AlAbbas Author:AbuTalibAlTabrizi ThePublisher'sWord Dedication Preface Mudrika DescendantsofAqil Nicknames KebshUlKateeba AlAbbasinTheImams'Sight TheZiyaraofAlAbbas DescendantsofAlAbbas AlAbbasinTheBattleofSiffen UbaidullahinKufa DayofAshura

ufa DayofAshura Endnotes

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ThePublisher'sWord INTHENAMEOFALLAH,THEBENEFICENTTHEMERCIFUL Greatpersonalitiescontributestronglyinthecompositionofperfectcharacterthroughtheir modelconductsandhighstandards.Fromthiscauseithasbeenimportanttointroducesuch characterstotheseekersofperfectionsothattheywillbeacquaintedwiththequalifications thatauthorizedsuchcharacterstoattainperfectionandbecomecynosuresofhumankind. AnsariyanPublicationsispleasedtointroducetothegentlereadersthisbookthatdealswith thepersonalityofoneoftheheroesofIslamandtheexemplarymenthroughwhose sacrifices,idealsituations,andhighmoralstandardshumanityproceededmanysteps onwards.ThisperfectpersonalityisalAbbasibnAliuponwhomtheImams(a)conferredthe finestwordsofpraiseandlaudation. Throughthisbook,thereaderwillfindchapterscoveringthewholelifeaccountofalAbbasin additiontoabriefpresentationofthehistoricalcircumstancesthatledhimtobeonthetopin thelistoftheheroesofhumanityingeneralandIslaminparticular. UndertakingthemissionofthepropagationforIslam,theteamoftheAnsariyanPublications beseechtheAllbenefactorLordtograntthemtheabilitytopresentothersimilarbooks dealingwithotheridealpersonalitiesthatcontributedinelevatingtheIslamicspirittolevels befittingitsperfection.Thus,inthenearfuture,thedearreaderswillhaveinpossession similarbooksaboutotherpersonalities. Finally,wehopethisbookwilladdnewknowledgeandcontribute,atanyextent,inleadingto humanperfection.AnsariyanPublications,2001. DEDICATION Totheladywhowasbornbyheroesandcouldcarryallthequalificationsofgivingbirthofa herotheladywhopreferredthechildrenoftheProphettoherchildrentheladywho sacrificedherfoursonsforGodtheladywhomGodhasmadethedoortothesettlementof needsthemotherwhofedhersonwithheroism,magnanimity,andaltruismthemotherof alAbbas,therighteousservantofGod,Idedicatethismodestwork,hopingforacceptance. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

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Mydeepappreciationisextendedfirstofalltotheowneroftheideaofcompilingabook approachingthepersonalityofalAbbasibnAli(a),Mr.MohammadTaqiAnsariyanwho assignedmeforthisholytask.Itissurelyaholytasksinceitdealswiththegreatleaderwho representedallthemeaningsofheroism,loyalty,perseverance,andtruthfulness. AppreciationisalsoshowntoDr.MuhsinJaffarwhoofferedhisconsiderablenotesaboutthe textofthisbook.I,too,wouldliketorefertotheassistancethatIreceivedfromSheikhAbu AlaaasSaffarandMr.MohammadGannanwhosuppliedmewithpreciousreferencebooks uponwhichIreliedthroughoutthiswork.And,finally,thankstoeverybodywhoencouraged andhelpedmeproceedwiththiswork. THISBOOK Thisprojectwas,initially,only'toinvestigatethebestbookwrittenaboutthepersonalityof alAbbasibnAliandthentranslateitintoEnglish.'Havingsearchedthelibraries,I, unfortunately,foundonlyfewbooksdealingcompletelywiththispersonality.Nevertheless, thesebookswerefulloftopicsnotrelated,directly,tothepersonalityofalAbbas.Therefore, I,afterdiscussingthematterwithMr.Ansariyan,wasaskedtochoosetopicsrelatedtothelife andpersonalityofalAbbasibnAlifromthereferencebooksthatIcouldhave,andthen compiletheminabook. Duringthiswork,Ihavemainlydependeduponthreebooks: 1.AlMuqarram,SayyidAbdurRazzaqalMusawi,AlAbbas.AshSharifarRadhiPublications Qum.FirstEdition. 2.AlQarashi,BaqirSharif,AlAbbasibnAli:thepioneerofdignityandsacrificeinIslam. MehdiyyehPublicationsQum.FirstEdition,2000A.D.1420A.H. 3.AlKulbasi,AyatollahHajjiMohammadIbrahim,AlKhassaaissulAbbasiyya(The particularitiesofalAbbas).AlMaktabaalHaydariyyaPublicationsQum.FirstEdition,2000 A.D.1420A.H. Besides,Ireferredtootherreferencebooksthatdealtwiththispersonalitywhoseheroism andhighmoralstandardsaretoogreattobecontained.Asamatteroffact,allbooksdealing withthetragicstoryofKarbalahavereferred,thoughinbrief,tothepersonalityofalAbbas ibnAli.Yet,theyhavenotreferredtoallthetopicsanddetailsofhislife,becausehissituation inKarbalathatwasuniqueandunmatchedinallofitsdimensionshastakenallthetimeof suchauthorstomaketheothernicetiesofhislife,thoughimportantandworthyofreference, seemminorifcomparedtohissituationswithhisbrother,familymembers,haremofthe householdofProphetMohammed(a)andthecompanionsofhisbrotheronthatdayin Karbalathesesituationshavestillbeenworkingasloadstarsforeverybodywhoseeks freedom,dignity,andhonor. Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

 ThisbookisoftenchaptersrelatedtothewholelifetimeofalAbbasibnAlialongwithfactors, matters,andcircumstancesthatcontributedinthecompositionofhisgreatpersonality,such asthehereditaryfactors,thefamilyandsocialenvironment,andthepoliticalcircumstances thathappenedduringhislifetime.Thereisalsoachapterdedicatedtothediscussionofal Abbas'smoralstandards,personality,andcapacitiesthatqualifiedhimtoplaythatgreatrole inthegreatestsagaofIslam,whichoccurredinKarbala,onthetenthofMuharram,AH61the encounterthatwasinevitableforsakeofsavingIslamfromdistortion,ifnotcomplete eradication. AnotherchapterisdedicatedtothewordsoftheImmaculateImamsthatweresaidaboutal AbbasibnAli.IhavealsoreferredtothehandsomeshrineofalAbbasthatispilgrimagedby thousandsofpeopleeverydayandisstillrepresentingthatcourageous,enthusiastichero whohadofferedhistwohands,beforeheofferedhissoul,forhisLordandreligionandfor sakeoffreeingpeoplefromwrongandoppressiontheherowhosenamehasbecomethesign ofvalorandcourageandwhoseintercessionissoughtforsolvinganyproblem,nomatterhow complicateditis,becausehehasenjoyedaspecial,exaltedrankinthesightofGod. Ihopethereaderwillforgiveany,certainlyunintentional,neglectorshortcomingthathemay noticeinthiswork.Noone,however,isperfect!Finally,IsupplicatetoAlmightyGodtohelp me,outofHisinfinitemercy,andleadme,aswellaseverybody,tosuccess,forHisbeingthe oneandonlysourceofsuccess. Preface AlAbbasisafulldimensionalhistoryofancestry,honorablelineage,knowledge,clemency, courage,munificence,adoration,andasceticsaswellasallnobilitiesandvirtues. AlAbbasisthesonofthesinlessImamAmirulMu'mininAliibnAbiTalib. AlAbbasisthebrotherofthetwoImamsalHasanandalHusseinthegrandsonsofProphet Mohammed(a). AlAbbasistheuncleofnineImamsAliZaynulAbidin,MohammedalBaqir,Ja'farasSadiq, MusaalKadhim,AliarRidha,MohammedalJawad,AlialHadi,alHasanalAskari,andal Mahdi. AlAbbaswasagoodstudentofthebestfourimmaculateteachershisfather,histwo brothers,andhisnephew.Howgreattheteacherswereandhowgreattheirstudentwas! Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

