarrow. WhenAllahdeterminestotakethelifeofsomeone,thespace,inspiteofitsgreatness,becomes narrowforthatsomeone. 23.Hesays,Donotmakeanenemyofanyoneuntilyouknowwhatthereisbetweenhimand Allah!Ifheisgood,Allahwillnotleavehimtoyou,andifheisbad,thenyourknowingofhis badnesswillmakeyousafefromhimandsoyoudonotneedtomakehimyourenemy. 24.Hesays,Beingcautiousofsomethingisasmuchasfearingfromitandbeinggreedyto somethingisasmuchasgettingfromit. Beingcautiousofcommittingsins,forexample,isasmuchasfearingAllah.IfsomeonefearsAllah toomuch,heabstainsfromcommittinganysintotallyandifhisfearisweak,heslipsinsinsand crimes.Asforgreediness,ifsomeonegetstoomuchfromsomething,hisgreedinesstothatthing isgreatandviceversa. 25.Hesays,Itisenoughforsomeonetobeatraitorthatheisloyaltotraitors. 26.Hesays,NoonethanksAllahforablessingthatAllahhasgiventohim,unlesshedeserves moreblessingsbeforeheuttersthewordsofthanking. Allah,WhohasallthegoodnessinHishand,haspromisedtogivewhoeverthanksHimmore goodnessandblessings.Allahsays,(Ifyouaregrateful,Iwouldcertainlygivetoyoumore).[1] AllahgivesmoretoHispeoplewhentheyintendtothankHimandbeforetheyutterthewordsof thanking. 27.Hesays,Whoeverhopesinadissolute,theleastofhispunishmentisthathewillbedeprived (ofblessing)andhisneedswillnotbesatisfied. [1]Qur'an,14:7. ManmustnothopeexceptinhisCreator;otherwise,Allahwilldeprivehimofblessingsandwill notsatisfyhisneedsandrequests. 28.Hesays,Mansdeathbysinsismorethanhisdeathbyfateandhislifebycharityismorethan hislifebyage. ImamalJawad(a.s)referstothemorallifethathewhocommitssinsandcrimesisconsideredas deadamongthealivepeopleandhewhodoesgoodtohisnationandcountryremainsaliveand

hismentionisimmortalevenifhedies. 29.Hesays,Whomissesgoodmanners,means(ofgoodresults)willfailhim. 30.Hesays,He,whoapprovesavice,isaparticipantinit. Whoeverapprovesabaddoingbearsitssinandburdenandisconsideredasapartnerwiththe doer. 31.Hesays,He,whoconcealshisgriefs,makeshisbodyill. 32.Hesays,Fourthingsassistmaninhiswork;goodhealth,wealth,knowledgeandsuccess. 33.Hesays,Thedoerofinjustice,thesupporteronitandtheonewhoagreesonit(against others)areparticipantsinit. Thesethreekindsofpeoplearethesameinundertakingtheresponsibilityofinjusticeandtheyall arepunishedforit.Somearedirectlyresponsibleforinjusticeandtheothersindirectlyby agreeingwiththeunjustontheirinjustice. 34.Hesays,Beingpatientwithmisfortunesisamisfortunetothosewhorejoiceatothers misfortunes. 35.Hesays,Iftheignorantkeepsilent,peoplewillnotdisagree(witheachother). 36.Hesays,Themurderofmanisbetweenhistwojaws. Theendofmanisoftenduetothethoughtsheadopts.Manyfreepeopleintheworldarekilled becauseoftheircriticismtothetyrantsandunjustrulers. 37.Hesays,Peoplearedifferentandeachoneactsaccordingtohisownform. Peoplearedifferentintheirtendenciesandwaysofthinkingandeachofthemactsaccordingto histhoughtsandbeliefs. 38.Hesays,Peoplearebrothers.ThebrotherhoodthatisnotinthewayofAllahturnsinto enmity,forAllahsays,(Friendsonthatdaywillbefoesonetoanother,savethosewhokepttheir duty(toAllah).[1] IffriendshipisnotbasedonthetruelovethatisforthesakeofAllah,andinsteaditisbasedon personaladvantages,itturnstoenmityandhatredwhentheadvantagesoffriendsareinfluenced

bysomeeffects. 39.Hesays,Beingungratefultotheblessingscausesdetestation. ItcausesdetestationfromAllahandfrompeople. 40.Hesays,He,whorewardsyouwithgratefulness,givesyoumorethanhetakesfromyou. Rewardingagooddoerbythankinghimandspreadinghisvirtuesis,infact,morethanhisgiving becauseitmakesagoodmentiontohimamongpeoplewhichisthegreatestgaintoman. 41.Hesays,He,whoadviseshisbrothersecretly,doeshimgoodandhe,whoadviseshimopenly, doeshimwrong. Advisingabrotherorafriendsecretlyindicatessincerityandtruthfulnessofadvising,butifitis openlyitmaycausedefame. 42.Hesays,WheneverAllahgivesablessingtosomeonewhoknowsitisfromAllah,Allahwill writeonthatsomeonesnamethegratefulnesstothatblessingbeforehewillpraiseAllah,and whensomeonecommitsasinandheknowsthatAllahseeshimandthatAllahmaypunishhimif HelikesorforgivehimifHelikes,AllahwillforgivehimbeforehewillaskAllahforforgiveness. [1]Qur'an,43:67. 43.Hesays,Ahonorable,withallhonorishewhoseknowledgehonorshim,andglory,allthe gloryisforhimwhofearsAllahhisLord. 44.Hesays,He,whowitnessessomethinganddeniesit,islikeonewhoisabsentfromit,andhe, whoisabsentfromsomethingbutacceptsit,islikeonewhowitnessesit. Itismentionedintheprophetictraditionsthattoeveryoneisthatwhichheintendsthatif someonewitnessessomethingbutdeniesithewillbefreefromitssinasifhehasbeenabsent fromitandifsomeoneisabsentfromsomethingbutacceptsit,itsgoodorevilwillberecorded onhim. 45.Hesays,He,wholistenstoaspeaker,worshipshim.IfthespeakerspeaksonbehalfofAllah, he(thelistener)worshipsAllahandifthespeakerspeaksonbehalfofIblis,heworshipsIblis. Whensomeonelistenstoaspeaker,believesinhimandfollowshim,heworshipsAllahifthe speakerspeaksonbehalfofAllah;otherwise,heworshipstheSatan.

46.Hesays,Showingsomethingbeforeitbecomescompletespoilsthatthing. Spreadingapoliticalorsocialideabeforeitbecomescompleteandcompactmaydestroyitbefore itappearstoexistence. 47.Hesays,Theblessingthatisnotthankedbecomesasinthatisnotforgiven. Beingungratefultotheblessingisoneofthesinsthatarenotforgivenbecauseitwastesthe charitythatshouldbeappreciated. 48.Hesays,He,whogivesuphumoring,comesclosertomisfortunes. Whoeverdoesnothumorpeopleharmshimselfandmeetstroubles. 49.Hesays,He,whotruststotranquilitybeforeexperience,exposeshimselftoperishmentand badend. Whoevertrustsinsomethingbeforetestingandtryingitexposeshimselftoproblemsandlosses. 50.Hesays,He,whodoesnotknowtheentries,theexitswillfailhim. 51.Hesays,Lethim,whowhenbecomesangryoppresses(others),notdeceiveyou. Thistraditionwarnsofcommunicatingwiththeunjustwhooppresspeoplewhentheybecome angry. 52.Hesays,Timeuncovershiddensecrets. Whenevertimepasses,thesecretsofnatureandtheunknownfactsoftheuniversewillbe known. 53.Hesays,Whoeverblames(others)withoutsuspicionhisblameisacceptedwithoutangriness. 54.Hesays,Thebestworshipisdevotedness. 55.Hesays,TrustinginAllahisapricetoeverydearthingandaladdertoeveryhighthing. Inthepreviouswords,ImamalJawad(a.s)hasdealtwithdifferentissuesinsociology,psychology,

moralsandtheresultsofdifferentexperiencesinlifethatmaybenefitallthepeople. Hiscompanionsandthenarratorsofhistraditions AgreatmassofscholarsandnarratorssurroundedImamAbuJa'faralJawad(a.s)takingfromthe flowingspringsofhisknowledgeandsciencesthathehadinheritedfromhisgrandfatherthe messengerofAllah(a.s).Theywrotedownhissayingsandfatwasandallthewonderfulmaxims andartshestated.Itwasbyvirtueofthesescholarsandnarratorsthatthispreciousheritagehad beenwrittendownandbecomeoneofthegreattreasuresoftheIslamicintellectandculture. Thecompanionsoftheinfallibleimamsactedduetotheirreligiousbeliefsthathadboundthem toprotectthetraditionsoftheimamsbywritingthemdown.ThejurisprudentsoftheTwelver ShiadependonthesetraditionsinderivingthelegalrulingsandwithoutthemtheShiawouldnot havesuchagreat,developedjurisprudence,whosedepthandgenuinenessallthemenofintellect andlawintheworldhaveacknowledged. Thethingthatmakesoneprideonthecompanionsoftheinfallibleimamsisthattheytriedtheir beststokeeptotheimamstorecordtheirtraditionsatatimethatwasthemostdifficultand mostcriticalwheretheAbbasidgovernmentssubjectedtheimamstosevereblockadesand preventedpeoplefromcommunicatingwiththemlesttheMuslimmasseswouldfollowthem.The confinementagainstthe ulamaandthenarratorswastoadegreethatnooneofthemcouldutterthenameofanyofthe imamswhomnarratorsnarratedtraditionsfrom.Theyjusthintedatsomeoftheaspectsand featuresoftheimamswithoutdeclaringtheirnamesforfearofbeingkilledorimprisoned. Anyhow,weshallreviewwhatwefindofbiographiesofthecompanionsofImamAbuJa'faral Jawad(a.s)becausethiswillcompletethestudyonhislifethatitwillshowanimportantsidein hisintellectualandscientificlife. Hiscompanions 1.IbrahimbinDawoodalYaqoobi SheikhatToossiconsideredhimasoneofImamalJawadscompanionsonetimeandoneof ImamalHadiscompanionsanothertime.[1]AlBarqimentionedhimamongthecompanionsof ImamalJawad(a.s)andImamalHadi(a.s).[2]TheapparentthingisthathewasaTwelverShia

butsomehowunknown. 2.IbrahimbinMuhammadalHamadani SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamarRedha(a.s)andImamal Jawad(a.s).AlKashshimentionedinthebiographyofthiscompanionthathewasadeputy(tothe imams)andthathehadofferedthehajjfortytimes.Inthepreviouschapterswehavementioned theletterofImamalJawad(a.s)tohimthatshowedhistrustinhimandhishighpositionnear him(nearImamalJawad). AlKashshimentionedatraditionfromIbrahimsaying,Once,IwrotetoAbuJa'far(a.s)describing tohimwhatabeastofpreyhaddonetomeandhewrotetomewithhishandwriting:MayAllah hastensyourvictoryoverhimwhohaswrongedyouandsaveyoufromhisburden(troubles).I bringyouagoodnewsofthevictoryofAllahsoonandtherewardlateron(intheafterlife).Praise Allahtoomuch![3] [1]RijalatToossi,p.397. [2]RijalalBarqi,p.57. [3]RijalalKashshi,vol.2p.869. 3.IbrahimbinMahziyarAbuIsaaqalAhwazi HehadwrittenabookcalledalBisharaat.SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofthe companionsofImamalJawad(a.s)andImamalHadi(a.s).AlKashshimentionedatraditionthat AhmedbinAlibinKulthoomhadsaid,He(IbrahimbinMahziyar)wasoneofthejurisprudentsand hewasreliableinnarratingtheHadith.Once,MuhammadbinIbrahimbinMahziyarsaidtome, Myfather(Ibrahim),whenhewasabouttodie,gavemesomemoneyandgavemeacertain sign.NooneknewaboutthissignexceptAllahtheAlmighty.Hesaidtome,Whoevershowyou thissign,youhavetogivehimthismoney.IwenttoBaghdadandstoppedataninn.Onthe followingday,someonecameandknockedthedoor.Iaskedtheservanttoseewhohewas.The servantsaid,Anoldmanatthedoor.Isaid,Lethimcomein.Theoldmancamein,tookaseat andsaid,IamalUmari.Givemethemoneythatiswithyouwhichissoandso.Heshowedme thesignandIgavehimthemoney.[1] TheauthorofMujamRijalalHadithmentionedIbrahimbinMahziyarandthathehadsignedhis nameinaboutfiftytraditions.[2] SheikhasSaduqmentionedhimandmentionedadetailedtraditionnarratedbyhim.[3] 4.IbrahimbinMihrwayh

HewasfromthepeopleofBabylonBridge.SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamal Jawadscompanions.ItisapparentthathewasaTwelverShiabutsomehowunknown.[4] 5.AhmedbinHammadalMirzawi SheikhatToossimentionedhimamongthecompanionsofImamalJawad(a.s).Once,Imamal Jawad(a.s)wrotehimalettersayingtohim,Asforthisworldlylife,weareaudiencesintheland. But, [1]RijalalKashshi,vol.2p.869. [2]Vol.1p,169. [3]TanqeehalMaqal,vol.1p.3637. [4]Ibid.,vol.1p.35. whoeverlikeshisfriendandbelieveinhim,hewillbewithhimevenifheisfarawayfromhim. Andasfortheafterlife,itistheeternalabode.[1] Oneday,anargumenttookplacebetweenAhmedandAbulHuthaylwhereAhmedprovedthe necessityofimamate.Hereistheargument: AhmedsaidtoAbulHuthayl,Icometoyoutoaskyouaboutsomething. AbulHuthaylsaid,AskwhateveryoulikeandIaskAllahforpreservation(infallibility) Ahmedsaid,Isitnotfromyourreligionthatinfallibilityandsuccessdonotcomeexceptfrom Allahandnotduetoadeedofyours? AbulHuthaylsaid,Yes,itis. Ahmedsaid,Then,whatdoesyoursupplicationmean?Doandtake! AbulHuthaylsaid,Offeryourquestion! Ahmedsaid,Mymaster,ifIaskyouaboutaquestionthatyouneitherfindintheBookofAllah, norintheSunnaofthemessengerofAllah,norinthesayingsofhis(theProphets)companions norintheanswersofjurisprudents,whatwillyoudo? AbulHuthaylsaid,Ask!

Ahmedsaid,Mymaster,tenmen,whowereallimpotent.Allofthemmadelovewithawomanin thesameperiodafteroneofhermenstruations.Someofthemcouldsatisfysomeofhisneed (lust),othersasfarastheycould.Isthere,now,anyonewhoknowsthelegalpunishmentofeach oneofthemaccordingtotheextentofsinhehascommittedtobepunishedinthislifeand purifiedintheafterlife?Thatistobeknownthatreligioniscomplete [1]RijalalKashshi,vol.2p.833. AbulHuthaylsaid,Howfar![1] AhmedbinHammadwasoneofthefamous,reliablescholarsoftheShia.Somecriticismwas mentionedinsometraditionsagainsthimbutalKhooiyrefutedthemandprovedtheir falseness.[2] 6.AhmedbinIsaaqalAsharialQummi HewasthedeputyofthepeopleofQumtotheinfallibleimams(a.s)totakejuristicissuesfrom them.HenarratedtraditionsfromImamalJawad(a.s)andImamalHadi(a.s).Hewasascholar andanauthor.HehadwrittenIlalasSalatandMassailarRijaliAbilHasanathThalith. ItwasmentionedinalKhulasathathewasreliableandwasthedeputyofthepeopleofQum.He narratedfromAbuJa'farthesecondandAbulHasan.HewasaclosecompaniontoAbu MuhammadandhewasthechiefofthepeopleofQum.HehadseenImamalMahdi(a.s)the ManofTime(mayAllahhastenhisreappearance). AhmedbinIsaaqhadahighpositionneartheimamsofAhlulBayt(a.s).AlKashshimentionedthat AhmedbinalHusaynalQummialAabiAbuAlihadsaid,MuhammadbinAhmedbinasSaltal Qummiwrotealetterto(adDar)andmentionedinitthestoryofAhmedbinIsaaqalQummiand hiscompanionshipandthathewantedtoperformthehajjandneededonethousanddinars.He saidintheletter,Ifmymaster(ImamasSadiq)seesthatheorderstoborrowhimthisamount andgetitbackfromhiminhiscountrywhenhecomesback,Ishalldo(givehimthemoney). Imam(asSadiq)wrote,Itisagiftfromustohimandwhenhecomesback,hewillgetanothergift fromus.[3] Manynewswerementionedinthebookspraisinghimandthathewasoneoftheeminent companionsoftheimamsthroughhisvirtue,asceticismandpiety. [1]RijalalKashshi,vol.2p.834.[2]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.2p.102. [3]RijalalKashshi,vol.2p.831.

7.AhmedbinAbdullahalKufialKarkhi SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawadscompanions.[1] 8.AhmedbinMuhammadbinAbuNasralBizenti HewasareliablemanfromKufa.HeaccompaniedImamarRedha(a.s)andhadaneminent positionnearhim.HenarratedabookfromImamarRedha.Hehadwrittensomebookssuchas: alJami,anNawadirandabookofrarities. AnNajashisaid,HeaccompaniedarRedhaandAbuJa'farandhehadagreatpositionnearthem. AlKashshinarratedatraditionfromhimsaying,Once,SafwanbinYahya,MuhammadbinSinan andIwenttoAbulHasan(a.s).Westayedwithhimforsometimeandthenwegotuptoleave.He saidtome,Asforyou,pleasesitdown!Isatdownandhebegantalkingwithme.Iaskedhimand heansweredmeuntilapartofthenightpassed.WhenIwantedtoleave,hesaidtome,O Ahmed,wouldyougoorspendthenighthere?Isaid,MayIdieforyou!Itisuptoyou.Ifyou ordermetogo,Ishallgoandifyouordermetostay,Ishallstay.Hesaid,Stay!Thisistheguard andpeoplecalmeddownandslept.Hegotupandleft.WhenIthoughthewentin,Iprostrated myselfbeforeAllahsaying,PraisebetoAllah!TheauthorityofAllahandtheheirofthe knowledgeoftheprophetslikedmycompanyfromamongmybrothers.WhileIwasinmy prostrationandthanks,IfeltImamAbulHasan(a.s)comein.Hetookmyhand,shookitandsaid, Once,AmeerulMomineen(ImamAli)visitedSasaawhenhewasill.Whenhegotuptoleave him,hesaidtohim,OSasaa,donotprideyourselfbeforeyourfellowsonmyvisitingyou.Fear Allah!Andthenheleftme. TheImamsofAhlulBayt(a.s)didnotapproveprideandhaughtinessandthoughtitwasakindof beingawayfromAllahwhereasaMuslimshouldbeclosertoAllahbykeepingtoHimsincerely andnottoassociateanyoneoranythingwithHim. [1]RijalatToossi,p.399. HenarratedaboutsevenhundredandeightyeighttraditionsandalKhooeimentionedthe narratorswhomhehadnarratedhistraditionsfrom.[1] Thisgreatscholardiedin221AH[2]andtheMuslims,atthattime,lostoneofthegreatscholars ofpietyandjurisprudents.10.AhmedbinMuhammadbinUbaydaalQummialAshari HewasoneofImamalJawadscompanionsasmentionedbySheikhatToossi.[3] 11.AhmedbinMuhammadbinKhalidalBarqi

SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad(a.s)andImamalHadiscompanions. Wemusthaveastoptotalkabouthim.Hisworks HewrotemanybookssuchasalMahasin,alIblagh,atTarahumwetTaatuf,AdaabanNafs,al Manafi,alMuasharah,alMaeeshahandothersthatweremorethanonehundredasmentioned byanNajashiandSheikhatToossiinhisFihrist. Criticismagainsthim Hewascriticizedofnarratingtraditionsfromweaknarratorsandofdependingonmursal[4] traditions. IbnalGhadhairysays,ThepeopleofQumcriticizedhimthoughthecriticismwasnotagainsthim butagainstthosewhomhenarratedfrom.Hewasindifferentintakingtraditionswhetherfrom thisorthatlikethewayofnewstellers.Once,AhmedbinEesaexcelledhimfromQumandthen allowedhimtocomebackandapologizedtohim.Hesaid,Ifoundaletterhavingamediation betweenAhmedbinMuhammadbinEesaandAhmedbinMuhammadbinKhalif. [1]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.2p.235242. [2]RijalanNajashi,p.75. [3]RijalatToossi,p.398. [4]Amursaltraditionisatraditionthatisnarratedwithoutaseriesofnarratorsorthenarrators areunknown. Whenhedied,AhmedbinMuhammadbinEesaescortedhiscorpsebarefootedandbareheaded tofreehimselffromthecriticismhehadsetagainsthim. Hisclassinnarrations Henarratedabouteighthundredandthirtytraditions.SayyidalKhooeimentionedthenarrators whomAhmedhadnarratedtraditionsfrom.[1] 12.AhmedbinMuhammadbinBindaralAqra SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawadscompanions.Itseemsthathewasa TwelverShiabutsomehowunknown.[2]13.AhmedbinMuhammadbinUbaydillahalAsharial Qummi SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawadscompanionsandsodidalBarqi.An Najashisaid,Heisthesheikh(teacher)ofourcompanions.Heisreliable.Hehadnarrated

traditionsfromAbulHasanthethird(ImamalHadi)(a.s)Hehadwrittenabookonstrange events.[3] EesaalAsharialQummi SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawadscompanions.Hewasthefirstonewho haddwelledinQum.HewassurnamedasAbuJa'far.AlKashshisaid,AbuJa'farwasthechiefof thepeopleofQum,theirnotableandjurisprudentwithnoequal.Healsowasthechiefwhomet therulers.HemetImamarRedha(a.s),AbuJa'farthesecond(ImamalJawad)(a.s)andAbul HasanalAskari(ImamalHadi)(a.s). Hisworks HehaswrittenanumberofbookssuchasatTawheed(monotheism),FadhlanNabiy(thevirtue oftheProphet),alMuta(temporary [1]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.2p.267274. [2]TanqeehalMaqal,vol.1p.81. [3]RijalanNajashi,p.79. marriage),anNawadir(rarities),anNasikhwelMansookh(theabrogatingandtheabrogated), FadhailalArab(virtuesoftheArabs)andothers. Hisclassinnarrations Hehasnarratedabout2290traditions.HenarratedfromImamAbuJa'far(alBaqir)(a.s),ImamAli binMuhammad(alHadi)(a.s),AbuThabit,AbuJa'faralBaghdadi,AbulHasanandothers.[1] 15.AhmedbinMoafa AbuDawood,inthefirstpart(p.135)saidthatSheikhatToossihadmentionedhimasoneof ImamalJawadscompanionsandconsideredhimasreliablebuthisnameisnotmentionedin SheikhatToossisbook.[2] 16.AbulQassimIdrisalQummi SheikhatToossimentionedhimamongImamalJawadscompanions.[3] 17.IsaaqalAnbari HenarratedfromImamalJawad(a.s)andMuhammadbinEesabinUbaydnarratedfromhim.Al

KashshimentionedhiminthebiographiesofHashimbinAbuHashimandAbuasSamhari.[4] 18.IsaaqbinIbrahimbinHashimalQummi HenarratedfromImamAbuJa'far(a.s)andAlibinMahziyarnarratedfromhim.[5] [1]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.2p.303. [2]Ibid.,p.350351. [3]RijalatToossi,p.398. [4]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.3p.31. [5]Ibid.,p.32. 19.IsaaqbinMuhammadbinIbrahimalHudhayni SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawadscompanionsandaddedthathehad metImamarRedha(a.s).[1]20.UmayyabinAlialQabasiashShami HenarratedfromImamAbuJa'faralJawad.Hehadwrittenabook.[2]IbnalGhadhairysaid,He wasweakinnarration.[3] 21.JafarbinDawoodalYaqoobi SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawadscompanions.[4] 22.JafarbinMuhammadbinYounusalAhwalasSayrafi HenarratedfromImamAbuJa'farthesecond(a.s)andAhmedbinEesanarratedfromhim.He hadwrittenabookonrarities.[5] 23.JafarbinMuhammadalHashimi SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawadscompanions.[6]HenarratedfromAbu HafsalAttarandAlibinMahziyarnarratedfromhim.[7] 24.JafarbinYahyabinSadalAhwal SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawadscompanions.[8]AnNajashisaidthat hewasfromthemenofAbuJa'farthesecond(a.s). [1]RijalatToossi,p.397.

[2]AnNajashi,p.105. [3]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.3p.277. [4]RijalatToossi,p.399. [5]AnNajashi,p.120. [6]RijalatToossi,p.399. [7]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.4p.130. [8]RijalatToossi,p.399. 25.JafaralJawhari SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawadscompanions.[1]Henarratedfrom ZakariyyabinAdamandMansorbinalAbbasnarratedfromhim.[2] 26.AbuAlialHasanbinRashidalBaghdadi Hewasreliable.SheikhatToossimentionedhimfromImamalJawadscompanionsandSheikhal MufeedmentionedhiminhisarRisalahalAdadiyyaasoneoftheeminentjurisprudentsand famousscholarsfromwhomtheverdictsofpermissibilityandimpermissibilityweretakenand whohadnodefecttobecriticizedfor. HewasadeputyofImamalHadi(a.s)onBaghdadandthevillagessurroundingit.ImamalHadi (a.s)hadwrittentothepeopleofBaghdadandthosevillagessaying,IhaveappointedAbuAlibin RashidinthepositionofAlibinalHusaynbinAbdRabbihandmydeputiesbeforehim.Iimposed onyouobeyinghimbecauseitisobediencetomeandindisobeyinghimisdisobedienceto me.[3] ThislettershowsthehighpositionofthismannearImamalHadi(a.s)thathehascomparedhis obediencetohisownobedienceandhisdisobediencetohisowndisobedience.Ofcourse,this manhadnotgotthishighpositionunlesshewasdevouttoAllahandreligion.AlKashshirelated thatMuhammadbinEesaalYaqteenihadsaid,AbulHasanalAskari(ImamalHadi)(a.s)wrotea lettertoAbuAlibinBilalin232AHsayingafterbasmalah,[4]IpraiseAllahandthankHimforhis mightandmercyandprayHimtohaveblessingandmercyonMuhammadtheProphetandhis progeny.IhaveappointedAbuAliinthepositionofalHusaynbinAbdRabbihandentrustedhim withthatfortheknowledgehehasthatnooneispreferredto [1]RijalatToossi,p.399.

