IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 10, NO.

3, MAY 1995

349

Introduction to Modeling of Transformers and Coupled Inductors

Arthur F. Witulski
Absb.act--A tutorial paper is presented on modeling and design of transformers and coupled inductors. Beginning with a brief review of electromagnetic laws and magnetic circuit models, the magnetic and electric models of transformers and coupled inductors are developed, including both magnetizing and leakage effects. It is shown that while the voltage waveforms on the windings are primarily related by the turns ratio for both devices, the wiading currents of transformers and coupled inductors are determined by very different mechanisms. An integrated structure with both transformer and coupled inductor on tbe same core is also discussed, as well as the special case of the coupled inductor used on a mdtiple-output transformer-isolated converter.

I. INTRODUCTION LTHOUGH transformers and coupled-inductors each consist of several windings on a magnetic core, and hence are superficially similar, there are wide-ranging differences in their principles of operation and in the role they play in switching converter operation. The coupled-inductor has an a i r gap, whereas the transformer does not, and they differ in power flow, flux levels, current directions, current scaling, and in the effect that leakage inductances have on their terminal n. &VIEW OF MAGNETIC MODELING CONCEITS waveforms. A transformer is primarily used for power transfer; Before embarking on a comparison of coupled inductors and the power entering the transformer ideally equals the power exiting the transformer at any instant in time. A coupled transformers, it is helpful to review the basic laws governing inductor is a device primarily used for energy storage during magnetic structures, and to develop the magnetic circuit model a power converter switching cycle; the power entering the for analysis of these structures. To this end, the three laws coupled-inductor is not the same as the power leaving it in a primarily used in magnetic analysis, namely, those of Faraday, given instant. Transformers are used for voltage and current Ampere, and Gauss, are briefly reviewed. The magnetic circuit scaling, for dc isolation, and to obtain multiple outputs from model is seen to be a simplification of these general laws, a single converter. Coupled-inductors are used to reduce which lends itself to analysis and design purposes. converter volume by using one core instead of two (or more), to improve regulation of multi-output converters, and to steer A* Review Of Ezectmmagnetic Laws Faradays law is the first to be discussed. It is given in its the ripple current [l], [2] from one winding to another. Althwgh coupled inductors are widely used, there is some integral form [ll as confusion as to just how they differ from a single winding inductor on the one hand, and from a transformer on the E - d l = - - at L 2 . d ; (1) a other. Since single-winding inductors are well understood, it Seems most useful to exmine the distinction between coupled where E is the electric field and B is the magnetic flux density. inductors and transformers, in the hope that each can be A more familiar form of Faradays law is understood better when examined in the presence of the other. d@ v=N(2) Consequently, this paper is presented as a tutorial review dt

of transformer and coupled inductor operation, design, and functionality in switching converters. The paper is intended to begin at an introductory level, and develop the necessary concepts that enable the practicing engineer to read and profit from the research literature on transformers and coupledinductors. The structure of the paper is as follows: First, a brief review is presented of magnetic and electric circuit modeling. Second, an extended discussion of the physical operation of transformers and coupled inductors is presented, including electric and magnetic waveforms, voltage and current relationship between windings, the role of magnetizing inductance, and the direction of power flow. Third, the effects of leakage flux on each structure are examined, including the Occurrence of the zero ripple condition in coupled inductors. Fourth, the possibility of winding both a transformer and a coupled inductor on the same core is explored. Fifth, the specific case of a coupled inductor used in place of multiple single output filter inductors on multiple-output converters is examined. To summarize, a table is presented that highlights the differences between transformers and coupled inductors.

f-

Manuscript received January 26, 1993; revised January 24, 1995. The author is with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Az 85721 USA. Paper Was Presented at the IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference, San Diego CA, Mar. 8-11, 1993. IEEE Log Number 9410520.

which states the voltage induced in a conductor is proportional to the change in the magnetic flux @ = BA, passing through the surface enclosed by that conductor (Fig. l(a)). The quantity N is the number of turns of the conductor (only one turn is shown in Fig. 1). Faradays law explains the Occurrence of

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(a)

(b)

Fig. 1. Faradays law and induced open circuit voltage. (a) side; (b) top.

