Thermal Engg.

CHAPTER 5 Steam Turbines and Condensers

STEAM NOZZLES
Introduction
The main use of a steam nozzle in steam turbines is to produce a jet of steam with a high
velocity.
Continuity Equation
Consider a nozzle
Mass flow rate at enter of nozzle =

"

Mass flow rate at e#it of nozzle =

$
!
$
"
$
where% = density of fluid%
! = area
" = "elocity of flow
!ccording to continuity e&uation% mass flow rate remains constant
!" = constant 'for steady flow(
or
s
AV

= constant 'where
s

% where v
s
= specific volume(
Types of steam nozzles
! steam nozzle is a passage of varying cross)section% which converts heat energy of steam
into *inetic energy. The increase in velocity of steam jet at e#it of nozzle is obtained due to
decrease in total enthalpy of steam. This conversion of energy is done with minimum loss.
+ollowing three types of nozzles are important,
1. Convergent Nozzle
-hen the cross section of a nozzle decreases continuously from entrance to e#it% it is
called a convergent nozzle. This acts as subsonic nozzle.
2. Divergent Nozzle
-hen cross section of nozzle increases continuously from entrance to e#it% it is called
divergent nozzle. This acts as supersonic nozzle.
3. Convergent-Divergent Nozzle

Thermal Engg.
-hen the cross section of nozzle first decreases from its entrance to throat and then
increases from throat to e#it% it is called convergent divergent nozzle.
Throat
The smallest cross section of the nozzle is called the throat.
"elocity '"
$
( of steam at any section considered in m.s is calculated using steady flow
e&uation%
"
$
= ( ) ) ( 2000
2 1
2
1
h h V + converting enthalpy from */.*g to /.*g
"
$
=
( ) ) ( 2000
d
h

since "

is negligible and h
d
= Enthalpy or heat drop during e#pansion of steam in a nozzle
"
$
=
d
h 72 . 44
"
$
= d
Kh 72 . 44
-here 0 = the nozzle coefficient or nozzle efficiency due to friction.
Concept of Mach Number
Mach 1umber% M=
a
V
Mach number is the ratio of velocity '"( at a state in a flowing fluid to the value of sonic
velocity 'a( ie velocity of sound at the same state.
-hen M2% flow is called supersonic%
-hen M= % flow is called sonic%
-hen M3% flow is called subsonic%
-hen M22% flow is called 4ypersonic.
Critical Pressure Ratio
! nozzle is normally designed for ma#imum
discharge by designing a certain throat pressure%
which produces this condition.
The one value of the ratio
1
3
P
P
which will produce
ma#imum discharge is called critical pressure
ratio.