[2]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.4p.139. [3]AlGhayba,p.350. [4]Basmalahissayingbismillahirrahmanarraheem:inthenameofAllah,theBeneficent,the Merciful. him.IknowyouarethechiefofyourdistrictandsoIwantedtohonoryoubywritingthisbookon thattoyou.Youhavetoobeyhimanddelivertohimalltheduesthatarewithyouandyouhave toinformmymanumittedslavesandrecommendthemofthatforthiswillsupportandsuffice himandsaveuseffortsandpleaseus.Doingthis,youwillhavetherewardofAllahandAllahgives whoeverHelikes.HeistheGiver,WhorewardswithHismercyandyouareinthetrustof Allah.[1] ThislettershowshowtrustedalHasanbinRashidwasbyImamalHadi(a.s)thathehadordered hisfollowerstoobeyhimanddeliverthelegalduestohim.ImamalAskari(a.s)eulogizedhim afterhisdeathbysaying,Helivedhappyanddiedamartyr.Hehadgotthishighpositionnear theimamthroughhispiety,obedienceandasceticismintheworldlylife. 27.AlHasanbinSaeedalAhwazi HeandhisbrotheralHusaynwerefromthecompanionsofImamarRedha(a.s)andImamal Jawad(a.s)asalBarqisays.[2]AnNajashisays,Hehasparticipatedwithhisbrotherinthese thirtyclassifiedbooks:alWudu(ablution),asSalat(prayer),azZakat,asSawm(fasting),alHajj, anNikah(marriage),atTalaq(divorce),alAtqwetTadbeerwelMukataba(Settingslavesfree, managementandcorrespondence),alEemanwelNuthoor(faithandvows),atTijaraatwelIjarat (tradesandrents),alKhums,alShahadaat(witnesses),asSaydwelThabaih(huntingand slaughtering),alMakasib(gains),alAshribah(drinks),azZiyaraat(visitsorprayingforholy persons),atTaqiyya(concealmentofonestruebeliefs),arRadalaalGhulat(refutingthe exaggerators),alManaqib(virtuous),alMathalib(defects),azZuhd(asceticism),alMuruwwah (chivalry),HuqooqalMumineenwaFadhluhum(therightsofbelieversandtheirvirtue),Tafsiral Quran,alWasaya(recommendations),alFaraidh(obligations),alHudood(punishments),ad Diyyaat(bloodmonies),alMalahim(battlesorheroisms)adDua(supplication).[3] [1]RijalalKashshi,vol.2p.779800. [2]RijalalBarqi,p.56. [3]RijalanNajashi,p.58. Thesebooksshowthescientificwealthhehad.Besidesthejurisprudentialresearchesandthe commentaryoftheHolyQuran,thesebooksdiscussdifferenthistoricalandtheologicalsubjects. 28.AbuAlialHasanbinalAbbasibnalHareesharRazi

HerelatedtraditionsfromImamAbuJa'farthesecond(a.s).AnNajashisays,Heisveryweak.He hadwrittenabookcalled(Innaanzalnahufeelaylatilqadr:SurelyWerevealeditontheNightof Predestination).Histraditionsareweakwithconfusedwords.[1]IbnalGhadhairysays,Thisman isnotpaidattentionandhistraditionsarenotrecorded.[2] 29.AlHasanbinAbbasbinKharash SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawadscompanions.[3] 30.AbuMuhammadalHasanbinAlibinAbuUthman HewassurnamedasSajjadahandhewasfromKufa.Ourscholarsconsideredhimweak.Hehada bookonrarities.[4]SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawadscompanions.[5]Al Kashshimentionedatraditionnarratedbythismanshowinghisbadbeliefsandvaindoctrine.We turnawayfrommentioningit. 31.AlHasanbinYasar SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawadscompanions.[6] [1]RijalanNajashi,p.60. [2]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.4p.270. [3]RijalatToossi,p.400. [4]RijalanNajashi,p.61. [5]RijalatToossi,p.400. [6]Ibid. 32.AlHusaynbinAsad SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawadscompanionsandsaidhewasreliable ofcorrecttraditions.[1]HenarratedtraditionsfromHammadbinEesa.AlHusaynbinSuleiman narratedfromhimatraditionontherewardofziyarahofImamHusayn(a.s)onAshura.[2] 33.AlHusaynbinSaeedbinHammadalAhwazi Hewasreliable.HenarratedtraditionsfromImamarRedha(a.s),ImamAbuJa'far(a.s)andImam AbulHasanthethird(a.s).HewasthebrotherofalHasanbinSaeedwhomwehavementioned aboveandmentionedthebookshehadwrittenwithhisbrother.Heparticipatedinnarrating aboutfivethousandandtwentytraditions.HenarratedfromImamAbulHasanMusa(a.s),Imam AbulHasanarRedha(a.s),ImamAbuJa'far(a.s)andothers.[3]

34.AlHusaynbinSahlbinNoah SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawadscompanions.[4]SodidalBarqi. 35.AlHusaynbinDawoodalYaqoobi SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawadscompanions.[5] 36.AlHusaynbinAlialQummi SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[6] [1]RijalatToossi,p.400. [2]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.5p.201. [3]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.5p.248. [4]RijalatToossi,p.400. [5]Ibid. [6]Ibid. 37.AlHusaynbinMuhammadalQummi SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[1]Henarratedfrom ImamarRedha(a.s)andalHimyarinarratedfromhim.[2] 38.AlHusaynbinMuslim SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[3]SodidalBarqi.He narratedfromImamAbulHasan(a.s)andMuhammadbinIsmaeelnarratedfromhim.[4] 39.AlHusaynbinImamMusabinJafar(a.s) HewasthesonofImamMusaalKadhim(a.s).Once,aBedouinaskedhimaboutImamalJawad (a.s)bysaying,Whoisthisyoungman?AlHusaynsaidtohim,Thisistheguardianofthe messengerofAllah.[5] 40.AlHusaynbinYasar SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[6]

41.HafsalJawhari SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[7]SodidalBarqi.He narratedfromImamalHadi(a.s)andibnEesanarratedfromhim.[8] [1]RijalatToossi,p.400. [2]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.6p.84. [3]RijalatToossi,p.400. [4]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.6p.91. [5]Ibid.,p.98. [6]RijalatToossi,p.400. [7]Ibid. [8]RijalalBarqi,p.456. 42.HamzabinYalaalAsharialQummiAbuYala HenarratedfromImamarRedha(a.s)andImamAbuJa'farthesecond(a.s).Hewasareliable, notableman.Hehadwrittenabook.[1] 43.KhalafalBasri SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad,ImamarRedha,andImamMusabin JafaralKadhimscompanions.[2] 44.KhayranalKhadimalQarateessi AlKashshisays,IfoundinthebookofMuhammadbinalHasanbinBandaralQummiwithhis handwritingthatalHusaynbinMuhammadbinAamirhadtoldhimthatKhayranalKhadim(the servant)alQarateessihadsaid,IhaveperformedthehajjatthetimeofAbuJa'farMuhammad binAlibinMusa(alJawad).IaskedaboutsomeservantwhohadarespectablepositionnearAbu Ja'far(a.s).(Afterfindinghim)IaskedhimtotakemetoAbuJa'far(a.s).Whenwearrivedin Medina,hesaidtome,GetreadyforIwanttogotoAbuJa'far(a.s).Iwentwithhimandwhen wewereatthedoor,heaskedpermissionandwentin.Whenhewaslate,Iaskedabouthimand itwassaidtomethathehadleft.Iwasconfused.WhileIwasso,aservantcameoutofthehouse andaskedme,AreyouKhayran?Isaid,Yes,Iam.HeaskedmetocomeinandIdid.IfoundAbu Ja'far(a.s)standingonabenchwithnorugtositon.Aservantbroughtarugandspreaditonthe benchandAbuJa'far(a.s)satdown.WhenIlookedathim,Iwasfilledwithreverence,veneration andastonishment.IwenttogouptothebenchwithoutstepsandAbuJa'far(a.s)pointedtothe steps.Iwentupandgreetedhim.Herepliedtomygreetingandgavemehishand.Itookhishand, kisseditandputitonmyface.Heseatedmewithhishand.Itookfastholdofhishandoutofmy

astonishmentandheleftitinmyhand(blessingandpeacebeonhim).WhenIfeltquiet,Isethis handfree.ArRayyanbinShabibhadsaidtome,WhenyougotoAbuJa'far(a.s),pleasesayto him:yourservantarRayyanbinShabibsendsyouhisgreetingsandaskstoprayAllahforhimand forhis [1]RijalanNajashi,p.141. [2]RijalatToossi,p.401. son.WhenAbuJa'far(a.s)begantalkingtome,ImentionedtohimwhatarRayyanhadtoldme. AbuJa'far(a.s)prayedAllahforarRayyanbuthedidnotprayforhisson.Irepeatedthattohim threetimesbutheprayedforarRayyanonlywithouthisson.Isaidgoodbyetohimandgotupto leave.WhenIwenttowardsthedoor,IheardhimsayingsomethingbutIcouldnotunderstandit. Theservantcameafterme.Iaskedhim,Whatdidmymastersaid?TheservantsaidthatAbu Ja'far(a.s)hadsaid,Whoishethatwhothinksheguidestohimself?Hewasborninthelandof polytheistsandwhenhelivedthere,hebecameworsethanthem,butwhenAllahwantedto guidehim,Heguidedhim.[1] 45.AbuHashimDawoodbinalQassimbinIsaaqbinAbdullahbinJafarbinAbuTalibalJafari Hehadahighpositionneartheinfallibleimams(a.s).Hewasareliable,nobleman.[2]Sheikhat Toossisays,HewasfromBaghdad.Hewasnoblehavingagreatpositionneartheinfallibleimams (a.s).HehadmetsomeofthemlikeImamarRedha,ImamalJawad,ImamalHadi,ImamalAskari andImamalMahdi(peacebeuponthem).Henarratedtraditionsfromallofthem.Hecomposed goodpoetryandhadwrittenabook.Hewaspreferredbytherulers.[3] AlKulaynimentionedatraditionnarratedbyDawoodbinalQassimsaying,Once,IwenttoAbu Ja'far(a.s)andIhadthreecharterswithmethatwerenotsignedwithanyname.Iwasuncertain whoseonestheywereandsoIwasdistressed.He(AbuJa'far)tookoneofthemandsaid,Thisis ZiyadbinShabibsandtooktheotherandsaid,Thisisofsoandso.Iwasastonished.Helooked atmeandsmiled.Isaid,MayIdieforyou!Iaminterestedineatingclay.Wouldyoupleasepray Allahforme?Hekeptsilent.Threedayslater,hesaidtome,OAbuHashim,Allahhastaken eatingclayawayfromyou.Afterthat,eatingclaybecametoodisgustedtome.[4] [1]RijalalKashshi,vol.2p.867868. [2]RijalanNajashi,p.113. [3]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.7p.121. [4]UsulalKafi,p.569. 46.DawoodbinMafannaasSarmi

HewasfromKufa,surnamedasAbuSuleiman.HewasthemawlaofbaniQurraandthenofbani Sarma.HenarratedfromImamarRedha(a.s).HeliveduntilthedaysofImamalHadi(a.s).[1]He narratedfromImamAbuJa'farthesecond(a.s)andAhmadbinMuhammadbinEesanarrated fromhimatraditionabouttherewardoftheziyarahofImamarRedha(a.s).[2] 47.DawoodbinAlialKhuzaiy HedefendedAhlulBayt(a.s)andstruggledforthem.Heofferedhislife,intellect,andpassionsto spreadtheirvirtuesandexploits.Hemetseriousharmsandtroublesforthesakeofthem.The policeoftheAbbasidsandtheirinspectorschasedhimbuthedidnotcareforthatandremained resistantannouncingthevirtuesoftheinfallibleimams(a.s)andcriticizingtherulersofthe AbbasidswhohadseizedthewealthoftheMuslimpeoplesandspentitontheirpleasuresand lustsinsteadofspendingitonthedevelopmentoftheeconomicalandsociallifeoftheMuslims. Studyingthelifeofthisgreatherorequiresanindependentbook.Hislifewasfullofjihadinthe wayofhisbeliefsandprinciples.Hefoughtagainstthestrongestgovernmentintheworldatthat time.HeseverelycriticizedtheAbbasidrulerswhohadauthorityovermostofthecountriesinthe world. Besidesthathewasoneofthegreatmenofpoliticalintellectandliterature,hewasoneofthe greatulama.HenarratedfromImamarRedha(a.s)andImamAbuJa'faralJawad(a.s).Alibinal Hakamnarratedfromhim.[3] [1]RijalanNajashi,p.116. [2]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.7p.130. [3]Ibid.,p.148. 48.DawoodbinMahziyar HewasthebrotherofAlibinMahziyarthecompanionofImamalJawad(a.s).[1] 49.ZakariyyabinAdambinAbdullahbinSadalAsharialQummi Hewasareliable,nobleman.HehadarespectablepositionnearImamarRedha(a.s).Hehad writtenabook.[2] AlKashshimentionedatraditionfromAbdullahbinasSaltalQummisaying,Once,IwenttoAbu Ja'farthesecond(a.s)atthelastofhislifeandIheardhimsaying,MayAllahrewardSafwanbin Yahya,MuhammadbinSinanandZakariyyabinAdamwithallgoodfortheyhavebeenloyalto me.[3]ThisshowsthehighstandinghehadneartheImam(a.s).

AlibinalMusayyabsays,Once,IsaidtoImamarRedha(a.s),IlivetoofarandIsuffertoomuch inmywaytoyou.Icannotcometoyouateverytime.FromwhomwouldItaketherulingsofmy religion?Hesaid,FromZakariyyabinAdamalQummiwhoistrustworthywithreligionandlife. WhenIleft,IwenttoZakariyyabinAdamandaskedhimaboutthequestionsIneeded.[4] ThistraditionshowsthatZakariyyawasajurisprudentandareligiousauthorityfromwhom Muslimstookfatwas.Historianshavementionedmanynewsonpraisinghim. 50.SadbinSadbinalAhwasalAsharialQummi Hewasreliable.HenarratedfromImamarRedha(a.s)andImamalJawad(a.s).Hehadwrittena book.[5]ImamalJawad(a.s)hadprayedAllahforhimandforZakariyyabinAdam. [1]RijalatToossi,p.401. [2]RijalanNajashi,p.124. [3]RijalalKashshi,vol.2p.792. [4]Ibid.,p.858. [5]RijalanNajashi,p.127. 51.SahlbinZiyadarRazi AnNajashisaidabouthim,Hewasweakandunreliableintraditions.AhmadbinMuhammadbin EesaaccusedhimofexaggerationandlyingandexiledhimfromQumtoarRiyy.Heexchanged letterswithImamalAskari(a.s)throughMuhammadbinAbdulHameedalAttar.Hehadwrittena bookcalledatTawheedmonotheism.[1]SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamal Jawad'scompanions.[2] 52.ShathanbinalKhalilanNayshabori SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[3] 53.AbulKhayrSalihbinAbuHammadarRazi SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[4]AnNajashisays,Salih binAbuHammadmetImamalHadi(a.s).Hewasambiguous.Hewasknownbysomeanddenied byothers.HehadwrittensomebookssuchastheSermonsofImamAli.[5] 54.SalihbinMuhammadbinSahl

HewastheagentofImamalJawad(a.s)ontheentailsinQum.AlKulaynimentionedatradition fromAlibinIbrahimthathisfatherhadsaid,Oneday,IwaswithAbuJa'farthesecond(a.s)when SalihbinMuhammadbinSahl,whowasentrustedwiththeentailsinQum,cametohimandsaid, Mymaster,wouldyouexemptmefromtenthousand(dirhamsordinars)thatIhavespent?Abu Ja'far(a.s)saidtohim,Youareexempted.WhenSalihwentout,AbuJa'far(a.s)said,Someone takesthemoniesoftheprogenyofMuhammad,theirorphans,poorandwayfarersandthen comestosay:exemptmefromthem.DoyouthinkhethoughtIwouldsaytohim:no,Iwould not?ByAllah,AllahwillaskthemontheDayofResurrectionaboutthatinsistingly.[6] [1]RijalanNajashi,p.132. [2]RijalatToossi,p.401. [3]Ibid.,p.402. [4]Ibid. [5]RijalanNajashi,p.140. [6]UsoolalKafi,vol.1p.130. 55.SalihbinMuhammadalHamadani SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[1]AlBarqimentioned himamongthecompanionsofImamalHadi(a.s).IbnShahrashubinhisbookalManaqib mentionedhimasoneofthereliable,closecompanionsofAbulHasanAlibinMuhammad(al Hadi)(a.s).HenarratedfromIbrahimbinIs~haqanNahawandi.AbuSalihShuaybbinEesa narratedfromhimabouttherewardoftheziyaraofImamarRedha(a.s).[2] 56.SafwanbinYahyaalBajali SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofthecompanionsofImamalJawad,ImamalKadhim, andImamarRedha(peacebeonthem).[3]Safwanhadbeenbroughtupwiththeintellectof AhlulBayt(a.s)andheimitatedtheminhisconductsandguidance.Hewasoneofthemostpious, religiousmeninIslamandoneofthebestcompanionsoftheinfallibleimams(a.s)inhisvirtues andknowledge.Wehavetostopalittletotalkabouthim. 1.Hisreliability Narratorsandhistorianshadagreedunanimouslyonhisreliability.SheikhatToossisaid,Hewas themostreliablemantothepeopleofHadithathistime.[4]AnNajashisaid,Heisreliable, reliable.[5] 2.Hisworship

Safwanwasoneofthemostdevotedmeninhisworshipsathistime.Heofferedonehundredand fiftyrakasineverynightandfastedforthreemonthseveryyearandpaidthezakatofhis propertiesthreetimeseveryyear.[6] [1]RijalatToossi,p.402. [2]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.9p.86. [3]RijalatToossi,p.402. [4]Ibid. [5]RijalanNajashi,p.139. [6]RijalanNajashi,p.140. 3.Hispiety Safwanwasoneofthemostpiouspeople.Historianssaidthatoneday,somemanaskedhimto carrytwodinarswithhimtohis(thatmans)familyinKufa.Safwansaidtohim,Mycamelsare hiredandIhavetotakethepermissionofthetenants.[1]Thiswastheutmostlevelofpiety. 4.Hiscovenantwithhiscompanions HehadconcludedacovenantwithtwoofhispiouscompanionsintheHolyHouse(theKaaba) thatwhoeverfromthemdied,theothersshoulddoforhimasthatwhichtheywoulddofor themselvesofgooddeedsandcharities.Theykeptsincerelytothatcovenant.Thelastofthem whoremainedalivewasSafwan.Whateverhedidforhimself,hedidthelikeforhistwo companions.[2] 5.Hisasceticisminlife Safwanwasasceticinallsidesoflife.Herefusedauthority.ImamAbulHasan(a.s)said,Notwo predatorywolvesinsheepwhoseshepherdsareabsentaremoreharmfultothereligionofa MuslimthanbeingfondofauthoritybutSafwandoesnotlikeauthority.[3] 6.Hisobediencetotheinfallibleimams Safwanfollowedtheinfallibleimams(a.s).Hedidneverdisagreewiththemorturnawayfrom theirguidanceneitherinsayingnorindoing.ImamalJawad(a.s)hadpraisedhimforthat.Alibin alHusaynbinDawoodalQummisaid,Once,IheardAbuJa'far(a.s)mentioningSafwanbinYahya andMuhammadbinSinanandsaying:mayAllahbepleasedwiththemforIampleasedwith them.Theyhaveneverdissentedfrommeandhaveneverdissentedfrommyfatheratall.[4]

[1]RijalanNajashi,p.140. [2]Ibid. [3]RijalalKashshi,vol.2p.793. [4]RijalalKashshi,vol.2p.793. 7.Hisjurisprudence Safwanwasoneofthemostfamousjurisprudentsinhistime.AlKashshimentionedthat MuhammadbinSinanhadsaid,Whoeverwantstoaskaboutproblematicquestionslethimcome tomeandwhoeverwantstoaskabouthalalandharam(permissibleandimpermissiblethings)let himgotothesheikh;hemeansSafwanbinYahya.[1] 8.Hisworks SafwanhadwrittenaboutthirtybookssuchasthebooksofWudu,Prayer,Fasting,theHajj, Zakat,Marriage,Divorce,Obligations,Recommendations,BuyingandSelling,Settingslavesfree andManagement,Goodtidingsandothers.[2]Thesebooksshowthathewassoexpertin jurisprudence. 9.Hisdeath Thisgreatscholarhaddiedin210AHinMedina.ImamAbuJa'faralJawad(a.s)senttheshroud andotherrequirementsofburialandorderedIsmaeelbinMusatooffertheprayeronhim.[3] Then,heburiedhiminalBaqeegraveyardandsohislifethathehaddevotedtoAllah,His messengerandAhlulBayt(a.s)hadcometoanend. 57.AlAbbasbinUmaralHamadani SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[4] 58.AbdulJabbarbinMubarakanNahawandi SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[5] [1]RijalalKashshi,vol.2,p.796. [2]RijalanNajashi,p.140. [3]RijalalKashshi,vol.2p.792. [4]RijalatToossi,p.404. [5]RijalatToossi,p.404.

59.AbdurrahmanbinAbuNajran SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[1]AnNajashisaid,He narratedfromImamarRedha(a.s)andhisfathernarratedfromImamAbuAbdullah(as Sadiq)Abdurrahmanwastrustworthy,trustworthyandreliableinwhathenarrated.Hehad writtenmanybookssuchasalMatamwelMashrab(foodsanddrinks),YoumwaLaylah(aday andanight)andanNawadir(rarities).[2] HenarratedfromImamAbulHasanthesecond(a.s),ImamAbuJa'farthesecond(a.s),AbuBasir, AbuJamilah,AbuHarunalMakfoof,ibnAbuUmayrandothers.[3] 60.AbuTalibAbdullahbinasSalt HewasthemawlaofbaniTamimbinThalaba.HewasreliablefromImamalJawad'scompanions asSheikhatToossimentioned.[4]ItwasmentionedthathehadwrittentoAbuJa'faralJawad (a.s)askinghispermissiontoelegizehisfatherImamarRedha(a.s).AbuJa'far(a.s)wrotetohim, Elegizemeandelegizemyfather![5] 61.AbdullahbinMuhammadarRazi SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[6]Hewasunknown. 62.AbdullahbinMuhammadbinHussaynalKhudhaynialAhwazi SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[7]AnNajashisaid,He wastrustworthy,trustworthy.HehadwrittenabookcalledalMasaillirRedha.[8] [1]RijalatToossi,p.404. [2]RijalanNajashi,p.163164. [3]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.9p.312.[4]RijalatToossi,p.403. [5]RijalalKashshi,vol.2p.834. [6]RijalatToossi,p.403. [7]RijalatToossi,p.403. [8]RijalanNajashi,p.157. 63.AbdullahbinMuhammadbinSahlbinDawood SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[1] 64.AlibinAsbatbinSalim

SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[2]AnNajashisaid,He wasfromKufaandhewasreliable.HewasFatahite.[3]HearguedonthatwithAlibinMahziyar throughletters.TheyreferredinthattoAbuJa'farthesecond(a.s)andthenAlibinAsbat renouncedhisbeliefandgaveup.HehadnarratedfromImamarRedha(a.s)before.Hewasone ofthemosttrustworthyandtruthfulpeople.HehadwrittensomebookssuchasadDalail,at Tafsir,alMazar,andafamousbookonrarities.[4]HenarratedfromImamAbulHasanMusaal Kadhim,ImamAbulHasanarRedha,AbuJa'farthesecond(peacebeuponthem)andothers.[5] 65.AlibinBilal HewasareliablemanfromBaghdad.SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad's companions.[6]AnNajashisaidthathenarratedfromImamAbulHasanthethirdandthathehad writtenabook.[7] 66.AlibinHadidbinHakeemalMadainialAzdiasSabati SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[8]AnNajashisaidthathe hadwrittenabook[9]andImamalJawad(a.s)askedpeopletooffercongregationalprayerbehind [1]RijalatToossi,p.403. [2]Ibid. [3]AsectbelievingthatAbdullahalAftahthesonofImamJafarasSadiq(s)wastheimamafter hisfather. [4]RijalanNajashi,p.252. [5]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.11p.260. [6]RijalatToossi,p.404. [7]RijalanNajashi,p.278. [8]RijalatToossi,p.403. [9]RijalanNajashi,p.274. him.AlKashshimentionedthatAbuAlibinRashidhadsaid,Once,IsaidtoAbuJa'farthesecond (a.s):mayIdieforyou!Ourcompanionshavedisagreed.WouldIoffertheprayerbehindthe companionsofHishambinalHakam?Hesaid,YouwouldofferprayersbehindAlibinHadid. Peopledidthat.[1]HenarratedfromImamAbulHasanalKadhim,ImamarRedha,ImamAbu Ja'farthesecondandothers.AbuJa'far,ibnAbuUmayr,ibnJumhurandothermennarratedfrom him.[2] 67.AlibinHassaanalWasityalMunammis

SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[3] 68.AlibinalHusaynbinAlibinUmarbinalHusaynbinAlibinAbuTalib HewasfromImamalJawad'scompanions.[4]HenarratedfromAlibinJafarbinMuhammadand AlibinMahziyarnarratedfromhim.[5]69.AlibinalHakam SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.Henarratedfrom SuleimanbinNuhaykandIbrahimbinHashimnarratedfromhim.[6] 70.AlibinKhalid HewasaZayditeandthenheturnedtobelieveintheimamateafterhesawthemiraclesofImam AbuJa'farthesecond(a.s).HenarratedsomeofthevirtuesandqualitiesofImamalJawad(a.s). HenarratedtraditionsfromImamalJawad(a.s),AhmedbinalHasanbinAli,AhmedbinAbdus, AbdulKarimandothers.IbnSumaa,alHasanbinMuhammad,SadbinAbdullahandothers narratedfromhim.[7] [1]RijalalKashshi,vol.2p.840. [2]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.11p.333. [3]RijalatToossi,p.404. [4]Ibid.,p.402. [5]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.11p.365. [6]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.11p.381. [7]Ibid.,vol.12p.78. 71.AlibinAbdullahalQummi SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[1]AnNajashisaid,He wasreliablefromourcompanions.HehadabookcalledalIstitaa.[2] 72.AlibinAbdullahalMadaini SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[3]SodidalBarqi. 73.AlibinAbdulMelik AlBarqimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[4] 74.AlibinMuhammadbinSuleimananNawfali

HenarratedfromImamAbuJa'farthesecond(a.s)andMusabinJafarnarratedfromhim.[5] 75.AlibinMuhammadbinHarunbinMahbob HewasfromImamalJawad'scompanions.[6] 76.AlibinMuhammadalAlawialHasani SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[7] 77.AlibinMuhammadalQalanisi SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[8] [1]RijalatToossi,p.404. [2]RijalanNajashi,p.254. [3]RijalatToossi,p.403. [4]RijalalBarqi,p.57. [5]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.12p.147. [6]Ibid.,p.165. [7]RijalatToossi,p.403. [8]Ibid.,p.404. 78.AlibinMahziyar HewasoneofthebestcompanionsofImamalJawad(a.s)andoneofthemostfamousscholars withvirtueandpietyinhistime.Wewouldbettertalkalittleabouthim: 1.HisconvertingtoIslam AlibinMahziyarwasaChristianandthenAllahguidedhimtofaithandheconvertedtoIslamand becameoneofthemostloyal,devotedMuslims.[1] 2.Hispiety AlibinMahziyarwasunequaledinhispietyandobedience.Fromhisworshippingwasthatwhen

thesunrose,heprostratedhimselftoAllahandhedidnotraisehisheadfromprostrationuntilhe prayedAllahforonethousandofhisbrothersasheprayedforhimself.Onhisforeheadtherewas likethekneeofacamelbecauseofhismuchprostrationforAllah.[2] 3.Hisreliabilityinnarrations Historianshadagreedunanimouslyonhisreliabilityinnarratingtraditions.AnNajashisaid,He wasreliableinhistraditionsthatnoonecouldaccusehimofanything.[3] 4.Hisworks Hehadwrittenagoodcollectionofbooksshowinghisabundantknowledge.Fromamongthese booksarethefollowing:Wudu,Prayer,Zakat,Fasting,Hajj,Divorce,Punishments,BloodMoney, atTafsir,TheVirtues,SettingSlavesFreeandManagement,Gains,Defects,Supplication,Courtesy andChivalry,alMazar(shrine),Refutingtheexaggerators,Recommendations,Inheritances, Khums,Witnesses,theVirtuesoftheBelievers,Heroism,Reservation(Taqiyya),Huntingand Slaughtering,Asceticism,Drinks,VowsandOathsandPenances,Letters(huroof),alQaim(al Mahdi),GoodTidings,Prophets,Rarities,theLettersofAlibinAsbat,andother [1]RijalalKashshi,vol.2p.824,RijalanNajashi,p.253. [2]RijalalKashshi,vol.2p.825. [3]RijalanNajashi,p.253. books.[1]Mostofthesebooksareonjurisprudentialsubjectswhichshowthathewasoneofthe greatjurisprudentsinIslam.5.ThelettersofImamalJawad(a.s)tohim ImamalJawad(a.s)sentmanyletterstoAlibinMahziyarwhichshowsthecloserelationbetween themandthehighpositionofAlineartheimam.Herearesomeofthoseletters: A.Aftertheintroduction,ImamalJawad(a.s)wrotetohim,YourbookhascometomeandI understoodwhatyouhavementionedinit.Youhavepleasedme,mayAllahpleaseyou.Ipraythe Sufficer,theDefendertosaveyoufromtheintriguesofeveryintriguerinshallah[2]Thisletter showsthatAlibinMahziyarhasofferedaservicetoImamalJawad'scompanionswhichhasfilled hisblessedheartwithpleasureanddelightandthereforeheprayedAllahforhim. B.InanotherletterImamalJawadsaid,Iunderstoodwhatyoumentionedabouttheaffairsof thepeopleofQum;mayAllahendowthemwithsafetyanddeliverance.Youpleasedmewith whatyoumentionedandyoustilldothat;mayAllahpleaseyouwithParadiseandbecontented withyouformycontentmentwithyou.IprayAllahforpardonandmercyandsay:Allahis SufficientforusandMostExcellentisHeonWhomwerely![3]