 Abouthim,ImamAli(a)predicted:"Chooseformeawomanwhoisthedescendantofthe ArabheroessothatIwillmarryherandshewillgivebirthofahorseman."Tohim,Imamal Hussein(a)addressed:"Rideon,mayIbeyoursacrifice." Abouthim,ImamZaynulAbidin(a)said:"Allahmayhavemercyuponmyuncle,alAbbas.He preferredhisbrothertohimself,didwell,andsacrificedhimselfforhisbrotheruntilhelosthis twohandsforsakeofsuch."Abouthim,ImamasSadiq(a)said: "MyunclealAbbaswasclearsighted,steadfastlyfaithfuletc."Abouthim,ImamalMahdi (a)said: "SalaambeuponAbu'lFadlalAbbas,sonofAmirulMu'minin.Hepreferredhisbrotherto himself,suppliedhimselfwith(opportunitiesof)todayfor(rewardsof)tomorrow,sacrificed himselfforhisbrother,protectedhim,hurriedforfetchinghimwater,andhistwohandswere cut(forsuch)."AlAbbas,afterall,wastherighteousservantofGodandtheepitomeof heroism. THEPURELINEAGE Undoubtedlythefamilyrelationwiththegreatpersonalitiesisanhonoranddignity,especially whensuchgreatpersonalityisthechoiceofGodandthesealoftheprophets.AlAbbasibnAli enjoyedacloserelationwithProphetMohammad(a)sincehewasthesonofAliibnAbiTalib whowasanindependentsourceofhonoranddignity.AboutAli,theProphet(a)andhis family,said: "MybrotherAliibnAbiTalibenjoysinnumerablemerits.Neitherjinnnorcanhumanbeings countthem."MohammedibnIdrisashShafii;thefounderoftheShafiiteschooloflaw answeredthosewhoaskedhimtosayhisopinionaboutAli:"Whatcanwesayaboutaperson whosepartisanshavehadtohidehismeritsbecauseoffear,andenemieshavehiddenhis meritsoutofenvy?Butbetweenthesetwo,hismeritsthathavebecomewidelyknownare toonumeroustobecounted."1IbnAbi'lHadid;theMutazilite,says: "ThemeritsofAliibnAbiTalibaretoogreatandfamiliartobementionedordetailed.Even hisenemiesandrivalriescoulddonothingbutconfessingoftheunmatchedvirtueofthisman whoseadvantagesareunconcealedandexcellencesareunrestrained.Everybodyknowsthat whentheUmayyadsheldthereinsoftheIslamicworld,theysparednosingleeffortfor extinguishingthelightofImamAliandinventingflawsagainsthim.Moreover,theyissuedthe decisionsofcursinghimopenlyfromthemimbarsoftheirmosquesandsentencedtodeath everyonewhowouldmentionanyofhisincalculablemerits.Theyalsopreventedpeoplefrom Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

reportinganynarrationthatmayrefertoanyofhisexcellences.Finally,theyevenprevented peoplefromcallinghisnameontheirnewborns.Nevertheless,alltheseproceduresexalted Ali'sreputationandtookhimtomoreelevatedlevels.Hewaslikemuskwhoseperfume spreadswhenitisscreened,andlikethesunthatcannotbescreenedbyone'spalm,andlike daylightthatisseenbymanyeyesifoneeyeisclosedagainstit."2 ThuswasthefatherofalAbbaswhohaseveryrighttotakeprideinhimandlearnsfromhis morals,ethics,andexcellences. THEIMMACULATEWOMB Fromthematernalside,alAbbaswasthesonofagreatlady;namelyUmmulBanin,who enjoyedexcellentlineageandpersonality.Inadditiontoherhighmoralstandards,shewas wellknownofherloyaltytotheAhlulBayt3andherdevoutness.Therefore,sheoccupiedan elevatedpositioninthesightoftheAhlulBaytwhopraisedherinmanyoccasionsand showedhergreatrespect. BecauseofsuchremarkablecareforImamAli'ssonsanddaughters,GodhasgivenUmmul BaninexclusivepositionsandmadeherameansthattakestoHimandawaythroughwhich thesuppliants'mostcomplicatedproblemsaresolved.Onthehandsofhernobleparents, UmmulBaninwasbroughtuponrighteousmoralitiesandthehighestethicalstandardsthat shebecamefittobethewifeofImamAli(a)andacompassionatemotherforthechiefsofthe youthofParadise.4Thisgreatladygavebirthoffourcourageoussonstheelderamongwhom wasAbu'lFadhlalAbbas.He,aswellashisfullbrothers,acquiredthequalitiesofcourageand braveryfromtheirmotherwhosedescendantswerethemostcourageousamongtheArabs. UmmulBanin,then,contributedinthecompositionofthepersonalitiesofherfoursonswho showedunmatchedcourageonthedayofAshuraandsacrificedthemselvesfortheirreligion anditsrepresentative;ImamalHussein(a). SERIESOFFATHERS Ancestryplaysaconsiderableroleintheconstructionofpersonalities.Ithasagreatinfluence inselfdisciplineandbehavior.Onthataccount,genealogy,whichisthebranchofknowledge thatdealswiththeinvestigationofthedetailsofancestry,occupiesasignificantpositionin thesocietybecauseoftheinfluenceofheredity,whichhasbeenprovedthroughmany scientificresearches,onthestructureofbothindividualsandcommunities. Inaddition,manyIslamiclawshavedependedmainlyongenealogy,especiallyinfieldsof inheritance,taxes,regardofrelatives,andbloodmoneyoftheunintentionalkillingetc.A genealogist,likeanyotherspecialisttowhomitisreferredinmattersrelatingtohisspecial Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