1
1
3
1
2

,
_

n
n
n P
P
-here 5
6
= 5ressure of steam at throat in 1.m
$
5

= 7nitial 5ressure of steam in 1.m

$
n = 5olytropic inde#
$
Thermal Engg.
Ma#imum discharge is given by
1
1
]
1

,
_

+

,
_

1
2
1
1
max
1
2
1
2
n
n v
P
n
n
A m
-here% v

= volume of *g of steam at pressure '5

( in m
6
! = cross sectional area at throat in m
$
5

= 7nitial 5ressure of steam in 1.m

$
n = 5olytropic inde#
Applications or Uses of Nozzle
. 7n Turbo Machines 'ie 8team Turbines(
The high velocity stream of fluid is directed on the curved blade and *inetic energy is
transferred into mechanical wor*.
$. 7n /et 5ropulsion
The thrust produced by the jet issuing from a nozzle provides the propulsive effort.
6. 7n +low Measurement
The differential pressure drop is correlated to velocity to fluid discharge.
9. 7t is also used in injectors for pumping feed water into boiler.
:. 7t is also used in ejector condenser.
STEAM TURBINES
Introduction
8team turbine is a prime mover which converts heat energy of high pressure% high
temperature steam into mechanical wor*.
Classification of team Turbines
. !ccording to the mode of steam action
i. 7mpulse Turbine
ii. ;eaction Turbine
$. !ccording to the direction of steam flow
i. !#ial +low Turbine
ii. ;adial +low Turbine
6. !ccording to e#haust condition of steam
i. Condensing Turbine
ii. 1on Condensing Turbine
9. !ccording to the pressure of steam
i. 4igh 5ressure Turbine
ii. Medium 5ressure Turbine
iii. <ow 5ressure Turbine
:. !ccording to number of stages
i. 8ingle 8tage Turbine
ii. Multi 8tage Turbine
Impulse Turbine
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Thermal Engg.
!n impulse turbine is a turbine which runs by the impulse of steam jet.
7n this turbine% the steam is first made to flow through a nozzle.
Then the steam jet impinges on the turbine blades 'which are curved li*e buc*ets( and
are mounted on the circumferences of the wheel.
The steam jet after impinging glides over the concave surface of the blades and finally
leaves the turbine.
The buc*ets move in the direction of jet. This movement of the blades ma*es the runner
to rotate.
De-Level Impulse Turbine
7t is most commonly used steam turbine. 7t has the following main components,
i. No!e
9
Thermal Engg.
7t is a circular guide mechanism% which guides the steam to flow at the designed direction
and velocity. 7t also regulates the flow of steam.
ii. Runner and B!ades
7t consists of a circular disc fi#ed to a horizontal shaft. =n the periphery of the runner% a
number of blades are fi#ed uniformly.
iii. Casin"
7t is an air tight metallic case% which contains the turbine runner and blades. 7t controls
the movement of steam from the blade to the condenser and does not permit it to move
into the space. 7t is essential to safeguard the runner against any accident.
Pressure and !elocity of team in an Impulse Turbine
The pressure of steam jet is reduced in the nozzle and remains constant while passing
through the moving blade.
The velocity of steam is increases in the nozzle and is reduced while passing through the
moving blades.
This type of turbine is used for small power generation.
Reaction Turbine
:
Thermal Engg.