ThelettershowsthatAlibinMahziyarhasrelievedthepeopleofQumfromanordealthatmade ImamalJawad(a.s)bepleasedandprayAllahforhim. C.InanotherletterImamalJawad(a.s)wrotetohim,Gotoyourhouse,mayAllahmakeyouto thebestofhousesinyourlifeandyourafterlife.[4]ImamalJawad(a.s)orderedhimtoretireto hishouseafterhehadcompletedhisservicestohim. [1]RijalanNajashi,p.253.[2]RijalalKashshi,vol.2p.826. [3]Ibid. [4]Ibid. D.InanotherletterImamalJawad(a.s)saidtohim,IprayAllahtokeepyousafefrombefore youandfrombehindyouandinallyourstates.Bedelighted!IhopeAllahtodrivemisfortunes awayfromyouandIprayAllahtomakeitbettertoyouthatwhichHehasdeterminedtoyouto goonSunday.PutoffyourgoinguntilMondayinshallah!MayAllahbewithyouinyourtravel, keepyourfamily,carryoutyourtrustsforyouandmakeyousafebyHisomnipotence.[1] E.Once,AliwrotetoImamalJawad(a.s)aletteraskinghimaffluenceandtopermithimto disposeofthemoneyofImamalJawad(a.s)thatwasinhispossession.ImamalJawad(a.s) repliedtohim,MayAllahgivemoreaffluencetoyouandtothoseofyourfamilywhomyouasked affluencefor.OAli,thereismorethanaffluencefrommetoyou.IprayAllahtobewithyouin affluenceandgoodhealth,makeyouprosperwithsoundness,andsufficeyouwithsoundness,He istheHearerofprayer.[2] F.Oneday,AliwrotealettertoImamalJawad(a.s)askinghimtoprayAllahforhim.Imamal Jawad(a.s)repliedtohim,AsforprayingAllahforyouthatyouaskedmefor,yetyoudonot knowinwhatpositionAllahhasmadeyoutome.Imightmentionyouwithyournameand surnamewithmygreatcareandlovetoyoubesidesthatwhichIknowinyou.MayAllahmaintain toyouthebestofhisblessingsandbepleasedwithyou,andmakeyougettothebestofyour intentionandputyouupintheParadisewithHismercy;HeistheHearerofprayer.MayAllah saveyou,takeyouinHischargeandkeepmisfortunesawayfromyoubyHismercy[3] G.FromamongthelettersofImamalJawad(a.s)toAliisthisletterthathasbeennarratedbyal HasanbinShamon.ImamalJawad(a.s)says,OAli,mayAllahrewardyouwiththebestofHis reward,houseyouinHisParadise,saveyoufromdisgraceinthislifeandin [1]RijalalKashshi,vol.2p.826. [2]RijalalKashshi,vol.2,p.826827. [3]Ibid.,p.286.

theafterlife,andresurrectyouwithus.OAli,Ihavetestedyouandtriedyouinloyalty, obedience,service,reverenceandperformanceofyourdutiesandifIsaythatIhavenotseen anyonelikeyou,Imightbetruthful.MayAllahrewardyouwiththeGardensofParadise.Neither yourpositionnoryourservicesinthehotandcoldandinthedayandnighthavebeenunknown tome.IprayAllah,whenHewillgatherthecreaturesontheDayofPunishment,tohaveenviable mercyonyou.HeistheHearerofprayer.[1] ThisletterandthepreviousoneshavegiventoAliabrightpictureabouthishighpositionnear ImamalJawad(a.s)andthathewasincomparableinhispietyanddevotedness.ImamalJawad (a.s)didnotforgettheservicesandloyaltyAlihadtowardshim. 6.Hisnarrations Hehadnarratedfourhundredandthirtytraditions.HenarratedfromImamalJawad(a.s),Imam AbulHasanthethird(alHadi)(a.s),AbuDawoodalMustarraq,AbuAlibinRashid,ibnAbuUmayr andothers.[2]Withthesewordsweendourresearchonthisgreatcompanionwhohaddevoted hislifetoserveImamalJawad(a.s)untiltheimamwassoloyaltohimandhelovedhimasmuch aslovehadameaning. 79.AlibinMuyassar SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[3]SodidalBarqi. 80.AlibinNasr. SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[4]SodidalBarqi.[5] [1]AlGhayba,p.349. [2]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.12p.217. [3]RijalatToossi,p.404. [4]Ibid. [5]RijalalBarqi,p.57. 81.AbulHusaynAlibinYahya SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[1] 82.AlQassimbinalHusaynalBizenti

HewasthecompanionofAyyoubbinNoah.SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamal Jawad'scompanions.[2] 83.MuhammadbinIbrahimalHudhaynialAhwazi SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[3]HamdanalHudhayni saidtoImamalJawad(a.s),MybrotherhemeansMuhammadhasdied.ImamalJawad(a.s) said,MayAllahhavemercyonyourbrother.HewasoneofmyclosestShia.[4]Henarratedfrom ImamAbuJa'far(a.s)andAlibinMahziyarnarratedfromhim.[5] 84.MuhammadbinAbuZaydarRazi HewasfromQum.SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[6]So didalQummi. 85.MuhammadbinAbulSahban SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[7]Henarratedfrom AbdurrahmanbinAbuNajranandSadbinAbdullahnarratedfromhim.[8] [1]RijalatToossi,p.404. [2]RijalatToossi,p.404. [3]Ibid.,p.405. [4]RijalalKashshi,vol.2p.835. [5]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.14p.225. [6]RijalatToossi,p.407. [7]Ibid. [8]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.14p.264. 86.MuhammadbinAbuQuraysh SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[1] 87.MuhammadbinAbuNasr AlBarqimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[2] 88.AbuAliMuhammadbinAhmedbinHammadalMahmodi AlKashshimentionedthatImamalJawad(a.s)hadconsoledhimforthedeathofhisfatherby

writingtohim,YourfatherhaspassedawayandmayAllahbepleasedwithhimandwithyou.He waspraiseworthynearusandyouwillnotbebutso.[3]89.MuhammadbinIsmaeelbinBazee SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamarRedhaandImamalJawad'scompanions.[4] Hewasoneofthebestcompanionsoftheimamsinhispietyandreligiousness.Here,wetalkin briefabouthim. HisrelationwithImamarRedha(a.s) MuhammadhadacloserelationwithImamarRedha(a.s).Heregardedhimwithhighrespectand reverence.AlHusaynbinKhalidasSayrafisaid,Once,wewerewithImamarRedha(a.s).We wereagroupofmen.MuhammadbinIsmaeelwasmentionedandImamarRedha(a.s)said addressinghiscompanions,Iwishthatonelikehimwereamongyou. HenarratedfromImamarRedha(a.s)hissaying,Allahhasatthegateoftyrants(intheircourts asofficials)somemenwhomHehasguidedwithevidenceandendowedwithabilitiesintheland toprotectthroughthemHisguardiansandreformtheaffairsofMuslims.Tothemistheresortof thebelieversfromharms,andtothemistheresortoftheneedyofourShia,andbythemAllah [1]RijalatToossi,p.407. [2]RijalalBarqi,p.57. [3]RijalalKashshi,vol.2p.303. [4]RijalatToossi,p.405. relievesthefrightofthebelieversinthecourtsoftheunjust.Thesearetherealbelievers.These arethetrusteesofAllahinHisearth.ThesearelightsamongtheirfellowsontheDayof Resurrection.Theirlightshinestotheinhabitantsoftheheavensasstarsshinetotheinhabitants oftheearth.FromthelightsofthesepeopleontheDayofResurrectiontheafterlifewillbright.By Allah,theyarecreatedforParadiseandtheParadiseiscreatedforthem.Blessedaretheywith that.Wouldanyofyougetallthatifhelikes?He(MuhammadbinIsmaeel)said,MayIdiefor you!Howisthat?Hesaid,Bybeingwiththemtopleaseusthroughpleasingthebelieversofour Shia.OMuhammad,beoneofthem![1] WithImamalJawad(a.s) MuhammadbinIsmaeelhadacloserelationwithImamalJawad(a.s)too.Hebelievedinhis imamateandhenarratedfromhimsometraditionsconcerninglegalverdicts.HeaskedImamal Jawad(a.s)togivehimashirtthathehadputon(hadtouchedhisbody)tomakeitashisshroud. ImamalJawad(a.s)senthimone.[2]

Hisworks MuhammadbinIsmaeelhadwrittensomebookssuchastheHajj,theRewardoftheHajjand someotherbooks.[3] 90.MuhammadbinIsmaeelarRazi HenarratedfromImamalJawad(a.s),SuleimanbinJafaralJafariandSahlbinZiyad.AsSayyari narratedfromhim.[4]<b 91.MuhammadbinalHasanbinAbuKhalidalAshari HenarratedfromImamAbuJa'far(a.s)andalHusaynbinSaeednarratedfromhim.[5] [1]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.15p.107. [2]RijalalKashshi,vol.2p.835. [3]RijalanNajashi,p.330. [4]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.15p.226. [5]Ibid. 92.MuhammadbinalHasanbinAmmar HenarratedfromImamAbuJa'faralJawad(a.s)andMuhammadbinKhalladnarratedfrom him.[1] 93.MuhammadbinalHasanbinMahbob SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[2] 94.MuhammadbinalHasanalWasiti HewasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[3]AlFadhlbinShathannarratedthathehadahigh positionnearImamAbuJa'far(a.s)andthatImamAbulHasan(a.s)hadsenthimsomemoney whenhewasill,enshroudedhimandheldobsequieswhenhedied.[4] 95.MuhammadbinalHasanbinShammonalBasri SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[5]IbnulGhadhairisaid, MuhammadbinalHasanbinShammonwasfromBasraHewasweak(innarration),collapsed andnoonepaidattentiontohimortohisnarrationsoranythingascribedtohim.[6]

AnNajashisaidabouthim,Hewasveryweakofbadbeliefs.HebelievedthatImamMusabin Jafar(a.s)wasalive(forever)andhadnotdied.Fromhisfabricationswasthatheclaimedhehad heardImamMusabinJafar(a.s)saying,Whoevertellsyouthathehasnursedme,washedme (afterdeath),enshroudedme,putmeinacoffin,buriedmeandshookdustoffhishand,donot believehim.HealsoclaimedthatImamMusabinJafar(a.s)hadsaid,Whoeverasksaboutme, yousaytohim:Heisalive,praisebetoAllah.MayAllahdamnwhoeverasksaboutmeandsays thatIdied.HehadwrittensomebookssuchasasSunanwelAadabwaMakarimul [1]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.15p.274. [2]RijalatToossi,p.408. [3]Ibid. [4]RijalalKashshi,vol.2p.832. [5]RijalatToossi,p.407. [6]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.15p.248. Akhlaq;rules,moralsandnobilitiesofcharacter,alMarifa;knowledgeandabookonrarities. Hediedwhenhewas114yearsold.[1] 96.MuhammadbinalHusaynalAshari HenarratedfromImamAbuJa'faralJawad(a.s)andAlibinMahziyarnarratedfromhim.[2] 97.AbuJafarMuhammadbinalHusaynbinAbulKhattabazZayyatalHamadani SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[3]AnNajashisaidabout him,Heishonorableofhighrankandheisreliable.Hehasnarratedtoomanytraditionsandis trustworthyinhisnarrations.Hehaswrittengoodbooks.FromhisbooksthereareatTawheed, alMarifawelBada,arRaddalaAhlalQadar,alLulua,WasayaalAimmaandan Nawadir.[4] MuhammadbinalHasanhadnarratedonehundredandeghtyninetraditions.Henarratedfrom AbuDawoodalMunshid,ibnAbuNasr,ibnMahbobandothers.[5] 98.MuhammadbinHamzaalAlawi HenarratedfromImamalJawad(a.s).AlibinMahziyarsaid,Once,MuhammadbinHamzawrote toAbuJa'far(a.s)saying,Oneofyourmawalihasorderedonehundreddirhamforme.Ioften heardhimsaying:allthatismineisformymaster(ImamalJawad).Hediedandleftthismoney withoutsayinganythingaboutit.Hehadtwowives.OneofthemisinBaghdadbutIdonotknow exactlywheresheisnowandtheotherisinQum.Whatdoyouordermetodowiththeseone

hundreddirhams?AbuJa'far(a.s)wrotetohim,Payto [1]RijalanNajashi,p.335336. [2]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.15p.323. [3]RijalatToossi,p.407. [4]RijalanNajashi,p.334. [5]Mu'jamRijalalHadith,vol.15p.229. thetwowivesofthismantheirrightinthismoneywhichisoneeighthifhehadachildbutifhe hadnochild,theirrightisonequarterandpaytherestascharitytothosewhomyouknowthey areinneedofmoney.[1] ThistraditionshowsthatImamalJawad(a.s)trustedinthismanwhereheentrustedhimwithhis moneytodisposeofitinsteadofhim. 99.AbuAbdullahMuhammadbinKhalidalBarqi SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[2]Hesaidhewasreliable andhadabookcalledanNawadirasmentionedinalFihrist.AhmedbinMuhammadbinEesaand AhmedbinAbuAbdullahnarratedfromhim.AnNajashisaid,Hewasweakintraditions.Hewasa manoflettersandhadagoodknowledgeinhistoryandthesciencesofArabic.Hehadwritten somebookssuchasatTanzeelwetTabeer:revelationandexpression,YoumwaLaylah:aday andanight,atTafsir,MeccawelMedina,theWarsofalOusswelKhazraj,alIlal:causes andalKhiteb:sermons. IbnulGhadhairisaid,Hisnarrationsaredenied.Heoftennarratesfromweaknarratorsand dependsonmursal[3]traditions.[4]SomeresearchershavedependedontheopinionofSheikhat ToossionthismanandpaidnoattentiontotheopinionsofanNajashiandalGhadhairi. 100.MuhammadbinSalimbinAbdulHameed SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[5] [1]TanqeehalMaqal,vol.3p.110. [2]RijalatToossi,p.404. [3]Amursaltraditionisatraditionwhoseseriesofnarratorsiscutoritiswithoutnarratorsorthe narratorsareunknown. [4]TanqeehalMaqal,vol.3p.113. [5]RijalatToossi,p.406.

101.AbuJa'farMuhammadbinSinanazZuhrialKhuzaiy SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[1]HesaidinalFihrist thatMuhammadbinSinanhadnarratedtheletterofImamAbuJa'far(a.s)tothepeopleofBasra. AnNajashisaidthatMuhammadbinSinanwasveryweak.AlFadhlbinShathansaid,Idonot permityoutonarratethetraditionsofMuhammadbinSinan.[2]MuhammadbinSinansaidwhen dying,Donotnarrateanythingfromme.TheywerejustbooksIhadboughtfromthemarket.[3] Hisnarrationswerecriticizedandhewasaccusedofexaggerationandcarelessnessinreligion.Al Kashshisaid,IhaveseeninsomebookoftheexaggeratorsatraditionfromalHasanbinAlifrom alHasanbinShuaybthatMuhammadbinSinanhadsaid,Once,IwenttoAbuJa'farthesecond (a.s)andhesaidtome,OMuhammad,howwillyoubeifIdamnyou,disavowyouandmakeyou atrialtopeopletoguidethroughyouwhomeverIwantandmisguidethroughyouwhomeverI want.Isaidtohim,Youcandowithyourslavewhateveryoulike,mymaster.Youhavepower overallthings.Thenhesaid,OMuhammad,youareaslavethathasbeenloyaltoAllah.Iprayed AllahforyoubutHerefusedexcepttoguidethroughyoumanypeopleandmisguidethroughyou manypeople.[4]Therearemanyotherdeniedtraditionsandsuperstitionslikethisonethathad beennarratedfromhim. 102.AbuasSahbanMuhammadbinAbdulJabbaralQummi SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.Itwasmentionedinal Wajeeza,alBulghaandMushtarakatalKadhimithathewasreliable.[5] [1]RijalatToossi,p.405. [2]TanqeehalMaqal,vol.3p.124. [3]Ibid. [4]RijalalKashshi,vol.2p.449. [5]TanqeehalMaqal,vol.3p.135. 103.MuhammadbinAbdullahalMadaini SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions[1]andaddedthathehad joinedImamMusabinJafaralKadhim(a.s)whenhehadbeentakenfromMedinatoBaghdad.[2] 104.AbuJa'farMuhammadbinAbdullahbinMihranalKarkhi SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanionsandaddedthathewas accusedofexaggerationandweaknessinnarration.[3]AnNajashisaid,Hewasexaggerator,liar andofbadbeliefs.Thiswaswellknownabouthim.Hehadwrittensomebookssuchasal MamdohinwelMathmomin:thepraisedandthedispraised,MaqtalAbulKhattab:themurder

ofAbulKhattab,alMalahim:heroisms,atTabsira:enlightenmentandanNawadir:rarities whichwasthenearestofhisbookstothetruthwhiletheotherswerefullofconfusion, ambiguitiesandnonsense.[4] 105.AbuBashirMuhammadbinAbda SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanionswithoutdescribing him.[5] 106.MuhammadbinalFarajarRakhji SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[6]Hewasfromthe notablesoftheShia.WhenImamMuhammadalJawad(a.s)died,theShiagatheredtogetherin thismanshousetoknowthenextimamafterImamalJawad(a.s).[7]Hehadgoodtraditions mentionedbyhistorians. [1]RijalatToossi,p.406. [2]TanqeehalMaqal,vol.3p.145. [3]RijalatToossi,p.406. [4]RijalanNajashi,p.350. [5]RijalatToossi,p.405. [6]RijalatToossi,p.405. [7]TanqeehalMaqal,vol.3p.171. 107.MuhammadbinNasranNab AlBarqimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[1] 108.MuhammadbinNasr SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[2] 109.MuhammadbinNoah AlBarqimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[3] 110.MuhammadbinalWaleedalKhazzazalKirmani SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[4]

111.MuhammadbinYounusbinAbdurrahman SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamarRedhascompanionsandanothertimeof ImamalJawad'scompanions.[5]AlKashshimentionedthatwhentheAbbasidgovernmentforced ibnAbuUmayrtomentionthenamesoftheShiatobeimprisoned,herefusedandsohewas whippedonehundredtimesandhewasabouttorevealtheirnamesoutoftorturebutwhenhe heardMuhammadbinYounussaying:OMuhammadbinUmayr,rememberyourstandingbefore Allah(ontheDayofResurrection),hetoleratedthetortureanddidnotrevealthenames.[6] [1]RijalalBarqi,p.57. [2]RijalatToossi,p.405. [3]RijalalBarqi,p.57. [4]RijalatToossi,p.406. [5]Ibid. [6]RijalalKashshi,vol.2p.855. 112.AlMukhtarbinZiyadalAbdialBasri SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanionsandaddedthathewas reliable.[1] 113.MarwakbinUbaydbinAbuHafsah SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[2]AnNajashimentioned thatMuhammadbinMasoodhadsaid,Once,IaskedAlibinalHasanaboutMarwakbinUbayd andhesaid,Heisreliableandtruthful.[3]SheikhatToossimentionedinalFihristthatMarwak hadwrittenabook. 114.MusaddiqbinSadaqaalMadayini SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[4]HesawImamasSadiq (a.s)andnarratedfromhimandhenarratedfromImamMusabinJafaralKadhim(a.s).Hewas oneofthegreatulamaandjurisprudents. 115.MoawiyabinHakeembinAmmaradDuhni SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[5]AnNajashisaid, MoawiyabinHakeemisareliable,noblemanfromthecompanionsofImamarRedha(a.s).Abu AbdullahalHusaynbinUbaydillahsaidhehadheardhissheikhssaying,MoawiyabinHakeem hadnarratedtwentyfourtraditionsonly.HehadsomebookssuchasatTalaq:divorce,al

Haydh:menstruation,alFaraidh:obligations,anNikah:marriage,alHudud:punishments, adDiyaat:bloodmoniesandabookofrarities.AlKashshisaid,HewasaFatahite[6]andhewas fairandknowledgeable.[7] [1]RijalatToossi,p.406. [2]Ibid. [3]RijalalKashshi,vol.2p.835. [4]RijalatToossi,p.406. [5]Ibid. [6]TheFatahiteswereagroupofpeoplebelievingintheimamateofImamJafarasSadiq(s)and afterhimintheimamateofhissonAbdullahalAftah. [7]RijalalKashshi,vol.2p.635. 116.MunthirbinQabos SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[1]AnNajashisaid, MunthirbinMuhammadbinSaeedbinAbulJahmalQabosiAbulQassimwasfromtheprogeny ofQabosbinanNumanbinalMunthirhewastrustworthyfromagreathonorablehouse.He hadwrittensomebookssuchasWufodalArabilaanNabiy:thedelegationsoftheArabstothe Prophet,JamialFiqh:collectionofjurisprudence,alJamal:thecamel,Siffeenandal Gharaat:raids.[2] SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanionsonetimeandanotheras oneofImamalHadiscompanions.[3]AnNajashisaid,HelivedanddiedinBaghdad.Hewasnot exactlyknowntobehonest.Hehadabookonrarities.[4] 118.MusabinDawoodalYaqobi SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawadandImamalHadiscompanions.[5]He wasunknown. 119.MusabinDawoodalMinqari SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[6]Hewasunknown. 120.MusabinAbdullahbinAbdulMelikbinHisham SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[7]Hewasunknown.

[1]RijalatToossi,p.407. [2]RijalanNajashi,p.418. [3]RijalatToossi,p.407. [4]RijalanNajashi,p.413. [5]RijalatToossi,p.407. [6]RijalatToossi,p.405. [7]Ibid. 121.MusabinUmarbinBazee HewasthemawlaofalMansor.SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad's companions.[1]AnNajashisaid,HewasreliablefromKufaandhadabook.[2]Itwasmentioned inalWajeeza,alBulghaandalKhulasahthathewasreliable.122.MusabinalQassimbin MoawiyabinWahabalBajali SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamarRedhaandImamalJawad'scompanions.[3] AnNajashisaid,Hewasareliablenoblemanofcleartraditionsandagoodwayinnarration.He hadwrittensomebookssuchasWudu,Prayer,Zakat,Hajj,Marriage,Divorce, Punishments,Bloodmoney,Witnesses,OathsandVows,Moralsofthebelievers,al Jami:thecollectorandEtiquettes.[4] 123.NoahbinShuaybalBaghdadi SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanionsandquotedfromalFadhl binShathanthatNoahwasabenevolent,piousjurisprudent.[5] 124.HarunbinalHasan SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[6]AnNajashisaid,He wasreliableandtruthful.Henarratedfromhisfatherandhadabookonrarities.[7] [1]RijalatToossi,p.405. [2]RijalanNajashi,p.409. [3]RijalatToossi,p.405. [4]RijalanNajashi,p.405. [5]RijalatToossi,p.408. [6]Ibid. [7]RijalanNajashi,p.439. 125.Yazdad

SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[1]Hewasunknown. 126.AbuJa'faralBasri SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[2]AlKashshiconsidered himasreliablewhenhementionedthatalFadhlbinShathanhadsaid,AbuJa'faralBasri narratedtome.Hewasreliable,piousandvirtuous.[3] 127.AbulHussayn SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[4] 128.AbuKhidashalMihrialBasri SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[5] 129.AbuSara SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[6]Hewasunknown. 130.AbuSukaynaalKufi SheikhatToossimentionedhimasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[7]Hewasunknown. AsforthewomenwhonarratedfromImamalJawad(a.s),theywere: [1]RijalatToossi,p.408. [2]Ibid.,p.409. [3]RijalalKashshi,vol.2p.832. [4]RijalatToossi,p.408. [5]RijalatToossi,p.408. [6]Ibid.,p.409. [7]Ibid. 131.ZaynabbintMuhammadbinYahya SheikhatToossimentionedherasoneofImamalJawad'scompanions.[1] 132.ZahraUmmAhmed