(a)

(b)

Fig. 3. Gausss law: (a) physical model and (b) magnetic circuit model.

Fig. 2.. Application of Amperes law to a femte core (a) and the resulting magnetic model, (b) where A c is area of the core.

which states that the net magnetic flux passing through any three-dimensional body with surface SG is zero (Fig. 3(a)). In other words, the magnetic flux entering the body is equal to the magnetic flux leaving the body. Hence Gauss law states that there is no such thing as a magnetic point charge. One further relationship is needed before the magnetic circuit model can be developed, and that is the relationship between magnetic flux density B and magnetic field H in a given material. In free space, the relationship between B and H is given by

B = poi?

(5)

an induced voltage in a conductor experiencing a changing magnetic flux. As shown in Fig. l(b), an electric field is generated in a plane perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic flux. Since the conductor is in this perpendicular plane, the electric field causes charge to move in the conductor. If the conductor is open-circuited, negative charges accumulate at one end and positive charges at the other, resulting in a net voltage at the two ends of the wire. If the conductor forms a closed path, current flows in the conductor. The second law of interest is Amperes law, given in this quasistatic integral form as
(3)

where po is the permeability of free space, equal to 42~ x Wm. In a ferromagnetic material, the relationship between B and H is given by the familiar B-H curve, which exhibits both hysteresis and saturation. In the linear portion of the curve, the relation between B and H is

B = p r i = pTp&

(6)

where the permeability p is the product of the relative permeability pr and the permeability of free space po. For ferromagnetic materials, the relative permeability is on the order of lo3 or lo4, which results in very high flux density B for a given magnetic field intensity Hinside a ferromagnetic core.
B. The Magnetic Circuit Model

where H is the magnetic field intensity, dl is an increment of path length, J is current density, and ZT is the total current passing through the surface S. As shown in Fig. 2(a), Amperes law (3) states that the line integral of the magnetic field intensity H around a closed path is equal to the total current passing through the surface S enclosed by the path C. Notice that the directions of H and i obey the right-hand rule, i.e., if the thumb is placed in the direction of the current, the fingers point in the direction of the magnetic field, or if the thumb is in the direction of the field, the fingers of the right hand point in the direction of the current. In Fig. 2(a), the winding intersects the surface N times, so the total current passing through the surface is Ni. While Faradays Law governs the relation between a voltage and the corresponding magnetic flux, Amperes Law governs the relationship between a c m n t in a conductor and the corresponding magnetic field. The third law of interest, Gauss law for magnetic fields, is given by
(4)

The magnetic circuit model is a means of simplifying the electromagnetic laws so that the line and surface integrals do not have to be evaluated to find the magnetic flux. The primary assumption of the magnetic circuit model is that the magnetic field H is constant in a given region, and is aligned in the direction of the path of integration. This is a good assumption over a region of a uniform ferromagnetic material, or over small distances in free space. When H is constant and aligned with the path, the integral in Amperes law (3) as shown in Fig. 2(a) reduces to

H.e = Ni.

(7)

Application of (6) and the definition @ = B A , yields the expression

ip

e = @?R = Ni. PAC

(8)

The quantity ?R is referred to as the reluctance of the path C and the quantity Ni is known as the magnetomotive force