domain,enjoysasubstantialpositioninthereligious,social,andethicalaffairs. AqilibnAbiTalibwasthemostcelebratedinthisfield.Inadditiontohisbeingthedescendant ofthatunparalleledpedigree,hewasthereferencetowhompeoplesubmitinfieldsof genealogy.Hecoulddiscernthesourcesofglory,distinguishtheArabtribes,andtellbetween thedeeprootedonesandthedisreputable. InthecenteroftheProphet'sMasjid,Aqilusedtobeencircledbyallthosewhoare interestedingenealogyaswellasthehistoryandoriginsoftheArabtribestolistentohim carefullyandtrustwhateverhewouldtell.Historianshavereporteduninterruptedlythat ImamAli(a)summonedhisbrotherAqilandasked: "ChooseformeawomanwhoisthedescendantoftheArabheroessothatIwillmarryher andshewillgivebirthofahorseman.6"Aqilansweredhisbrother:"MarryUmmulBanin, fromthetribeofKelab,fornoArabindividualismorecourageousthanherfathersand forefathers." FATHERS AlAbbasisthesonofAli,sonofAbuTalib,sonofAbdulMuttalib,sonofHashim,sonofAbd Menaf,sonofQussay,sonofKelab,sonofMurra,sonofKaab,sonofLuway,sonofGhalib, sonofFihr,sonofMalik,sonofanNadhr,sonofKenana,sonofKhuzayma,sonofMudrika, sonofIlias,sonofMadhar,sonofNizar,sonofMaad,sonofAdnan AswerecitetheProphet'ssaying,'Whenyourefertomyfathers,youshouldstopatAdnan,' wehavetostopathim,becauseof,asitseems,thedifficultyinpronouncingthenamesofthe otherfathersutterlyorbecauseerrorsmightoccurintheseriesoftheirnames.However,itis unacceptabletomistakeintentionallythenamesofthosewhosedescendantwasthegreat ProphetMohammed(s).TohavelittlediscussionaboutfathersoftheProphet(s),wemay refer,firstofall,tothefollowingpoint: WebelievethatallfathersoftheProphet(s)uptoAdamarepureinbirthandbelief.Inother words,allancestorsoftheProphet(a)werebelieversasnoneofthemhadeverworshipped anidoloranythingotherthanAlmightyGod.TheholyQuranprovesthisfactbysaying:"And relyontheMighty,theMercifulWhoseesyouwhenyoustandupand(watchedyouduring) yourturningoverandoveramongthose(ancestors)whoprostratethemselvesbeforeAllah. Surely,HeistheHearing,theKnowing."7 Anycontrarymatterthatmaybearisenmustbeinterpretedinawaybefittingthisprinciple. Forinstance,theonetowhomtheholyQuranhasreferredasbeingProphetAbraham'sfather Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

wasnothisfather.Hewaseitherhisuncleormaternalgrandfather.Allhistorianshaveproved thatProphetAbraham'sfatherwascalled'Tarikh',not'Azar,'astheQuransays(Consider whenAbrahamaskedhisfather,Azar,"Whydoyoubelieveidolstobeyourgods?Ifindyou andyourpeopleinabsoluteerror."8 Inaddition,theholyQuran,inanothersituation,referstotheuncleasfather:(Wereyou believerstherewhendeathapproachedJacob?Whenheaskedhissons,"Whomwillyou worshipaftermydeath?"Theyreplied,"WewillworshipyourLord,theLordofyourfathers, Abraham,Ishmael,andIsaac.HeistheonlyLord,andtoHimwehavesubmittedourselves." 9) ProphetIsaacwastheuncleofJacob.Nevertheless,theLordhasaddedhimto'fathers'. ProphetMohammed(s)declaredthatallhisancestorswerenotworshippersofanything otherthanAlmightyGod,andwerenottheproductsofillegitimatecopulation:"WhenAllah wantedtocreateus,HemadeusinaformofapillaroflightinthespineofAdam.Hence,that lightwasshininginhisforehead.Thatpillar,then,movedtoShithhissuccessorwhoreceived thecommandmentofhisfatherthathemustnotputthatpillarinanyplaceotherthan wombsofpurifiedwomen.Withthemovingofthispillaroflight,thiscommandmentmoved withit.Hence,onlythecelebritiescouldcarrythatpillaroflightandonlythepurifiedwomen carriedit.WhenitreachedthespineofAbdulMuttalib,thatpillarwasdividedintotwoparts onewenttoAbdullahwhomovedittothewombofAmina,andtheotherwenttoAbuTalib whomovedittothewombofFatimabintAsad."10Letusnowreferbrieflytothefathersof alAbbas: ADNAN HistoricalreportshaveconveyedthatAdnan,throughmanyspeeches,foretoldaboutthe comingofProphetMohammed(s)whowouldbeoneofhisdescendants.Healsocommanded thenextgenerationstofollowhim. MAAD Maad,whowasfollowingthereligionofhisforefatherProphetAbraham,wasagreatwarrior. HeusedtoleadcampaignsagainsttheIsraeliteswhoapostatizedthebeliefofmonotheism. WhenNebuchadnezzarbesiegedanddestroyedJerusalem,GodgaveHisorderstooneofhis prophetstocarryMaadwithhimsoastosavehimfromanyinjury.TheLordalsotold,by revelation,thatprophetthatoneofthedescendantsofMaadwouldbethesealofthe prophets.Hence,MaadwastakentoSyriauntilthatcampaignceased.11 NIZAR Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

 HistorianshavealsotoldthatNizarwasafamouscelebrityfromwhoseforeheadlightof prophecywasglittering.12 MADHAR ItisrelatedthatProphetMohammad(s)warnedagainstrevilingatMadhar(andRab?'a) becausetheseweretwofaithfulindividualswhobelievedinAlmightyGod.Besides,Madhar wasawisemansomeofwhosemaximshavebeenrecordedinbooksofhistory.ILIASIliasibn Madharwasthechiefofhispeople.HewasthefirsttooffercamelsassacrificestotheHoly HouseofGodandthefirsttorecognizetheStandingPlaceofAbrahamafterthefloodthat coveredtheHolyHouseinMecca.Finally,hewasfaithfulmonotheist.Itisalsorelatedthat ProphetMohammad(s)warnedagainstrevilingathim.

Mudrika Mudrikawasgoodlooking,highrankingcelebrity.HeactedasthereferenceoftheArabswho usedtovisithimforlearningfromhisknowledgeandvirtue.Healsopredictedthecomingof ProphetMohammad(s)throughmanyspeechesofwisdomthatheusedtodeliver.Historyhas recordedforhimmanymaxims. ANNADHR AnNadhrisKoreish;hence,hisdescendantsarecalledtheKoreishites.Hewasalsomanof wisdom,knowledge,andchiefship. FIHR WhenHassanibnAbdKelalinvadedtheKaaba13totakeitsstonesforbuildingasimilarhousein HimyarYemen,Fihr,whowasmonotheist,couldovercomehiminabattleandtakehimas prisoner.Consequently,theArabsfearedandrespectedhim.Hewasalsoeloquent.Historians haverecordedsomeofhismaxims. KAAB Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