SheikhatToossimentionedherasofthewomenwhohadhadthehonorofaskingImamalJawad (a.s)aboutlegalquestions.[2] Here,ourtalkonsomeofImamalJawad'scompanionscomestoanend.Amongthose companionstherewerefamousmenofintellect,knowledgeandliteratureatthattime.This numberofImamalJawad'scompanionsshowstheabundanttreasuresofknowledgehehad,for theyaccompaniedhimtoladlefromthespringsofhisknowledge. [1]RijalatToossi,p.409. [2]Ibid. TheageofImamalJawad(a.s) TheageofImamAbuJa'faralJawad(a.s)wasoneofthebrightestandmostwonderfulIslamic ages.Itwasdistinguishedbyitsscientificriseandintellectualdevelopment.Muslimsandother thanMuslimsremainedlivingforgenerationsandcenturiesonthetablesoftheintellectualand scientifictreasuresthathadbeenestablishedinthatage. WehavetotalkinbriefabouttheaspectsofthelifeintheageofImamalJawad(a.s).Studying thatagehasbecomeinevitableforresearchersbecauseituncoversthedimensionsofpersonality, leadstoitsintellectualsidesandallitsothersides. Culturallife Theculturallifeinthatageisconsideredasoneofthemostprominentaspectsoflifeinallthe Islamicagesatall.Culturalmovementshaveflourished,scienceshavespreadwidely,institutes havebeenestablished,publiclibrarieshavespreadeverywhereandpeoplecametoseek knowledgeeagerly. Nicholsonsays,ThevastareaoftheAbbasidState,itsabundantwealthandtheprosperityof tradehadagreatinfluenceontheculturalrenaissancethattheEasthadneverwitnessedbefore untilitseemedthatallpeoplefromthecaliphtothemeanestpersoninthesocietyhadsuddenly becomestudentsseekingknowledgeoratleast assistantstoliterature.DuringthereignoftheAbbasidState,peopletraveledthroughthree

continentslookingforsourcesofknowledgetocomebacktotheircountrieslikebeescarrying withthemhoneytotheeagerstudents.Then,theyclassified,byvirtueoftheirgreatefforts,what theyhadgotinbooksthattheywereliketheencyclopediasoftodaywhichhadthegreatestfavor onconveyingthesemodernsciencestousinawayunexpectedbefore..[1] Culturalcenters TheculturalcentersatthetimeofImamalJawad(a.s)were: 1.Yathrib Yathrib(Medina)wasoneofthemostimportantscientificcentersinthatage.TheschoolofAhlul Bayt(a.s)hadbeenestablishedthereandincludedthebestjurisprudentsandnarratorswho madeeveryefforttorecordthetraditionsoftheinfallibleimamsofAhlulBayt(a.s)forthese traditionswereasthespiritandessenceofIslam.InYathrib,theschoolofSuccessorshadalso beenestablished.Itwasajurisprudentialschoolthattookjurisprudencefromthetraditions narratedbytheProphetscompanionsorduetoopinionandanalogy. 2.Kufa KufacameafterYathribinitsimportance.ThegreatmosqueinKufawasoneofthemost importantIslamicinstitutesandschools.Manyseminarswereheldinthismosque.Thegeneral sphereofstudywasontheIslamicsciencessuchasjurisprudence,tafsir(interpretationofthe Quran),Hadithandotherbranches. KufahadadoptedtheAlawitedoctrineanditsschoolwasinterestedintheknowledgeofAhlul Bayt(a.s).AlHasanbinAlialWashshasaid,Ihaveseeninthismosque(themosqueofKufa)nine hundredsheikseachsaying:JafarbinMuhammad(asSadiq)hastoldmesoandso[2] [1]TareekhalIslam(HistoryofIslam),vol.2p.322. [2]TheLifeofImamMusabinJafar,vol.1p.82. ItwasnotonlyjurisprudencethatwasdealtwithintheschoolofKufa,butalsogrammarwas studiedandtaught.InKufa,aschoolofgrammarianshadbeenestablished.Fromthefamous scholarsofthisschoolwasalKisaiy,whomarRasheed(theAbbasidcaliph)hadentrustedto teachhistwosonsalAmeenandalMamoon.Worthmentioningisthatgrammarhasbeen establishedbyImamAli(a.s).ItwashewhohadclassifiedthebasesandrulesofArabicgrammar. 3.Basra

Basrawasaveryimportantcenterofgrammar.Thefirstonewhohadestablishedthebaseofthe schoolofBasrawasAbulAswadadDuali,thediscipleofImamAli(a.s).Thisschoolcompeted withtheschoolofKufa.ThegrammariansofBasrawerecalled(peopleoflogic)tobe distinguishedfromthegrammariansofKufa.Oneofthemostprominentscholarsofthisschoolof grammarwasSeebwayhthePersianwhohadwrittenabookcalledthebookofSeebwayhthat isthematurestbookinArabic.DeBeaur[1]says,IfwelookatthebookofSeebwayh,weshall finditamatureworkandagreateffort.Laterscholarshavesaiditmustbeafruitofcooperative effortsofscientistsliketheCanonofAvicenna.[2] AsBasrawasafieldforgrammaritwasaschoolofTafsir,oneofwhoseprominentulamawasAbu AmrbinalAla.ItwasalsoaschoolofprosodywhosebaseshadbeenestablishedbyalKhalilbin AhmedtheauthorofalAynwhichwasthefirstdictionaryintheArabiclanguage. 4.Baghdad Baghdadhadflourishedwithmanyscientificandculturalmovements.Institutesandschoolshad spreadeverywhereandnothingwaseasierthanknowledgewhichhadbeenathandtoeveryone. BaghdadhadnotspecializedinacertainbranchofknowledgeliketheotherIslamiccenters,butit hadallsciencesbesidesallkindsofarts.Baghdadhadbeenthegreatestscientific [1]HemightbeDeBeauvoir. [2]TheHistoryofPhilosophyinIslam,p.39. centerinthatage.Studentsfromallsidesoftheworldscametoitseekingknowledge.(Augustan LeBon)says,Scientists,artistsandmenofliteraturefromallnationsandcountries;Greeks, Persians,CoptsandotherscametoBaghdadandmadeitthecenterofcultureintheworld.Abul FarajalIsfahanisaidthatalMamoonwasoftenalonewithphilosophers.Helikedtheircompany andfeltpleasedwiththeirdiscussionsthoughheknewthatpeopleofknowledgewerethechoice ofAllahfromamongHiscreaturesandtheeliteofHispeople.[1] Prevailingsciences 1.SciencesoftheQuran FromamongthesciencesoftheQuran,thereare: A.Recitation ThisbranchofknowledgestudiestherecitationoftheQur'an.Ithasbeenfoundinsevenways

andeachwayisascribedtoareciter.FromthefamousrecitersintheAbbasidagewereYahyabin alHarithathThimari(d.154AH),HamzabinHabibazZayyat(d.156AH),AbuAbdurrahmanal Muqri(d.213AH)andKhalafbinHishamalBazzaz(d.229AH).[2] B.Tafsir(interpretation) ItistheinterpretationoftheHolyQur'anandexplainingitsmeanings.Thecommentatorsofthe HolyQur'anhadtwowaysintheirinterpretations. ThefirstistheinterpretationduetothetransmittedsayingsoftheProphet(a.s)andtheinfallible imams.ThisisthewaythathasbeenfollowedbymostoftheShiacommentatorslikeinTafsiral Qummi,TafsiralAskariandTafsiralBurhan.Theirevidenceonthatisthattheinfallibleimams weresingledoutwiththeknowledgeoftheQur'anasitwasinitsrealityandfact. [1]TheCivilizationoftheArabs,p.218. [2]AlMaarif,p.230231,alFihrist,p.4245. ImamAbuJa'faralBaqir(a.s)says,Noonecanclaimthathehas(theknowledgeof)allthe Qur'an;itsesotericandapparentknowledgeexcepttheguardians.[1]Therearemanyevidences provingthatwemustrefertotheinfallibleimamsininterpretingtheQur'an. SheikhatToossisays,InterpretingtheQur'anisnotpossibleexceptbyrelyingonthetrue traditionsoftheProphet(a.s)andtheinfallibleimamswhosesayingsareevidencelikethe Prophets.[2] Thesecondistheinterpretationduetoopinionthatistorelyonthereasonableaccountsrelated toapproval.TheinterpretersoftheMutazilitesandothersectshavefollowedthiskindof interpretationanddidnotpayanyattentiontothesayingsoftheinfallibleimamsconcerningthe interpretationoftheQur'an.Theydependedintheirinterpretationsonthatwhichtheyapproved reasonably. Anyhow,thefirstschoolofTafsirduetothetransmittedtraditionswasatthetimeofImamAli (a.s)whowasthefirstinterpreteroftheQur'anandfromwhomAbdullahbinAbbasandother greatcompanionstookinterpretation.Theinfallibleimams(a.s)paidtoomuchattentiontothe TafsiroftheQur'anthroughtheirlecturesoninterpretation,thereasonsbehindtherevelationof theQuranicversesandthemeritofrecitingtheQur'an. 2.Hadith HadithisoneofthemostimportantsourcesoftheIslamiclegislation.TheHadithisthetraditions

transmittedfromtheProphet(a.s)ortheinfallibleimamswhethertheirsayings,doingsortheir approvingofotherssayingsordoings.ItiscalledtheSunna. TheShiawerethefirstwhohadwrittendownthetraditionsandtheinfallibleimams(a.s) encouragedtheircompanionstodothat.AbuBasirsaid,Once,IwenttoAbuAbdullah(asSadiq) andhesaid,Whatpreventsyoufromwritingdowntraditions?Youshallnotmemorizethemuntil youwritethemdown.SomepeoplefromBasra [1]AtTibyan,vol.1p.4. [2]TheLifeofImamMuhammadalBaqir,vol.1p.181. havejustleftnow.Theyaskedaboutsomethingsandwrotedowntheanswers. ThecompanionsofImamarRedha(a.s)hadwrittendownallthetruetraditionsinbigvolumes whichwerethefirstcollectionsoftheShiathatwerethebaseforthefourcollectionsofthethree sheikhs.[1] 3.Jurisprudence FromthemostdistinctsciencesthathadprevailedinthatageandalltheIslamicageswas JurisprudencewhichexplainedtopeopletheirobligationsandtheirresponsibilitybeforeAllahin followingtheseobligationsduringtheirlives.Thecareforstudyingjurisprudencewasmorethanit forothersciences.TheinfallibleimamsofAhlulBayt(a.s)hadagreatroleinestablishingtheir jurisprudentialschoolfromwhichgreatjurisprudentsandulamahadgraduatedsuchasZurara, MuhammadbinMuslim,JabirbinYazeedalJufiandothergreatulama.Thesejurisprudents recordedallwhattheyhadheardfromtheinfallibleimams(a.s)intheirbookswhichwereabout fourhundredonesandthentheywereeditedandcollectedinthefourfamousbookstowhichthe Shiajurisprudentsreferinderivingthelegalverdicts. ThisactivityofseekingandlearningjurisprudenceeagerlywasnotlimitedtotheShia,butallthe Islamicsectstookmuchcareofthat. 4.Usool ThebranchofUsool[2]hadbeenestablishedbyImamAbuJa'faralBaqir(a.s).Ijtihadandthe derivingofthelegalverdictsdependonthissciencewhichwasstudiedwidelyinthatage. 5.Grammar GrammarplayedanimportantroleintheAbbasidage.Itsstudieswereapointofargumentations.

Inthepalacesofthecaliphsmeetingswereheldforthismatterandsharpdisputestookplace betweengrammarians.Manyfamousscholarshadspecializedinthis [1]TheintroductionofalMuqniwelHidayeh,p.10. [2]Usoolisthemainprinciplesandbasesofreligion. scienceattheheadofwhomwerealKisaiy,alFarraandSeebwayh.Thisbranchofknowledge hadbeenestablishedbyImamAli(a.s),thepioneerofknowledgeandwisdomintheearth. 6.Theology Fromthestudiesprevailinginthatagewastheology.Theologymeansthedefendingofones religiousbeliefsthroughscientificproofs.Thisarthadbeenestablishedbytheinfallibleimamsof AhlulBayt(a.s)andthensomeoftheirdisciplesspecializedinit.Attheheadwasthegreatscholar HishambinalHakamandfromthefamousSunnitheologianswereWasilbinAta,AbulHuthaylal Allaf,AbulHasanalAshariandalGhazali. 7.Medicine MedicinedevelopedwidelyintheAbbasidageandtheAbbasidkingsencouragedpeopletostudy it.TheygaveprizesandgreatmoniestothosespecializedinmedicinelikethephysicianGibrilbin BakhtshoanNasrani. 8.Chemistry Fromthesciencesthatgotgreatattentioninthatagewaschemistry.JabirbinHayyan,thepride oftheArabicEast,hadspecializedinthisbranchandreceivedhisinformationfromImamasSadiq (a.s),thethinkingmindofhumanity.Itwashewhohadestablishedthisscience. Inaddition,civilengineering,architectureandastronomywerespreadandprevailingintheageof ImamalJawad(a.s).Hundredsofbookshadbeenwrittenonthesesciences,someofwhichwere lostandsomearestillkeptinthebookcasesoftheworldlibraries. Translation Fromtheaspectsofthedevelopmentoftheculturallifeinthatagewastheinterestintranslating booksfromforeignlanguagesintoArabic.Translatedbookswereonmedicine,mathematics, astronomy,philosophyandpolitics.TheheadofthedivanoftranslationwasHunaynbinIs~haq. IbnanNadeemhadmentioned

manyofthesetranslatedbooksinhisbookalFihrist.IbnanNadeemsaid,BetweenalMamoon andthekingofRometherewerecorrespondences.Once,alMamoonwrotetothekingofRome askinghispermissiontosendhimwhathewouldchoosefromtheancientscienceskeptinthe countryoftheRomans.Thekingrespondedtohimafterhehadrefusedatfirst.Then,alMamoon sentsomemen,fromamongwhomwerealHajjajbinMatar,IbnulBatriq,Salimthechiefof BaytolHikma(thehouseofwisdom)andothers,toRome.Whentheycamebackcarryingwith themscientificbooks,heorderedthemtotranslatethebooksintoArabicandthebookswere translated.[1] ThesetranslatedbookshelpedtheArabicintellecttogrowandparticipatedinthedevelopmentof sciencesintheIslamiccountries. Institutesandlibraries TheAbbasidgovernmenthadestablishedinBaghdadschoolsandinstitutestoteachtheIslamic branchesofknowledgeandothersciences.AboutthirtyschoolshadbeenestablishedinBaghdad andeachofthemwasmorewonderfulthanawonderfulpalace.Thegreatestandmorefamous onewasanNidhamiyyaSchool.[2] ManylibrarieshadalsobeenestablishedinBaghdadsuchasthelibraryofBaytolHikma,towhich arRasheedhadconveyedhisprivatelibraryandaddedtoitthebookshisfatheralMahdiand grandfatheralMansorhadgathered.Duringhisreign,alMamoonaskedtheemirofSiciliafor somescientificandphilosophicalbooks.Whenthebooksarrived,hetookthemtothelibraryof BaytolHikma.HealsobroughtmanybookstothislibraryfromKhurasan.Wheneverheheardofa book,hebroughtittothislibrary.Thislibrarywastherichestoneintheworldwhichresearchers andstudentsalwaysreferredto.ItwasstillsountilwhentheMongolsattackedandoccupied Baghdad.TheydestroyedthelibrarywithallitsbooksandsotheIslamicworldhadlostits greatestheritage. [1]AlFihrist,p.339. [2]Rihlat(thetravelof)IbnJubayr,p.208. Mapsandobservatories FromthesignsoftheculturalandcivilizationaldevelopmentinthatagewasthatalMamoonhad orderedtodrawamapoftheworldwhichwascalled(asSorahalMamoniyyatheMamooni picture).ItwasthefirstmapoftheworldthathadbeendrawnintheAbbasidage.AlMamoon hadalsoorderedtobuildanobservatory.ItwasbuiltinashShamasiyya,aquarterinBaghdad.[1] Inthisprosperous,scientificsphereImamalJawad(a.s)wasthepioneerofthecultural

movement.Scholarsandscientistsgatheredaroundhimladlingfromthespringsofhisknowledge andaskinghimabouttheminutestquestionsinphilosophyandtheologyandtheygotsatisfactory answersfromhim. Politicallife ThepoliticallifeatthetimeofImamAbuJa'faralJawad(a.s)wasuglyandabsolutelycriticalnot onlytoImamalJawad(a.s),butalsotoallMuslims.Theummahadbeenafflictedwithviolent wavesofseditionsandtroubles.Beforetalkingaboutthoseevents,wefinditisnecessarytotalk aboutthesystemoftheruleintheAbbasidageandsomeothermattersthathavearelationwith thesubject. Thesystemoftherule ThesystemoftheAbbasidrulewasthesameastheUmayyadrule.Itdidnotchange.Nicholson describeditasadespoticruleandthattheAbbasidshadanabsoluteruleoverthenationlikethat oftheSasaniankingsbeforethem.[2] TherulewasrunduetothedesiresandfanciesoftheAbbasidkingsandtheiremirspayingno attentiontotheIslamiclaw.Theiradministrative,economical,andpoliticalconductshaddeviated fromwhatIslamhadlegislated. TheAbbasidkingswerearbitrarywiththeaffairsofMuslims.Theyimposedonthematerroristic rulewithnomercyorkindnessthat [1]Asr(theageof)alMamoon,vol.1p.375. [2]IttijahatashShiralArabi(coursesoftheArabicpoetry),p.49. wastoofarfromtheIslamiccaliphatewhichhadbeenlegislatedtospreadjustice,equalityand truthbetweenpeople. Thecaliphateandheredity TheIslamiccaliphatewithitsoriginalprincipledidnotsubmittoanyruleofheredityornepotism ortendenciesandfancies.Islamhadfoughtallthesethingsandconsideredthemasfacetsof corruptionandintellectualbackwardnesstoMuslims.Islamhadestablishedthecaliphateon noblevalues,highidealsandthepowertoruntheaffairsofMuslimsjustly.Whoeverhadthese qualitieswouldbequalifiedtoundertakethisseriouspositiononwhichthesafetyandhappiness ofthenationdepended.

AsfortheShia,theysawthatthecaliphatewastherightoftheinfallibleimamsofAhlulBayt(a.s) notbecausetheywerethecloserelativesoftheProphet(a.s),butbecauseoftheirexcellences, virtuesandtalentsthatnooneotherthanthemhadeverhad. However,theAbbasidsconsideredhereditaryintheruleasthefirmbaseforthemtodeservethe caliphatebecausetheywerethecousinsoftheProphet(a.s).Theyspentgreatmoniesonthe mediatospreadthatamongpeople.MercenarieshastenedtowardstheAbbasidsbydefamingthe Alawids[1]andannouncingthattheAbbasidswereworthieroftheProphet(a.s)thanhisprogeny. HistorianssaythatAbbanbinAbdulHameedwasexiledbytheAbbasidsbecauseofhisloyaltyto AhlulBayt(a.s).HewenttotheBarmakids[2]askingthemtointercedeforhimwithHarunar Rasheed.Theysaidtohimthattherewasnowaytothatexceptthathewouldsayinhispoetry thattheAbbasidsweretheheirsoftheProphet(a.s)andworthierofthecaliphatethanthe Alawids.Herespondedtothemandcomposedapoemonthat.Whenherecitedthepoembefore arRasheed,arRasheedwassopleased.HewassatisfiedwithAbbanandgiftedhimwithmuch money. [1]TheprogenyofImamAlibinAbuTalib(s). [2]ApriestlyfamilyofIranianoriginwhoachievedprominenceinthe8thcenturyasscribesand vizierstotheAbbasidcaliphs. Unusualconducts WhentheAbbasidskepttothehereditarysystemofrule,theydidmanythingsunusual,strange andagainsttheadvantageofthenation.Theyentrustedtheirchildrenwiththecaliphatewhile theywerenotadultyet.ArRasheedentrustedhissonalAmeenwiththecaliphatewhilehewas fiveyearsoldandtohissonalMamoonwhenhewasthirteenyears.Theydeviatedfromthe principlesofIslamthatthepositionofthecaliphatemustbetrustedtoonewhoshouldbewise, experiencedandwellqualifiedbesideshisexperienceinrunningalltheaffairsofthenation.They appointedmorethanonepersoninthepositionoftheheirapparentatthesametimewhich wouldseparatethenationanddestroyitsunity.ArRasheedhadtrustedthecaliphatetobothof hissonsalAmeenandalMamoonthatmadethem,lateronaftertheirfathersdeath,fighteach otherandinvolvethenationinbadcrisesanddangerousseditionsthatweshalldiscussinthe nextchapters. Vizierate FromthemostimportantbodiesintheAbbasidstatewasthevizierate.Itwas,inmostcases,a vizierateofauthorizationthatthecaliphauthorizedhisviziertorunalltheaffairsofhisstate whileheoccupiedhimselfwithamusement,playandinsolence.AlMahdi,theAbbasidcaliph,had

appointedYaqobbinDawodashisvizierandentrustedhimwithalltheaffairsofhissubjectsand heturnedtopleasures.ArRasheedhadmadeYahyabinKhalidalBarmakihisvizierandgivenhim absoluteauthorityandheturnedtohispleasuresandlusts,andhisrednightsinBaghdad witnessedonthat. Yahyarantheaffairsofthevaststateduetohistendencies.Hespentgreatmoniesonthepoets whopraisedhim.Hepossessedbuildingsandgardensthatyieldedmillionsofdinarsandthatwas thereasonwhichmadeHarunarRasheedthrowhimintoprison,killhissonJafarandconfiscate alltheirproperties. AlMamoonsethisvizieralFadhlbinSahlfreetodointhestatewhateverheliked.Hebecame extremelywealthythroughplunderingandtakingbribes. Thenationsufferedmisfortunesandordealsduringthetimesoftheseviziers.Theywerethe strikingforceoverthepublic.Thecaliphsusedthemasmeanstosubjectthepeople,plundertheir wealthandforcethemtodowhattheydidnotwill. Thevizierswereliabletorageandrevengefrompeoplebecauseoftheinjusticeandoppression theycommitted.DibilalKhizaiy[1]hadadvisedalFadhlbinMarwan,avizieroftheAbbasids, andrecommendedhimtodogoodandbekindtopeople.Hehadmentionedtohimasexamples threeofthevizierswhohadhadthesamenameashisandprecededhiminthisposition;alFadhl binYahya,alFadhlbinarRabeeandalFadhlbinSahl.Whentheywereunjustandoppressive, theymetwrathandrevenge. Fromthestrangeeventsoftreasonthatthoseviziershadcommittedwasthatinonedayal Khaqani,thevizierofalMuqtadirBillah,hadappointednineteensupervisorsonKufaandtaken bribefromeachoneofthem.[2]Manysuchscandalsandbaddeedswerecommittedbythose viziersoftheAbbasids. TheseditionbetweenalAmeenandalMamoon Perhaps,oneofthemostprominenteventsattheageofImamalJawad(a.s)wasthegreat seditionthathadtakenplacebetweenalAmeenandalMamoonandcausedawarbetween themandcosttheMuslimstoomuchbloodsjustforthateachofthemwantedtobethecaliph althoughtheywerebrothers.Beforewetalkabouttheseevents,werefer,inbrief,tosome aspectsofalAmeen. AlAmeenhadnoanygoodqualitythatmightmakehimfittothisimportantpositioninIslam(the caliphate).Historianshadunanimouslymentionedthathehadnoanynoblequality.ArRasheed, hisfather,hadentrustedhimwiththecaliphateoutofthe

[1]AShiapoetwhodefendedAhlulBayt(s)throughhispoetryandsituations. [2]TareekhatTamaddunalIslami(historyofIslamiccivilization),vol.4p.182. influenceofhiswifeLadyZubayda.AlAmeendislikedknowledgeanddespisedtheulama.Hewas illiteratenotknowingreadingandwriting.[1]Sincehewasso,thenhowdidhisfatherarRasheed entrusthimwiththecaliphate? Hewasweakwilled.Hehadbeenentrustedwiththeruleoverthevaststateandcouldnot managetheaffairsorbesuccessfulinhispolicies.AlMasoodi,thehistorian,saysabouthim,He wasofbadconductandunintelligent.Hefollowedhisfancies,ignoredhisseriousaffairs,reliedon othersintheimportantmatters,andtrustedindisloyalones.[2]AlKutubidescribedhimby saying,Vicewassoeasytohimsothathefollowedhisfancyanddesiresanddidnotthinkofhis end.Hewasverystingyinfoodanddidnotcarewhenhewouldsitorwithwhomhewould drink.[3] Thereisnodoubtthatgoodthinkingandintelligencearefromtheconditionsthatmustbe availableinonewhowouldruleovertheMuslims. Hehidhimselffromthepublic,fromhisfamily,hisemirsandofficialsanddespisedthem.He turnedtoamusementandsingingandentrustedtheaffairsofhisstatetohisvizieralFadhlbinar Rabeewhoactedafterhisdesiresandtendencies. Once,IsmaeelbinSubayh,whowasfavoritebyalAmeen,saidtohim,OAmeerulMomineen, yourleaders,soldiersandthepublicofyoursubjectsbeganmistrustingyouanddoubtingyour hidefromthem.Youmaysitforsometimeinameetingandletthemcometoyoubecausethis willcalmthemdownandmakethemgiveuptheirillusions. AlAmeenrespondedtohimandsatinhisroyalcourt.Poetscameandrecitedtheirpoems.Then hegotinalKhuraqahandlefttoash [1]AsSulookliMarifatDuwalalMulook(thewaytoknowthestatesofkings)byalMaqrizi,vol.1 p.16. [2]AtTanbeehwelIshraf,p.302. [3]UyunatTawareekh,vol.3p.212. Shamasiyya.KnightsontheirhorsesstoppedinrowsatthebanksoftheTigris.Foodsand treasureswerecarriedwithhim.AlKhuraqahwasashipintheshapeofalion.Peoplehadnever seenascenemorebeautifulthanthat.AbuNuas,thepoet,waswithhimintheshiptodrinkwith himandrecitehimpoetry.

TheseweresomeofalAmeensfeaturesgivingusaconceptionthathewasinsignificantperson spendinghistimeonhispleasuresandlustsandpayingnoattentiontotheaffairsoftheIslamic state. DeposingalMamoon AlAmeenassumedthecaliphateonthedaywhenhisfatherarRasheeddied.Wheneverything becamestabletohim,hedeposedhisbrotheralMamoonandmadehisson,whowasababyin thecradle,ashisheirapparentandcalledhimanNatiqbilHaqq.HesenttotheKaabaa messengertofetchhimthebookofthecovenantwhichhisfatherhadhungintheKaabaandin whichhehadwrittenthatthepositionoftheheirapparentwouldbeforalMamoonafteral Ameen.Whenthecovenantwasbroughttohim,hetoreit.Hedidsoaccordingtothesuggestion ofalFadhlbinarRabeeandBakrbinalMutamirashistorianssay. Destructivewars WhenalAmeendeposedhisbrotheralMamoonfromthepositionoftheheirapparentand informedhimofthatofficially,heappointedAlibinEesatoleadanarmyagainstalMamoon.He gavehimtiesofgoldandsaidtohim,TiealMamoonanddonotkillhimuntilyoubringhimalive tome.Hegavehimtwomilliondinars.WhenalMamoonknewthat,heannouncedhimselfas AmeerulMomineen.HestoppedsendingthelandtaxtoalAmeen,removedhisnamefromthe flagandfromthedirhamsanddinars,andannouncedhisdisobedienceagainsthim.Heappointed TahirbinalHusaynandHarthamahbinAyunattheheadofanarmytofightagainstalAmeen. ThetwoarmiesmetinarRiyyinaviolentwarwhereriversofbloodswereshed.Finally,thearmy ofalMamoonwonthebattleandtheleaderofalAmeensarmywaskilledandall theirbaggageandweaponsweretaken.TahirbinalHusaynwrotetoalFadhlbinSahl,thevizier ofalMamoon,informinghimofthisvictory.Hesaidinhisletter,Iwritetoyouwhiletheheadof AlibinEesaisinmylapandhisringisinmyhand,andpraisebetoAllahtheLordoftheworlds. AlFadhlbinSahlcametoalMamoon,greetedhimandcalledhimasthecaliph.Hetoldhim aboutthevictoryofhisarmy.WhenalMamoonwascertainofvictory,hesenttoTahir,the generalleaderofhisarmy,giftsandmonies,thankedhimtoomuchforthatandorderedhimto marchtooccupyIraqanddoawaywithhisbrotheralAmeen. ThearmiesofalMamoonmovedtooccupyBaghdadundertheleadershipofTahirbinalHusayn. TheyblockadedBaghdadandtheblockadelastedforalongtimeuntilthesignsofcivilizationin Baghdadweredestroyed,povertyandwretchednessprevailed,criminalsandwickedpeople assassinatedgoodpeople,plunderedthepropertiesandviolatedthewomen.Then,agroupof

goodpeoplegatheredundertheleadershipofamancalledSahlbinSalamaandstoodagainst thosewickedpeoplewithweaponsanddrovethemoutofBaghdad.[1] Anyhow,Baghdadfacedgreatlossesanddestructionbecauseofthisgreatsedition.Itlostmanyof itspeople.ThearmiesofalMamoonmarchedtosurroundthepalaceofalAmeenanddefeathis forces.ThearmyofalAmeencouldnotstandagainstthearmiesofalMamoonthathadhigh moralebesidestheweaponsandequipmentstheyhad. [1]IttijahatashShiralArabi,p.73. ThemurderofalAmeen InthemiddleofthatordealalAmeenwasbusywithamusementandplay.Historianssaidthathe wasfishingwithsomeofhisservantsamongwhomwasKawtharwhomalAmeenwasfondof. Thenewsofthedefeatofhisarmyandtheblockadeofhispalacecametohimbuthewas indifferent.Hesaid,KawtharhasfishedthreefishesbutIhavefishedjusttwo.Thevanguardof alMamoonsarmyattackedalAmeenandkilledhim.HisheadwastakentoTahirbinalHusayn whosetitonaspearandrecitedtheQuranicverse,(OAllah,MasteroftheKingdom!Thougivest thekingdomtowhomsoeverThoupleasestandtakestawaythekingdomfromwhomsoeverThou pleasest).[1] ThedisagreementbetweenalAmeenandalMamoonwasthemostimportantpoliticaleventin thatage. ThecaliphateofIbrahimthedissolute FromamongthepoliticaleventsinthatagewasthecaliphateofIbrahimalkhalee(thedissolute) whohadleftnokindofdebaucheryunlesshecommittedit.Hewasdrunkmostofhistimes.The AbbasidshadappointedhimastheircaliphoutoftheirspiteandhateagainstalMamoon.Bad peopleandpeopleofplayandsinginghadpaidhomagetohimexpectingmoneyfromhimbuthe procrastinatedingivingthemandwhenitwassolong,theysurroundedhispalace.Then,oneof hismencameouttellingthemobthatthecaliphhadnomoney.Oneofthefunnypeoplegotup andsaid,Letourcaliphcomeouttoustosingthreesongsforthepeopleinthissideandthree songsforthepeopleinthatsideandthiswillbetheirgift[2] Dibilthepoethadmockedhiminsomeversesofpoetrydescribinghimwiththeugliestqualities andsayingthathisHolyBookwashislute.(RusterStein)says,Hehadnotalentsofarulerbuthe wasamanofanicetactinterestedinmusicandsinging.[3] [1]UyunatTawareekh,vol.3p.211.