WITULSKI: INTRODUcIloN TO MODELING OF TRANSFORMERS AND COUPLED INDUCTORS

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(mmf), also denoted by S.Since magnetic flux CP is linearly A. Ideal Transfonner Operation related to f via the reluctance, an analog to Ohms law can The physical and magnetic model of a two-winding transbe established for magnetic circuits, as shown in Fig. 2(b), in former is shown in Fig. 4 . Note that the primary is driven which mmf is analogous to voltage, flux CP is analogous to by a voltage source, and the secondary is terminated by a current, and reluctance is analogous to resistance. Notice that resistance. The magnetic model consists of an mmf source for the reluctance 92 could be subdivided into smaller reluctances, each winding and a reluctance 92, = L,/pA, that models each corresponding to a section of path length L 1 , L 2 , etc., in the properties of the core. When a voltage vs is applied to which case Amperes law could be stated as the primary for a length of time, a magnetic flux 9 1 must N i = @(921+ 922 Xin) (9) flow in the core to satisfy Faradays law (Fig. 4(a)). Since the permeability p of the core is very high, it is a good or, for a general single-loop magnetic circuit, approximation to assume that all of the flux generated by the primary winding also links the secondary winding. This timen m varying flux CP1 induces a voltage v2 in the secondary winding according to Faradays law. Since the winding is terminated by a resistance, a current 22 flows, which by Amperes law which is analogous to Kirchhoffs voltage law for electric must generate a magnetic field H2, and hence by (5) a flux circuits. Finally, if more than one flux path exists, as shown in density B2 or a flux @ 2 , in a direction opposite to the flux @ I . the physical model of Fig. 3(a), Gauss law states that the sum Consequently the mmf source N2i2 in Fig. 4(c) must have an of the fluxes going into a magnetic node must be zero, which opposite polarity to N1il in the magnetic model. The total is the magnetic analog to Kirchhoff s current law for electric 1 and @ 2 , or flux @ in the core is the difference between 9 circuits, as shown in the magnetic circuit model of Fig. 3(b). CP = @ I - CP2. Now the voltage scaling relation can be derived Thus for a given node in the magnetic circuit model, from Faradays Law:

+ +
* e *

x C P i = 0
i=l

- Since the same flux CP links both sides, the volts per turn in (15) must be equal for both windings. Hence the relationship between primary and secondary voltage is

where the positive direction of flux is defined into the node of the magnetic circuit. It is possible to convert a magnetic circuit to an electric circuit model so that well-known electrical circuit analysis techniques can be applied. For example, the magnetic circuit in Fig. 2(b) can be solved for the flux:

_-

v2= - N 2 = n.
U1

Nl

(16)

a = -N .i 92

(12)

The current scaling relation can be found from Amperes law by summing the mmfs around the loop in the magnetic circuit model of Fig. 4(c):
Niil

But Faradays law tells us that the voltage induced- in the multiple-turn winding shown in Fig. 2(a) is (13) Hence the voltage can be written from (12) and (13) as

- @92, - N2i2 = 0.

(17)

For an ideal transformer, the core permeability p is considered to be infinite, hence 92, is zero. Thus the current scaling relation can be found from (17) as
i2 NI =-= -. 1
il

N2

(18)

where L = N 2 / R = p N 2 A ~ / lis . the electrical parameter of inductance in terms of the physical characteristics of the winding and the magnetic core.

HI.

OPERATION OF TRANSFORMERSAND COUPLED blDUcn>RS

In this section the operation of transformers and coupled inductors is described in terms of laws of Faraday, Ampere, and Gauss, and the magnetic circuit model. The physical structure of each is discussed, a magnetic model is derived based on the physical structure, and an electrical model is developed from the magnetic model. Finally, a comparison is made of the various magnetic and electric waveforms resulting when the same voltage waveform is applied to a transformer and a coupled inductor.

The electrical model of the ideal transformer is shown in Fig. 5. Thus, for an ideal transformer both current and voltage are scaled by the turns ratio n. The voltage scaling ratio is a result of Faradays law, and the a t i o is a result of Amperes law. Notice that current scaling r there is no energy storage in an ideal transformer, hence the input power is equal to the output power on an instantaneous basis. Notice also that impedances can be reflected to either side by use of the scaling laws of (16) and (18), e.g., an impedance 2, can be reflected to the primary side:

Note that the dot convention indicates the polarity of the voltages on the primary and secondary, i.e., if the voltage on the primary is positive on the dot side, then the voltage of the

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 10, NO. 3, MAY 1995

"C1

VL2

..

q :
il
slFig. 6. (a) Sepic dual, and (b) Forward converter.

a -

Nlil
(C)

N2i 2
(d)

Fig. 4. Structure of (a) transformer and (b) coupled inductor, and magnetic model of (c) transformer and (d) coupled inductor.