7n a reaction turbine% the steam enters the wheel under pressure and flows over the
blades and ma*es them to move.
The turbine runner is rotated by the reactive forces of steam jets.
The pressure drop is affected partly in fi#ed guide blades which are designed to wor* as
nozzles and partly in moving blades.
The jet steam leaves the fi#ed blades at high velocity and produces impulse as well as
reaction on moving blades.
!bsolute reaction turbine is rarely in actual practice.
Parsons ea!tion Turbine
7t is :>? reaction turbine 'ie impulse)reaction turbine(.
7t has the following main components,
i. Casin"
7t is an air tight metallic case% in which the steam from the boiler% under a high
pressure and temperature is distributed around the fi#ed blades 'guide mechanism(
in the casing.
ii. #uide Me$%anism
These are made up with the help of guide blades% in the form of a wheel. This wheel
is generally fi#ed to the casing that is why these guide blades are also called fi#ed
blades. These blades guides and regulates &uantity of steam entering the runner.
iii. Turbine Runner
7t consists of runner blades fi#ed to a shaft. The blades fi#ed to the runner allow the
steam to enter and leave the runner without shoc*.
i&. 'ra(t Tube
The steam after passing through the runner flows into the condenser through a tube
called the draft tube.
Pressure and !elocity of team in a Reaction Turbine
The pressure in a reaction turbine is reduced in the fi#ed blades as well as in the moving
blades.
The velocity of steam is increased in the fi#ed blades of a reaction turbine.
@
Thermal Engg.
Im)u!se Turbine Rea$tion Turbine
. The steam flows through the nozzle and . The steam flows first through guide
impinges on the moving blades. mechanism and then through the moving
blades.
$. The steam impinges on the buc*ets with $. The steam glides over the moving vanes
with
*inetic energy. pressure and *inetic energy.
6. The steam may or may not be admitted 6. The steam must be admitted over the
whole
over the whole circumference. circumference.
9. The steam pressure remains constant 9. The steam pressure is reduced during its
flow
during its flow through the moving blades. through the moving blades.
:. The relative velocity of steam while gliding :. The relative velocity of steam
while gliding
=ver the blades remains constant 'assuming over the moving blades increases
'assuming
no friction(. no friction(.
@. The blades are symmetrical. @. The blades are not symmetrical.
A. The number of stages re&uired are less for A. The number of stages re&uired are
more for
The same power developed. the same power developed.
A
Thermal Engg.
Compoundin" of team Turbines
4igh pressure and temperature steam is used in the power plants to increase their
thermal efficiency.
7f the entire pressure drop from boiler pressure to condenser pressure is carried out in
one stage only% then the velocity of steam entering into the turbine will be e#tremely high.
This will lead to high turbine rotor speed which is not useful for practical purposes and a
reduction gearing is necessary between turbine and e&uipment driven by turbine.
!lso there is danger of structural failure of blades.
The velocity of steam at e#it is also high leading to loss of *inetic energy.
These difficulties associated with use of single stage turbines for large pressure drop can
be solved by compounding ie use of more than one stage.
These methods are
. "elocity Compounding
$. 5ressure Compounding
6. 5ressure)"elocity Compounding
!elocity Compoundin"
There is only one set of nozzle and two or more rows of moving blades.
There is a row of fi#ed guide blade in between the moving blades.
The function of fi#ed blade is to direct the steam coming from first moving row to ne#t
moving row.
The enthalpy drop ta*es place only in the nozzle at first stage and is converted to *inetic
energy or velocity.
The velocity of steam gained in nozzle is successively absorbed in stages by rows of
moving blades and finally steam is e#hausted.
This is used in BCurtisC turbine.
D
Thermal Engg.
Pressure Compoundin"
The turbine is provided with one row of fi#ed blades 'wor*s as nozzles( at the e#it of
each row of moving blade.
The total pressure drop of steam does not ta*e place in a single nozzle but is divided
among all the rows of fi#ed blades which wor* as nozzles.
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Thermal Engg.
This method is used in B;ateauC and BFoellyC turbine.
Pressure#!elocity Compoundin"
This is a combination of pressure and velocity compounding.
The total pressure drop of steam from boiler to condenser pressure is divided into
number of stages as done in pressure compounding and velocity obtained in each stage
is also absorbed in several stages.
This arrangement re&uires fewer stages and a compact turbine can be designed for a
given pressure drop.
This method has the advantage of pressure compounding to provide higher pressure
drop in each stage and hence fewer stages.
The advantage of velocity compounding to reduce velocity of each blade row.
This is used in BCurtisC turbine.
Re"enerati$e %eed &eatin"
;egenerative +eed 4eating is one of the methods to improve the efficiency of cycle.
The dry saturated steam from boiler enters the turbine at a higher temperature and then
e#pands isentropically to a lower temperature and then enters into the condenser.
The condensate from the condenser is pumped bac* and circulated around turbine in the
direction opposite to the direction of steam flow in the turbine.
The condensate is thus heated before entering into the boiler.
8uch heating is *nown as ;egenerative +eed 4eating.
7n actual practice it is impossible to achieve this cycle.
;eason for not being able to achieve this cycle,
1ot possible to effect the necessary heat transfer from steam in turbine to li&uid
feed water.
>
Thermal Engg.
Moisture content of steam leaving turbine is considerably increased due to heat
transfer.
Re"enerati$e %eed &eatin" '(y (leedin" of team)
7n this system% the steam is removed from turbine at one or more points and then fed to
the feed water heater.
! small amount of steam 'm

*g( is drained from turbine and enters the feed water heater.
The remaining steam ')m( *g is ta*en out from the turbine and fed to condenser.