[2]AlAghanibyAbulFarajalIsfahani. [3]Britannica,IslamicEncyclopedia,vol.1p.140. AlMamoonwithhisarmiesmarchedtowardsBaghdadtodoawaywiththerebellionofIbrahim. WhenIbrahimknewaboutthat,hefledandallthosewhomhetrustedintheirsupportfled. IbrahimremainedhiddeninBaghdadwithhisfearandfright.WhenalMamoonarrestedhim,he forgavehimandsethimfreebecausehehadnoanypoliticalweighttobefeared. TherevoltofAbuasSaraya OneofthegreatestpublicrevoltsthathadtakenplaceatthetimeofImamAbuJa'faralJawad (a.s)wastherevoltofAbuasSarayathatdefendedthefatefulmattersofalltheMuslimpeoples. TherevoltinvitedtoImamarRedha(a.s)oftheprogenyofProphetMuhammad(a.s)whowere thehopeoftheoppressedanddeprived.TherevoltwasabouttodoawaywiththeAbbasidstate. MostofMuslimcountriesresponded.AbuasSarayathroughhisintelligenceandexperiencecould bringsomeofImamMusaalKadhimssonsandmakethemleadersinhisarmythatmademasses ofpeoplesupportandjointhisrevoltenthusiastically. However,alMamoonthroughhispoliticaltalentscoulddefeatthismovement.HebroughtImam arRedha(a.s)toKhurasanandforcedhimtoacceptthepositionofheirapparent.Doingso,he showedtopeoplethathewasAlawidinthought.HewaskindtotheAlawidsandinstructedallthe bodiesofhisgovernmenttodefameMoawiyaandtopreferImamAli(a.s)toalloftheProphets companions.Thus,peoplethoughtalMamoonasaShiite.Inthiscunningwayhecouldwinthe eventsandputouttheflameoftherevolt. TheseeventsandrevoltsthattookplaceatthetimeofImamalJawad(a.s)showedthatthe politicalstatewasnotstable. TheAbbasidspayhomagetotheAlawids NoMuslimdoubtedthatAhlulBayt(a.s)hadtherightandwereworthierofthecaliphatethanthe Abbasids.TheAbbasidsthemselvesdidnotfindthattheywerethepeopleofthecaliphateaslong astheAlawidswerethere.TheyunanimouslypaidhomagetotheAlawidleaderMuhammad ThunnafsazZakiyya.Theygathered togetherwiththeAlawidsinalAbwa.SalihbinAligotuptosay,Youarethementowhomthe eyesofpeopleextend.Allahhasgatheredyouinthisplace.Agreeonpayinghomagetooneof youandseparateeverywhereandprayAllahtomakeyousucceedandwinvictory AlMansoradDawaniqi(thelateronAbbasidcaliph)invitedpeopletopayhomagetoMuhammad

ThunnafsazZakiyyawhomalltheIslamicmovementssupportedatthattime.AlMansor addressedpeoplebysaying,Whatfordoyoudeceiveyourselves?ByAllah,youknowthatpeople donotbowtheirnecksorrespondtoanyonemorethantothisyoungmanhepointedat MuhammadbinAbdullah Peoplesaid,ByAllah,youaretrue.Weknowthis. TheAlawidsandtheAbbasidsbeganpayinghomagetoMuhammad.Fromamongthepeoplewho paidhomagewereAbulAbbasasSaffahandAbuJa'faralMansor.Themostenthusiasticonein servingandflatteringMuhammadwasalMansoradDawaniqi.Heledhis(Muhammads)camel andleveledhisclothesandsaid,HeistheMahdiofus,AhlulBayt.[1] ThehomageofalMansortoMuhammadwasoutofhypocrisy.Oneday,UthmanbinMuhammad azZubayriwasbroughttoalMansor[2]ascaptiveafterthefailureoftherevoltofMuhammad ThunnafsazZakiyya.AlMansorshoutedathim,OUthman,youhaverebelledagainstmewith Muhammad Uthman,whomockedatlifeandwasindifferenttodeath,repliedasafreeman,Iandyouhad paidhomagetohiminMecca;Icarriedoutmyhomageandyoubrokeyourhomage Thesewordswerelikeathunderboltontheheadofthistyrant.HeabusedUthmanandUthman repliedwiththesameandthenthetyrantorderedUthmantobekilledandhewaskilled.[3] [1]MaqatilatTalibiyeen. [2]AfterbeingthecaliphoftheAbbasid. [3]TareekhibnulAtheer. TheAbbasidhadunanimouslypaidhomagetoMuhammadThunnafsazZakiyyabuttheybroke theirhomageandkilledMuhammadandallhiscompanionsoftheAlawids. Seizingtheauthority TheAbbasidshadseizedtheauthorityfromtheAlawids.Theyinstructedtheirpropagandistatthe beginningoftherevolttoinvitetoImamarRedha(a.s)andtodeceivethemassescunninglythat thecaliphatewastherightofAhlulBayt(a.s)andnooneelsehadashareinit.Forthesakeofthis aim,Muslimssacrificedtheirdearsoulsandproperties.Muslimsbelievedandwerecertainthat noonewouldsaveandfreethemfromtheoppressionandinjusticeoftheUmayyadsexceptAhlul Bayt(a.s),thepeopleofjusticeandtruth. MirAlisays,ThewordofAhlulBayt(a.s)wasthemagicthatunitedtheheartsofthedifferent

classesofpeopleandgatheredthemaroundtheblackbanner[1] TheAbbasidshidunderthisshedthatunitedpassionsandfeelingsandbeganrepeatingthesame mottosthemassesannouncedthattherewouldbenorulerovertheMuslimsexceptImamar RedhaoftheProphetsprogeny.Thenationsetoutinitswaydestroyingthefortsofthe oppressorsandannihilatingtheirpropagandistsandarmies.Whenthevictorycame,theAbbasids crepttothethroneandoccupiedthepositionofAhlulBayt(a.s)androbbedtheeffortsofthe masses. AttheageofalMa'moon ImamalJawad(a.s)hadlivedmostofhislifeatthereignofalMa'moonandhelivednolongafter him.HistorianssawthatalMa'moonhadgreatandsincerelovetowardsImamalJawad(a.s). Therefore,hemarriedhisdaughterUmmulFadhltohim,giftedhimprofusely,caringtoomuchfor him,defendedhimandfearedforhimfromanymisfortune.Hesaidthathewanted,bydoing that,therewardofAllahandtorestorethekinshipthathisfathershadcut.AsIthinkthatthis careandglorificationwerenotoutofbelievingandsinceritytoImamalJawad(a.s)butoutof politicalmotivesasweshalldiscussinthefollowingchapters. However,wehavetostudythelifeofalMa'moontoknowhisbeliefsandintellectualtendencies andtoknowthetruthofhisglorificationtowardsImamalJawad(a.s)becauseithasaclose relationwithourstudyonthelifeofImamalJawad(a.s). TheaspectsandtendenciesofalMa'moon ThemostprominentaspectsandtendenciesofalMa'moonareasthefollowing: 1.Cunning TheIslamicdiplomacyintheAbbasidagedidnotknowoneclevererthanalMa'moonormore awarethanhiminthegeneralpoliticalaffairs.Hewasapoliticianfromthefirstclass.Withhis intelligenceandpoliticaltalentshecoulddefeatmanyterribleeventsthatafflictedhimandwere abouttoendhisruleandfinishoffhim.HecoulddoawaywithhisbrotheralAmeenwhowas supportedwidelybytheAbbasidfamilyandthecentralauthorities.Hecoulddefeatthe revolutionofAbuasSarayathatwasthegreatestmilitarymovementagainsthimandwhichgrew untilitcoveredmanyIslamicdistricts.TheaimofthisrevolutionwastheadvocatingforImamar

Redha(a.s)astherealandlegalruleroftheumma.ImamarRedha(a.s),whowasthechiefofthe Alawidfamily,wascarriedtoKhurasanbytheorderofalMa'moonwhoforcedhimtoacceptthe positionoftheheirapparent.Heinstructedallthebodiesofhisgovernmenttospreadthevirtues andexploitsofImamarRedha(a.s)everywhere.HecoinedmoneywiththenameofImamar Redha(a.s)andmadetherebelsandallthepublicmovementssupportingthembelievethathe (alMa'moon)wasseriousinhisdoingsuntiltheywerecertainthattherewouldbenoneedfor revoltingandsheddingbloodsafterImamarRedha(a.s)hadbeentheheirapparent.Inthisway hedefeatedtherevolutionanddidawaywithitseffects.Thisplanwasoneofthemostwonderful politicalplansintheworldthroughoutthestagesofhistory. 2.Severity SeveritywasoneoftheprominentqualitiesofalMa'moon.Hehadnomercyorkindness.He killedhisbrotheralAmeenwhenhisarmyhadoccupiedBaghdadandifhehadabitofmercy,he wouldnotkillhisbrother. AfterhehadkilledImamarRedha(a.s),hetreatedtheAlawidswithutmostseverityandviolence. HeinstructedhismentotortureorkilltheAlawidswhenevertheywerefound. 3.Treachery AnotherqualityofalMa'moonwastreachery.HehadappointedImamarRedha(a.s)ashisheir apparentandafterachievinghispoliticalpurposes,heinsertedpoisontohimandkilledhim. 4.Histendencyforamusementandplay Thetendencyforplayandamusementwasanelementofhislife.Nothingwasmorebelovedto himthanplayingthechess.[1]Hewasinterestedinchessthathehadcomposedsomeversesof poetrydescribingit.HisfatherarRasheedwasinterestedinchessandhehadgivenpawnsof chessasapresenttothekingofFranceandtheyarenowinoneofthemuseumsinFrance. AlMa'moonwasinterestedinsingingandmusic.HewastoointerestedinAbuIs~haqalMousili thesongsterwhowasoneofthebestandmostfamousmusiciansandsingersintheArabworld. AlMa'moonsaidaboutthissinger,Wheneverhesings,myincreasingscruplesthatcometome fromtheSatangetawayfromme.[2] Hepassedhisnightswithsinging,dancingandplayingthelutewhereasthementionofAllahdid notcometomindsinhispalacesduringthosenights. ClaimingShiism

AlMa'moonpretendedtobeaShiitethroughdoingsomethingsthatmademanyresearchers thinkthathewasfromtheShia.Hedidthefollowing: 1.GivingFadakbacktotheAlawids AlMa'moongaveFadak[3]backtotheAlawidsafterthepreviousgovernmentshadconfiscatedit intendingtoimposeeconomicalpunishmentsagainsttheAlawidsandkeepthemliveinpoverty and [1]AlIqdalFareed,vol.3p.254. [2]TheArabicCivilizationbyJackS.Risler,p.108. [3]Fadakwasaveryvast,fertilevillagethattheProphet(s)haddonatedtohisdaughterFatima (s).ItwasrichofdatePalmsandotherfruitfultrees. needinessandthusthegovernmentwouldbesafefromtheirresistance.Bydoingthisal Ma'moonhadrefreshedtheAlawidsandsavedthemfromtheireconomicalproblemsthathad struckthemseverely. 2.PreferringImamAlitoothercompanions AlMa'moonhaddoneadangerousdeed.HehadannouncedofficiallythepreferenceofImamAli (a.s),thepioneerofsocialjusticeintheearth,toallthecompanionsandhadalsoannouncedthe defamingandcriticizingofMoawiya. ThisactionwasoneofthemostimportantplansthatmadepeoplethinkalMa'moonwasShiite becauseallhispredecessorsusedtocurse,criticize,anddefameImamAli(a.s)andtheypreferred thecompanionstohim. 3.AppointingImamarRedhaastheheirapparent TherewasanotherthingduetowhichpeoplethoughtthatalMa'moonwasaShia.Itwashis appointingImamarRedha(a.s)ashisheirapparentandthushetookoutthecaliphatefromthe AbbasidstotheAlawids. Thesewerethemostimportantpointsthatthose,whothoughtalMa'moonwasaShia,reliedon. But,whenweponderonthematter,wefindthatalMa'moonwasneitheraShianorwashekind totheShia.Hedidthosethingsjusttofirmhispoliciesandachievehispurposes.Herearesome pointsthataffirmourthought:

First,alMa'moonhaddisagreedwiththeAbbasidfamilywhosetendencieswerewithhisbrother alAmeenbecausehismotherwasZubaydawhowasverygenerousandliberalandfromthevery AbbasidfamilywhilethemotherofalMa'moon,Marajil,wasfromtheservantsoftheAbbasid palace;therefore,theAbbasidsdespisedhimbecauseofhismother.Hence,alMa'moonby pretendingtobeaShiawantedtosubjugatehisfamily,theAbbasids,whowerethebitterest enemiesofAhlulBayt(a.s)andoftheirfollowers. Second,HewantedtodiscovertheShiaaftertheyhadbeenunknown totheAbbasidgovernments.Hewantedtoknowtheirnames,groupsandactivities.Someofficial documentsissuedbyhimprovedthismatter. Third,HewantedtodoawaywiththerevolutionarymovementthattheShiahadestablished undertheleadershipofAbuasSaraya.AlMa'moonsawthatthebestwaytodefeatthis movementandstopitsactivitieswasthroughbeingkindtotheShia.WithImamalJawad(a.s) Whatisimportanttothereaders,asIthink,isthestudyoftherelationbetweenImamalJawad (a.s)andalMa'moon,theextentofthatrelationandhisotheraffairswithhim. Thefirstmeeting ThefirstmeetingbetweenImamAbuJa'faralJawad(a.s)andalMa'moonwasinBaghdadwhen onedayalMa'moonwasgoingoutwithhistrainforhunting.Onhisway,hepassedbysome childrenamongwhomwasImamalJawad(a.s).WhenthechildrensawalMa'moonwithhis procession,theyranawayforfearofhimexceptImamalJawad(a.s).WhenalMa'moonsawhim, hestoppedaskinghimwhyhehadnotrunaway.ImamalJawad(a.s)repliedsowisely,Theway isnotnarrowsothatIwouldclearittoyouandIhavenoguilttofearfromyou.Ithinkthatyou donotharmonewhohasnoguilt. AlMa'moonwasastonishedatthisanswer.Hekeptonaskinghim,Whatisyourname? ImamalJawad(a.s)said,Muhammad. AlMa'moonasked,Sonofwhom? SonofAliarRedh,saidImamalJawad(a.s). AlMa'moonfoundthisexcessiveintelligencenotodd,forMuhammad(alJawad)wasfromthe houseoftheProphet(a.s),thesourceofthemissionandthecenterofknowledgeandsensein theearth.AlMa'moonprayedAllahtohavemercyonImamarRedha

(a.s)andwentonhistraveltowardsthedesertforhunting.Whenhearrivedintheplaceof hunting,hesetfreeafalconthatwaswithhim.Thefalcondisappearedandaftersomeperiodit camebackhavingalittlefish,whichwasstillalive,inhisbeak.AlMa'moonwasastonishedandhe wentbacktohispalace.HemetImamalJawad(a.s)againandaskedhim,OMuhammad,whatis thisinmyhand? ImamalJawad(a.s)replied,AllahtheAlmightyhascreatedintheseaofhispowersmallfishthat isfishedbythefalconsofthekingsandcaliphstotrywithittheprogenyofalMustafa(Prophet Muhammad). AlMa'mooncouldnothidehisadmirationandsaid,Indeed,youarethesonofarRedha!He tookImamalJawad(a.s)withhim,didhimgoodandexaggeratedinhonoringhim.[1]Thiswas thefirstmeetingbetweenImamalJawad(a.s)andalMa'moon. ThemarriageofImamalJawadtoalMa'moonsdaughter AllhistoriansmentionedthatalMa'moonlikedImamalJawad(a.s)togetmarriedtohisdaughter UmmulFadhl.ItwashewhohadaskedImamalJawad(a.s)tomarryhisdaughter.Thiswasthe secondrelationonthislevelbetweenthetwofamilies;theAlawidsandtheAbbasidsafterallthe basesofrelationandkinshipbetweenthemhadcometonothingduringthereignofthetyrantal MansoradDawaniqiwhosesonsfollowedhiminthiswayandkeptonpunishingtheAlawids severely. Themotivesofthismarriage HistoriansandnarratorsmentionedmanyreasonsthatmadealMa'moonmarryhisdaughterto ImamalJawad(a.s).Herearesomeofthem: [1]NooralAbsar,p.146,AkhbaradDuwal,p.116,alIttihafbihubilAshraf,p.64,BahralAnsab, vol.2p.19. 1.AlMa'moonsaidwhenintendingtomarryhisdaughtertoImamalJawad(a.s),Iliketobea grandfatherofonewhosefathersarethemessengerofAllahandAlibinAbuTalib. AsIthink,thiswasnottherealreasonbehindthismarriage,foralMa'moondidnotbelieveinthis factinthedepthofhisheart.Ifhehadbeentrue,hewouldnothaveassassinatedImamarRedha (a.s)andwouldnothaveinstructedthebodiesofhisgovernmenttochasetheAlawidsandkill them.

2.ThatwhichmadealMa'moondothatwashisadmiringthetalentsandgeniusofImamalJawad (a.s)whichwerewellknowntoeveryone.Thisopinionhasnotbeenevidenced. 3.HewantedtoshowthepublicthathewasinnocentofassassinatingImamarRedha(a.s),forif hehadkilledImamarRedha(a.s),hewouldnothavemarriedhisdaughtertothesonofImamar Redha(a.s). 4.HetriedtobeawareoftheactivitiesofImamalJawad(a.s)andknowhispoliticaltendencies, hisfollowersandsupportersthroughhisdaughterwhowouldbehis(ImamalJawads)wife. 5.PerhapsthemostimportantandmostseriousreasonwasthatalMa'moontried,throughthis marriage,totakeImamalJawad(a.s)tothefieldsofamusement,playanddiversiontodestroy theedificeofimamatewhichtheShiabelievedin.Themostimportantbasisofimamatewasthe infallibilityoftheimamandhisrefrainingfromcommittinganysinwhetherintendedlyor inattentively.Ofcourse,alMa'moonhadfailedtodothatbecauseImamalJawad(a.s)didnot respondtohiminanywayevenifhewouldlosehislife. But,whatexplainsallthatisthatwhichSheikhalKulaynihasmentioned.Hesays,AlMa'moon managedeverytrick[1]againstImamalJawad(a.s)buthefailed.Whenhewantedtomarryhis daughtertohim,hebroughttwohundredbeautifulmaidsandgave [1]HewantedImamalJawad(s)todrinkwithhimandtoenterwithhiminthefiledof debauchery(farbeheaboveallthat). eachoneofthemacupfullofjewelstoreceiveAbuJa'far(alJawad)whenhewouldsitinthe placeofnotables,butImamalJawad(a.s)didnotlookatthem. TherewasamanofalongbeardcalledMukhariq.Hewasasingerandheplayedtheluteand tambourine.AlMa'moonaskedhimtoplayandsingbeforeImamalJawad(a.s).Hedidfora periodandImamalJawad(a.s)lookedneithertotheleftnortotheright.Then,ImamalJawad (a.s)raisedhisheadandsaid,FearAllahOyoumanofthebeard!Thetambourineandthelute felldownfromthesingershandsandhecouldnotmakeuseofhishandsuntilhedied.Al Ma'moonaskedhimabouthisstateandhesaid,WhenAbuJa'farshoutedatme,Iwasfrightened thatIwouldnotrecoverforever.[1] ThisnarrationrevealedtheattemptsofalMa'moontodrawImamalJawad(a.s)tothefieldsof amusementanddiversion.HeofferedtohimallkindsofincitementandImamalJawad(a.s)was thenintheprimeofyouth,buthe,withhisgreatspiritualpowers,refrainedfromwhatAllahhad prohibitedandtherefore,hespoiledtheplansofalMa'moonthatintendedtodevoidthebeliefs oftheShiaintheinfallibilityoftheirimams.Itwasthisfactaswethinkthatwasthereasonfor

callingImamalJawad(a.s)asatTaqiy(Godfearing)becausehefearedAllahinthemostdifficult stagesandthereforeAllahhadsavedhimfromtheevilofalMa'moon.[2] ThefearoftheAbbasids TheAbbasidsfeltagreatfearwhentheyknewthatalMa'moonhadintendedtomarryhis daughtertoImamalJawad(a.s).Theyheldameetingthattheirnotablesandmenofconsultation hadattendedtodiscussthematterandthepossibilityoftransmittingthecaliphateandrulefrom theAbbasidstotheAlawids.Whentheyhaddiscussedthematterfromallsides,theydecidedto meetalMa'moonandshowhimtheirobjectiontowhathehadintendedtodo. [1]UsoolalKafi,vol.1p.494495. [2]BiharalAnwarandothersources. ThemeetingoftheAbbasidswithalMa'moon TheAbbasidswenttoalMa'moonandsaidtohim,OAmeerulMomineen,weadjureyouby AllahtogiveupmarryingyourdaughtertothesonofarRedha.Wefearyouwilltakeamatter thatAllahhasendoweduswithawayfromusandtakeoffanhonorfromusthatAllahhasputon us.Youhaveknownwhathasbeentherebetweenusandthesepeopleinthepastandnowand howthecaliphshaveexiledandmadelittleofthem.Weareinfearofwhatyouhavedonewith arRedha.WeaskyoubyAllahnottotakeusbacktoadistressthathadabatedfromus.Giveup yourintentionwiththesonofarRedhaandchooseonefromyourfamilywhowouldfitforthat betterthanothers TheAbbasidsputbeforealMa'moonthepointsthatprovokedemotions.Theyremindedhimof thespitesandenmitiesofhisfatherstowardstheAlawidsandthatwhichthepreviouscaliphshad donetothemsuchasexilingthemfromtheruleandgovernmentalpositionsandsubjectingthem toallkindsoftortureandpunishment.Theyaskedhimnottoturnawayfromthepathofhis fathersbecausethatwouldcausedangerstohisfamily.Nevertheless,alMa'moonpaidno attentiontothatandsaidtothem, AsforthatwhichisbetweenyouandthefamilyofAbuTalib(theAlawids),thefaultisyoursin that.Ifyouhavedonejusticetothem,itwouldhavebeenbettertoyoufortheyaretheclosestto you.Andasforthatwhichthosebeforemehaddonetothem,theyhadcutkinshipandIseekthe protectionofAllahfromthat.ByAllah,Ihavenotregrettedmyappointinghimasmyheir apparent.Ihadaskedhimtoundertakethematter(thecaliphate)andIwouldretirebuthe refused;andthecommandofAllahisadecreethatismadeabsolute.AndasforAbuJa'far MuhammadbinAli(alJawad),Ihavechosenhimbecauseheisthebestofallpeoplein knowledgeandvirtuethoughheisstillyoungandIhaveadmiredthisinhim.IhopethatwhichI

haveknowninhimwillappeartopeopleandthentheywillknowthatwhatIhavedoneisright AlMa'moonblamedtheAbbasidsforitwastheywhohadcuttherelationofkinshipwiththe Alawids.Iftheywerefairtothemselves,theywouldseethattheAlawidswereworthierofthe positionoftheProphet(a.s)thanthembecausetheywerehisprogenyandreligionhadbeenbuilt bytheirjihadandsacrifice.TheAbbasidshadnotofferedanyservicetoIslamortoMuslims,but whattheyhaddoneharmedIslamandtheMuslims. ThentheAbbasidsaskedalMa'moontoputoffthismarriageuntilImamalJawad(a.s)would growolderandbemoreawareofreligion. AlMa'moonrepliedtothem,Woeuntoyou!Iknowthisyoungmanmorethanyou.Heisfrom peopleofahousewhoseknowledgeisfromAllahWhohasinspiredthem.Hisfathershavebeen richintheknowledgeofreligionandsciencesandbeeninnoneedofimperfectpeople.Ifyoulike, youcantryAbuJa'fartodiscoverwhatIhavedescribedabouthim. AlMa'moonandtheAbbasidshadagreedontryingImamalJawad(a.s)thathemightfailto answerandthenhismarriagetothedaughterofalMa'moonwouldbeannulledbesidesthatthey wouldtakethatasameanstodevoidthebeliefoftheShiathattheimamwasthemostaware andmostvirtuousofallpeopleofhistime. TheAbbasidssaidtoalMa'moon,OAmeerulMomineen,weagreetotryhim.Letusalonewith himandweshallappointsomeonetoquestionhiminyourpresenceonsomethingsin jurisprudenceoftheSharia.Ifheanswerscorrectly,weshallhavenoobjectiontohismarriage andtheopinionofAmeerulMomineenwillappearrighttopeople,andifhefailstoanswerwe shallhavetherighttoobject.[1] TheAbbasidswentlookingforascientificpersonalitythatwouldbeabletotryImamalJawad (a.s)andconfutehim. [1]AlIrshad,p.359360. DelegatingYahyatotryImamalJawad(a.s) TheAbbasidshadagreedonchoosingYahyabinAktham,whowastheheadofthejudgesof Baghdadandoneoftheprominentjurisprudentsatthattime,totryImamAbuJa'far(a.s).They offeredtheirsuggestiontohimandtoldhimthattheywouldgivehimgreatmoniesifhetried ImamalJawad(a.s)andconfutedhim.Yahyarespondedtothemandlefttohishouselookingin thebooksofjurisprudenceandHadithforthemostcomplicatedquestionstotestImamalJawad (a.s)bythem.TheAbbasidswenttoalMa'moonandtoldhimthatYahyahadacceptedtheoffer

andtheyaskedhimtoassignadayforthetrial. ThequestionsofYahya Whenthedayofthetrialcame,theAbbasidshurriedtothepalaceofalMa'moon.Notables, scholarsandpeopleofallclassesattendedthemeeting.Itwasamemorableday.Thehallofthe meetingwasfullofpeople.ImamalJawad(a.s),whowasnineyearsandsomemonthsthen,took hisseatinthefrontofthemeetingasalMa'moonhadordered,Yahyasatbeforehimandal Ma'moonsatbesidehim. TheattendantsopenedtheirearsandYahyaaskedalMa'moonpermissiontobegintryingImam alJawad(a.s).YahyaturnedtowardsImamalJawad(a.s)andsaidtohim,Wouldyoupermitme mayIdieforyoutoaskyouaquestion? ImamalJawad(a.s)smiledathimsaying,Askwhateveryoulike. Yahyaasked,MayAllahmakemedieforyou!Whatdoyousayaboutamuhrim[1]whokilleda game? ImamalJawad(a.s)said,Didhekillthegamewhilebeinginhisihramornot?Washeawareof thatornot?Didhekillitintendedlyornot?Wasthemuhrimafreepersonoraslave?Washea childoranadult?Wasthegamefrombirdsorotherthanbirds?Wasityoungorgrownup?Did themuhriminsistonhisdoingorherepented?Wasitinthenightoratday?Wasthemuhrimin themajorhajjorintheminorhajj? [1]Amuhrimisoneinthestateofritualconsecrationatperformingthehajj. Yahyawasastonishedandconfusedandfailureappearedonhim.Hecouldnotimaginethese branchesonhisquestion.Loudcallsoftakbirandtahlil[1]filledthehall.Itwascleartotheallthat theimamsofAhlulBayt(a.s)werethesourceofknowledgeandwisdomandthatAllahhadgifted them,youngandold,withthatwhichHehadgiftedHisprophetsofperfectionandknowledge. ImamalJawad(a.s)haddividedthisquestionintothesebranches,althoughsomeofthemhad thesameverdictasifwhenthekillingoftheanimalwasinthenightoratday,toconfutethe opponentwhohadquestionedImamalJawad(a.s)justfortestingandnotforperceiving. WhenalMa'moonsawthatYahyahadfailed,heturnedtotheAbbasidsandsaid,Praisebeto Allahforthisblessingandforthesuccessfulnessofmyopiniondoyouknownowwhatyouhave denied?[2]