Fig. 5. Ideal transformer circuit representation.

secondary is positive on the dot side of the secondary. Also notice that in the ideal transformer model, the current goes into the dot on the primary (energy-supplying) side and comes out of the dot on the secondary (energy-absorbing) side. Hence the direction of power flow in the ideal transformer is from the primary to the secondary side. B. Operation of the Coupled Inductor The structure and magnetic model of a coupled inductor is shown in Figs. 4(b) and 4(d). Both windings are driven by a voltage source, and the direction of the currents il and i2

are both "into" the inductor structure. An air gap is present in the coupled-inductor (CL) structure. Both mmf sources have the same polarity in the magnetic model, and an additional reluctance Rg = l g / p o A , models the air gap. The presence of the a i r gap implies substantial energy storage in the coupleinductor, which is contrasted to the transformer, in which energy storage is incidental. For an ideal coupled inductor (no leakage) with a single flux path, the voltage sources driving the windings must be proportional or identical to satisfy Faraday's law because each winding links the same d @ / d t . These voltage sources are provided by the power converter in which the coupled-inductor is operating. Examples of converters with equal or proportional voltage waveforms on the inductors are the Cuk, Sepic and Sepic dual nonisolated converters. Also, multiple output converters with output filter inductors fit this description, including buck-derived isolated converters such as the forward, pushpull, full- and half-bridge converters, and the isolated versions of the Cuk, Sepic, or Sepic dual (zeta) converters [2], [3]. The Sepic dual converter and the forward converter shown in Figs. 6(a) and (b) illustrate this property. It can be shown by dc analysis of the Sepic dual that the steady state voltage on the capacitor C1 of the Sepic dual converter is equal to the output voltage V2, hence z 1 ~and 1 ' U L are ~ proportional during both D and (1- D) switching intervals. Likewise, the voltages on the secondaries of the forward converter transformer are scaled by the transformer turns ratios n1 = N1/NP and nz = N2/Np hence the voltages across the inductor L1 and L2 are proportional. Now, let us resume the discussion of the physical operation of the coupled inductor. The voltage source z1,1 results in a flux @1 in the core as indicated in Fig. 4(b). Likewise, the

WITULSKI: INTRODUCTION TO MODELING OF TRANSFORMERS AND COUPLED INDUCTORS

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voltage source w p , results in a flux Q2 in the same direction as 9 1 . Hence the total flux in the core 9 = 9 1 + is larger than either individual flux. Since the same total flux 9 links both the N I and N2 windings in Fig. 4(b), by Faradays law the voltage scaling relation for coupled inductors is the same as for transformers (13, (16). However, when the sum of the mmf drops around the loop in the magnetic model is found according to Amperes law, a different relation from that of the transformer is obtained.

N1il - 9 ( R c

+ R,) + Nzi2 = 0.

(20)

The presence of R, implies that, in contrast to the transformer, even if the core permeability p were infinite and Rcwere zero, the relation between il and i z would still depend on the flux level in the core, i.e.,

Hence the current scaling law for transformers, (18), does not apply to coupled inductors. Rather, the relation between Fig. 7. Electrical models: (a) transformer (b) coupled inductor. il and i 2 is determined by the extemal converter circuit, and the energy stored in the inductor adjusts appropriately (16) still holds, but now in the presence of finite p the terminal to maintain the currents required by the extemal circuit. For currents are no longer related by (18). The magnetizing current example, the dc inductor currents of the Sepic dual converter , i models the energy needed to magnetize the core. It of Fig. 6(a) are determined by the dc operating point of the is usual to design for low magnetizing current, i.e., using converter, i.e., the dc current I2 must equal the load current high pr and no intentional air gap. (For an introduction V2/R and the current 11must equal [D/(1- D)]I2whether or to design of transformers and inductors, see Chapter 17 of not coupled inductors are used, or regardless of the specific [2].) The magnetizing inductor L, has the properties of number of tums on the coupled inductor. This is so because any ferromagnetic core inductor, including saturation and in steady-state the average current through capacitors must be hysteresis. zero and the average voltage across inductors must be zero regardless of the value of capacitance or inductance. Notice D. Electrical Model of the Coupled Inductor also that the coupled inductor is an energy storage element, so The electrical model of the coupled inductor with finite p is instantaneous power in does not equal instantaneous power similar, but not identical to that of the transformer. To obtain out as in the transformer. the electrical model. we follow the same derivation as for the transformer but start with the magnetic model of Fig. 4(d). C. Transformer Operation with Finite Core Permeability The equation obtained by summing the mmf drops around the Earlier, when discussing the ideal transformer, it was found loop (20) can be solved for the flux flowing in the core: that if the core permeability p is infinite, then the relation between currents il and i z is govemed by the transformer turns ratio. However, when the permeability p of the core shown in Fig. 4(a) is finite, the current relation for a transformer cannot The voltage on the primary side is then given by Faradays be described simply by the turns ratio because the reluctance law: !)Ic is nonzero in (17) The flux i D can be found from (17) for -= this situation as 211 dt R c + R , dt dim = L, -. dt By Faradays law, the primary voltage 01 is then given by Once again, a magnetizing inductance is present in the model,
2 1 1