Thermal Engg.
+rom condenser% condensate e&ual to ')m( *g is fed to feed heater.
4ere it e#changes heat from m

*g of steam coming from turbine and this m *g of steam

mi#es with the ')m( *g of steam to become *g.
This *g of steam is fed to the boiler with the help of feed pump.
The heating arrangement may comprise of number of heaters depending on capacity of
turbine.
Ad$anta"es of Re"enerati$e %eed &eatin" or (leedin"
. 7t reduces size of Condenser.
$. Thermal efficiency is improved because the average temperature of heat addition is
increased.
6. The thermal stresses set up in boiler are minimized as the temperature ranges in the
boiler are reduced.
*isad$anta"es of Re"enerati$e %eed &eatin" or (leedin"
. 5lant becomes more complicated.
$. Greater maintenance re&uired due to addition of heaters.
6. 4eaters are costly thus increasing the overall capital cost.
Nozzle Control +o$ernin"
The main function of the governing is to maintain the turbine speed constant irrespective
of load on the turbine.
7n this method% nozzles are grouped together in 6 to : numbers or more and each group
of nozzle supplies steam through valve which controls the flow to the wheel.
This governing is used only for first stage of turbine.
This is used for medium and large steam turbines.
Hnder full load condition all regulating valves are open and when load on turbine is
reduced the suitable valve is closed to reduce the supply of steam.
STEAM CON'ENSERS
Introduction
! steam condenser is a closed vessel into which the steam is e#hausted and condensed
after doing wor* in an engine cylinder or turbine. ! steam condenser has the following two
objectives,
$
Thermal Engg.
The primary objective is to maintain a low pressure 'below atmospheric pressure( so as
to obtain the ma#imum possible energy from steam and thus to secure a high efficiency.
The secondary objective is to supply pure feed water to hot well from where it is pumped
bac* to the boiler.
Ad$anta"es of a team Condenser
. 7t increases e#pansion ratio of steam% and thus increases efficiency of the plant.
$. 7t reduces the bac* pressure of the steam% and thus more wor* can be obtained.
6. 7t reduces temperature of the e#haust steam% and thus more wor* can be obtained.
9. The reuse of condensate as feed water for boilers reduces the cost of power generation.
:. The temperature of condensate is higher than that of fresh water. Therefore the amount
of heat supplied per *g of steam is reduced.
Classification of Condensers
The steam condensers are classified into two types depending upon the way in which the
steam is condensed
. /et Condensers or Mi#ing Type Condensers
$. 8urface Condensers or 1on Mi#ing Type Condensers
*. +et Condensers or Mi,in" T-)e Condensers
=n the basis of the direction of flow of the condensate and the arrangement of the tubing
system jet condensers are classified into four
types,
a. Parallel "lo# $et Con%ensers
7n parallel flow jet condenser% both the steam and
water enter at the top and the mi#ture is removed
from the bottom.
The principle of this condenser is that the e#haust
steam is condensed when it mi#es up with water.
The condensate% cooling water and air flow
downwards and are removed by two separate
pumps *nown as air pump and condensate pump.
8ometimes% a single pump *nown as wet air pump
is also used to remove both air and condensate.
The condensate pump delivers the condensate to
the hot well% from where surplus water flow to the
cooling water tan* through an overflow pipe.
b. Counter&lo# or Lo# Level $et Con%ensers
7n counterflow or low level jet condensers% the e#haust steam enters at the bottom% flows
upwards and meets the down coming cooling water.
6
Thermal Engg.
The vacuum is created by the air pump% placed at the
top of the condenser shell. This draws the supply of
cooling water% which falls in a large number of jets%
through perforated conical plate.
The falling water is caught in the trays% from which it
escapes in a second series of jets and meets the
e#haust steam entering at the bottom.
The rapid condensation occurs% and the condensate
and cooling water descends through a vertical pipe to
the condensate pump% which delivers it to the hot well.
!. 'arometri! or (igh Level $et Con%ensers
These condensers are provided at a high level
with a long vertical discharge pipe.
7n high level jet condensers% e#haust steam enters
at the bottom% flows upwards and meets the down
coming cooling water in the same way as that of
low level jet condenser.
The vacuum is created by the air pump% placed at
the top of the condenser shell.
The condensate and cooling water descends
through a vertical pipe to the hot well without the
aid of any pump. The surplus water from the hot
well flows to the cooling water tan* through an
overflow pipe.
%. )*e!tor Con%ensers
7n ejector condensers% the steam and water mi# up
while passing through a series of metal cones.
-ater enters at the top through a number of guide
cones.
The e#haust steam enters the condenser through
non)return valve arrangement.