BooksofhistoryhavementionedlongspeechesdeliveredbyKaabibnLuwayregardingthe predictionofthecomingofProphetMohammed(s)andthecommandmenttosupporthim.He alsocomposedpoeticversesinthisregard.14Becauseofhishighhonorandpersonality,his peopleputanewcalendarbeginningwiththedayofhisdeath. KELAB Kelabwaswellknownofhiscourage.Hewaslightforheadedbecauseofthelightofprophecy. QUSSAY QussaywascalledchiefoftheHolyPrecinct.HehousedhispeopleinMeccasothattheother tribeswouldfearthem.HealsoconstructedtheDarunNidwa,inwhichpeopleofKoreishusedto meetfordiscussingtheiraffairs.Healsofoundedthecustomofservingthepilgrimswithfoodand gainedthecustodyoftheHolyHouse.Historianshaverecordedmanyofhiswordsinfieldsof moralsandvirtue.Oneofhisspeechesprovesthathewarnedhispeopleagainstdrinkingwines. ABDMENAF AbdMenafwassuchgloriousandhonorablepersonalitythathewasappointedaschiefofhis people.Becauseofhisprettiness,hewascalled"MoonofalBat'haa."Hewasalsowellknownof munificenceandgenerosity. HASHIM Followingthecustomsofhisfathers,Hashimusedtoservethepilgrimswithfood.Hissituationin theyearoffamineisveryfamous.15Healsoenjoyedallvirtues.Hisspeechesarerecordedin booksofhistory. ABDULMUTTALIB AbdulMuttalibwascalledShaibatulHamdpersonalityofpraiseworthiness,becausepeople praisedhimsolaudablyforhisremarkablesituationsofhonoring,wisdom,andsagacity.Torefer tohisrank,itissufficienttomentionthefollowingsayingofProphetMohammad(s):"OAli,inthe preIslamicera,AbdulMuttalibpassedfivelawsthatAllahenactedinIslam.Heforbadesons frommarryingtheirfathers'women,andAllahrevealed:"Donotmarry,fromnowon,theex wivesofyourfathers.16" AsAbdulMuttalibfoundatreasure,hegaveitsonefifthasalms.Allahrevealed:"Knowthat whateverpropertyyoumaygain,onefifthbelongstoAllah,theMessenger,thekindred,orphans, Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

theneedyandthosewhoneedmoneywhileonajourney."17 WhenhedugtheZamzamSpring,hecalledit'thewateringofthepilgrims'.Allahrevealed:"Do you,becauseyouservedwatertothepilgrimsandconstructedtheSacredMosque,consider yourselvesequaltothosewhohavebelievedinAllah,theDayofJudgment,andhavefoughtfor thecauseofAllah?"18AbdulMuttalibissuedthelawthatonehundredcamelsshouldbepaidas thebloodmoneyofmurdering.AllahpassedthesameinIslam.FortheKoreishites,theydidnot stopatalimitednumberofcircumambulationsaroundtheKaaba;hence,AbdulMuttalibdecided sevencirculationsforthem.InIslam,Allahpassedthislaw.OAli,AbdulMuttalibusedtoavoid dividingbycastingsuperstitiousandgamblingarrows,worshippingtheidols,andhavingtheflesh ofananimalthathadbeensacrificedonthestoneblocks.Heusedtosay:Ifollowthereligionof myfatherAbrahamtheprophet(a)."19 HistorianshaverecordedthatAbdulMuttalibwasoneoftheprophets'successorsandhadfull acquaintancewiththeHeavenlyBooks.Fromthiscause,heforetoldAbuTalib,hisson,aboutthe prophecyofMohammed(s).Inthisregard,AbuTalibwasrelatedtohavesaid:"Myfatherhadfull knowledgeofalltheHeavenlyBooks.Heoncesaid:Aprophetwillbefrommyoffspring.IwishI wouldcatchuphistimetobelieveinhim.Hence,anyoneofmysonswhowillcatchuphistime mustbelieveinhim.20" ABUTALIB Likehisfather,AbuTalibwasthechiefofhispeopleandhadknowledgeoftheHeavenlyBooks. 'HekeptthecommandmentsoftheprophetsuntilhedeliveredthemtoProphetMohammed (s).'21 Thisgreatpersonalityhasbecomeamatterofdiscussionamonghistorianssomeofwhom, unfortunately,havegivencredencetotheliethathehaddepartedlifebeforebeingMuslimthis fabricationwasinventedbytheproUmayyadsnarratorsfornothingmorethanhisbeingthe fatherofAlithefirstenemyoftheUmayyads.Hence,theytheUmayyadsandtheirtailswanted toconvincepeoplethatAbuSuffianthemortalenemyofIslamandthefatherofMuawiyadied asMuslimwhileAbuTalibwasatheist. AllamaalMejlisisaid:"Unanimously,ShiabelievethatAbuTalibhadneverworshippedanidol. TheybelievethathewasoneofthesuccessorsofProphetAbraham(a)." Throughhispoeticversesthatarerelatedbyallhistorians,peopleofreasoncanclearlyidentify therealityofAbuTalib,whowasthecustodian,guardian,anddefenderofProphetMohammad (s)untilhe,aswellastheHashemites,22wasdetainedinacoltodiethererejectingany submissiontotheenemiesofIslam.23 Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

 Finally,letusrefertothefollowingnarrationasquotedfromTarikhutTabari;2/214andas SeeratulHalabiyya;1/306:AbuTalib,once,askedhissonAli:"Whatisthisbeliefyouare following?"Alianswered:"Father,IhavebelievedinAllahandHisMessenger,andhavegiven credencetohim,kepttohim,andfollowedhim."AbuTalibcommented:"Certainly,hecallsyou tonothingbutthegood.Hence,youmustadheretohim." ALI TheeloquentaretootonguetiedtodescribeorcountthecharacteristicsofAliibnAbiTalib.Itis, also,verydifficultforanywritertorefertoImamAli'sunparalleledpersonalityinanywords. First,AliwastheforemosttoembraceIslam.Heinfacthadneverembracedanybeliefotherthan Islam:ProphetMohammed(s)said:"AliandIbelongtothesametree,whilepeoplebelongto differenttrees."24Sincetheearlieststepsofhisdivinemission,ProphetMohammed(s) appointedAliashisrepresentative,successor,andsupporter:ProphetMohammed(s)said: "ThisAliismybrother,successor,andrepresentativeamongyou.Youthusshouldlistentoand obeyhim."25OnthestrokesofAli'ssword,thepillarsofIslamhaverelied:ProphetMohammed (s)said: "Ali'sstrokeonAmribnAbdWuddisequaltotheworshipofbothmankindandjinn.26"He(s) alsosaidbeforetheconquestofKhaybar: "IwillhandthestandardtoamanwholovesAllahandHisMessengerandislovedbyAllahand HisMessenger.Hewillcomebackwithconquest.27"Ali,finally,wasthemostknowledgeable, mostsagacious,mostpious,andmosteloquentamongallMuslims.Becauseofthe aforementionedgoldenseriesoffathersofalAbbas,hecouldjoinglorytohonoranddecency.He thereforegainedalltheelementsofnobilitythatresultedinthecompositionofhismatchless personality. UNCLES Likefathers,unclesplayagoodroleinthestructureofpersonalities.Accordingtothelawof heredity,individualsmayacquiresomecharacteristicsfromtheirpaternaluncles.Thepaternal unclesof,alAbbas,weresuchuniquepersonalitieswhoselivesandsituationshavebeenmatters ofprideforhumanityingeneralandIslaminparticular. HAMZA Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