(b)

N: d d9 = N I - = -R dt dt

(.

21 - - 2 2

2 )

= L,

dim -. dt

(23)

The proportionality factor is defined to be the magnetizing inductor L,, and the resulting current is the magnetizing current , i of the transformer. Therefore an inductor L, appears in parallel with the primary in the electric model of the transformer as shown in Fig. 7(a). The voltage scaling law,

as shown in Fig. 7(b). Both the magnetizing inductance and current are different from those of the transformer model. In most cases, p is much larger than po, hence !)Ig is much larger than Rc, so the magnetizing inductance for a coupled inductor is usually approximated as

L,

N: -.

(26)

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 10, NO. 3, MAY 1995

The magnetizing current is now the sum of the primary current il and the current (NplN1)i2. Hence in the electrical model of Fig. 7(b), the current ip flows in the dot of the ideal transformer model, and (N2/N1)i2 flows out of the dot on the N I side. In the transformer the magnetizing inductance L , models the energy stored in the core, but in the coupled inductor model L , models the energy stored in the air gap.

E. Comparison of Waveforms
In Fig. 8 the magnetic and electric waveforms of a transformer and coupled inductor driven by the same voltage source v1 are shown. The quantities are labeled as in Fig. 4. The transformer primary is driven by w, = V I , and the coupled inductor is driven by v1 on the N I side and by up = V I on the N2 side. Since the transformer secondary voltage is a square wave and the load on the secondary is resistive, the reflected secondary current on the primary side is a square wave, which adds to the magnetizing current to give the winding current il. The coupled inductor (CL) primary current has a dc component with a triangular ripple component. The flux @ I of the CL has a dc component. The total flux 9 in the transformer is less than either of the fluxes 9 1 or @2, but the total flux @ of the CL is greater than its component fluxes. The transformer magnetizing current is an ac waveform, but the inductor magnetizing amount is a dc waveform with a triangular ac ripple component.

ti"
(a)

*
(b)

Iv. EFFECTS OF LEAKAGE FLUX In a physical transformer or coupled inductor, not all of the flux generated by a winding flows in the core, a portion of the flux flows instead into the air around the winding as shown in Fig. 9(a). In the magnetic model these leakage paths can be represented as additional reluctances in parallel with the mmf sources N 1 i l and N2i2, as shown in Fig. 9(b). These leakage reluctances give rise to leakage inductances Lex and L,p in the electrical models of both the transformers and the coupled inductor (Fig. lo), which affect the voltage and current relations of the transformers and coupled inductors differently. (Because of the property of duality between magnetic circuits and electric circuits, a parallel branch in the magnetic circuit must be represented by a series branch in the electrical circuit [4]). Notice, first of all, that the transformer is terminated by a resistor, and the CL is "terminated" on the secondary by a voltage source. In the general case, the transformer secondary may be a combination of active and passive elements, but cannot be a simple voltage source. On the other hand, the CL must be terminated by a voltage source in all cases. Consequently, the secondary voltage is a dependent quantity for transformers, but an independent quantity for coupled inductors. Hence, to first order, the leakage inductances affect the voltage waveforms of transformers, and the current waveforms of coupled inductors. The voltage on the secondary of the transformer is given by

fig. 8. Comparison of (a) transformer and (b) coupled inductor ~ a v ~ f o r m s .

m+

(b)

Fig. 9. (a) Physical and (b) magnetic models of the nonideal transformer.