The steam and air then passes through the hollow
truncated cones.
!fter that it is dragged into the diverging cones
where its *inetic energy is partly transformed to
pressure energy.
The condensate and cooling water is then
discharged to the hot well.
.. Sur(a$e Condensers or Non Mi,in" T-)e Condensers
9
Thermal Engg.
8urface Condensers consists of a horizontal cast iron cylindrical vessel pac*ed with
tubes% through which the cooling water flows.
The ends of the condenser are cut off by vertical perforated type plates into which water
tubes are fi#ed. This is done in such a manner that the lea*age of water into the centre
condensing space is prevented.
The water tubes pass horizontally through the main condensing space for the steam.
The steam enters at the top and is forced to flow downwards over the tubes due to the
suction of the e#traction pump at the bottom.
The cooling water flows in one direction through the lower half of the tubes and returns in
opposite direction through the upper half.
=n the basis of the direction of flow of the
condensate% the arrangement of tubing system
and the position of the e#traction pump the
surface condensers are classified into four
types,
a. Do#n "lo# +ur&a!e Con%ensers
7n down flow surface condensers% the e#haust
steam enters at the top and flow downwards
over the tubes due to force of gravity as well
as suction of the e#traction pump fitted at the
bottom.
The condensate is collected at the bottom and
then pumped by the e#traction pump.
The dry air pump suction pipe% which is
provided near the bottom% is covered by a
baffle so as to prevent the entry of condensed
steam into it.
:
Thermal Engg.
!s the steam flows perpendicular to the direction of flow of cooling water 'inside the
tubes(% this is also called a cross surface
condenser.
b. Central "lo# +ur&a!e Con%ensers
7n central flow surface condensers% the
e#haust steam enters at the top and flow
downwards.
The suction pipe of the air e#traction pump is
placed in the centre of the tube nest. This
causes the steam to flow radially inwards over
the tubes towards the suction pipe.
The condensate is collected at the bottom and
then pumped by the e#traction pump.
This condenser is an improvement over the
down flow type as the steam is directed
radially inwards by a volute casing around the
tube nest thus giving an access to the whole
periphery of the tubes.
!. egenerative +ur&a!e Con%ensers
7n this condenser% the condensate is heated by a regenerative method.
The condensate after leaving the tubes is passed through the e#haust steam from the
engine or turbine.
7t thus% raises its temperature for use as feed water for the boiler.
%. )vaporative Con%enser
The steam to be condensed
enters at the top of a series of
pipes outside of which a film of
cold water is falling.
!t the same time% a current of
air circulates over the water
film% causing rapid evaporation
of some of the cooling water. !s
a result of this% the steam
circulating inside the pipe is
condensed.
The remaining cooling water is
collected at an increased
temperature and is reused.
7ts original temperature is
restored by the addition of the
re&uisite &uantity of cold water.
The evaporative condensers are provided when the circulating water is to be used again
and again.
These condensers consist of sheets of gilled piping% which is bent bac*wards and
forwards and placed in a vertical plane.
@
Thermal Engg.
+et Condensers Sur(a$e Condensers
. Cooling water and steam are mi#ed up. . Cooling water and steam are not
mi#ed up.
$. <ess suitable for high capacity plants. $. More suitable for high capacity plants.
6. Condensate is wasted. 6. Condensate is reused.
9. 7t re&uires less &uantity of circulating water. 9. 7t re&uires a large &uantity of circulating
water.
:. The condensing plant is economical and simple. :. The condensing plant is costly and
complicated.
@. 7ts maintenance cost is low. @. 7ts maintenance cost is high.
A. More power is re&uired for air pump. A. <ess power is re&uired for air pump.
D. 4igh power is re&uired for water pumping. D. <ess power is re&uired for water
pumping.
*alton,s -a. of Partial Pressures 'Mi/ture of Air and team)
7t states BThe pressure of the mi#ture of air and steam is e&ual to the sum of the pressures
which each constituent would e#ert% if it occupies the same space by itself.C Mathematically%
pressure in the condenser containing mi#ture of air and steam%
p
c
= p
a
I p
s
where% p
a
= 5artial pressure of air%
p
s
= 5artial pressure of steam
Condenser and !acuum Efficiency
The minimum absolute pressure 'ideal pressure( at the steam inlet of a condenser is the
pressure corresponding to the temperature of the condensed steam. The corresponding
vacuum 'ideal vacuum( is the ma#imum vacuum that can be obtained in a condensing
plant% with no air present at that temperature.
The pressure in the actual condenser is greater than the ideal pressure by an amount
e&ual to the pressure of air present in the condenser.
The ratio of the actual vacuum to the ideal vacuum is *nown as vacuum efficiency.