Hamzawonthebadgeofhonorfromhisnephew,thegreatProphetMohammed(s)whonamed him,'AsadulllahwaasaduRasoulihthelionofAllahandthelionofHisMessenger',forhis uniquebraveryandcourage.HedefendedIslamfearlesslyuntilhewaskilledduringthebattleof Uhud.Hence,theProphet(s)namedhimas'chiefofmartyrs.'Moreover,manynarrationsconfirm thatHamzahadconsiderableknowledgeandoutstandingrankinthesightofGod.ImamAli,Imam alHasan,ImamalHussein,ImamZaynulAbidin,andImamasSadiqmentionedHamzawhenever theywantedtotakeprideintheirlineageorwhenevertheywantedtorefertotheforemost MuslimswhodefendedIslam. TALIB TalibibnAbiTalibhadtoconcealhisembracementofIslambecausehelivedinMecca.Duringthe battleofBadr,theMeccansobligedhim,aswellasothersfromtheHeshemites,toparticipate withthem.TheProphet(s)thereforedeclared:"Therearesomeindividualswhowerecoercedto participateinthisbattleagainstus;hence,youmustavoidfightingthemifyoumeet"28 AQIL Aqilwasoneofthebranchesofthatimmaculatetree.HeembracedIslamfromthebeginning; therefore,theProphet(s)hadgreatloveforhim:"IloveyoutwiceonceforyourbeingAqiland theotherforAbuTalib'sloveforyou."29Historianshaveevokedringsofsuspicionaroundthe personalityofAqilbecausehejoinedMuawiyaibnAbiSuffian.Someclaimedthatheleftthewing ofhisbrother,ImamAli,tojoinMuawiya's,becausehisbrotherdeprivedhimofadditional salariesfromthepublictreasuryoftheIslamicState.Anyhow,everybodyagreesthatAqil,during hisstaywithMuawiya,didnotshowanyloyaltytohimoranydisloyaltytothewingofhisbrother. AllindicationsprovethatAqilhadtovisitMuawiyawhoimposedstrictblockadeagainstthe HashemitesafterthedeathofImamAli(a).30

DescendantsofAqil Therighteousprogenyglorifiestheascendants.Onthataccount,thedescendantsofAqilwere highexamplesofheroismanddefenseoftheirbelief.MuslimibnAqil,forinstance,wasthat gloriouspersonalitywhofulfilledhismissionsocompletelyuntilhewasmartyred.Theothersons ofAqillostthemselvesfordefendingtheirleader,ImamalHussein,duringthebattleofatTaff, andprovidedunprecedentedexamplesofsacrificefortheirbelief.Moreover,amongthe Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

descendantsofAqil,therehavebeennumerouspersonalitiesofpiety,knowledge,andwriting. TheirnamesarewellknownallovertheIslamicworld. JAFAR JafaribnAbiTalibwasagreatpersonality.TheProphet(s)chosehimforthecommandmentofhis armyatthecampaignofMu'ta.Jafar,however,wasmartyredduringthatcampaign,andthe Prophet(s)conferreduponhimwiththeeternalname'AtTayyar,'whenhesaidafterthatevent duringwhichboththehandsofJafarweresevered: "Insteadofhishandsthatwerecut,JafarwillhavetwowingswithwhichhewillflyinParadise whereverhewants."TheProphet(s)alsosaidtohim:"Youarecopyingmeinphysiqueand morality."31 UMMULBANIN UmmulBaninisthegloriousmotherofalAbbas.HernameisFatima,daughterofHizam. Historianshavereferredtothenamesofelevenmotherseachofwhomwasknownofglory, honor,andgoodreputation.Herfather,too,wasoneofthemostcelebratedpersonalitiesofthe Arabs,andwasthechiefofhispeople.Historianshavealsomentionedmanynamesofthisgreat lady'sascendantswhowerewellknownofhorsemanship,heroism,andcourage.33 Inconclusion,UmmulBaninbelongedtooneofthemostcelebratedfamiliesinfieldsofhonor, openhandedness,nobility,courage,andbravery. MARRIAGE WhenImamAlilosthiswife,FatimathedaughterofProphetMohammed(s),hesummonedhis brotherAqilwhowasawellknowngenealogisttoaskhimtosearchforaladybeingthe descendantofheroessothatshewouldgivebirthofacourageous,immaculateherowhose missionwouldbesupportinghisbrotherinthefieldofKarbala.34Withouthesitation,Aqil advisedhisbrothertoproposetoUmmulBanin;fromthetribeofKelab,becauseherfathersand peoplehadbeentheforemostamongothersinfieldsofheroismandcourage.Agreeingtohis advice,ImamAliaskedhisbrother,Aqil,togotothatlady'sfatherandaskherhandforhim. AssoonasAqilmentionedthematterwithhim,AamirUmmulBanin'sfatherwelcomedand respondedwithpride.Somehistorians35haveconfirmedthatImamAlimarriedUmmulBanin afterthedeathofhisfirstwifeFatimatheVeracious(a).Others36haverecordedthatImamAli Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

hadmarriedImama,daughterofZaynabdaughteroftheProphet,beforeUmmulBanin. HERSITUATIONS LadyUmmulBanintookcareofalHasanandalHusseinsoremarkablythatsheaskedher husbandnottocallherwithhername,Fatima,sothatthisnamewouldnotremindthesetwo boyswiththeirmother.They,however,foundtheextremekindnessandsympathywiththislady whocouldremedyapartoftheirgreatlossoftheirmotherwholeftintheirmindsdeepsadness. Emotionally,UmmulBaninhadgreatloveforalHasanandalHusseinbecauseoftheirperfection anduniquemorality.Sheinfactlovedthemmorethanherownchildren.Shealsopreferredthem tohersonsincareandresponsibility.Exceptthisgreatlady,historyhasneverseenafellowwife actingsosincerelywithherstepsons.Thisisbecausethisperfectladybelievedthatitwasher religiousdutytotakecareofthetwoImamstheloveforwhomisimposedbyGodandrevealedin theQuran:Say,"Idonotaskyouforanypaymentformypreachingtoyouexcept(your)loveof (mynear)relatives."37 INTHESIGHTOFTHEAHLULBAYT UmmulBaninhadfullknowledgeoftheactualstandingsandheavenlyranksoftheAhlulBayt; therefore,sheperformedherdutytowardsthemsoperfectly.Historianhaverecordedthatwhen shewascarriedtoherhusband'shouse,alHasanandalHusseinweresick.Assoonasshenoticed so,she,willingly,wentoncaressingthem,usingthenicestlanguage.Sincethatmoment,shewent ontreatingthemsokindly.Fromthiscause,shecouldoccupyagreatpositioninthesightofthe AhlulBaytwhohadgreatregardforher,especiallyforheruniquesituationofloyaltyforImamal Hussein(s).AssoonasshewasbackhomeafterthetragedyofKarbala,Zaynab,daughterofImam Ali,visitedUmmulBaninforconsolingherforthemartyrdomofherfoursons.Moreover,Zaynab usedtovisitherontheEids.38 UmmulBaningavebirthoffoursons;alAbbas,Abdullah,Jafar,andUthman.Afterthedeathof ImamAli,shedidnotmarryagainuntilshedied. INTHESIGHTOFMUSLIMS LiketheAhlulBayt,thisladyoccupiesagreatpositioninthesightsofMuslims.Manybelievethat shehasagreatpositioninthesightofGodWhowillsurelyrespondtoanyrequestthatis presentedthroughtheintercessionofhergreatposition.Itisnaturalthatsuchagreatlady occupiesagreatpositioninthesightofGodbecauseshesacrificedherfoursonsforHissake. BROTHERSANDSISTERS Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

