2 HYPERBOLIC
FUNCTIONS
Objectives
After studying this chapter you should
2.0
Introduction
2.1
Definitions
cosh x =
1 x
e + e x
2
sinh x =
1 x
e e x
2
33
Activity 1
Show that
cosh x + sinh x = e x
and simplify
cosh x sinh x.
(b) By considering
show that
(c) By considering
show that
Activity 2
Use the definitions of sinh x and cosh x in terms of exponential
functions to prove that
(a) cosh 2x = 2 cosh 2 x 1
(b) cosh 2x = 1 + 2 sinh 2 x
Example
Prove that cosh ( x y ) = cosh x cosh y sinh x sinh y
Solution
cosh x cosh y =
=
sinh x sinh y =
=
1 x
1
e + e x e y + e y
2
2
1 x+y
e
+ e x y + e( x y) + e( x + y)
4
1 x
1
e e x e y e y
2
2
1 x+y
e
e x y e( x y) + e( x + y)
4
Subtracting gives
1 xy
e
+ e( x y)
4
1 xy
e
+ e ( x y ) = cosh( x y )
2
Exercise 2A
3. cosh ( x + y ) = cosh x cosh y + sinh x sinh y
2.2
A B
A + B
cosh
2
2
A B
A + B
sinh
2
2
Osborn's rule
cos 2x = 1 2 sin 2 x
For example,
cosh 2x = 1 + 2 sinh 2 x .
But
Activity 3
Given the following trigonometric formulae, use Osborn's rule to
write down the corresponding hyperbolic function formulae.
(a) sin A sin B = 2 cos
A + B A B
sin
2 2
2.3
Further functions
sinh x
,
cosh x
coth x =
1
cosh x
=
,
tanh x sinh x
35
sech x =
1
cosh x
and
cosech x =
1
sinh x
sech 2 x = 1 tanh 2 x .
Activity 4
(a) Prove that
tanh x =
ex e x
2
and sech x = x x ,
x
x
e +e
e +e
2.4
Graphs of hyperbolic
functions
You could plot the graphs of cosh x and sinh x quite easily on a
graphics calculator and obtain graphs as shown opposite.
cosh x
36
sinh x
Activity 5
(a) Superimpose the graphs of y = cosh x and y = sinh x on the
screen of a graphics calculator. Do the curves ever
intersect?
(b) Use a graphics calculator to sketch the function
f : x a tanh x with domain x R. What is the range of the
function?
(c) Try to predict what the graphs of
y = sechx, y = cosech x and y = coth x
will look like. Check your ideas by plotting the graphs on a
graphics calculator.
2.5
Solving equations
3
and we wish to find the exact value of x.
4
Recall that cosh 2 x = 1 + sinh 2 x and cosh x is always positive, so
3
5
when sinh x = , cosh x = .
4
4
Suppose sinh x =
3 5
+ =2
4 4
x = ln 2 .
ex =
so
and hence
1 x
e e x
2
3
means
4
1 x
3
e e x =
2
4
2e x 3 2e x = 0
and multiplying by e x
2e 2 x 3e x 2 = 0
(e
)(
2 2e x + 1 = 0
e x = 2 or e x =
1
2
Activity 6
Find the values of x for which
cosh x =
13
5
Example
Solve the equation
2 cosh 2x + 10 sinh 2x = 5
giving your answer in terms of a natural logarithm.
Solution
cosh 2x =
So
1 2x
1
e + e 2 x ; sinh 2x = e 2 x e 2 x
2
2
e 2 x + e 2 x + 5e 2 x 5e 2 x = 5
6e 2 x 5 4e 2 x = 0
6e 4 x 5e 2 x 4 = 0
(3e
2x
)(
4 2e 2 x + 1 = 0
e2 x =
4
1
or e 2 x =
3
2
2x = ln
So
4
1 4
x = ln
3
2 3
Exercise 2B
1. Given that sinh x =
5
, find the values of
12
5
, determine the values of
4
(a) cosh x
(b) tanh x
(c) sech x
(a) sinh x
(d) coth x
(e) sinh 2 x
(f) cosh 2 x
38
(b) cosh 2 x
(c) sinh 2 x
1
1
, show that x = ln 3.
