MakingBatterySafetyDataSheetsActuallyUsefultotheUser

SteveMcCluer SeniorManager ExternalCodes&Standards SchneiderElectricITCorp. Dallas,TX CurtisAshton SeniorLeadPowerTechnical SupportEng. Centurylink Denver,CO J.AllenByrne Tech.SupportMgr. InterstatePowerCare ADiv.ofInterstateBatteries Dallas,TX

Introduction
ForyearsMaterialSafetyDataSheets(MSDSs)1havegonehandinhandwithstationarybatteries. Manufacturersandvendorsarerequiredtoprovidethem,usersarerequiredtofilethem,andinstallationand maintenancepersonnelaresupposedtoreadthem.IntheUSAforreallylargebatterysystems,usersare requiredtosubmitthemalongwiththeirEmergencyPlanningandCommunityRighttoKnowAct(EPCRA)Tier 1and/orTier2inventoryreports2tothelocalfiredepartmentsandstateauthorities.Itseemstobenothing morethanburdensomepaperwork.InmostcasestheMSDSsdontprovidemuchusefulinformationforthe EPCRAreports,whichwanttoknowthespecificchemicalsinabatterythatmightbehazardous.U.S.firecodes requireanewinstallationtodeclarehowmuchelectrolyteisinabatterysystem,andfireandmechanicalcodes wanttoknowhowmuchflammable(explosive)gasmightbegivenoffbyabatterysystem.Goodluckfinding thatinformationonanMSDSormanufacturersdatasheet!Otherregulationsrequireyoutoputmarkingson thebatteryroomdoortoeasilyidentifythehazardstoafirefighterenteringtheroomwithhiswaterhose.In theU.S.thisisknownastheNFPA704HazardWarningDiamond.3

In2011,theUSAharmonizeditssystemofclassifyinghazardoussubstanceswiththeEuropeanGlobally HarmonizedSystemofClassificationandLabelingofChemicals(GHS)4.5.TheformerMSDSisnowknownsimply asaSafetyDataSheet(SDS).AnIEEEworkinggroupistryingtodevelopaguidelineforconsistentlyidentifying thehazardousmaterialsinabatterySDS,toincludeinformationthatisactuallybeneficialtoeveryone.This paperdescribessomeoftheissuesthattheworkinggroupisgrapplingwith.

MaterialSafetyDataSheet(MSDS)
AnMSDSprovidesworkersandemergencyresponderswithinformationtheyneedtosafelyworkwithany substancesthattheymaycomeincontactwith.TheU.SGovernment'sOccupationalSafetyandHealth Administration(OSHA),undertheHazardCommunicationsStandard(HCS)CodeofFederalRegulations(CFR)29 Part1910.1200,requiresthatinformationregardinghazardstobetransmittedtoemployersandemployees. TheHCSspecifiestherequiredelementsthatmustbeonanMSDSalongwithotherimportantdata.The EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)requiresthatMSDSsbeonfilewithstateandlocalemergencyplanning organizationsandfiredepartments. InCanada,MSDSsfallundertheWorkplaceHazardousMaterialsInformationSystem(WHMIS).6IntheEuropean Union,theyarecoveredbytheRegistration,Evaluation,AuthorizationandRestrictionofChemicals(REACH)7 andbytheEuropeanChemicalsAgency(ECHA)8. MSDSsarerequiredtobecreatedbythemanufacturersandpasseddowntotheenduserthroughdistributors, equipmentsupplies,systemintegrators,andsoon.Employersmustmakethemavailabletoemployeesand ensurethattheemployeesarecognizantaboutthehazards.StateandLocalEmergencyPlanningCommissions (SEPCandLEPC)requirethatMSDSsbeavailabletoemergencyrespondersandtoindividualswherebatteries arestored.

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WhatdoBatteryUsersNeedtoKnowandReport?(USA)

NewBatteryInstallations
Usersreporttheamountofelectrolyteinthebatterysystem.Forbatterieswithliquidelectrolyte, includingValveRegulatedLeadAcid(VRLA)batteries,thisshouldbeingallons/liters.Forbatterytypes withnonliquidelectrolyte,thisshouldbetheweightofthebatteriesinthesystem. Authoritiesdetermineifthebatteryinstallationiscoveredbyafirecodebasedonthebatterysize. o InternationalFireCode(IFC)9:Over50gallonsofelectrolyteforaleadacidornickelcadmium batteryor1,000poundsofbatteryweightforalithiumbattery. o NationalFireProtectionAssociation(NFPA1FireCode)10.Over50gallonsofelectrolyteinan unsprinkleredbatteryroomor100gallonsinasprinkleredroom.