v
=
Vacuum Ideal
Vacuum Actual
where % !ctual vacuum = barometric pressure J actual pressure
7deal "acuum = barometric pressure J ideal pressure
The condenser efficiency may be defined as the ratio of temperature rise of cooling water
to the vacuum temperature minus inlet cooling water temperature.
Mahematically% condenser efficiency is

c
=
e temperatur water Cooling Inlet e Temperatur Vacuum
water Cooling of Rise e Temperatur

=
i v
i
t t
t t

0
where t
>
= outlet temperature of cooling water%
t
i
= 7nlet temperature of cooling water%
t
v
= "acuum temperature which is saturation temperature corresponding to the
condenser pressure.
ources of Air -ea0a"e Into The Condenser
The main sources through which the air may enter into the condenser are
A
Thermal Engg.
a. The dissolved air in the feed water enters into the boiler which in turn enters into the
condenser with the e#haust steam.
b. The air lea*s into the condenser% through various joints% due to high vacuum pressure in
the condenser.
c. 7n case of jet condensers% dissolved air with the injection water enters into the
condenser.
Effects of Air -ea0a"e
The effects of air lea*age on the performance of condensing plants are
a. 7t reduces the vacuum pressure in the condenser.
b. 8ince air is a poor heat conductor% particularly at low densities% it reduces the rate of heat
transmission.
c. 7t re&uires a larger air pump. Moreover% an increased power is re&uired to drive the
pump.
Coolin" To.ers
The function of the cooling tower is to cool the hot water from the condenser by e#posing
it to the atmospheric air% so that the cold water may be used again for circulation.
The cooling towers are used in steam power plants where there is a limited supply of
cooling water.
7t is placed at a certain height 'at about E meters from the ground level(.
The hot water falls down in radial sprays from a height and the atmospheric air enters
from the base of the tower.
The partial evaporation of water ta*es place which reduces the temperature of circulating
water.
This cooled water is collected in the pond at the base of the tower and pumped into the
condenser.
Cooling Towers are classified as follows
a. A$$ordin" to t%e t-)e o( drau"%t
i. Natural Draught Cooling To#ers
7n this% the circulation of air is produced by the pressure difference of air inside and
outside the cooling tower.
ii. "or!e% Draught Cooling To#ers
D
Thermal Engg.
7n this% the circulation of air is produced by means of fans placed at the base of the
tower.