ItwascleartotheAbbasidsthatImamalJawad(a.s)hadanimportantpositionandhewasoneof thegreat(men)ofintellectandknowledgeinIslamanditwascleartothemthatalMa'moonsaid tothemthattheydidnotknowAhlulBayt(a.s). Engagement WhenYahyabinAkthamfailedandwasconfuted,andthetalentsofImamalJawad(a.s)andhis preferencetoallothers,despitehisyoungage,appearedclearlytotheattendantsofthemeeting, alMa'moonturnedtoImamalJawad(a.s)andsaid,OAbuJa'far,doyoupropose(tomy daughter)? ImamalJawad(a.s)showedacceptanceandthenalMa'moonsaidtohim,MayIdieforyou!I haveacceptedyou.ProposeandIwillmarrymydaughterUmmulFadhltoyouevenifsome peopleobjecttothat. [1]TakbirissayingAllahuAkbar:Allahisgreatandtahlilissayinglailahaillallah:thereisno godbutAllah.[2]AlIrshad,p.361,WassailashShia,vol.9p.187. ThenImamalJawad(a.s)madethespeechofengagementsaying,PraisebetoAllahas acknowledgmenttoHisblessing,andthereisnogodbutAllahasloyaltytoHisoneness,andthe blessingandpeaceofAllahbeonthemasterofHispeopleandthechoicefromhisprogeny.From thefavorofAllahonHispeopleisthatHehassatisfiedthemwithlawful(marriage)ratherthan unlawful(adultery).He,glorybetoHim,hassaid,(Andmarrythoseamongyouwhoaresingleand thosewhoarefitamongyourmaleslavesandyourfemaleslaves;iftheyareneedy,Allahwill makethemfreefromwantoutofHisgrace;andAllahisAmplegiving,Knowing).[1]Thus, MuhammadbinAlibinMusaproposestoUmmulFadhlthedaughterofAbdullahalMa'moonand offerstoheradowryasmuchasthedowryofhisgrandmotherFatimathedaughterof Muhammad;fivehundreddirhamsashorses.OAmeerulMomineen,doyouaccepttomarryyour daughtertomewiththisdowry? AlMa'moonsaid,Yes,Imarryhertoyou,OAbuJa'far,withthementioneddowry.Doyouaccept themarriage? ImamalJawad(a.s)said,Yes,Iacceptitandamsatisfiedwithit.[2] AlMa'moonorderedtheattendantswiththeirdifferentranksandclassestohaveseatsandnot toleavethemeeting.Then,tableswereservedforpeopletoeat.[3] Explainingthequestion

AlMa'moonaskedImamAbuJa'faralJawad(a.s)toexplainthepreviousquestionthatYahyahad askedhimabout.TheanswerofImamalJawad(a.s)hadbeennarratedintwoways.Inthefirst way,alHasanbinAlibinShubanarrated,asinTuhafalUqool,thatImamalJawad(a.s)said, [1]Qur'an,24:32. [2]AlIrshad,p.361362,WassailashShia,vol.8p.115.[3]AlIrshad,p.362. Ifamuhrimkillsagamewhilebeingfreefromhisihramandthegameisagrownupbird,hehas topayasheep[1]aspenance.Ifhedoesthatduringhisihram,thepenanceisdoubled.Ifhekillsa chickwhilebeingfreefromihram,hehastopayalambthatisweanedandhedoesnothaveto payitspricebecauseheisnotinihram.Ifhekillsitinhisihram,hehastopayalambandtheprice ofthechick.Ifthegameisfrombeasts,hehastopayacoworacamelforkillingazebraoran ostrichandifhecannotdothat,hehastogivefood(ameal)tosixtypoorpersonsandifhe cannotdothattoo,hehastofastforeighteendays.Ifhekillsacow,hehastopayacowandif cannotdothat,hehastofeedthirtypoorpersons,andifhecannotdothat,hehastofastfornine days.Ifthegamehekillsisanantelope,hehastopayasheepandifhecannot,hehastofeedten poorpersonsandifnot,hehastofastforthreedays.Ifhekillsthegamewhilebeinginihram,the penanceisdoubledasanofferingtobebroughttotheKaaba.Hemustslaughtertheanimal(of thepenance)inMinawherepeopleslaughtertheirsacrificesifheisinthegreathajjandhemust slaughteritinMeccaintheyardoftheKaabaifheisintheminorhajj.Heshouldpayitspriceas charitysoasthepenanceisdoubled.Inthesameway,ifhekillsarabbitorafox,hehasto slaughterasheepanditspriceascharity.IfhekillsapigeonfromthepigeonsoftheKaaba,hehas topayadirhamascharityandbuysomegrainstothepigeonsoftheKaabawithanotherdirham. Forayoungonehalfofadirhamispaidandforaneggaquarterofadirhamispaid.Whethera muhrimkillsagameknowinglyorunknowingly,intendedlyorunintendedlyhehastopaya penanceforit.Ifaslavecommitsthat,hismasterhastopaythepenance.Achildwhoisnotadult yet,doesnothavetopaypenance.Ifsomeoneguidesanotheronetoagameandthatgameis killed,hetoohastopayapenance.He,whokillsagame(duringhisihram)intendedlyandinsists onthat,shallbepunishedintheafterlifeevenafterpayingthepenanceinthislife.Arepentant one,afterpayingthepenance,shallnotbepunishedintheafterlifeforthat.Ifamuhrimkillsa gameinthenightorheisobligedtodothat,hedoesnothave [1]Toslaughteritanddistributeitsmeatamongtheneedy. topayapenanceexceptifheintendstohuntwhetherinthenightortheday;inthiscasehehas topaythepenance.Amuhriminthehajjhastoslaughtertheanimal(ofpenance)inMinawhere peopleslaughtertheirsacrificesandamuhrimintheminorhajjhastoslaughtertheanimalin Mecca. AlMa'moonorderedthisexplanationtobewrittendownandnarratedfromAbuJa'faralJawad

(a.s).Thenheturnedtohisrelatives,whohaddeniedmarryinghisdaughtertoImamalJawad (a.s),andsaidtothem,Cananyoneofyouanswerthisquestioninthisway? Theysaid,No,byAllahwecannoteventhejudgeOAmeerulMomineen,youaremoreawareof him(ofImamalJawad)thanweare. AlMa'moonsaidtothem,Haveyounotknownthatthepeopleofthishouse(AhlulBayt)are creaturesunliketherestofcreatures?HaveyounotknownthatthemessengerofAllah(peacebe uponhim)hadpaidhomagetoalHasanandalHusaynwhiletheywerechildrenyetandhehad notpaidhomagetoanychildotherthanthem?Haveyounotknownthattheirfather(alHasan andalHusaynsfather)AlihadbelievedinthemessengerofAllahwhenhewasjustnineyearsold andAllahandHismessengerhadacceptedhisfaithandnofaithofachildotherthanhimhad beenaccepted,andthemessengerofAllahhadnotprayAllahforachildotherthanhim?Have younotknownthattheyareaprogenyonefromtheotherandthatwhichthelastofthemhas(of knowledgeandvirtues)isasthatwhichthefirstofthemhashad?[1] Inthesecondwayofthenarration,SheikhalMufeedmentionedthatalMa'moonhadsaidtoAbu Ja'far(a.s),MayIdieforyou!Wouldyoupleasementionthejurisprudenceofwhatyouhave detailedsothatwewouldknowandmakeuseofit? [1]TuhafalUqool,p.452453,WassailashShia,vol.9p.188. AbuJa'far(a.s)said,Yes,ifamuhrimkillsagamewhilebeingoutofhisihramandthegameis fromgrownupbirds,hehastopay(slaughter)asheepaspenanceandifhekillsitduringhis ihram,thepenanceisdoubledtohim.Ifhekillsayoungbirdwhenbeingoutofhisihram,hehas topayalambthatisweanedandifhekillsitduringhisihram,hehastopayalambandtheprice oftheyoungbirdhehaskilled.Ifthegamebeingkilledisfrombeastssuchasazebra,the penanceisacowandifitisanostrich,thepenanceisacoworacamel.Ifitisadeer,thepenance isasheep.Ifhekillsanyoftheseanimalsduringhisihram,thepenanceisdoubledasofferingto theKaaba.Ifamuhrimkillsananimalduringthehajj,hehastoslaughtertheanimalofpenancein Minaandifhekillsananimalduringtheminorhajj,hehastoslaughtertheanimalofpenancein Mecca.Thispenancemustbecarriedoutwhetherthemuhrimwhokillsagameisawareor unawareoftheverdicts.Themuhrimwhokillsagameintendedlyshallbearthesinofhisdoing evenafterpayingthepenance.Apenanceofaslavehastobepaidbyhismaster.Thereisno penanceonchildreninthisconcernwhereasitisobligatoryonadults.Arepentantpersonshall notbepunished(forkillingagameduringihram)inthehereafterwhileoneinsistingonhisdoing shallbepunishedthen. Thefirstnarrationismoredetailedandcomprehensive.

AttheageofalMa'moon ImamalJawad(a.s)hadlivedmostofhislifeatthereignofalMa'moonandhelivednolongafter him.HistorianssawthatalMa'moonhadgreatandsincerelovetowardsImamalJawad(a.s). Therefore,hemarriedhisdaughterUmmulFadhltohim,giftedhimprofusely,caringtoomuchfor him,defendedhimandfearedforhimfromanymisfortune.Hesaidthathewanted,bydoing that,therewardofAllahandtorestorethekinshipthathisfathershadcut.AsIthinkthatthis careandglorificationwerenotoutofbelievingandsinceritytoImamalJawad(a.s)butoutof politicalmotivesasweshalldiscussinthefollowingchapters. However,wehavetostudythelifeofalMa'moontoknowhisbeliefsandintellectualtendencies andtoknowthetruthofhisglorificationtowardsImamalJawad(a.s)becauseithasaclose relationwithourstudyonthelifeofImamalJawad(a.s). TheaspectsandtendenciesofalMa'moon ThemostprominentaspectsandtendenciesofalMa'moonareasthefollowing: 1.Cunning TheIslamicdiplomacyintheAbbasidagedidnotknowoneclevererthanalMa'moonormore awarethanhiminthegeneralpoliticalaffairs.Hewasapoliticianfromthefirstclass.Withhis intelligenceandpoliticaltalentshecoulddefeatmanyterribleeventsthatafflictedhimandwere abouttoendhisruleandfinishoffhim.HecoulddoawaywithhisbrotheralAmeenwhowas supportedwidelybytheAbbasidfamilyandthecentralauthorities.Hecoulddefeatthe revolutionofAbuasSarayathatwasthegreatestmilitarymovementagainsthimandwhichgrew untilitcoveredmanyIslamicdistricts.TheaimofthisrevolutionwastheadvocatingforImamar Redha(a.s)astherealandlegalruleroftheumma.ImamarRedha(a.s),whowasthechiefofthe Alawidfamily,wascarriedtoKhurasanbytheorderofalMa'moonwhoforcedhimtoacceptthe positionoftheheirapparent.Heinstructedallthebodiesofhisgovernmenttospreadthevirtues andexploitsofImamarRedha(a.s)everywhere.HecoinedmoneywiththenameofImamar Redha(a.s)andmadetherebelsandallthepublicmovementssupportingthembelievethathe (alMa'moon)wasseriousinhisdoingsuntiltheywerecertainthattherewouldbenoneedfor revoltingandsheddingbloodsafterImamarRedha(a.s)hadbeentheheirapparent.Inthisway hedefeatedtherevolutionanddidawaywithitseffects.Thisplanwasoneofthemostwonderful politicalplansintheworldthroughoutthestagesofhistory.

2.Severity SeveritywasoneoftheprominentqualitiesofalMa'moon.Hehadnomercyorkindness.He killedhisbrotheralAmeenwhenhisarmyhadoccupiedBaghdadandifhehadabitofmercy,he wouldnotkillhisbrother. AfterhehadkilledImamarRedha(a.s),hetreatedtheAlawidswithutmostseverityandviolence. HeinstructedhismentotortureorkilltheAlawidswhenevertheywerefound. 3.Treachery AnotherqualityofalMa'moonwastreachery.HehadappointedImamarRedha(a.s)ashisheir apparentandafterachievinghispoliticalpurposes,heinsertedpoisontohimandkilledhim. 4.Histendencyforamusementandplay Thetendencyforplayandamusementwasanelementofhislife.Nothingwasmorebelovedto himthanplayingthechess.[1]Hewasinterestedinchessthathehadcomposedsomeversesof poetrydescribingit.HisfatherarRasheedwasinterestedinchessandhehadgivenpawnsof chessasapresenttothekingofFranceandtheyarenowinoneofthemuseumsinFrance. AlMa'moonwasinterestedinsingingandmusic.HewastoointerestedinAbuIs~haqalMousili thesongsterwhowasoneofthebestandmostfamousmusiciansandsingersintheArabworld. AlMa'moonsaidaboutthissinger,Wheneverhesings,myincreasingscruplesthatcometome fromtheSatangetawayfromme.[2] Hepassedhisnightswithsinging,dancingandplayingthelutewhereasthementionofAllahdid notcometomindsinhispalacesduringthosenights. ClaimingShiism AlMa'moonpretendedtobeaShiitethroughdoingsomethingsthatmademanyresearchers thinkthathewasfromtheShia.Hedidthefollowing: 1.GivingFadakbacktotheAlawids AlMa'moongaveFadak[3]backtotheAlawidsafterthepreviousgovernmentshadconfiscatedit intendingtoimposeeconomicalpunishmentsagainsttheAlawidsandkeepthemliveinpoverty and

[1]AlIqdalFareed,vol.3p.254. [2]TheArabicCivilizationbyJackS.Risler,p.108. [3]Fadakwasaveryvast,fertilevillagethattheProphet(s)haddonatedtohisdaughterFatima (s).ItwasrichofdatePalmsandotherfruitfultrees. needinessandthusthegovernmentwouldbesafefromtheirresistance.Bydoingthisal Ma'moonhadrefreshedtheAlawidsandsavedthemfromtheireconomicalproblemsthathad struckthemseverely. 2.PreferringImamAlitoothercompanions AlMa'moonhaddoneadangerousdeed.HehadannouncedofficiallythepreferenceofImamAli (a.s),thepioneerofsocialjusticeintheearth,toallthecompanionsandhadalsoannouncedthe defamingandcriticizingofMoawiya. ThisactionwasoneofthemostimportantplansthatmadepeoplethinkalMa'moonwasShiite becauseallhispredecessorsusedtocurse,criticize,anddefameImamAli(a.s)andtheypreferred thecompanionstohim. 3.AppointingImamarRedhaastheheirapparent TherewasanotherthingduetowhichpeoplethoughtthatalMa'moonwasaShia.Itwashis appointingImamarRedha(a.s)ashisheirapparentandthushetookoutthecaliphatefromthe AbbasidstotheAlawids. Thesewerethemostimportantpointsthatthose,whothoughtalMa'moonwasaShia,reliedon. But,whenweponderonthematter,wefindthatalMa'moonwasneitheraShianorwashekind totheShia.Hedidthosethingsjusttofirmhispoliciesandachievehispurposes.Herearesome pointsthataffirmourthought: First,alMa'moonhaddisagreedwiththeAbbasidfamilywhosetendencieswerewithhisbrother alAmeenbecausehismotherwasZubaydawhowasverygenerousandliberalandfromthevery AbbasidfamilywhilethemotherofalMa'moon,Marajil,wasfromtheservantsoftheAbbasid palace;therefore,theAbbasidsdespisedhimbecauseofhismother.Hence,alMa'moonby pretendingtobeaShiawantedtosubjugatehisfamily,theAbbasids,whowerethebitterest enemiesofAhlulBayt(a.s)andoftheirfollowers. Second,HewantedtodiscovertheShiaaftertheyhadbeenunknown totheAbbasidgovernments.Hewantedtoknowtheirnames,groupsandactivities.Someofficial

documentsissuedbyhimprovedthismatter. Third,HewantedtodoawaywiththerevolutionarymovementthattheShiahadestablished undertheleadershipofAbuasSaraya.AlMa'moonsawthatthebestwaytodefeatthis movementandstopitsactivitieswasthroughbeingkindtotheShia.WithImamalJawad(a.s) Whatisimportanttothereaders,asIthink,isthestudyoftherelationbetweenImamalJawad (a.s)andalMa'moon,theextentofthatrelationandhisotheraffairswithhim. Thefirstmeeting ThefirstmeetingbetweenImamAbuJa'faralJawad(a.s)andalMa'moonwasinBaghdadwhen onedayalMa'moonwasgoingoutwithhistrainforhunting.Onhisway,hepassedbysome childrenamongwhomwasImamalJawad(a.s).WhenthechildrensawalMa'moonwithhis procession,theyranawayforfearofhimexceptImamalJawad(a.s).WhenalMa'moonsawhim, hestoppedaskinghimwhyhehadnotrunaway.ImamalJawad(a.s)repliedsowisely,Theway isnotnarrowsothatIwouldclearittoyouandIhavenoguilttofearfromyou.Ithinkthatyou donotharmonewhohasnoguilt. AlMa'moonwasastonishedatthisanswer.Hekeptonaskinghim,Whatisyourname? ImamalJawad(a.s)said,Muhammad. AlMa'moonasked,Sonofwhom? SonofAliarRedh,saidImamalJawad(a.s). AlMa'moonfoundthisexcessiveintelligencenotodd,forMuhammad(alJawad)wasfromthe houseoftheProphet(a.s),thesourceofthemissionandthecenterofknowledgeandsensein theearth.AlMa'moonprayedAllahtohavemercyonImamarRedha (a.s)andwentonhistraveltowardsthedesertforhunting.Whenhearrivedintheplaceof hunting,hesetfreeafalconthatwaswithhim.Thefalcondisappearedandaftersomeperiodit camebackhavingalittlefish,whichwasstillalive,inhisbeak.AlMa'moonwasastonishedandhe wentbacktohispalace.HemetImamalJawad(a.s)againandaskedhim,OMuhammad,whatis thisinmyhand? ImamalJawad(a.s)replied,AllahtheAlmightyhascreatedintheseaofhispowersmallfishthat isfishedbythefalconsofthekingsandcaliphstotrywithittheprogenyofalMustafa(Prophet Muhammad).

AlMa'mooncouldnothidehisadmirationandsaid,Indeed,youarethesonofarRedha!He tookImamalJawad(a.s)withhim,didhimgoodandexaggeratedinhonoringhim.[1]Thiswas thefirstmeetingbetweenImamalJawad(a.s)andalMa'moon. ThemarriageofImamalJawadtoalMa'moonsdaughter AllhistoriansmentionedthatalMa'moonlikedImamalJawad(a.s)togetmarriedtohisdaughter UmmulFadhl.ItwashewhohadaskedImamalJawad(a.s)tomarryhisdaughter.Thiswasthe secondrelationonthislevelbetweenthetwofamilies;theAlawidsandtheAbbasidsafterallthe basesofrelationandkinshipbetweenthemhadcometonothingduringthereignofthetyrantal MansoradDawaniqiwhosesonsfollowedhiminthiswayandkeptonpunishingtheAlawids severely. Themotivesofthismarriage HistoriansandnarratorsmentionedmanyreasonsthatmadealMa'moonmarryhisdaughterto ImamalJawad(a.s).Herearesomeofthem: [1]NooralAbsar,p.146,AkhbaradDuwal,p.116,alIttihafbihubilAshraf,p.64,BahralAnsab, vol.2p.19. 1.AlMa'moonsaidwhenintendingtomarryhisdaughtertoImamalJawad(a.s),Iliketobea grandfatherofonewhosefathersarethemessengerofAllahandAlibinAbuTalib. AsIthink,thiswasnottherealreasonbehindthismarriage,foralMa'moondidnotbelieveinthis factinthedepthofhisheart.Ifhehadbeentrue,hewouldnothaveassassinatedImamarRedha (a.s)andwouldnothaveinstructedthebodiesofhisgovernmenttochasetheAlawidsandkill them. 2.ThatwhichmadealMa'moondothatwashisadmiringthetalentsandgeniusofImamalJawad (a.s)whichwerewellknowntoeveryone.Thisopinionhasnotbeenevidenced. 3.HewantedtoshowthepublicthathewasinnocentofassassinatingImamarRedha(a.s),forif hehadkilledImamarRedha(a.s),hewouldnothavemarriedhisdaughtertothesonofImamar Redha(a.s). 4.HetriedtobeawareoftheactivitiesofImamalJawad(a.s)andknowhispoliticaltendencies, hisfollowersandsupportersthroughhisdaughterwhowouldbehis(ImamalJawads)wife.

5.PerhapsthemostimportantandmostseriousreasonwasthatalMa'moontried,throughthis marriage,totakeImamalJawad(a.s)tothefieldsofamusement,playanddiversiontodestroy theedificeofimamatewhichtheShiabelievedin.Themostimportantbasisofimamatewasthe infallibilityoftheimamandhisrefrainingfromcommittinganysinwhetherintendedlyor inattentively.Ofcourse,alMa'moonhadfailedtodothatbecauseImamalJawad(a.s)didnot respondtohiminanywayevenifhewouldlosehislife. But,whatexplainsallthatisthatwhichSheikhalKulaynihasmentioned.Hesays,AlMa'moon managedeverytrick[1]againstImamalJawad(a.s)buthefailed.Whenhewantedtomarryhis daughtertohim,hebroughttwohundredbeautifulmaidsandgave [1]HewantedImamalJawad(s)todrinkwithhimandtoenterwithhiminthefiledof debauchery(farbeheaboveallthat). eachoneofthemacupfullofjewelstoreceiveAbuJa'far(alJawad)whenhewouldsitinthe placeofnotables,butImamalJawad(a.s)didnotlookatthem. TherewasamanofalongbeardcalledMukhariq.Hewasasingerandheplayedtheluteand tambourine.AlMa'moonaskedhimtoplayandsingbeforeImamalJawad(a.s).Hedidfora periodandImamalJawad(a.s)lookedneithertotheleftnortotheright.Then,ImamalJawad (a.s)raisedhisheadandsaid,FearAllahOyoumanofthebeard!Thetambourineandthelute felldownfromthesingershandsandhecouldnotmakeuseofhishandsuntilhedied.Al Ma'moonaskedhimabouthisstateandhesaid,WhenAbuJa'farshoutedatme,Iwasfrightened thatIwouldnotrecoverforever.[1] ThisnarrationrevealedtheattemptsofalMa'moontodrawImamalJawad(a.s)tothefieldsof amusementanddiversion.HeofferedtohimallkindsofincitementandImamalJawad(a.s)was thenintheprimeofyouth,buthe,withhisgreatspiritualpowers,refrainedfromwhatAllahhad prohibitedandtherefore,hespoiledtheplansofalMa'moonthatintendedtodevoidthebeliefs oftheShiaintheinfallibilityoftheirimams.Itwasthisfactaswethinkthatwasthereasonfor callingImamalJawad(a.s)asatTaqiy(Godfearing)becausehefearedAllahinthemostdifficult stagesandthereforeAllahhadsavedhimfromtheevilofalMa'moon.[2] ThefearoftheAbbasids TheAbbasidsfeltagreatfearwhentheyknewthatalMa'moonhadintendedtomarryhis daughtertoImamalJawad(a.s).Theyheldameetingthattheirnotablesandmenofconsultation hadattendedtodiscussthematterandthepossibilityoftransmittingthecaliphateandrulefrom theAbbasidstotheAlawids.Whentheyhaddiscussedthematterfromallsides,theydecidedto meetalMa'moonandshowhimtheirobjectiontowhathehadintendedtodo.

[1]UsoolalKafi,vol.1p.494495. [2]BiharalAnwarandothersources. ThemeetingoftheAbbasidswithalMa'moon TheAbbasidswenttoalMa'moonandsaidtohim,OAmeerulMomineen,weadjureyouby AllahtogiveupmarryingyourdaughtertothesonofarRedha.Wefearyouwilltakeamatter thatAllahhasendoweduswithawayfromusandtakeoffanhonorfromusthatAllahhasputon us.Youhaveknownwhathasbeentherebetweenusandthesepeopleinthepastandnowand howthecaliphshaveexiledandmadelittleofthem.Weareinfearofwhatyouhavedonewith arRedha.WeaskyoubyAllahnottotakeusbacktoadistressthathadabatedfromus.Giveup yourintentionwiththesonofarRedhaandchooseonefromyourfamilywhowouldfitforthat betterthanothers TheAbbasidsputbeforealMa'moonthepointsthatprovokedemotions.Theyremindedhimof thespitesandenmitiesofhisfatherstowardstheAlawidsandthatwhichthepreviouscaliphshad donetothemsuchasexilingthemfromtheruleandgovernmentalpositionsandsubjectingthem toallkindsoftortureandpunishment.Theyaskedhimnottoturnawayfromthepathofhis fathersbecausethatwouldcausedangerstohisfamily.Nevertheless,alMa'moonpaidno attentiontothatandsaidtothem, AsforthatwhichisbetweenyouandthefamilyofAbuTalib(theAlawids),thefaultisyoursin that.Ifyouhavedonejusticetothem,itwouldhavebeenbettertoyoufortheyaretheclosestto you.Andasforthatwhichthosebeforemehaddonetothem,theyhadcutkinshipandIseekthe protectionofAllahfromthat.ByAllah,Ihavenotregrettedmyappointinghimasmyheir apparent.Ihadaskedhimtoundertakethematter(thecaliphate)andIwouldretirebuthe refused;andthecommandofAllahisadecreethatismadeabsolute.AndasforAbuJa'far MuhammadbinAli(alJawad),Ihavechosenhimbecauseheisthebestofallpeoplein knowledgeandvirtuethoughheisstillyoungandIhaveadmiredthisinhim.IhopethatwhichI haveknowninhimwillappeartopeopleandthentheywillknowthatwhatIhavedoneisright AlMa'moonblamedtheAbbasidsforitwastheywhohadcuttherelationofkinshipwiththe Alawids.Iftheywerefairtothemselves,theywouldseethattheAlawidswereworthierofthe positionoftheProphet(a.s)thanthembecausetheywerehisprogenyandreligionhadbeenbuilt bytheirjihadandsacrifice.TheAbbasidshadnotofferedanyservicetoIslamortoMuslims,but whattheyhaddoneharmedIslamandtheMuslims. ThentheAbbasidsaskedalMa'moontoputoffthismarriageuntilImamalJawad(a.s)would growolderandbemoreawareofreligion.