ExistingBatteryInstallationsorStorage EPCRATier1andTier2inventoryreports. HazardousorExtremelyHazardousSubstances(EHS). o Over500lbs.ofsulfuricacid. o Over10,000lbs.oflead. Nickelcadmiumelectrolyte(potassiumhydroxidesolution)andCadmiumarenotclassifiedasEHS.

AllInstallations
Usersmustreporttheamountofflammable(explosive)gasthatcanbereleasedfromthebattery system.Thisisrequiredtocalculatetheventilationrequiredforthebatteryroom.Variouscodesdiffer withrespecttothepercentagebyroomvolumebutthemostcommonaretheInternationalFireCode (IFC),theNFPA1FireCode,andtheInternationalMechanicalCode,allofwhichstatethatthesegasses cannotexceed1%oftheairvolumeintheroom.Inordertocalculatetheamountofgasesthatcanbe releasedfromabattery,gasevolutionmustbeknownforvariousoperatingmodesofthebatteryand temperatureconditions.Dependingonthecode,itmayberequiredtocalculatethegassingrateata semiworstcaseconditionsuchasequalizeorboostcharging. Theamountoftoxicgase.g.hydrogensulfidethatcanbereleasedfromthebatteryunderfault(thermal runaway)conditionsforavalveregulatedleadacid(VRLA)battery. IntheUSA,chemicalsubstancesareclassifiedusingtheChemicalAbstractServiceRegistryNumber (CASRN)11systemwhereeveryidentifiedhazardisassignedanumber. o ChemicalsareregulatedundervariouslawsincludingtheEPAsToxicSubstancesControlAct. InEurope,TheGloballyHarmonizedSystemofClassificationandLabelingofChemicals(GHS)isused.

HarmonizingtheU.S.LawswithEuropeanRegulations

OnMarch25th2012,theUSAofficiallyadoptedtheGHS(Revision3)asarevisionoftheHCS29CFR1910.1000 toalignitwithglobalstandards.OSHAcallsthisrevisionHazCom2012.Thefollowingareextractsfromthe summaryofthisadoption.12

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 OSHAhasdeterminedthatthemodificationswillsignificantlyreducecostsandburdenswhilealso improvingthequalityandconsistencyofinformationprovidedtoemployersandemployeesregarding chemicalhazardsandassociatedprotectivemeasuresTheAgencyhasconcludedthisimproved informationwillenhancetheeffectivenessoftheHCSinensuringthatemployeesareapprisedofthe chemicalhazardstowhichtheymaybeexposed,andinreducingtheincidenceofchemicalrelated occupationalillnessesandinjuries. Themodificationstothestandardincluderevisedcriteriaforclassificationofchemicalhazards;revised labelingprovisionsthatincluderequirementsforuseofstandardizedsignalwords,pictograms,hazard statements,andprecautionarystatements;aspecifiedformatforsafetydatasheets;andrelated revisionstodefinitionsoftermsusedinthestandard,andrequirementsforemployeetrainingonlabels andsafetydatasheets.OSHAisalsomodifyingprovisionsofotherstandards,includingstandardsfor flammableandcombustibleliquids,processsafetymanagement,andmostsubstancespecifichealth standards,toensureconsistencywiththemodifiedHCSrequirements.Theconsequencesofthese modificationswillbetoimprovesafety,tofacilitateglobalharmonizationofstandards,andtoproduce hundredsofmillionsofdollarsinannualsavings.

TheGlobalHarmonizationSystem(GHS)
TheGHSwasdevelopedbytheUnitedNationsandisasystem for standardizing and harmonizing the classification and labeling of chemicals. It is a logical and comprehensive approach to: Definingthehealth,physicalandenvironmentalhazardsofchemicals. Creatingaclassificationprocessthatusesavailabledataonchemicalsforcomparisonwiththedefined hazardcriteria. Communicatinghazardinformation,aswellasprotectivemeasures,onlabelsandSafetyDataSheets (SDSs). TheGHSisneededbecausedifferentcountries,regulationsandsystemsusedifferentsymbols,shapes,colors, etc.whichleadstoconfusion.ThefollowingisanextractfromOSHAsGuidetotheGHS.5