The average voltage of 212 is the same as before, namely zero, but the shape of the voltage waveform is changed. For coupled inductors, as mentioned earlier, the average value of the currents Il and I2 is determined by the external circuit,

WITULSKI: INTRODUCTION TO MODELING OF TRANSFORMERS AND COUPLED INDUCIORS

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hence the addition of leakage inductances does not change the average value of the currents. Instead, the leakage inductances change the waveshape, or ripple, of the current. Consider the electrical model of the CL in Fig. lO(b). As shown in [3], the effect of the leakage inductances on the ripple current can be explained in the following way: Suppose that v1 = v2. Then the voltage vi that appears across Lm is

+
v2

The voltage vi on the secondary of the ideal transformer model in the CL electrical circuit is given by

Consequently, in most cases a voltage is present across Le2 and an ac ripple current flows in Le2. However, consider the special case when the turns ratio is equal to the inverse of the inductive divider:

--(b)

Fig. 10. Electrical models of (a) transformer and (b) coupled inductor with leakage.

Then vi = vl = 212, so there is no voltage drop across Le2, hence no ac ripple current can flow. In other words, a null condition has been established across Le2, so both current and voltage are zero. This is the origin of the well known zero ripple condition [2], [3]. Notice that zero-ripple can be achieved on either the input or the output, but not on both at the same time. On a multiple-output converter with coupled inductors, such as the forward converter with coupled output inductors, the ripple can be steered from one output into another. Also, note that in practical cases the condition (30) cannot be achieved exactly, because of production tolerances, temperature changes, etc., so a small voltage still appears across the leakage inductance. Thus, it is advantageous to have a large leakage inductance to minimize the amount of ripple current that flows. Therefore in practice it is desirable to have a large leakage inductance present in a coupled inductor design to minimize current ripple, but a small leakage inductance in a transformer design, to minimize voltage distortion. Consequently, a coupled inductor should be wound with the windings as physically far apart as is practical, but a transformer should be wound with the windings as close together as possible, preferably in a bi-filar or CO-filarfashion.

L1 1 I

Core
(b)

I
I

Fig. 11. Transformer isolated Sepic dual. (a) topology; (b) construction of transformer/coupled inductor integrated structure.

v.

INTEGRATION OF TRANSFORMER AND

COUPLED INDUCTOR ON A SINGLE CORE In many converter applications it is desirable to have both transformer isolation and a coupled inductor structure. For example in Fig. 11, the inductor L1 of the nonisolated Sepic dual is used as the magnetizing inductance of an isolation transformer. The voltage on the primary and the secondary of the transformer, and on the inductor L2 are proportional to each other, so both the transformer and the inductor can be wound on a common core, as shown in Fig. ll(b). As mentioned earlier, the primary winding and the transformer secondary winding should be closely coupled, but the primary and the coupled inductor secondary should be loosely coupled.

In such an arrangement, the ripple current from the inductor L2 can be steered into the magnetizing inductance (L1) of the primary winding. This is also possible with multiple outputs. Thus, more than one transformer secondary could be wound tightly coupled to the L1 winding, and more than one coupled inductor winding could be wound loosely coupled as shown for L2, all on a single core. Winding both the transformer and the CL on the same core changes the conditions needed to obtain zero ripple in the coupled inductor [3], 151.
VI. COUPLED-INDUCTORS IN MULTI-OUTPUT CONVERTERS

As mentioned previously, an important use for coupled inductors is as the filter element on multi-output converters,

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EEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 10, NO. 3, MAY 1995

TABLE I CHARACTERISTICSOF TRANSFORMERS AND C O U P L E D hDUCrORS

ctuuacteristic

Transformer

I ~oup~ed~nductor

Current scaling il = 3 N2 Relative size L , Large core depends on Voltage waveform Leakage L affec Small Small Mag. Currenti, Waveshape of im ac with small dc Value of im

Small Air gap Current waveform Large Large dc with small ac

Fig. 12. Forward converter with transformer and coupled inductors on separate cores.