2
2
Acosh x + Bsinh x = 1
a cosh x + bsinh x = c
has real solutions.
cosh x = 3x
2.6
Calculus of hyperbolic
functions
Activity 7
(a) By writing cosh x =
1 x
e + e x , prove that
2
d
( cosh x ) = sinh x.
dx
d
(sinh x ).
dx
dy
= sech 2 x.
dx
Activity 8
Use the quotient rule, or otherwise, to prove that
(a)
d
(sech x ) = sech x tanh x
dx
(b)
d
(cosech x ) = cosech x coth x
dx
(c)
d
(coth x ) = cosech 2 x
dx
Example
Integrate each of the following with respect to x.
(a) cosh 3x
(b) sinh 2 x
(c) x sinh x
(d) e x cosh x
Solution
(a)
1
2
(cosh 2x 1) d x
=
1
1
sinh 2 x x + constant
4
2
sinh
xdx =
1 2x
e 2 + e 2 x
4
1 2x 1
1
e x e 2 x + constant
8
2
8
Can you show this answer is identical to the one found earlier?
(c) Using integration by parts,
40
1 2x 1
e +
2
2
cosh x d x =
1 2x 1
e + x + constant
4
2
Exercise 2C
1. Differentiate with respect to x
(a) tanh 4 x
(b) sech2 x
(c) cosech ( 5x + 3)
(d) sinh e x
where is a constant.
(e) cosh 3 2 x
(f ) tanh (sin x )
(h)
( )
( coth 4 x )
(a) sinh 4 x
2
(c) x cosh 2 x
(e) cosech2 x coth 3x
(d) sech 7x
(f ) tanh x
(g) tanh 2 x
(h) e 2 sinh 3x
(i) x cosh x + 4
2
( j) sinh x
(l) sech x
4
. Is
3
y = 3cosh 2 x sinh x
at the point where x = ln 2.
2.7
y
sinh1 x
d
(sinh x ) = cosh x , so the gradient of the graph of
dx
41
y
1
y = tanh x
Activity 9
Sketch the graph of the inverse tanh function, tanh 1 x.
y = cosh x
1
0
{ x: x R, x 0}
y
y = cosh1 x
{ x: x R, x 1}.
1
2.8
Logarithmic equivalents
Activity 10
Let y = sinh 1 x so sinh y = x.
Since cosh y is always positive, show that cosh y =
(1 + x )
2
42
(1 + x 2 )
Activity 11
Let y = tanh 1 x so tanh y = x.
Express tanh y in the terms of ey and hence show that
e2 y =
1+ x
.
1 x
1 1+ x
ln
.
2 1 x
Activity 12
Let y = cosh 1 x, where x 1, so cosh y = x.
Use the graph in Section 2.7 to explain why y is positive and
hence why sinh y is positive. Show that sinh y =
( x 2 1) .
( x 2 1) .
sinh 1 x = ln x +
tanh 1 x =
( x 2 + 1)
1 1+ x
ln
2 1 x
cosh 1 x = ln x +
( x 2 1)
(all values of x)
( x < 1)
( x 1)
43
Exercise 2D
3. Express sech 1x in logarithmic form for 0 < x < 1.
1
(c) tanh 1
2
(b) cosh 1 2
sinh1 x + cosh1( x + 2 ) = 0.
2.9
Derivatives of inverse
hyperbolic functions
dx
=
dy
( x2 + 1)
In other words,
dy
=
dx
and therefore
d
(sinh1 x ) =
dx
(x
(x
+ 1)
+ 1)
Activity 13
(a) Show that
d
(cosh1 x ) =
dx
d
1
tanh1 x =
dx
1 x2
( x2 1)
44
d
(sinh1 x ) =
dx
(x
+ 1)
is
x 2
= ln 2.