Manycountriesalreadyhaveregulatorysystemsinplaceforthesetypesofrequirements.Thesesystems maybesimilarincontentandapproach,buttheirdifferencesaresignificantenoughtorequiremultiple classifications,labelsandsafetydatasheetsforthesameproductwhenmarketedindifferentcountriesor eveninthesamecountrywhenpartsofthelifecyclearecoveredbydifferentregulatoryauthorities.This leadstoinconsistentprotectionforthosepotentiallyexposedtothechemicals,aswellascreatingextensive regulatoryburdensoncompaniesproducingchemicals.Forexample,intheUnitedStates(U.S.)thereare requirementsforclassificationandlabelingofchemicalsfortheConsumerProductSafetyCommission,the DepartmentofTransportation,theEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,andtheOccupationalSafetyand HealthAdministration. TheGHSitselfisnotaregulationorastandard.TheGHSDocument(referredtoas"ThePurpleBook" establishesagreedhazardclassificationandcommunicationprovisionswithexplanatoryinformationonhow toapplythesystem.TheelementsintheGHSsupplyamechanismtomeetthebasicrequirementofany hazardcommunicationsystem,whichistodecideifthechemicalproductproducedand/orsuppliedis hazardousandtopreparealabeland/orSafetyDataSheetasappropriate.Regulatoryauthoritiesin countriesadoptingtheGHSwillthustaketheagreedcriteriaandprovisions,andimplementthemthrough theirownregulatoryprocessandproceduresratherthansimplyincorporatingthetextoftheGHSintotheir nationalrequirements.TheGHSDocumentthusprovidescountrieswiththeregulatorybuildingblocksto developormodifyexistingnationalprogramsthataddressclassificationofhazardsandtransmittalof informationaboutthosehazardsandassociatedprotectivemeasures.Thishelpstoensurethesafeuseof chemicalsastheymovethroughtheproductlifecycle."

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 TheGHScoversallhazardouschemicalsubstancesandcompoundsforallapplicationsandtypesofuse,e.g.: Workplaceuse. Consumeruse. Researchanddevelopment. Production. Storage. Transport. Presenceintheenvironment. TheGHSdoesnotcoverArticlesasdefinedbyOSHA.Userscannormallyclaimexemptionfromreportinga batteryasanarticlebecauseitmeetsthefollowingthreecriteria: Formedtoaspecificshapeordesignduringmanufacture Haveendusefunctiondependentinwholeorinpartuponitsshapeordesign Doesnotreleaseatoxicchemicalundernormalcircumstancesofotherwiseuseatthefacility

MaterialDataSheet(MSDS)Content
OSHA'sHazardCommunicationStandard(HCS)specifiescertaininformationthatmustbeincludedonMSDSs.In ordertopromoteconsistentpresentationofinformation,OSHArecommendedthatMSDSsfollowthe16section formatestablishedbytheAmericanNationalStandardsInstitute(ANSI)standardforpreparationofMSDSs,ANSI Z400.1/Z1291201013.Byfollowingthisrecommendedformat,theinformationofgreatestconcerntoworkersis featuredatthebeginningofthedatasheet,includinginformationonchemicalcompositionandfirstaid measures.Moretechnicalinformationthataddressestopicssuchasthephysicalandchemicalpropertiesofthe materialandtoxicologicaldataappearslaterinthedocument. UnderthenewGHSruling,MSDSswillbereferredtoandcalledSafetyDataSheets(SDSs).Thenewstandards affectanyworkplacethatmanufactures,uses,transports,housesorstoreshazardouschemicalssuchas batteries.OnespecificchangeinthisrulingistotheANSIStandardizedMSDSformat.Theoriginal16section MSDSformatcreatedbyANSIZ400.1(2010Rev.)willbereplacedbythenewSDSundertheGHSsystemfor classificationforhazardouschemicals. SDS'sarethebackboneoftheHazardousCommunicationSystem(HCS).Theyprovidecomprehensiveand specificchemicalinformationusednotonlybyworkplaces,butalsobyemergencyresponders,poisoncontrol centersandtransportersofdangerousgoods. Thestandardized16sectionSDSmirrorstheAmericanNationalStandardforHazardousWorkplaceChemical's HazardEvaluationandSafetyDataSheetandPrecautionaryLabelingPreparation,ANSIZ400.1/Z12912010.To becompliant,theSDSmusthaveall16sections.OSHA,however,willnotbeenforcingsections1215astheyfall outsideoftheirjurisdiction.