AlMa'moonrepliedtothem,Woeuntoyou!Iknowthisyoungmanmorethanyou.Heisfrom peopleofahousewhoseknowledgeisfromAllahWhohasinspiredthem.Hisfathershavebeen richintheknowledgeofreligionandsciencesandbeeninnoneedofimperfectpeople.Ifyoulike, youcantryAbuJa'fartodiscoverwhatIhavedescribedabouthim. AlMa'moonandtheAbbasidshadagreedontryingImamalJawad(a.s)thathemightfailto answerandthenhismarriagetothedaughterofalMa'moonwouldbeannulledbesidesthatthey wouldtakethatasameanstodevoidthebeliefoftheShiathattheimamwasthemostaware andmostvirtuousofallpeopleofhistime. TheAbbasidssaidtoalMa'moon,OAmeerulMomineen,weagreetotryhim.Letusalonewith himandweshallappointsomeonetoquestionhiminyourpresenceonsomethingsin jurisprudenceoftheSharia.Ifheanswerscorrectly,weshallhavenoobjectiontohismarriage andtheopinionofAmeerulMomineenwillappearrighttopeople,andifhefailstoanswerwe shallhavetherighttoobject.[1] TheAbbasidswentlookingforascientificpersonalitythatwouldbeabletotryImamalJawad (a.s)andconfutehim. [1]AlIrshad,p.359360. DelegatingYahyatotryImamalJawad(a.s) TheAbbasidshadagreedonchoosingYahyabinAktham,whowastheheadofthejudgesof Baghdadandoneoftheprominentjurisprudentsatthattime,totryImamAbuJa'far(a.s).They offeredtheirsuggestiontohimandtoldhimthattheywouldgivehimgreatmoniesifhetried ImamalJawad(a.s)andconfutedhim.Yahyarespondedtothemandlefttohishouselookingin thebooksofjurisprudenceandHadithforthemostcomplicatedquestionstotestImamalJawad (a.s)bythem.TheAbbasidswenttoalMa'moonandtoldhimthatYahyahadacceptedtheoffer andtheyaskedhimtoassignadayforthetrial. ThequestionsofYahya Whenthedayofthetrialcame,theAbbasidshurriedtothepalaceofalMa'moon.Notables, scholarsandpeopleofallclassesattendedthemeeting.Itwasamemorableday.Thehallofthe meetingwasfullofpeople.ImamalJawad(a.s),whowasnineyearsandsomemonthsthen,took hisseatinthefrontofthemeetingasalMa'moonhadordered,Yahyasatbeforehimandal Ma'moonsatbesidehim.

TheattendantsopenedtheirearsandYahyaaskedalMa'moonpermissiontobegintryingImam alJawad(a.s).YahyaturnedtowardsImamalJawad(a.s)andsaidtohim,Wouldyoupermitme mayIdieforyoutoaskyouaquestion? ImamalJawad(a.s)smiledathimsaying,Askwhateveryoulike. Yahyaasked,MayAllahmakemedieforyou!Whatdoyousayaboutamuhrim[1]whokilleda game? ImamalJawad(a.s)said,Didhekillthegamewhilebeinginhisihramornot?Washeawareof thatornot?Didhekillitintendedlyornot?Wasthemuhrimafreepersonoraslave?Washea childoranadult?Wasthegamefrombirdsorotherthanbirds?Wasityoungorgrownup?Did themuhriminsistonhisdoingorherepented?Wasitinthenightoratday?Wasthemuhrimin themajorhajjorintheminorhajj? [1]Amuhrimisoneinthestateofritualconsecrationatperformingthehajj. Yahyawasastonishedandconfusedandfailureappearedonhim.Hecouldnotimaginethese branchesonhisquestion.Loudcallsoftakbirandtahlil[1]filledthehall.Itwascleartotheallthat theimamsofAhlulBayt(a.s)werethesourceofknowledgeandwisdomandthatAllahhadgifted them,youngandold,withthatwhichHehadgiftedHisprophetsofperfectionandknowledge. ImamalJawad(a.s)haddividedthisquestionintothesebranches,althoughsomeofthemhad thesameverdictasifwhenthekillingoftheanimalwasinthenightoratday,toconfutethe opponentwhohadquestionedImamalJawad(a.s)justfortestingandnotforperceiving. WhenalMa'moonsawthatYahyahadfailed,heturnedtotheAbbasidsandsaid,Praisebeto Allahforthisblessingandforthesuccessfulnessofmyopiniondoyouknownowwhatyouhave denied?[2] ItwascleartotheAbbasidsthatImamalJawad(a.s)hadanimportantpositionandhewasoneof thegreat(men)ofintellectandknowledgeinIslamanditwascleartothemthatalMa'moonsaid tothemthattheydidnotknowAhlulBayt(a.s). Engagement WhenYahyabinAkthamfailedandwasconfuted,andthetalentsofImamalJawad(a.s)andhis preferencetoallothers,despitehisyoungage,appearedclearlytotheattendantsofthemeeting, alMa'moonturnedtoImamalJawad(a.s)andsaid,OAbuJa'far,doyoupropose(tomy daughter)?

ImamalJawad(a.s)showedacceptanceandthenalMa'moonsaidtohim,MayIdieforyou!I haveacceptedyou.ProposeandIwillmarrymydaughterUmmulFadhltoyouevenifsome peopleobjecttothat. [1]TakbirissayingAllahuAkbar:Allahisgreatandtahlilissayinglailahaillallah:thereisno godbutAllah.[2]AlIrshad,p.361,WassailashShia,vol.9p.187. ThenImamalJawad(a.s)madethespeechofengagementsaying,PraisebetoAllahas acknowledgmenttoHisblessing,andthereisnogodbutAllahasloyaltytoHisoneness,andthe blessingandpeaceofAllahbeonthemasterofHispeopleandthechoicefromhisprogeny.From thefavorofAllahonHispeopleisthatHehassatisfiedthemwithlawful(marriage)ratherthan unlawful(adultery).He,glorybetoHim,hassaid,(Andmarrythoseamongyouwhoaresingleand thosewhoarefitamongyourmaleslavesandyourfemaleslaves;iftheyareneedy,Allahwill makethemfreefromwantoutofHisgrace;andAllahisAmplegiving,Knowing).[1]Thus, MuhammadbinAlibinMusaproposestoUmmulFadhlthedaughterofAbdullahalMa'moonand offerstoheradowryasmuchasthedowryofhisgrandmotherFatimathedaughterof Muhammad;fivehundreddirhamsashorses.OAmeerulMomineen,doyouaccepttomarryyour daughtertomewiththisdowry? AlMa'moonsaid,Yes,Imarryhertoyou,OAbuJa'far,withthementioneddowry.Doyouaccept themarriage? ImamalJawad(a.s)said,Yes,Iacceptitandamsatisfiedwithit.[2] AlMa'moonorderedtheattendantswiththeirdifferentranksandclassestohaveseatsandnot toleavethemeeting.Then,tableswereservedforpeopletoeat.[3] Explainingthequestion AlMa'moonaskedImamAbuJa'faralJawad(a.s)toexplainthepreviousquestionthatYahyahad askedhimabout.TheanswerofImamalJawad(a.s)hadbeennarratedintwoways.Inthefirst way,alHasanbinAlibinShubanarrated,asinTuhafalUqool,thatImamalJawad(a.s)said, [1]Qur'an,24:32. [2]AlIrshad,p.361362,WassailashShia,vol.8p.115.[3]AlIrshad,p.362. Ifamuhrimkillsagamewhilebeingfreefromhisihramandthegameisagrownupbird,hehas topayasheep[1]aspenance.Ifhedoesthatduringhisihram,thepenanceisdoubled.Ifhekillsa chickwhilebeingfreefromihram,hehastopayalambthatisweanedandhedoesnothaveto

payitspricebecauseheisnotinihram.Ifhekillsitinhisihram,hehastopayalambandtheprice ofthechick.Ifthegameisfrombeasts,hehastopayacoworacamelforkillingazebraoran ostrichandifhecannotdothat,hehastogivefood(ameal)tosixtypoorpersonsandifhe cannotdothattoo,hehastofastforeighteendays.Ifhekillsacow,hehastopayacowandif cannotdothat,hehastofeedthirtypoorpersons,andifhecannotdothat,hehastofastfornine days.Ifthegamehekillsisanantelope,hehastopayasheepandifhecannot,hehastofeedten poorpersonsandifnot,hehastofastforthreedays.Ifhekillsthegamewhilebeinginihram,the penanceisdoubledasanofferingtobebroughttotheKaaba.Hemustslaughtertheanimal(of thepenance)inMinawherepeopleslaughtertheirsacrificesifheisinthegreathajjandhemust slaughteritinMeccaintheyardoftheKaabaifheisintheminorhajj.Heshouldpayitspriceas charitysoasthepenanceisdoubled.Inthesameway,ifhekillsarabbitorafox,hehasto slaughterasheepanditspriceascharity.IfhekillsapigeonfromthepigeonsoftheKaaba,hehas topayadirhamascharityandbuysomegrainstothepigeonsoftheKaabawithanotherdirham. Forayoungonehalfofadirhamispaidandforaneggaquarterofadirhamispaid.Whethera muhrimkillsagameknowinglyorunknowingly,intendedlyorunintendedlyhehastopaya penanceforit.Ifaslavecommitsthat,hismasterhastopaythepenance.Achildwhoisnotadult yet,doesnothavetopaypenance.Ifsomeoneguidesanotheronetoagameandthatgameis killed,hetoohastopayapenance.He,whokillsagame(duringhisihram)intendedlyandinsists onthat,shallbepunishedintheafterlifeevenafterpayingthepenanceinthislife.Arepentant one,afterpayingthepenance,shallnotbepunishedintheafterlifeforthat.Ifamuhrimkillsa gameinthenightorheisobligedtodothat,hedoesnothave [1]Toslaughteritanddistributeitsmeatamongtheneedy. topayapenanceexceptifheintendstohuntwhetherinthenightortheday;inthiscasehehas topaythepenance.Amuhriminthehajjhastoslaughtertheanimal(ofpenance)inMinawhere peopleslaughtertheirsacrificesandamuhrimintheminorhajjhastoslaughtertheanimalin Mecca. AlMa'moonorderedthisexplanationtobewrittendownandnarratedfromAbuJa'faralJawad (a.s).Thenheturnedtohisrelatives,whohaddeniedmarryinghisdaughtertoImamalJawad (a.s),andsaidtothem,Cananyoneofyouanswerthisquestioninthisway? Theysaid,No,byAllahwecannoteventhejudgeOAmeerulMomineen,youaremoreawareof him(ofImamalJawad)thanweare. AlMa'moonsaidtothem,Haveyounotknownthatthepeopleofthishouse(AhlulBayt)are creaturesunliketherestofcreatures?HaveyounotknownthatthemessengerofAllah(peacebe uponhim)hadpaidhomagetoalHasanandalHusaynwhiletheywerechildrenyetandhehad notpaidhomagetoanychildotherthanthem?Haveyounotknownthattheirfather(alHasan

andalHusaynsfather)AlihadbelievedinthemessengerofAllahwhenhewasjustnineyearsold andAllahandHismessengerhadacceptedhisfaithandnofaithofachildotherthanhimhad beenaccepted,andthemessengerofAllahhadnotprayAllahforachildotherthanhim?Have younotknownthattheyareaprogenyonefromtheotherandthatwhichthelastofthemhas(of knowledgeandvirtues)isasthatwhichthefirstofthemhashad?[1] Inthesecondwayofthenarration,SheikhalMufeedmentionedthatalMa'moonhadsaidtoAbu Ja'far(a.s),MayIdieforyou!Wouldyoupleasementionthejurisprudenceofwhatyouhave detailedsothatwewouldknowandmakeuseofit? [1]TuhafalUqool,p.452453,WassailashShia,vol.9p.188. AbuJa'far(a.s)said,Yes,ifamuhrimkillsagamewhilebeingoutofhisihramandthegameis fromgrownupbirds,hehastopay(slaughter)asheepaspenanceandifhekillsitduringhis ihram,thepenanceisdoubledtohim.Ifhekillsayoungbirdwhenbeingoutofhisihram,hehas topayalambthatisweanedandifhekillsitduringhisihram,hehastopayalambandtheprice oftheyoungbirdhehaskilled.Ifthegamebeingkilledisfrombeastssuchasazebra,the penanceisacowandifitisanostrich,thepenanceisacoworacamel.Ifitisadeer,thepenance isasheep.Ifhekillsanyoftheseanimalsduringhisihram,thepenanceisdoubledasofferingto theKaaba.Ifamuhrimkillsananimalduringthehajj,hehastoslaughtertheanimalofpenancein Minaandifhekillsananimalduringtheminorhajj,hehastoslaughtertheanimalofpenancein Mecca.Thispenancemustbecarriedoutwhetherthemuhrimwhokillsagameisawareor unawareoftheverdicts.Themuhrimwhokillsagameintendedlyshallbearthesinofhisdoing evenafterpayingthepenance.Apenanceofaslavehastobepaidbyhismaster.Thereisno penanceonchildreninthisconcernwhereasitisobligatoryonadults.Arepentantpersonshall notbepunished(forkillingagameduringihram)inthehereafterwhileoneinsistingonhisdoing shallbepunishedthen. Thefirstnarrationismoredetailedandcomprehensive. ImamalJawadaskingYahay AlMa'moonaskedImamalJawad(a.s)toquestionYahyabinAktham.ImamalJawad(a.s)turned toYahyaandsaidtohim,MayIaskyou? Yahaysaidpolitely,Itisuptoyou,mayIdieforyou!Imayknowtheanswertoyourquestion;

otherwise,Ishallbenefitfromyou. ImamalJawad(a.s)askedYahayaquestionthatwassomehowlikeariddlebutYahyacouldnot answerit.WhenImamalJawad(a.s)gavetheanswerclearly,theattendantswereastonishedat hisintelligencewhilehewassoyoungyet. AlMa'moonsaidtohisfamily,Cananyoneofyouanswerthisquestionwiththisanswerorput forthsuchaquestion? Theyallsaid,No,byAllah!AmeerulMomineenismoreawareofwhathesees.[1] Giftsontheoccasionofmarriage Ontheseconddayafterconcludingthebondofmarriage,peoplecametothepalaceofal Ma'moon.Attheheadthereweretheleadersofthearmy,theofficialsofthegovernmentandthe otherclassesofpeople.TheycametooffercongratulationstoImamalJawad(a.s)andal Ma'moononthishappyoccasion.AlMa'moonorderedthedonationsandgiftstobebrought. Threesilvertraysfullofsmallballsofmuskandsaffronwerebrought.Insidetheballstherewere piecesofpaperinwhichprizesofpreciousdonationswerewritten.AlMa'moonorderedthese ballstobescatteredonhistrainandothergiftstobescatteredontheleadersandtheother attendants.Peoplelefttakingwiththempreciousprizesandgifts.Andthen,alMa'moongave charitiestoallpoorpeople.[2] ThemasseshonoringImamalJawad DuringhisresidenceinBaghdad,ImamalJawad(a.s)wassurroundedwithahaloofhonoringand glorificationandpeoplegatheredaroundhimseeinginhimanaturalcontinuationofhispure fatherswhohadlitlifewiththeessenceofIslamandthetruthoffaith.WhenImamalJawad(a.s) walkedinthestreet,peoplelinedupgreetinghimwithtakbirandtahlilandcallingout,Thisisthe sonofImamarRedha. AlQassimbinAbdurrahman,whowasaZaydite,said,Oneday,IwenttoBaghdad.Isawpeople lookforwardandstopincrowds.Iaskedwhatthatwasanditwassaidtomethatitwastheson ofarRedha.Isaidtomyself,ByAllah,Imustseehim.Hecameridingonamule.Icursed(with myself)thosewhobelievedinimamatewheretheysaidthatAllahhadmadeitobligatorytoobey thisman. [1]AlIrshad,p.363. [2]AlIrshad,p.363,WassailashShia,vol.14p.519.

ImamalJawadlookedatme,cametowardsmeandsaid,OQassimbinAbdurrahman,(Isita mortalman,aloneamongus,thatwearetofollow?Thenindeedweshouldfallintoerrorand madness).IwasastonishedwhenheknewmyintentionandthenIturnedtobelieveinhis imamate.[1] HislecturesinBaghdad ImamAbuJa'faralJawad(a.s)exploitedtheperiodofhisresidenceinBaghdadingivinglectures andteachingstochargethegeneralintellectwiththeIslamicknowledge.Hegavehisprecious lecturestotheulamaandnarratorsintheyardofhishouse.Hislectureswereondifferent sciencesandartslikeHadith,Tafsir,jurisprudence,theologyandUsool,butconcentratedmoreon jurisprudence. HistraveltoYathrib ImamalJawad(a.s)traveledtoYathribafterhehadconcludedthebondofmarriagewithUmmul Fadhl.HeremainedsomeyearsinYathribmanagingtheaffairsoftheAlawidsandhelpingthe poorandneedy.Buthehimselflivedasimplelifelikehisfathers.Hedidnotliveinluxurybutin asceticism. Jurisprudents,ulamaandnarratorsofHadithsurroundedhimtakingfromthespringsofhispure knowledgeandsciences.Ulamaandnarratorshadnarratedfromhimmanysidesofjurisprudence andothersciencesaswehavementionedinthepreviouschapters. Hiswedding WhenImamalJawad(a.s)wasfifteenyears,hetraveledtoBaghdadtogetmarriedwithUmmul Fadhlwhomhehadconcludedthebondofmarriagewithbefore. AlMa'moonwastheninTikrit.HewenttohimandalMa'moonreceivedhimwithgreathonoring andrespect.AlMa'moonorderedtheweddingtobeheld.ThemarriageofImamalJawad(a.s) withUmmulFadhl(alMa'moonsdaughter)tookplaceinthehouseofAhmedbinYousufthatwas atthebankoftheTigris.ImamalJawad(a.s)livedthereuntiltheseasonofthehajjandthenhe leftthishouse.[2] [1]IthbatalHudat,vol.6p.19. [2]TareekhBaghdadbyAhmedTayfor,vol.6p.33(amanuscriptinthe Congratulation

DelegationsofthenotablepeopleofBaghdadandothertownscametoImamalJawad(a.s)to congratulatehimonhismarriage.FromamongthosepeoplewasMuhammadbinAlialHashimi whosaid,IwenttoAbuJa'farinthenextmorningofhismarriagetothedaughterofalMa'moon. InthepreviousnightIhadsomedrugandthereforeIwasthirsty.Ididnotliketoaskforwater. AbuJa'farlookedatmyfaceandsaid,Iseeyouarethirsty.Isaid,Yes,Iam.Hesaidtooneof theservants,Oboy,bringussomewater.Isaidtomyself,Nowtheywillbringpoisonedwater.I feltdistressedforthat.Theservantcamewithwater.AbuJa'farsmiledatmeandaskedthe servanttogivehimthewater.HetookthewateranddrankfromitandthengaveittomeandI drank.Iremainedlongwithhimandfeltthirsty.Heaskedforwateranddidashedidinthefirst time.Ilefthimsayingtomyself,IthinkthatAbuJa'farknowswhatthereisinonesmindasar Rafidha(theShia)say.[1] MuhammadbinAlifearedforImamalJawad(a.s)thattheAbbasidsmightassassinatehim throughpoisonandthathisrelationwiththemthroughhismarriagetotheirdaughterwouldnot preventthemfromdoingthatbecausemarryingtheirdaughtertohimwasnotoutofgoodwill. FromthosewhohadcometocongratulateImamalJawad(a.s)onhismarriagewasAbuHashim alJafariwhosaid,Theblessingofthisday(thedayofImamalJawadswedding)hasbeenso greatonus. ImamalJawad(a.s)said,OAbuHashim,theblessingsofAllahhavebeengreatinit. AbuHashimascribedtheblessingtothedayonwhichImamalJawad(a.s)hadgotmarried,but thefactisnotsobecausedaysdonotgiveblessingsbutitisAllah,theCreatoroftheuniverseand theGiveroflife,Whoputsblessingindays. KashifulGhitaLibrary),TareekhatTabari,vol.1p.623. [1]BiharalAnwar,vol.12p.112. AbuHashimfeltthathissayinghadsomethingwrong.Hesaid,Omymaster,whatshouldIsay abouttheday? ImamalJawad(a.s)said,Youshouldsaygoodsothatyougetit. AbuHashimsaid,Omymaster,Iwilldosoandnothingotherthanit. DayshavenoblessingorgoodtomanbutAllahgivesthattowhomeverHewillsfromHispeople. ImamalJawad(a.s)said,Then,youshallbesuccessfulandshallnotseeexceptgood.

LeavingBaghdad ImamalJawad(a.s)leftBaghdadafterhismarriagewithUmmulFadhal.Hisfamilyandrelatives werewithhim.TheywenttoMeccatoperformthehajj.TheAbbasidsweredelightedwhenImam alJawad(a.s)hadleftBaghdad,fortheyhadgreatspiteagainsthimespeciallywhentheysawhis greatknowledgeandvirtuesthatspreadamongpeopleeverywhereinBaghdadthoughhewas youngyet.TheyfearedthatalMa'moonmightentrusthimwiththecaliphateashehadentrusted hisfatherImamarRedha(a.s)beforeImamalJawad(a.s)leftBaghdadtoliveinYathribandto beawayfromtheplotsandspitesoftheAbbasids.Amiracle HistoriansandnarratorsmentionedthatamiracletookplacewhenImamalJawad(a.s)wason hiswayfromBaghdadtoYathrib.SheikhalMufeedsays, WhenAbuJa'far(a.s)leftBaghdadtowardsMedinaandUmmulFadhlwaswithhim,peoplewent outescortinghim.WhenhegottothestreetoftheGateofKufa,hewenttothehouseofal Musayyabatthesunset.Hewenttothemosquetooffertheprayer.IntheYardofthemosque therewasalotetree.Heaskedforsomewatertomakewudu.Hemadewuduattherootsofthe lotetreeandwentintooffertheprayers.Whenhefinishedtheprayers,hewentoutandwhen hegottothelotetree,peoplefoundithadgoodfruit.Theyate fromthefruitandfounditsweetandwithnostones.PeoplefarewelledImamalJawad(a.s)and heleft.[1] AllahhasendowedtheinfallibleimamsofAhlulBayt(a.s)withcharismataandmiraclesasHehas endowedtheirgrandfatherthemessengerofAllah(a.s)sothatpeoplebelieveinthemandresort tothemduringeaseandmisfortunesandmakethemasthemeansbetweenthemandAllah. UmmulFadhlcomplainsofImamalJawad AllahhadwilledtodepriveUmmulFadhlofoffspringfromImamalJawad(a.s);therefore,hegot marriedtooneofhisreligiousmaidsandAllahgrantedhimoffspringfromher.UmmulFadhl becamesoangryandwrotealettertoherfathercomplainingofwhatImamalJawad(a.s)had done.AlMa'moonrepliedtohisdaughtersaying, Mydaughter,wehavenotmarriedyoutoAbuJa'fartoprohibithimfromlawfulthings.Donotgo backtowhatyouhavementioned.[2]UmmulFadhlremainedspitefultowardsImamalJawad (a.s)untilsheassassinatedhimwithpoisonassomehistorianssay. TheannualsalaryofImamalJawad

AlMa'moonpaidasalaryofonemilliondirhamstoImamalJawad(a.s)ayear.[3]ImamalJawad (a.s)didnotspendthesemoniesandthelegalduesthatcametohimonhisprivateaffairs,buthe spentthemopenhandedlyonthepoorandtheneedyoftheAlawidsandotherthantheAlawids. [1]AlIrshad,p.364,AkhbaradDuwal,p.116,WassailashShia,vol.4p.1059. [2]AlIrshad,p.364. [3]ShatharatathThahab,vol.2p.48,alIbarfeeKhabarmanGhabar,vol.1p.380,anNujoomaz Zahira,vol.2p.231,alWafibilWafiyyat,vol.4p.105,MiratalJinan,vol.2p.80,MiratazZaman, vol.6p.105. ThedeathofalMa'moon AlMa'moonwentfromBaghdadtoTaratoss[1]forrecreationandrelaxation.HeadmiredTaratoss foritsbeautiful,naturalscenes.Hewalkedinsomeofitsparksandgardensandchoseabeautiful placethatwasfulloftreeswithflowingwaterandniceweather.Heorderedhiscompanionsto stopatthatplace.Theyservedfoodandsattoeat.AlMa'moonsaidtohiscompanions,Myself asksmeforfresh,ripedates.Whiletheywerebusytalking,theyheardthesoundofthecaravan ofmailcomingfromBaghdad.Therewerefourcontainersoffreshdateswiththecaravan.Heate fromthosedatesandfeltthathisinevitableendwasnear.Hesaid,Ihavepossessedtheworld. EverythinginithasbeensubjectedtomeandIhavereachedmyaims. Hesaid,ItisthelasttimeIeatdates.Anditwasashesaid.Hebecamesoillandhisstateturned worsedayafteranother.HeresidedinthehouseofKhaqanalMuflihi,theservantofarRasheed. Whenhefelthewasabouttodie,heorderedtheservanttospreadashesforhimandputhimon them.Hebegantossingaboutontheasheswhilesaying,OYou,Whosekingdomdoesnot disappear,havemercyononewhosekingdomhasdisappeared.[2] Hebeganstrugglingwithdeath.TherewassomemannearhimtodictatetohimtheShahada.Ibn Masswayh,thephysician,waspresent.Hesaidtothedictator,Lethimalone!He,inthisstate, doesnotdifferentiatebetweenhisGodandMani AlMa'moonopenedhiseyesbecausethesewordshadstunghimandhewantedtoassaultibn Masswayhbuthewasunabletotalk.[3]Heremainedalivenolongafterthat.Hewasfortynine yearswhenhedied.Theperiodofhisrulewastwentyyears,fivemonthsandeighteendays.[4] [1]AvillageinSham(Syria). [2]AlAnbafeeTareekhalKhulafa,p.104. [3]TareekhibnulAtheer,vol.5p.227. [4]AtTanbeehwelIshraf,p.404.