[6] such as the forward converter shown in Fig. 12. The transformer is wound on one core, and the coupled inductor windings are all wound on a separate core. However, the turns ratio in the coupled inductor must be correlated with the turns ratio of the transformer to satisfy Faradays Law. Also, it is possible to steer the ripple from a sensitive output (e.g., +5v) to a less sensitive one (e.g., +15v). First consider the turns ratio of the coupled inductor (CL) in Fig. 12. Assume, to begin with, that the leakage inductances in the CL are zero. The converter output voltages, obtained by the transformer voltage scaling relation and by dc analysis of the converter, are given by

of winding two and the voltage reflected through the coupled inductor from winding one is dropped across the leakage inductor Le2, which causes a large ripple current to flow. Since condition (33) cannot be satisfied exactly in practice, it is seen again that a large leakage inductance is desirable in coupled inductor applications to prevent excessive current ripple. In practice there is a leakage inductance on the VI side of the coupled inductor also, so that both windings usually have ripple currents unless care is taken to achieve the zero ripple condition. VII. SUh4MARY

where D is the duty cycle, i.e., the fraction of the switching period for which the transistor Q1 is turned on. In addition, to obey Faradays law, the voltage scaling relation, (16), must be satisfied for the coupled inductor, i.e.,
VL2 - NL2
VL1

NL1

(32)

In the (1 - 0) switching interval, for instance, when the transistor is off, the voltage w ~ is l equal to the negative of the output voltage V I , and v ~ is 2 equal to -V2. Hence, by (31) and (32), the turns ratio of the coupled inductor is
(33)

Beginning with the laws of Faraday, Ampere, and Gauss, and magnetic circuit models, equivalent electrical circuit models are derived for transformers and coupled inductors. The important parameters in the electrical models are the magnetizing inductance, magnetizing current, leakage inductance, and the turns ratio. Transformer and coupled inductor properties developed from the magnetic and electric models are given in Table I. The transformer is a device for power transfer, whereas the coupled inductor is primarily a device for energy storage. The leakage inductance principally affects voltage scaling properties in transformers, and current ripple properties in coupled inductors. The zero ripple property in coupled inductors depends on the relative values of the magnetizing inductance, leakage inductance and turns ratio.
REFERENCES

Consequently, to satisfy Faradays law, the ideal turns ratio of the CL windings (when leakage inductances are zero) must be equal to the turns ratio of the secondaries of the transformer. Now consider the current waveform i 2 when the CL leakage inductance on the v2 side is a nonzero leakage inductance L,z. During the (1 - 0) switching interval, when the output is -V2 and the voltage diodes are conducting, the voltage 2 1 ~ 2 reflected from the coupled inductor primary winding on the Vl output is (NLz/NL1)(-Vl ), which by (33) is also -VZ. Hence there is no voltage across LeS,so no ripple current can flow in winding two, and the zero ripple condition is achieved on the second output. It can now be seen what happens if (33) is not satisfied: The mismatch in voltage between the output voltage

[l] C. T. A. Johnk, Engineering Electromagnetic FieMS and Waves. New

York Wiley and Sons, 1975. [2] S. Cuk and R. D. Middlebrook, Advances in Switched-Mode Power Conversion. Pasadena, C A Teslaco, vol. I-III, 1983. [3] S. Cuk and Z. Zhang, Coupled-inductor analysis and design, in IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference Record, IEEE Pub. 86CH2310-1, pp. 655-665, 1986. [4] I. K. Watson, Applications of Magnetism. New York Wiley and Sons, 1980. [5] L. Hsiu, W. Kerwin, A. Witulski, R. Carlsten, and R. Ghotbi, A coupled-inductor, zero-voltage switched dual sepic converter with low output ripple and noise, in Proceedings of Intelec 92, pp. 186-193. [6] H. Matsuo, Comparison of multiple-output DC-DC converters using cross regulation, Power Electronics Specialists Conference Record, IEEE Pub. CH1461-3, pp. 169-185, 1979.

WITULSKI. INTRODUCTION TO MODELING OF TRANSFORMERS AND COUPLED INDUCTORS

Arthur F . WitulsLi obtained the B.S., M.S., and

Ph.D. degrees from the University of Colorado, Boulder, in 1981, 1986, and 1988, respectively. He has worked as a design engineer and product engineer a t a major manufacturer in the area of power supply design for large magnetic data storage sub-systems. He is currently an Assistant Professor in the Department of Hectrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Arizona, Tucson. His research interests a ~ in . resonant power conversion, distributed electronic power systems, high power factor rectification, modeling of magnetic components, and integration of power converters for onchip or multichip-module power processing.