SafetyDataSheets(SDSs)
Asindicatedabove,SDSsreplaceMSDSsandlikeMSDSs,SDSsenabletheemployerto: Developanactiveprogramforemployeeprotectionmeasuresincludingtrainingspecifictoaworkplace Considermeasuresthatarenecessarytoprotecttheenvironment Addressotherentitiesinsafetyandenvironmentalneeds,e.g.transportersandemergencyresponders. The16sectionSDSisbecomingtheinternationalnorm.SDSsshouldprovideacleardescriptionofthedataused toidentifythehazards.The16sectionsare:

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SECTION1:Identificationofthesubstance/mixtureandofthecompany/undertaking. Productidentifier Relevantidentifiedusesofthesubstanceormixtureandusesadvisedagainst Detailsofthesupplierofthesafetydatasheet Emergencytelephonenumber SECTION2:Hazardsidentification Classificationofthesubstanceormixture GHSlabelelements,includinganyprecautionarystatements. OtherhazardswhichdonotresultinaclassificationorarenotcoveredbytheGHSsuchasdust explosionhazard. SECTION3:Composition/informationoningredients Substances o Chemicalidentity,(e.g.,H2SO4) o Commonnamesoracronyms(e.g.,sulfuricacid) o CASnumberandotheruniqueidentifiers o Impuritiesandadditiveswhicharethemselvesclassifiedandwhichcontributetothe classificationofthesubstance. Mixtures,e.g.electrolyte. o Chemicalidentityandconcentrationofallingredientswhichare: hazardouswithinthemeaningoftheGHS presentabovetheircutofflevels. SECTION4:Firstaidmeasures Descriptionoffirstaidmeasures Mostimportantsymptomsandeffects,bothacuteanddelayed Indicationofanyimmediatemedicalattentionandspecialtreatmentneeded SECTION5:Firefightingmeasures Extinguishingmedia Specialhazardsarisingfromthesubstanceormixture,e.g.natureofanyhazardouscombustible products Precautionaryadviceforfirefightersandspecialprotectiveequipment SECTION6:Accidentalreleasemeasures Personalprecautions,protectiveequipmentandemergencyprocedures Environmentalprecautions Methodsandmaterialforcontainmentandcleaningup Referencetoothersections SECTION7:Handlingandstorage Precautionsforsafehandling Conditionsforsafestorage,includinganyincompatibilities SECTION8:Exposurecontrols/personalprotection Controlparameters,e.g.occupationalexposurelimitvalues Exposurecontrols

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IndividualprotectionmeasuressuchasPersonalProtectionEquipment(PPE) SECTION9:Physicalandchemicalproperties Informationonbasicphysicalandchemicalproperties Otherinformationsuchasappearance,odor,meltingandboilingpoints,flashpoint, flammability,andautoignitiontemperature SECTION10:Stabilityandreactivity Reactivity Chemicalstability Possibilityofhazardousreactions Conditionstoavoid,e.g.staticdischarge,vibration Incompatiblematerials Hazardousdecompositionproducts SECTION11:Toxicologicalinformation. Informationontoxicologicaleffectsincluding: o Informationonthelikelyroutesofexposuresuchasinhalation,ingestion,skin andeyecontact,etc. o Symptomsrelatedtothephysical,chemicalandtoxicologicalcharacteristics o Delayedandimmediateeffectsandalsochroniceffectsfromshortand longtermexposure o Numericalmeasuresoftoxicity(suchasacutetoxicityestimates) SECTION12:Ecologicalinformation Toxicity Persistenceanddegradability Bioaccumulativepotential Mobilityinsoil Otheradverseeffects SECTION13:Disposalconsiderations Wastetreatmentmethod.Descriptionofwasteresiduesandinformationontheirsafehandling andmethodsofdisposal,includingthedisposalofanycontaminatedpackagingorhandling materials.Batteryrecyclinginformationshouldbeincluded. SECTION14:Transportinformation UNnumber UNpropershippingname Transporthazardclass(es) Packinggroup Environmentalhazards Specialprecautionsforuser,(e.g.,informationauserneedstobeawareof,orneedstocomply withinconnectionwithconveyancewithinoroutsidetheirpremises.) TransportinbulkaccordingtoAnnexIIofMARPOL73/7814andtheIBCCode15 SECTION15:Regulatoryinformation Safety,healthandenvironmentalregulations/legislationspecificforthesubstanceormixture

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 Chemicalsafetyassessment SECTION16:OtherinformationincludinginformationonpreparationandrevisionoftheSDS.