ImamalJawad(a.s)wasthenmorethantwentytwoyears.He,ashistorianssays,waitedforthe deathofalMa'moonimpatientlybecauseheknewthathehimselfwouldnotliveafteral Ma'moonbutalittleandthenhewouldleavetothebetterworldbesidehisLordandbeaway fromthisworldthatwasfullofseditionsandfalsehood. Hesaid,DeliveranceisthirtymonthsafterthedeathofalMa'moon.Helivednomorethanthirty monthsafterthedeathofalMa'moonandthenhelefttohisMercifulLord. Here,wewouldliketoshowthatalMa'moonwasthebestpoliticalandscientificpersonalityof theAbbasidcaliphs.Hecoulddefeatthemostdifficult,politicalcrisesthatfacedhimandwere abouttodoawaywithhisrule.HewassocleverthathehadcurriedfavorwiththeAlawidsand theirfollowers,instructedthemediatospreadthevirtuesofImamAli(a.s)andhispreferenceto allthecompanions,givenFadakbacktotheAlawids,appointedImamarRedha(a.s)ashisheir apparentandmarriedhisdaughtertoImamalJawad(a.s).Hedidnotdothatoutoffaithand sinceritytoAhlulBayt(a.s),buttoknowthesecretmovementsandthepoliticalpartiesthat workedsecretlytooverthrowtheAbbasidruleandtakethecaliphatebacktotheAlawids. AlMa'moon,throughtheseacts,couldknowthepoliticalactivitiesagainsttheAbbasidrule.The Abbasidcaliphsbeforehimmadeeveryefforttoknowthatbuttheyfailed.Theyfollowedevery wayinpunishingtheAlawidsandtheirfollowersseverelyandkillingthembrutallybuttheygotno informationaboutthemandcouldnotdiscovertheirpoliticalactivities. Theend BeforewetalkabouttheendofthelifeofthegreatImamAbuJa'faralJawad(a.s),wetalkin briefaboutthelifeofalMutasimtheAbbasidcaliphwhohadassassinatedImamalJawad(a.s) withpoisonforithasanobjectiverelationwiththestudyonthelifeoftheimam(a.s). ThecharacteristicsofalMutasim Foolishness AlMutasimwasfoolish.Historiansdescribedhimthatwhenhebecameangry,hedidnotcare whomhekilledorwhathedid.[1] Dislikeofknowledge

AlMutasimdislikedknowledgeandhatedlearnedpeople.Therewasaservantwithhimwho readwithhiminthebook.TheservantdiedandarRasheedsaidtoalMu'tasim,OMuhammad, yourservantdied. AlMu'tasimsaid,Oyes,mymaster!Hediedandrestedfromthebook. [1]IslamandtheArabicCivilization,vol.2p.237,AkhbaradDuwal(newsofcountries),p.155. ArRasheedsaid,Thebookwillrestfromyou.(tohismen)Leavehim!Donotteachhim![1] AlMu'tasimremainedilliterate.Whenhebecamethecaliph,hedidnotknowreadingandwriting andhisvizierwasunlearned.AhmedbinAamirdescribedhimbysaying,Anilliteratecaliphand anunlearnedvizier.[2] Hewasdivestedofknowledge,virtue,andanygoodquality,bywhichhewassupposedtodeserve thecaliphateinIslamthatwasthehighestandmostimportantpositiononwhichjusticeand equityamongpeopledepended. HishatredtotheArabs AlMu'tasimhatedtheArabstoomuch.Heexaggeratedinsubjugatinganddegradingthem.He omittedtheirnamesfromthedivanandpreventedthemfromtheirgiftsanddeposedthemfrom mainpositions.[3] HisloyaltytotheTurks AlMu'tasimhadinthedeepofhisheartagreatloveandloyaltytotheTurks.Hedependedon theminbuildinghisstate.ItwasbecausethathismotherMaridawasaTurk.Therefore,he imitatedtheTurksineverything.HesentforthemfromTurkey[4]andtheirnumberwasabout seventythousandsathisreign.Inordertokeeptheirracedistinguished,hebroughtthemwomen fromtheirraceandpreventedthemfromgettingmarriedtowomenfromotherraces.[5]He madethemwearsilkgarmentsandgoldbelts.[6]Hemadethemtheleadersofhisarmiesand entrustedthemwiththehighpositionsofpoliticsandwaranddeprivedtheArabsofthepositions theyhadinthe [1]AkhbariadDuwal,p.155. [2]WafiyyatalAyan. [3]IslamandtheArabicCivilization,vol.2p.449. [4]MurojathThahab,vol.4p.9. [5]DhuhralIslam,vol.1p.45.

[6]TareekhalKhulafa,p.223. army.HepreferredtheTurkstotheArabsandtothePersiansineverything. TheTurksbehavedwronglytowardspeople.TheyrovedinthestreetsofBaghdadontheirhorses payingnoattentiontopeople.Theytrodonoldpeople,womenandchildren.Thepeopleof Baghdadclamoredagainsttheiroppressionandinadvertence.[1]AlMu'tasimwasunderthe controloftheTurkstoafarextent. WithImamalJawad AlMu'tasimsheartwasfullofspiteandmaliceagainstImamalJawad(a.s).Heburstwithrage wheneverheheardthevirtuesandexploitsofImamalJawad(a.s)beingmentioned.Hisenvy towardshimhadledhimtoassassinatehimasweshallexplainlateron. BringingImamalJawadtoBaghdad AlMu'tasimhadorderedImamalJawad(a.s)tocometoBaghdadandhearrivedinitin Muharram,220AH.[2] WhenImamalJawad(a.s)cametoBaghdad,alMu'tasimhousearrestedhimtoknowallhis affairsandactivities.Heorderedhismentowatchhimandhepreventedhimfromconnecting withhisfollowersandthosewhobelievedinhisimamate. Betrayingtheimam Indeed,itwasunfortunatethatthatbetrayalhadcomefromAbuDawodasSajistani,whowas oneoftheprominentjurisprudentsofthattime.Thatwhichledhimtodothatwashisenvy towardsImamalJawad(a.s).Envyisamaliciousdiseasethatalwaysthrowspeopleingreatevils. AbuDawodwassospitefultowardsImamalJawad(a.s)whenalMu'tasimfollowedhis(Imamal Jawads)opiniononajurisprudentialmatterandleftasidetheopinionsofallother [1]TareekhalHadharahalIslamiyyafilIraq(historyoftheIslamiccivilizationinIraq),p.24. [2]SharhMimiyyatAbuFiras,p.36,alFusulalMuhimmah,p.262. jurisprudents.Sincethen,AbuDawodwasfilledwithrageagainstImamalJawad(a.s)andtriedto betrayhimandmanagetokillhim. Zarqan,theclosefriendofAbuDawod,said,Oneday,he(AbuDawod)camebackfromal

Mu'tasimdistressedly.Iaskedhimwhatthematterwasandhesaid,Athiefconfessedthathe hadcommittedtheftandthecaliphwantedtopurifyhimbypunishinghim.Hegatheredthe jurisprudentsinhismeetingandsentforMuhammadbinAli(alJawad).Heaskedushowthe thiefshandwouldbecut.Isaid,HishandshouldbecutfromthewristbecauseAllahhassaid whentalkingonTayammum,(andwipeyourfacesandyourhands).[1]Somejurisprudents agreedwithmeonthatandotherssaid,Thehandmustbecutfromtheelbow.AlMu'tasim askedwhattheirevidencewasandtheysaid,Allahhassaid,(washyourfacesandyourhandsas farastheelbows).[2]Then,alMu'tasimturnedtoMuhammadbinAliandaskedhim,OAbu Ja'far,whatdoyousayonthat? Hesaid,OAmeerulMomineen,thejurisprudentshavetalkedaboutthat. AlMu'tasimsaid,Letwhattheyhavesaidaside.Whatdoyouhavetosay? ImamalJawad(a.s)said,OAmeerulMomineen,wouldyouexemptmefromthat? AlMu'tasimsaid,IadjureyoubyAllahthatyoutellwhatyouhave. ImamalJawad(a.s)said,Now,sinceyouhaveputmeonoath,Iwillsay.They(jurisprudents)are mistaken.Onlythefingersshouldbecutfromthejointsoftheiroriginsandthepalmshouldbe leftsafe. [1]Qur'an,4:43. [2]Qur'an,5:6. AlMu'tasimaskedabouttheevidenceandImamalJawad(a.s)said,ThemessengerofAllahsaid, Prostrationisonsevenorgans;theface,thetwohands,thetwokneesandthetwofeet.Then,if hishandiscutfromthewristortheelbow,heshallnothaveahandtoprostrateonitandAllah hassaid,(theplacesofworship(prostration)areforAllah)meaningthesesevenorgansthatone prostrateson;(sopraynotuntoanyonealongwithAllah).WhatisforAllahisnotcut.Al Mu'tasimapprovedthisanswerandorderedthehandofthethieftobecutfromthejointsof fingerswithoutthepalm. ZarqanaddedthatAbuDawodsaid,Afterthreedays,IwenttoalMu'tasimandsaidtohim, BeingloyaltoAmeerulMomineenisobligatoryonme.ItellyouaboutsomethingthatIknowI maygotoHellbecauseofit(ifIdonottellit).AlMu'tasimsaid,Whatisit?Isaid,Ameerul Momineenhadgatheredinhismeetingthejurisprudentsandulamaofhissubjectsforaserious matterofreligion.Heaskedthemabouttheverdictonitandtheytoldhimoftheverdictthey had.Yourfamily,leaders,viziersandscribeshadattendedthemeetingandthepeopleoutside hadalsoheardofthat.Then,allthesayingsofthesejurisprudentsandulamawerebrushedaside

justforasayingofaman,whomagroupofthenationbelieveinhisimamateandclaimthatheis worthierofyourpositionthanyou,andthenhissuggestionisfollowedandpreferredtothe verdictsofthejurisprudents.AlMu'tasimchangedcolorandnoticedwhatIdrewhisattentionto. Hesaid,MayAllahrewardyouwithgoodforyouradvice.[1] AbuDawodhadcommittedtheugliestcrimeinIslam.HehadinstigatedalMu'tasimto assassinateanimamfromtheimamsofAhlulBayt(a.s),whomAllahhadimposedtheirloveon thisnation.Woeandwrathbeuntowhoeverhadparticipatedinsheddingtheirbloods. [1]TafsiralAyyashi,vol.1p.319,alBurhan,vol.1p.471,BiharalAnwar,vol.12p.99,Wassailash Shia,vol.18p.490. ImamalJawadpredictshisdeath ImamalJawad(a.s)perceivedfrombeyondtheunseenthattheinevitabledeathwouldcometo himwhilehisoldwaslikethatofflowersyet.Hehaddeclaredthattohisfollowersonmany occasions.Herearesomeofthem: 1.MuhammadbinalFarajnarrated,AbuJa'farwrotetome:Bringmethekhums.Ishallnottake itfromyouexceptthisyear.HelivednolongafterthatuntilAllahtookhimnearHim.[1] 2.AbuTalibalQumminarrated,Oneday,IwrotetoAbuJa'farbinarRedha(ImamalJawad) askinghimtopermitmetomournforAbulHasan(ImamalJawadsfather).Hewrotetome saying:Mournformeandformyfather![2] 3.ImamalJawad(a.s)toldabouthisdeathduringthereignofalMa'moonwhenhesaid, DeliverancecomesthirtymonthsafteralMa'moon.Thirtymonthsafterthedeathofal Ma'moon,ImamalJawad(a.s)diedandlefttothebetterworld.[3] 4.IsmaeelbinMihrannarrated,WhenalMu'tasimsentforAbuJa'fartocometoBaghdad,Isaid tohim(toImamalJawad),MayIdieforyou!Youaregoing.Towhomwillthematter(the imamate)beafteryou?Hecrieduntilhisbeardbecamewetofhistears.Thenheturnedtome andsaid,Atthis(thegoingtoBaghdad)itisfearedforme.Thematteraftermeistomyson Ali.[4] ImamalJawad(a.s)wasawareofthespitesofalMutasimtowardshimandheknewthatal Mutasimdidnotrefrainfromassassinatinghim;therefore,hetoldhiscompanionsandfollowers thathewoulddieduringthereignofalMu'tasimthetyrant. [1]AlMahajjahalBaydha,vol.4p.308.

[2]RijalalKashshi,vol.2p.838. [3]IthbatalHudat,vol.6p.190. [4]AlIrshad,p.369. Announcingtheimamatetohisson ImamalJawad(a.s)announcedtohisfollowersthattheimamateafterhimwouldbetohissonAli alHadi(a.s).Hehadappointedhimastheauthorityfortheummaafterhim. AsSaqrnarrated,IhadheardAbuJa'farMuhammadbinAliarRedha(ImamalJawad)saying, TheimamaftermeismysonAli.Hisorderisasmyorder,hissayingisasmysayingand obediencehimisasobediencetome[1] AlKhayraninarratedfromhisfatherthatonce,ImamAbuJa'far(a.s)hadsentamessengertohim sayingtohim,Yourmastersendshisgreetingstoyouandsays:Ihavegoneandthematterwill betomysonAli.Yourdutytohimisasyourdutythatyouhadtomeaftermyfather.[2]There aremanyothertraditionsliketheseonesshowingthatImamalJawad(a.s)hadappointedhisson AlialHadi(a.s)astheimamafterhimandnecessitatedhisfollowerstoobeyhim. TheassassinationofImamalJawad ImamalJawad(a.s)hadnotdiedanaturaldeathbutalMu'tasim,theAbbasidcaliph,had assassinatedhim.[3] HistorianshaddisagreedonthepersonwhomalMu'tasimhadinstructedtopoisonImamal Jawad(a.s).Herearesomeofthehistorianssayings: 1.SomenarratorsmentionedthatalMu'tasimhadinstructedoneofthescribesofhisviziersto inviteImamalJawad(a.s)tohishouseandinsertpoisontohim.ThescribeinvitedImamalJawad (a.s)butImamalJawad(a.s)apologizedthathecouldnotrespondtotheinvitation.Thescribe insistedonImamalJawad(a.s)tocometohimtohavethehonorofhisvisitandtoldhimthatone ofthevizierswantedtomeethim.Hecouldnotbuttoaccepttheinvitation.When [1]IkmaladDeen,vol.2p.50. [2]AlIrshad,p.369. [3]BahralAnsab,p.28,SabkathThahabfeeSabkanNasab,MiratalJinan,vol.2p.81,Nuzhatal Jalees,vol.2p.111. heatefromthefood,hefeltthepoisonandthenheaskedforhissumptertoleavethehouse.The ownerofthehouseaskedhimtostaywithhimbutImamalJawad(a.s)saidtohim,Myleaving

yourhouseisbettertoyou.[1] 2.SomenarrationsdeclaredthatalMu'tasimhadincitedhisnieceUmmulFadhl,thewifeof ImamalJawad(a.s),bygivinghersomemoniesandsheputpoisoninthefoodofImamalJawad (a.s).[2] Anyhow,alMu'tasim,throughpoisoningImamalJawad(a.s),hadcutthetiesofkinshipandhad notregardedthesanctityoftheProphet(a.s)throughhisprogeny. Themotivesoftheassassination ThemotivesofalMu'tasiminassassinatingImamalJawad(a.s)were,aswethink,thebetrayalof AbuDawodthathadencouragedhimtoassassinateImamalJawad(a.s)andtheenvyalMu'tasim hadatImamalJawad(a.s)becauseofthehighposition,honorandreverencehehadinthehearts ofMuslimswhounanimouslyhadtalkedaboutthetalentsandgeniushehadsincehisearlyyears astheytalkedabouthishighmorals,patience,kindnessandcharitytothepooranddeprived besideshisothervirtueswhichfilledthemeetingseverywhere.AllthathadledalMu'tasimtoput ImamalJawad(a.s)underhousearrestandthentoassassinatehim.Tothebestworld ThepoisonhadaffectedImamalJawad(a.s)strongly.Itreactedwithallpartsofhisbodyandhe begansufferingunbearablepains.Hisintestineshadbeencutoutofpain.Hehadtoldthosewho werewithhiminthatnightthathewoulddie.Hesaidtothem,Weareagroupofpeoplethatif Allahdoesnotpleasethisworldtoanyoneofus,HetakesusnearHim.[3] [1]TafsiralAyyashi,vol.1p.320,BiharalAnwar,vol.12p.99,alBurhan,vol.1p.471. [2]NuzhatalJalees,vol.2p.111,alManaqib,vol.4p.391. [3]BiharalAnwar,vol.12p.99. Painsaffectedhimseverely.Hewasintheprimeofyouth.Whenhefeltdeathneartohim,he beganrecitingsomesurasfromtheHolyQur'an.Hebreathedhislastwhilehistonguewasstill mentioningAllahtheAlmighty.Byhisdeathashiningsunoftheimamateandoftheintellectual, thinkingleadershipinIslamhadgoneout. ImamalJawad(a.s)hadbeenmartyredatthehandofthetyrantofhisage,alMu'tasim,andby hismartyrdomabrightpagefromthepagesoftheIslamicmission,whichilluminatedintellectand raisedthebannerofknowledgeandvirtueintheearth,hadpassed. Funeralsandburial TheholycorpseofImamalJawad(a.s)wasprepared,washedandenshrouded.AlWathiq(the

lateronAbbasidcaliph)andalMu'tasimofferedtheprayer(forthedead)ontheholycorpse.[1] ThecorpseofthisgreatimamwascarriedtothegraveyardofQurayshescortedbythegreat crowdsofpeople.ItwasamemorabledaythatBaghdadhadnotwitnessedadaylikeitbefore. Tensofthousandshadcrowdedinsadprocessionmentioningthevirtuesofthisgreatimamand mourningforhimandthinkingofthegreatlossMuslimshadbeenafflictedwith. AgravewasdugbesidethegraveofhisgrandfatherImamMusabinJafaralKadhim(a.s)(in Baghdad)andhewasburiedinitandhumanvaluesandhighidealswereburiedwithhim. Hisage ImamalJawad(a.s)hadlivedfortwentyfiveyears.[2]Hewastheyoungestoftheinfallibleimams (peacebeuponthem).Hehadspentmostofhislifeinspreadingknowledgeandvirtueamong peopleand [1]NuzhatalJalees,vol.2p.111.InMiratalJinan,vol.2p.81,ithasbeenmentionedthatal WathiqthesonofalMu'tasimhadofferedtheprayerontheholycorpseofImamalJawad(s). [2]TareekhalIslambyathThahabi,vol.8p.158,RawdhalManadhirfeeTareekhalAwailwel AwakhirbyMuhammadbinShuhna(manuscript),MuntakhabMiratalJinanwaIbratalYaqdhan byalYafiiy(manuscript),TareekhQum,translatedbyalBuraqi(manuscript). hislifehadbeenaschoolofknowledgeandintellectandaninstituteoffaithandpiety. Thedateofhisdeath ImamalJawad(a.s)diedin220AH[1]onTuesday,thefifthofThulQidah,[2]anditwassaidon thetwentyfifthofThulHijjah[3]orthesixthofThulHijjah.[4] Thus,thestudyofthelifeofthisgreatimamofAhlulBayt(a.s),whomAllahhaskeptawaythe uncleannessfromandpurifieda(thorough)purifying,comestoend. Beforeendingthebook,IwouldliketorepeatwhatIhavementionedintheintroductionthatthis bookdoesnotgivebutabriefaccountonthelifeofImamAbuJa'faralJawad(a.s).Ithasnot dealtwithalltheaffairsofhislifeorevensomeofthemandthisisnotanexaggeration,butitis therealitywebelievein. Finally,IwouldliketooffermygreatthankstoHisEminenceHojattolIslamwelMuslimeenSheikh HusaynalKhalifahforhisparticipationinspendingontheprintingofthisbook(theArabic edition)prayingAllahtorewardhimwiththebestofrewardandIwouldliketooffermythanksto HisEminenceSheikhHadialQurashiforhisgreateffortsinreviewingsomeencyclopediasand

offeringtousmuchinformationaboutthelifeofImamalJawad(a.s)besideshistechnicalnotes onthebook.IprayAllahtoprolonghislifeandrewardhimwiththebestofrewardasthebest prayerfromabrothertohisbrother. [1]TareekhalKhamees,vol.2p.375,MuntakhabMiratalJinan,BahralAnsab,vol.2p.19, TareekhQum(manuscript),ShatharatathThahab,vol.2p.48,RawdhalManadhir. [2]NuzhatalJalees,vol.2p.61,MiratalJinan,vol.2p.81.ThulQidahistheeleventhmonthinthe IslamiccalendarandThulHijjahisthetwelfth. [3]AnNujoomazZahira,vol.2p.231. [4]AlFusulalMuhimmahbyIbnasSabbagh,p.262. Referencebooks 1.UsoolalKafibyalKulayni 2.AlIttihafbihubilAshrafbyashShabrawi 3.AyanashShiabySayyidMuhsinalAamili 4.AlIrshadbySheikhalMufeed 5.AlAlambyazZarkali 6.IthbatalHudatbyMuhammadbinalHasanalHurralAamily 7.AhsanatTaqaseembyalMaqdisi 8.AkhbaradDuwalbyalQirmani 9.AlKifayahwenNusoosbyalKhazzaz 10.AtTanbeehwelIshrafbyalMasoodi 11.UmaraashShiralArabifilAsralAbbasibyAneesalMaqdisi 12.IttijahatashShiralArabibyMuhammadMustafaHaddarah 13.AsSulookLimarifatDuwalalMulokbyalMaqrizi 14.IkmaladDeenwaItmamanNimahbySheikhasSaduq 15.AbuNuwasbyibnMandhor 16.AlFihristbySheikhatToossi 17.AlFihristbyibnanNadeem 18.AlKunawelAlqabbySheikhAbbasalQummi 19.AlAimmahalIthnayAsharbyibnToloun 20.AdDurranNadheembyYousufbinHatimashShami 21.AsSawaiqalMuhriqabyibnHajar 22.AlHadaiqalWardiyyabyHameedbinZaydalYamani 23.AlHadaiqanNadhirahbySheikhYousufalBahrani

24.AlMahasinbyalBarqi 25.AtTawheedbySheikhasSaduq 26.AnwaralYaqeenbyalHasanbinMuhammadazZaydi 27.AlImamafilIslambyAarifTamir 28.AlLumahadDamashqiyyabytheTwoMartyrs 29.AlFusulalMuhimmahbyibnasSabbagh 30.AtTandheematalIjtimaiyyahwelIqtisadiyyahbySalihAhmed 31.AlAdabfeeDhillatTashayyubyAbdullahNimah 32.AlWafibilWafiyyatbyasSafadi 33.AlIslamwelHadharahalArabiyyahbyMuhammadKurdAli 34.AlAnbafeeTareekhalKhulafabyibnalUmrani 35.AlHadharahalArabiyyahbyJackS.Risler 36.AlAghanibyAbulFarajalIsfahani 37.AlAwraqbyasSawli 38.AlIdarahalIslamiyyahfeeIzzalArabbyMuhammadKurdAli 39.BahralAnsabbyRuknuddeenalHusayni 40.BiharalAnwarbyalMajlisi 41.TareekhibnKhaldunbyibnKhaldun 42.TareekhatTabaribyatTabari 43.TareekhalKhameesbyHusaynbinMuhammadadDiyarbakri 44.TareekhalIslambyathThahabi 45.TareekhibnulAtheerbyIbnulAtheer 46.TareekhatTamaddunalIslamibyJurjiZaydan 47.TareekhalPhalsafahfilIslam(theHistoryofPhilosophyinIslam)andarticlebyNicholson 48.TareekhalIslambyHasanIbrahim 49.TafsiralAyyashibyMuhammadbinAyyash 50.TareekhalKhulafabyasSayooti 51.TareekhalHadharahalIslamiyyahfishSharqbyMuhammadJamaluddeedSuroor 52.AtTibyanbySheikhatToossi 53.TathkiratulKhwassbyibnalJawzi 54.TanqeehalMaqalbyalMamaqani 55.TazyeenalAswaqbyalAntaki 56.TareekhBaghdadbyalKhateebalBaghdadi 57.TareekhBaghdadbyTayfur 58.TuhafalUqoolbyibnShubah 59.JawharatalKalambyalQaraghulli 60.JamiarRuwatbyMuhammadbinAlialArdabili 61.HadharatalArab(theCivilizationoftheArabs)byGustavLobon 62.HilyatalAwliyabyAbuNaeem 63.HadharatalIslamfeeDarasSalambyJameelNakhlah

64.HayatalImamarRedhabyJafarMurtadha 65.HayatalImamMuhammadalBaqirbyBaqiralQurashi(theauthorofthisbook) 66.HayatalImamMusabinJafarbyBaqiralQurashi 67.HayatalHaywanbyadDimyari 68.TheEncyclopediaofIslam,anarticleby(LursterStein) 69.DalailalImamahbyMuhammadbinJariratTabari 70.AthThariahbyAghaBuzurgatTehrani 71.RijalatToossibySheikhatToossi 72.RijalalBarqibyalBarqi 73.RijalanNajashibyanNajashi 74.RijalalKashshibyalKashshi 75.RihlatibnJubayrbyIbnJubayr 76.RoohalIslambySayyidMirAlialHindi 77.SamtanNujoombyAbdulMelik 78.ShatharataththahabbyAbdulHayybinImadalHalabi 79.SifatasSafwahbyibnalJawzi 80.DhuhaalIslambyAhmedAmin 81.DhiyaalAalaminbyAbulHasanalAamili 82.TabaqatashShuarabyIbnulMutazz 83.UyunAkhbararRedhabySheikhasSaduq 84.UyunatTawareekhbyAhmedbinShakiralKutubi 85.IlalashSharayibySheikhasSaduq 86.UmdatatTalibbyibnMuhanna 87.AlIqdalFareedbyibnAbdRabbihalAndalusi 88.AqeedatashShiaby(M.Ronaldes) 89.AsralMa'moonbyarRifaiy 90.AlUmdahbyIbnRasheeq 91.AlGhaybahbySheikhatToossi 29.FuraqashShiabyanNawbakhti 93.KashfulGhummahbyalArbali 94.NooralAbsarbyashShabalanji 95.AnNujoomazZahirahbyibnTaghriBardi 96.NuzhatalJaleesbyasSaforiashShafiiy 97.AnNizawetTakhasumbyalMaqrizi 98.NadhariyyatalImamahbyAhmedMahmodSubhi 99.AlMakasibbySheikhalAnsari 100.Mu'jamRijalalHadithbySayyidalKhoiy 101.MujamalBuldanbyalHamawi 102.MukhtasaralBiharfeeAhwalalAimmahbyNooruddeen 103.MinhajasSunnabyibnTaymiya

104.MakarimalAkhlaqbyatTabarsi 105.AlMuqaddimahbyibnKhaldun 106.MajmuatWarrambySheikhWarram 107.ManlaYahdhuruhualFaqihbySheikhatToossi 108.ManaqibAalAbiTalibbyShahrashob 109.MajmaalBahrainbyatTurayhi 110.MiratalJinanbyalYafiiy 111.MiratazZamanbyibnalJawzi 112.AlMaarifbyibnQutayba 113.MurujathThahabbyalMassodi 114.MuqtadhabalAtharbyMuhammadbinAhmedbinAyyash 115.AlMahajjahalBaydhabyalKashani 116.AlMiqnaahbySheikhalMufeed 117.AlMustatrafbyalAbshahi 118.MatalibasSaoolbyMuhammadbinTalha 119.WafiyyatalAyanbyibnKhillikan 120.WassailashShiabyalHurralAamili 121.AlWulatwelQudhatbyalKindi

The Life of Imam Muhammad Al Jawad

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The Life of Imam Muhammad Al Jawad

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