AlAbbashadfifteenbrothersandeighteensisters.TheirfatherwasthegreatImamAliwho broughtthemuponuprightnessandpiety. THETWOIMAMS InthefirstplaceweshouldrefertothetwoImamsalHasanandalHussein(a)fromwhomal Abbaslearntthebestlessonsofmoralityandheroism.Theyare,asdescribedbytheirgrandfather ProphetMohammed(s),"thechiefsoftheyouthofParadiseandthetwoImamswhetherthey choosepeaceorchoosefighting."39Theirfathertookprideinthemwheneverhewantedto provehisprecedencetotheothers.40Thisisinfactenoughforprovingtheirsupremeworth. So,toliveunderthecustodyofsuchpersons,aftertheirfather,isenoughtoachieveperfectionof personalityandtoacquirethehighestmoralities.Inadditiontothedivineknowledgeandlore,al Abbascamebyinnumerablevirtuesandgoodpointsbecauseofhisbrotherhoodtothetwo ImamsalHasanandalHussein(a). MOHAMMADIBNALHANAFIYYA MohammadibnalHanafiyyaisanotherbrotherfromwhomalAbbaslearntcourageplus horsemanshipandeloquence.DuringthebattleofSiffin,ImamAliregardedhissonMohammed ashishand.Hence,thesonwasfightingbravelybeforehisfather.41 FULLBROTHERS Abdullah,Jafar,Uthman,AbuBakr,andMohammedalAwsatallthesebrothersweremartyred duringthebattleofatTaffbeforealAbbas.42 ZAYNAB AlAbbas,too,wasthebrotherofZaynabalKubra,daughterofFatimaazZahraadaughterof ProphetMohammed(s).ShewasolderthanalAbbas.Likehermotherthechiefessofthewomen ofthisworld,Zaynabwasthebestexampleofglory,honor,andperseveranceonprinciples; therefore,shehasbecomethepatternofthevirtuouswomanwhocontributesstronglyin erectingtheidealhumansociety.Shewasoneofthefragmentsofprophecyandoneofthepieces ofImamate.Besides,shewassoknowledgeable,righteous,andsagacious.43Likeherfather,she wassoeloquent.ThisladyhadspecialsituationswithalAbbaswhoengagedhimselfwithher guardianshipduringthetragicjourneytoKarbala. Afterthemartyrdomofherbrothers,sons,andnephews,andaftershehadbeentakenascaptive tothepalaceofYazid,Zaynabgavetheeverbestexampleofperseveranceandsteadfastness Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

whenshedeliveredthatincomparablesermonbeforeherenemieswhotried,uselessly,to humiliateher.Itisnownotoddfor,alAbbas,toholdallthementalvirtuesinhisunparalleled personality,sincehisforefathers,father,mother,brothers,andsisterswereallmodelsofhuman perfection. BIRTHANDEARLYLIFE AlAbbas,wasthefirstchildofUmmulBanin.Withhisbirth,Medinashoneandthewholeworld glittered.WavesofpleasuresflowedinthefamilyofAli(a),forthebirthoftheirmagnificent moonthatwouldlightthisworldwithhismerits,andwouldaddimmortalglorytothenumerous gloriesoftheHashemites. AssoonasImamAli(a)wasgiventhegoodnewsofthebirthofthisblessedchild,hehurriedto takehim,kisshimfrequently,andholdtheShariiteceremoniesofnewborns.TheImam(a)recited theazan44inhisnewborn'srightearandrecitedtheiqama45intheleft.Hence,thefirstvoice thatpenetratedthisgreatnewborn'shearingwashisfather's,shouting: AllahuAkbarAllahistheGreatest Lailahailla(a)llahThereisnogodbutAllah.Thesegreatwords,whicharethemessageofall prophetsandthemelodyofalltheGodfearing,foundagroundintheinnerselfofalAbbas.They, lateron,becamethemostsignificantelementsofhispersonality.Inhisfuture,hewouldadopt thecallingtothetrueapplicationofthesewordsforwhichhewouldloseallhislimbs. Ontheseventhdayofbirth,ImamAli(a)shavedthenewborn'shairandgavegoldenandsilver almsasweightyasthecuthair.AshehaddonetoalHasanandalHussein,ImamAli(a) slaughteredaramasofferingtoGodonbehalfofhisbaby.Thesepracticesareadoptedfromthe Prophet(s)whosewords,practices,andconfirmationsareregardedasauthoritativeground, altogetherwiththeholyKoran,forMuslims. YEAROFBIRTH Historians46haveconfirmedthatalAbbaswasbornonthefourthofShabaan,AH26. NAME AfterholdingtheIslamicceremoniesofnewbornsforImamAli'snewbaby,LadyZaynab(a) turnedherfacetowardsherfatherandasked,"Father,haveyouchosenanameandanickname forthisnewbaby?" Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

Herfatheranswered,"Yes,daughter,Ihave.""Whatarethey,father?"sheaskedeagerly.The father,asheperceivedthatthisbabywouldbeoneoftheheroesofIslamandwouldbefrowning inthefacesofevilsandthewrongdoers,said:"Inamehim'alAbbas(thefrowning),andnickname him'Abu'lFadhl(fatherofvirtue)."47LadyZaynabhoweverlovedthisbabyverymuchandcould notdeparthimforasinglemoment.Shethentoldherfatheraboutthestrangefeelingsthatshe hadforthischild ALABBASINARABIC ReferringtothelinguisticmeaningoftheArabicalAbbas,IbnManzhour,48inhisalAyn,writes down:(AlAbbas:thelionthatotherlionsfearandescape.)49InMuntahaalIrab,thefollowingis recorded:(AlAbbas:thisnameiscalledonthecourageous,thefearless,thestrong,andthe attacker.Itisoneofthenamesofthelion.DescribingalAbbasinthebattlefields,manyhistorians havelikenedhimtotheangrylion.)50DescribingalAbbasibnAli,atTuraihi,inhisalMuntakhab, says:(AlAbbasibnAlilookedlikeanunshakablemountain.Hisheartwasassameasamound becausehewassuchauniquehorsemanandhero.Inbattlefields,hewasfearless.) HISMOTHER'SVERSES Outofhergreatloveforherson,UmmulBanindidherbesttoprotecthimfromanyevil, includingtheevilsoftheenvious.Hence,shecomposedthefollowingpoeticverses: IseektheguardoftheOne(God)forhim Fromtheeyeofeveryenvious Includingtherisingsandthesitters TheMuslimsandtheunbelievers Thecomersandthegoers Andsonsandfathers.51