TheTimetableforAdoption.
TheHazardCommunicationStandard(HCS)requiresthat,byJune1,2015,allmodificationstoSDSsmustbe uniformandincompliancewithnewformatrequirements.Companieswillhaveuntilthentotraintheir employeesonthenewGHSsystem.U.S.employeeswillneedtobeuptodateinboththeoldandnew regulationsbeforeDecember2013.ItisthoughtthatthiswillallowforasmoothtransitiontothenewGHSSDS format.OSHA'sfinalruleimposesthefollowingdeadlinesonU.S.companiesinvolvedwithchemicals,andthis includesallbatteriesthatfallundertheGHS: May25,2012:Transitionperiodcommenced. December1,2013:Deadlinetotrainemployeesonnewlabels. June1,2015:Deadlinetocomplywithallamendedprovisions. June1,2016:Deadlinetoupdatealternativeworkplacelabelingandhazardcommunicationprograms, andprovideanyadditionalemployeetraining.

TheIssueswithBatteriesandtheSDSs
Therearemultiplematerialclassifications.SDSsshouldshowboththeCASandGHSclassificationofany substance.Atpresentthereareinconsistentreportingmethods.Thesametypeofinformationisreported differentlyfromonemanufacturertoanother.Therearedifferenttables,graphs,etc.Informationissometimes givenineithermetricorimperial;bothshouldbegiven. ThemainproblemincreatinganSDSisthatitisdifficulttogettheactualquantitiesofhazardoussubstancesfor anygivenbatterymodel.Thisdata,ifgivenatall,isfrequentlypresentedforaproductfamilyorevenatypeof battery,e.g.aVRLAbattery.ForcompilationofEPCRATier1andTier2reports,itwouldbeextremelyhelpfulif SDSsshowedtheactualamountofidentifiedsubstancesandelectrolyteineachbatterymodelandthatis: Volumeinbothgallonsandliters. Weightinpoundsandkilograms(includingaseparateweightforthesulfuricacidintheelectrolyte,orat leastthepercentageofsulfuricacidintheelectrolytebyweightforleadacidbatteries). SpecificGravity(SG)ofthebatterymodelatfullchargeandnominaltemperaturewhichshouldbein bothFahrenheitandCelsius. TherequirementsforgassingmeanthatitwouldbeextremelyhelpfuliftheSDSincludedthehydrogengassing rateunderspecificconditions.Ifthemanufacturerdoesnotprovidethisdata(alwaysthefirstandbestchoice), itcanbegenerallycalculatedfromIEEE1635/ASHRAE21.16 ItwouldbeagreatadvantageiftheSDSswouldincludealinktowebsiteswheretheinformationisavailablefor eachbatterytypeandmodel/size.

WhatisbeingdoneabouttheSDSissue?
AnIEEEStationaryBatteryCommittee,SDSWorkingGroup17hasbeenestablishedinordertoworkonauniform methodofreportinginformationforstationarybatteries.Thisgroupiscurrentlyseekingindustryinputand comments.

Whatsinitforme?
Ifyouareauser,youwillknowimmediatelywheretofindtheinformationyouneedinaformatthatis useableandunderstandable.

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Ifyouareasupplier,lessofyourtimewillbetakenupbyrequestsfromusersrequestingthistypeof informationbecausethisinformationwillbereadilyavailable. Ifyouareaninstaller,yourinteractionwithAuthoritiesHavingJurisdiction(AHJ)willbeminimaland cordial. Thinkofhowmuchtimecanbesaved.

Summary
MSDSshavebeenreplacedbySDSs.TheinformationrequiredandcontainedwithintheSDSisextensive.Some materialshavebeen,orarebeing,reclassified.Despitethehugeamountofinformationthatisincluded,the informationthatisneededtosatisfyAHJs,firecodes,EPA,OSHA,etc.isnoteasilyfound,ifatall. TheIEEEWorkingGroupistacklingtheseSDSissuesandissolicitinginput.IEEEmembershipisabonusbutisnot requiredformembershipinthisgroup.Pleasecontacttheauthorsofthispaperforfurtherinformation.