2 tanh 1
x +1
Since
d
x+
dx
( x2 + 1) ] = 1 + 1 .2x ( x2 + 1)
2
x
= 1+
( x2 + 1)
( x2 + 1) + x
( x2 + 1)
( x2 + 1) ]
( x2 + 1) + x .
1
2
( x + 1) x + ( x2 + 1)
( x2 + 1) } =
d
ln x +
dx
1
2
(x
+ 1)
d
(sinh1 x ) =
dx
So
(x
+ 1)
Example
Differentiate
(a) cosh1( 2x + 1)
1
(b) sinh1 with respect to x ( x > 0 ) .
x
Solution
(a) Use the function of a function or chain rule.
d
cosh1( 2x + 1) = 2.
dx
(b)
{(2x + 1) 1}
2
( 4x
1
1
1
d
1 1
= 2.
sinh x = x2 .
x
dx
1 + 1
2
x
+ 4x )
(x
+ x)
(1 + x2 )
(1 + x2 )
45
Exercise 2E
7. Differentiate sech 1x with respect to x, by first
writing x = sech y.
( x)
3. tanh 1 ( 3x + 1)
9. Prove that
d
( coth1 x ) = ( x21 ) .
1
dx
4. x 2 sinh 1 ( 2 x )
1
5. cosh 1
x
( x > 0)
6. sinh 1 ( cosh 2 x )
(a)
(x
+ 1)
dx
and
(b)
(x
Activity 15
x
Differentiate sinh1 with respect to x.
3
Hence find
(x
+ 9)
d x.
(x
+ 49)
d x is equal to?
Activity 16
Use the substitution x = 2 cosh u to show that
46
(x
4)
x
d x = cosh1 + constant
2
1)
dx
Activity 17
Prove, by using suitable substitutions that, where a is a constant,
(a)
x
d x = sinh1 + constant
a
(x + a )
(b)
x
d x = cosh1 + constant
a
(x a )
Activity 18
Express 4x 2 8x 5 in the form A( x B) + C, where A, B and C
are constants.
2
Example
Evaluate in terms of natural logarithms
7
( 4x
8x 5)
dx
Solution
From Activity 18, the integral can be written as
7
{4( x 1) 9}
dx
So
2( x 1) = 3cosh u
and
dx
= 3sinh x
du
47
[
]) and when
(
(so u = ln[4 + 15 ])
x = 4, cosh u = 2 so u = ln 2 + 3
x = 7, cosh u = 4
cosh 1 2
sinh u du
=
3sinh u
cosh 1 4
1
du
2
cosh 1 2
{ (
1
1
cosh1 4 cosh1 2 =
ln 2 + 3 ln 4 + 15
2
2
Example
Evaluate
(x
1
+ 6x + 13 d x
dx
= 2 cosh
d
When x = 3, sinh = 0 = 0
giving
(4 sinh
+ 4 .2 cosh d
sinh1 2
4 cosh d
2
48
)}
You can either convert this into exponentials or you can use the
identity
cosh 2 A = 2 cosh2 A 1
sinh 1 2
(2 + 2 cosh 2 )d
giving
sinh 1 2
= [2 + sinh 2 ]0
sinh 1 2
= 2[ + sinh cosh ]0
= 2 sinh 1 2 + 2 1 + 2 2
= 2 ln 2 + 5 + 4 5
Activity 19
Show that
d
(sec tan ) = 2 sec3 sec
d
and deduce that
sec
49
Exercise 2F
Evaluate the integrals in Questions 1 to 12.
1.
0
( x2 + 1)
3.
0
2.
3
dx
( x2 + 2 x + 5)
dx
6.
1 ( x2 + 2 x + 2 ) d x
8.