/or$ed 'rau"%t Coo!in" To0ers Indu$ed 'rau"%t Coo!in"
To0ers
iii. In%u!e% Draught Cooling To#ers
7n this% the circulation of air is produced by means of fan placed at the top of the tower.
b. A$$ordin" to t%e materia! Used
i. Timber Cooling To#ers
These towers have short life% high maintenance charges% limited cooling capacity% rots
easily due to e#posure to sun% wind% water% etc% and design does not facilitate proper
circulation of air.
ii. Con!rete Cooling To#ers
These towers have large capacity% improved draught and air circulation% increased
stability under pressure and low maintenance.
iii. +teel Du!t T,pe Cooling To#ers
The duct type cooling towers are rarely used in case of modern power plants due to their
small capacity.
CHAPTER 5 Steam Turbines and Condensers
1uestions /rom Pre&ious Board Pa)ers
. 8tate the KaltonCs law of partial pressure. May > '@( Kec $ May Kec > May >E
Kec >D '$(
$. -rite basic function of condenser. 4ow condensers are classifiedL
May $ '9(
6. E#plain construction and wor*ing of down flow type surface condenser with neat s*etch.
May >D
'@(
E#plain construction and wor*ing of surface condenser with neat s*etch.
Kec > '9(
Give classification of steam condensers. E#plain the wor*ing of surface condenser.
Kec $ 'D(
9. -rite sources of air lea*age into the condenser and its effects on the performance of
condenser.
E
Thermal Engg.
May Kec % Kec >E% May >E '@(% Kec
>D '9(
-hat are sources of air lea*ages in condenserL 4ow these can be detectedL
May $ '9(
:. Compare jet and surface condensers on the basis of construction% performance and
application.

Kec >D '9(
@. 8tate function of steam condenser. May >
'$(
A. -hat is condenserL 8tate its function. 1ame two types and two demerits of it.
May > '@(
D. -hat is vacuum efficiency of condenserL May $
'$(
E. -hat is vacuum efficiency and condenser efficiencyL
Kec '9(
>. -hat are the primary and secondary functions of condenserL E#plain.
Kec '9(
. Kefine nozzle and its function. Give its types and write two application of nozzle.
May Kec
>D% May >D '9(
$. Kefine and state significance of Mach number.
May >D '9(
6. 8tate applications of steam nozzles and e#plain critical pressure. Kec $
'9(
9. -hat is nozzleL Kraw the s*etches of different types of nozzles and also write four
applications of it. May $ '9( May >E '9( Kec
>D Kec >E '@(
:. -hy compounding of steam turbine is necessaryL 8tate the methods of compounding.
Kescribe any one method with neat s*etch. Kec $ May Kec > '9( May
> Kec >D 'D(
-hat do you mean by compounding of steam turbineL May
>E '9(
8tate necessity of compounding of steam turbines. E#plain pressure compounding with
s*etch.

May $ 'D(
E#plain the pressure) velocity compounding method of steam turbine.
Kec '9(
@. E#plain the term BMleeding of steamC used in steam turbine plant with a neat s*etch.
May '9(
A. -hat is regenerative feed heatingL -hat are its advantages and disadvantagesL E#plain
this process with neat s*etch.
May >D 'D(
E#plain with neat s*etch regenerative feed heating and state its advantages.
May $ '9( Kec
% May >E 'D(
D. Kifferentiate between impulse turbine and reaction turbine.
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Thermal Engg.
E. Kescribe the construction of impulse turbine with neat s*etch.
May $'9(
$>. E#plain wor*ing of impulse steam turbine by using pressure velocity variation diagram.
May
'9(
$. E#plain clearly with the help of neat s*etch the wor*ing of a reaction turbine. !lso show
pressure and velocity variation for the same. Kec >E
'D(
$$. -ith pressure)velocity diagram% e#plain how stored energy of steam is converted into
mechanical energy in case of reaction turbine.
Kec 'D(
$6. Classify steam turbine with respect to a( !ction of steam over moving blade% b(
E#pansion stages% c( 5ressure of steam entering% d( E#haust steam pressure.
Kec >E '9(
$9. E#plain with neat s*etch cooling tower any oneL 8tate any two merits and demerits of
cooling tower.
May > '9(
-hat is function of cooling tower in steam power plantL Give various types of cooling
towers only by s*etch.
May '9(
$:. E#plain natural draught cooling tower with s*etch. May $
'9(
$@. -ith s*etch e#plain wor*ing of forced draught cooling tower.
Kec $ '9(
$A. Kifferentiate between natural draught and forced draught cooling tower. E#plain with neat
s*etch induced draught cooling tower.
Kec 'D(
$