References
1. 2. U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety & Health Administration, 200 Constitution Avenue, Washington, D.C. 20210. 1800321OSHA(6742).www.osha.gov.http://www.osha.gov/dsg/hazcom/msdsformat.html

EmergencyPlanningandCommunityRighttoKnowAct(EPCRA)HazardousChemicalStorageReporting Requirements.U.S.EPAOfficeofEmergencyManagement.ArielRiosBuilding(5104A)1200Pennsylvania Avenue,NWWashington,DC20460Tel.2025648600. http://www.epa.gov/osweroe1/content/epcra/epcra_storage.htm 3. NFPA704:StandardSystemfortheIdentificationoftheHazardsofMaterialsforEmergencyResponse. NationalFireProtectionAssociation,1BatterymarchPark,Quincy,MA02269.Phone:6177703000 Fax:6177700700.www.nfpa.org 4. UnitedNationsPublicationsCustomerService,c/oNationalBookNetwork,15200NBNWay,POBox190 BlueRidgeSummit,PA17214USA.Tollfreephone:18882544286.Tollfreefax:18003384550 email:unpublications@nbnbooks.com. Seealsohttp://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/ghs/ghs_welcome_e.html 5. AGuidetotheGloballyHarmonizedSystemofClassificationandLabelingofChemicals(GHS).U.S.
Department of Labor, Occupational Safety & Health Administration, 200 Constitution Avenue, Washington, D.C. 20210. 1800321OSHA(6742). 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

13.

HealthCanada,AddressLocator0900C2,Ottawa,OntarioK1A0K9.Tel.6139572991. Email:Info@hcsc.gc.ca TheEuropeanCommission'sDirectorateGeneralforEnterpriseandIndustry. ttp://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/chemicals/reach/index_en.htm EuropeanChemicalsAgency.P.O.Box400.00121Helsinki,Finland.Tel.+3589686180 Emailhttp://echa.europa.eu/ InternationalCodesCouncil.InternationalFireCode(IFC).500NewJerseyAvenue,NW6thFloor, Washington,DC20001Tel.888ICCSAFE(8884227233)Fax.(202)7832348.International:(202)3701800 NationalFireProtectionAssociation(NFPA)1FireCode.NationalFireProtectionAssociation, 1BatterymarchPark,Quincy,MA02269.Phone:6177703000Fax:6177700700.www.nfpa.org ChemicalAbstractsService.2540OlentangyRiverRoad,Columbus,OH43202USA.Tel.8008486538.614 4473600.Email.help@cas.org FederalRegisterVolume77,Number58(Monday,March26,2012),RulesandRegulations,pp1757417896. U.S.DepartmentofLabor,OccupationalSafety&HealthAdministration,200ConstitutionAve.,NW, Washington,DC20210Tel.:800321OSHA(6742) ANSIZ400.1/Z12912010HazardousWorkplaceChemicalsHazardEvaluationandSafetyDataSheetand PrecautionaryLabelingPreparation.AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute(ANSI)1899 L Street, NW,

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11th Floor, Washington, DC 20036. Tel: 202 293 8020 Fax: 202 293 9287. E mail http://webstore.ansi.org 14. http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=FEDERAL_REGISTER&p_id=22607 15. Marpol73/78istheInternationalConventionforthePreventionofPollutionfromShips,1973asmodified bytheProtocolof1978.("Marpol"isshortformarinepollutionand73/78shortfortheyears1973and 1978.) 16. InternationalCodesCouncil.InternationalBuildingCode(IBC).500NewJerseyAvenue,NW6thFloor, Washington,DC20001Tel.888ICCSAFE(8884227233)Fax.(202)7832348.International:(202)3701800 17. IEEE1635/ASHRAE21.IEEE/ASHRAEGuidefortheVentilationandThermalManagementofBatteriesfor StationaryApplications.IEEEOperationsCenter,445HoesLane,Piscataway,NJ088544141USA Phone:+17329810060email.http://standards.ieee.org 18. IEEEPowerandEnergySocietyStationaryBatteryTechnicalCommittee(StaBatt) http://www.ewh.ieee.org/cmte/PESSBC/ FurtherReading. MSDSonLineGHS101:Anoverview. http://www.msdsonline.com/blog/ghs101anoverview/

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