Nicknames AlAbbaswascalledAbu'lFadhl(fatherorownerofvirtue).Somementionedthathehadason calledalFadhl.52Asamatteroffact,thisnamerepresentshispersonalitycompletely,because hewastheowner,leader,andsourceofvirtue.Inhislife,hewassoopenhandedheusedto distributehisvirtueandcharityoneveryonewhodirectedtohim.Aftermartyrdom,heisthe Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

shelterandrefugeofeveryonewhoseekshishelp.Mostsurely,Godwillrelievehimwhodirects toHimandimplorestoHimbyusingAbu'lFadhlashismeansandinterceder.Becauseofits commonness,thisfactisundeniable. AlAbbaswasalsocalledAbuQirba(theowneroftheskinofwater)becausehecarriedwaterto theharemofImamalHussein(a)duringthebattleofatTaff. HewasalsocalledAbu'lQasim.Thisname,however,isnotcommonamonghistorianssomeof whomhavementionedthatalAbbashadasoncalledalQasimandwasmartyredduringthe battleofatTaff.JabiralAnsariaddressedtoalAbbasduringtheZiyaraofalArbaeen:53"Salaam beuponyou,Abu'lQasim.Salaambeuponyou,alAbbasibnAli."Undoubtedly,Jabirwasthat greatpersonalitywhospentmuchofhistimeinthehouseofprophecyandImamate;therefore, hewasmoreknowledgeablethanothersinthesecrets,affairs,andnewsofthisholyhouse.54 PREDICTIONS Itisnarratedthat,once,ImamAli(a)seatedhisbabyalAbbasonhisknees,liftedhis(thebaby's) hands,kissedthem,andwept.Watchingthissituation,themotherwasastonished;hence,Imam Ali(a)foretoldheraboutthefutureofherbabyandwhatwouldhappentohishands.She,aswell astheothers,weptheavily.Afterthat,theImamtoldheraboutherbaby'sgreatpositionwith God,andthisrelievedher.55 EARLYLIFE AlAbbaswasnursedatthehandsofafaithful,faithfulmotherwhonurturedhimonfaith,loyalty, knowledge,devoutness,andhighprinciples.Hisfather,too,wasthatgreatpersonalitywhomis describedasacopyoftheProphet(s),theinheritoroftheprophets'knowledge,andtheheroof allcombats.Underthecustodyoftheseparents,alAbbaswasbroughtup.Nowonderthenifhe possessedsuchpersonalityandofferedsuchbigsacrificesforsakeofhisreligionandprinciples. AlAbbasadheredtohisfathersincehewasinMedina,andwhenhemovedtoIraqandresidedin Kufa,alAbbaswasalsounderhisthoughtfulcareandwiseeducation.Byheredity,education,and environment,alAbbasacquiredallvirtues,highmoralstandards,knowledge,andconversance. Afterhisfather'sdemise,alAbbasadheredcloselytohistwobrothers;alHasanandalHussein (a).HereturnedwiththemtoMedinaandlearntfromthemthereligiousknowledgeand fundamentalsinadditiontothenobilitiesofcharacter.WhenImamalHasan(a)waspoisonedto death,alAbbasadheredtohisbrotherImamalHusseinandhisnephewImamAliZaynulAbidin (a).HekepthimselfwithhisbrotherinMedina,Mecca,andIraqwhereheprotectedhimaswell ashisharemuntilhelosthislifeforthissake.Thus,unliketheothersonsofImamAli(a),alAbbas Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

hadthecharacteristicoffulladherencetohisfather,twobrothers,andnephew.Fromthat reason,hewasatruecopyoftheImamsinknowledgeandmorality. EPITHETS Epithetisawordorphraseexpressingaqualityorattributeregardedascharacteristicofthe personorthingmentioned.56Epithets,then,showone'smentalcharacteristics,whethergoodor bad. ToalAbbasanumberofloftyepithetsexpressinghiskindmentalityandhighmoralstandards wereaddressed: BABULHUSSEIN LikehisfatherwhowasthedoortotheProphet(s),alAbbasistheactualandspiritualdoorto ImamalHussein(a).BecauseofthehighmoralstandardsandgreatfaithfulnessofalAbbas, ImamalHusseinusedtochoosehimforeverymissionanddependuponhimineverydifficult situation.Likewise,alAbbasdedicatedhimselftobeingatthedisposalofhisbrother.Hewasthe protectoranddefenderoftheProphet'shousehold.ItisrelatedthatalAbbasusedtocallhis brotherby'Sir.'OnlyononedayandinonesituationdidalAbbascallhisbrotherby'brother.' ThatwasonthedayofAshurawhenhefelldownfromhishorseafterhistwohandshadbeen severedandhehadbeenstrickenonthehead.Insuchanhour,amanlongsforseeingtheones helovesforthelasttime.Onlythenheshoutedasaloudaspossible,'Obrother,reachyour brother!' AssoonastheImamheardthatvoice,hehurriedtowardsitssource.Herodeoff,puthisbrother's headinhislap,begantowipeoutbloodanddustfromtheface,andaskedabouthispains.Al Abbasopenedhissightsinhisbrother'sface,lookedathimforthelasttime,andbidhimfarewell withasmileexpressingallmeaningsofsincerityandloyalty. Asananswer,ImamalHussein(a)repliedhisbrother'sfarewellnotwithwords,butwithtears thatdroppedonthefaceofalAbbaswhilehewasinhislastsparksoflife.Thus,alAbbasemitted hislastbreathswhilehewasinthelapofhisbrotherandhasbecomethedoortohim.Hence,itis recommendedforthepilgrimsofthetombofImamalHussein(a)tobeginfirstwithvisitingthe tombofalAbbas.ThisisoneoftheconfirmationsofalAbbas'sbeingthedoortohisbrother; chiefofthemartyrs. Thedoorintendedhereisthementalandspiritual.AlAbbas,hence,isthespiritualdoortoImam alHussein,andthismeaningisveryfarfromthefamiliarmeaningofportershiporsecretariat.Al AbbasistoofarabovesuchmeaningsandImamalHussein(a)is,too,farabovetaking Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

doorkeepersorsecretariessinceheisbeyondallmateriallimits. QAMARBANIHASHIM AlAbbaswassobrightfacedandhandsome.Hence,hewascalled'QamarBaniHashimMoonof theHashemites.'HewasalsothemoonofhisfamilyandthemoonofIslambecausehepavedthe pathofmartyrdomwithlightandshoneuponthelivesofMuslims.Hewassobrightfacedthat thelightofhiscountenanceliteverydarknessandeverybodyadmiredhishandsomeness.Whenit happenedthatalAbbaswasaccompaniedbyhisnephewAlialAkbarwhoisknownofhis similaritytotheProphetphysicallyandmorally,peopleofMedinausedtostopinlineswatching theirbrightfacedness.57 ASSAQQAA DuringthebattleofatTaffandthefewdayspreceding,UbaidullahibnZiyad;thegovernorof Kufa,imposedablockadeonthesourcesofwatersoastopreventImamalHussein(a),his household,andarmyfromhavingwater.,alAbbas,undertookthemissionoffetchingwaterto thecampandharemofhisbrother.Hepushedhimselfamongthelargegatheringsofthatarmy andcouldreachtheRiverEuphratesseveraltimes.Onthataccount,hehadtheepithet'asSaqqaa theproviderofwater.' ALABBASANDWATERING Fromhisforefathers,alAbbasinheritedthemissionofservingwater.Otherthantheother Koreishiteclans,theHashemitesexclusivelyundertookthemissionofservingwaterforthe unparalleledqualitiesofgenerosity,munificence,andhonorthattheyenjoyed. HistorianshaverecordedthatQussayibnKelabwastheforemosttoservewatertothepilgrimsof theSacredHouseofGodinMecca.Afterhim,hissonAbdMenafinheritedthismissionandleftit tohissonHashimwho,too,leftittohissonAbdulMuttalib.Thelatterundertookthismissionso perfectlythatGodconferreduponhimwiththeblissoftheWellZamzam.AfterAbdulMuttalib, AbuTalibundertookthismissionthenhandeditovertohisbrotheralAbbasibnAbdulMuttalib. OnthedayoftheconquestofMecca,alAbbasofferedthismissiontotheProphet(s)whogaveit backtohim.Furthermore,historyisfullofnarrationsmentioningthattheProphet(s)served watertohiscompanionsinmanyoccasionsbeforeandafterprophesy. ImamAliAmirulMuminin,also,servedtheMuslimarmywithwateratthatnightbeforetheday oftheBattleofBadr.OnthedayoftheHudaibiyaTreaty,ImamAliservedtheProphetand Muslimswithwater.WhenUthmanibnAffanwasblockadedathishouse,ImamAliorderedhis Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