1
9.
4
11.
1
( x2 4 )
( x2 + x )
(3x
5
( 2 x2 + 4 x + 7)
dx
12.
+ 6 x 7)
(x
3
dx
(b)
+ 6x 7 d x
dx
( x2 + 2 x )
10.
1
dx
( x2 9)
( x2 + 6 x + 8)
1
(x
x +1
dx
( x 9) d x
4
7.
4.
1
(4 + x ) d x
2
5.
(a)
2
dx
dx
dx
1 x 4 + x2
1
. Hence, by
u
means of a further substitution, or otherwise,
evaluate the integral.
by means of the substitution x =
= 1.
a2 b2
12 x + 8) d x
0 sech x d x .
1
abt.
2
Miscellaneous Exercises
dy
= 0 at B, show that the
dx
x-coordinate of B is the positive root of the
equation
Given that
x cosh x 2sinh x = 0.
50
y = 3cosh x x sinh x
y = 3 cosh x x sinh x
3coth 2 x + 4cosech x = 23
3sech2 x + 4 tanh x + 1 = 0
3
Find r and show that = ln .
2
Hence, or otherwise,
(a) solve the equation 5cosh x + 13sinh x = 12sinh 2
(b) show that
1
15e 10
dx
1
= ln
1 5cosh x + 13sinh x 12 3e + 2
1
d
tanh 1 x =
.
1 x2
dx
tanh
Given that
2 cosh y 7sinh x = 3 and cosh y 3sinh2 x = 2 ,
find the real values of x and y in logarithmic
form.
(AEB)
x dx.
(a)
1+ t
(b) cosh x =
1 t2
(x
3
(b)
+ 6x + 5 d x
1
x
2
(a)
1 tanh 2 x
= sech2 x
1 + tanh 2 x
(b)
d
( tanh x ) = 1 tanh2 x
dx
(b) 4sinh x + 3e x + 3 = 0
cosh x + sinh x = e
( x + 6 x + 5) d x
1
6. Show that
1
x, prove the identities
2
2t
(a) sinh x =
1 t2
(1 + x )
sinh 1 x = ln x +
(AEB)
tanh 1 x =
(AEB)
sech2 x d x
n
nk
k
Deduce that cosh n x + sinh n x =
cosh x sinh x
k
k=0
cosh n x sinh n x.
Hence prove that
(AEB)
51
(1 + x2 ) .
cosh y + sinh y
2 y = ln
cosh y sinh y
dy
d
(1 + x2 ) d xy + x d x y = 0
2
2
sinh
x d x, leaving your
(a)
0
dx
(3x2 6 x + 4 )
(b)
0
dx
(1 + 6 x 3x2 )
1
By putting tanh y = , deduce that
3
1
1
tanh 1 = ln 2
3 2
(AEB)
dy
= sec x and hence show that
dx
sec x tanh
0
2
(sin x ) d x = 1 3 2 + 1 ln 3
3
2
and that
(AEB)
23. Solve the simultaneous equations
tanh 1 =
cosh x 3sinh y = 0
1 1+ x
where 1 < x < 1.
ln
2 1 x
y = 5cosh x 4sinh x
(b) Solve the equation
9sech y 3tanh y = 7 ,
2
52
1 1+ t
ln
2 1 t
2sinh x + 6 cosh y = 5
giving your answers in logarithmic form. (AEB)
24. Given that x = cosh y, show that the value of x is
either
ln x +
( x2 1)
or ln x
( x2 1)
16sinh x cosh x d x,
Calculate
(a) the area of R
(b) the volume generated when R is rotated
through 2 radians about the x-axis.
26. Solve the equation tanh x + 4sech x = 4.
27. Prove the identity
1
cosh x cos x sinh x sin x (1 + cosh 2 x cos2 x )
2
2
( n2 1)
x=
1 n 1
ln
2 n + 1
( n2 1)
53
54