sonstosendhimwater. Finally,duringthebattleofSiffinImamAliallowedtheotherpartytodrinkfromthewaterwhich wasunderhiscontrolalthoughMuawiyapreventedImamAli'sarmyfromreachingtheriverwhen he,first,hadcontrolledit.Liketheirfather,ImamsalHasanandalHusseinsupplicatedtoGodfor rainforpeopleofKufawhentheywereafflictedbydraught.BecauseoftheImams'supplication, thecityofKufawaswateredwithheavyrainthatregainedlifetoit.Afterall,historyhavenot forgottenthesituationwhenImamalHussein,afterhehadleftMedinaandMeccaanddirected towardsKufa,servedwatertopeopleofIraq: Atthelasthoursofthatnight,ImamalHusseinorderedhisservantstofetchwaterasmuchas possible.Theydidalthoughtheydidnotknowthereason.Intheirway,thecaravanoftheImam metthearmyheadedbyalHurribnYazidandtheywereintolerablythirstyundertheheatofthat sunandtheironoftheirmilitaryuniform.OnlythendidtheservantsofImamalHusseinknowthe reasonwhytheirmasterhadaskedthemtotakewaterasmuchaspossible.Then,theImam(a) ordered,"Servethemwithwaterandgivetheirhorsessome."Copyinghisfathersandtwo brothers,alAbbasibnAliassumedtohimselfthemissionofservingwaterandhewascompletely worthyofit.Oneveryoccasionandeveryopportunityhecouldseize,alAbbasservedtheothers withwater.OnthedayofAshura,morethanever,healsoundertookthismissioninmany situations. OntheseventhofMuharramthatyear,OmaribnSaadbannedthearmy,household,harem,and childrenofImamalHusseinfromreachingtheriverortakingasingledropofwater.Thisblockade continuedtothetenthofMuharram.ThisoccurredinanareainthemiddleofIraqwhichis knownofitsdryweather,anditwasSummer.Besides,alltheconditionsofthatsituationwere arisingheat:heatofwar,heatofswordsandspears,andheatofbreaths.Tofetchwaterinsucha situationisreallyaheroicdeedthatleavesagreateffectonhearts.Hence,Abu'lFadhlalAbbas wonthislocationnotonlyintheheartsofpeoplebutalsointhesightofGodWhoconferredupon himwithinnumerablemeritsandexcellences.AlAbbashowevercarriedoutthemissionso perfectlyandappreciatively.HefetchedwatertothecampofImamalHusseinthreetimes.The firsttimewasontheseventhofMuharram,aswehavealreadymentioned.Thesecondtimewas ontheninthofMuharram:58ItwasnotalongdistancebetweenthecampofImamalHussein andtheRiverEuphrateswhenShemribnThi'lJawshanshoutedatthecampofImamalHussein: "Youcanseethiswaterflowlikereptiles. WewillneverletyouhaveasingledropfromituntilyoujoinHell."JustthenalAbbasturnedhis facetowardshisbrotherandasked,"Wearetherightparty,arewenot?""Yes,byGod,weare," answeredImamalHussein(a). FromthisansweralAbbasunderstoodthathisbrotherwouldpermithimtofetchwaterforthose Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

moaningthirstyharemandchildren.Hethereforeattackedthetroopswhowereguardingthe riverbankandcouldforcethemtoleavetheirpositions.Thus,ImamalHusseinandhis companionscouldreachtherivereasilyandsupplythemselveswithwater. ThatwasthesecondtimeofalAbbas'swatering.ThethirdtimewasonthetenthofMuharram: WhenImamalHussein'scamplostmanyoftheindividualsandseemedtobelosingthebattle, theImamshouted,"Istherenotanyhelperwhomayhelpus?Istherenotanyonewhomay guardtheharemofAllah'sMessenger?" Hearingthesewordsfromhisbrother,alAbbasapproachedtohisbrother,kissedhimontheface, andaskedforpermissionforfighting.TheImamdidnotpermithim,butheorderedhimtofetch somewaterfortheharemandchildren.Carryingouthisbrother'sorders,alAbbascarriedaskin ofwaterandattackedthetroopsontheriverside.Hecouldforcethemtoleavetheirpositions etc.59Insomehistoricalreferences60itismentionedthatalAbbaswasconferredwiththis greatepithetof'asSaqqaa'afterhehadundertakenthemissionofservingwatertothecaravan ofhisbrotherImamalHusseinonthetendaysofMuharram,AH60. BATTALULALQAMI AlAlqamiisthenameoftheriveronwhosebankwasthelastsceneofthelifeofalAbbas.This riverwasgatheredaroundbybignumbersofsoldierswhosemissionwastopreventthecampof ImamalHussein(a)fromwater.Byhisgiantdeterminationandunmatchedheroism,alAbbas couldattackthatarmyandoccupytherivertocarrywatertothecampofhisbrothermorethan once.Inthelasttime,hewasmartyredthere.Hence,hewascalled'BattalulAlqamitheheroof alAlqami.' HAMILULLIWAA Theholdingofstandardsinwarswasthemostsignificantpositioninarmies.Standardsaregiven exclusivelytothesoldierswhoenjoyspecialmilitaryabilities.DuringthebattleofatTaff,the standardwasinthehandofAbu'lFadhlalAbbaswhopreservedandhelditsincethebeginningof thetragicjourneyinMedinauntilthelastsparkofhislife.Heprotectedthatstandardsobravely anduniquelythatheembracedittohischestwhenhistwohandsweresevered.Inmorethanone situation,alAbbasaskedhisbrotherImamalHusseinforpermissionforfighting,buttheImam usedtosaytohim,"Youarethestandardbearerofmyarmy.Ifyouaremartyred,mytroopswill separate.Itisalsowellknownthatstandardbearersarechosenaccordingtospecial qualifications: Thestandardbearermustbeacceptedbyeverybodyandmustbearqualitiessuchascourage, chivalry,andhonor.Thestandardbearers,too,mustexertalleffortsforsakeofkeepingthe Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

standardhigh.Fromthisreason,alAbbasexerteduniqueeffortsforkeepingthestandardhigh. Whenhisrighthandwassevered,heheldthestandardintheleft,andwhenthisonewasalso severed,heembracedthestandardtohischestandkeptittothelastbreathofhislife. HistorianshavealsorecordedthatwhentheUmayyadarmyraidedatthecampofImamal Husseinafterhismartyrdom,theyrobbedeverythingincludingthestandard,whichwasborne byalAbbas.InSyria,Yazid'ssightfellonthatstandardthatamazedhim.Henoticedthatitwas completelystabbedexcepttheplaceofitshandlefromwhichitwascarried.Heaskedaboutthe bearerofthatstandard,andhewasansweredthatitwasalAbbasibnAli.Veryastonishedbythe courageofalAbbas,Yazidturnedhisfacetotheattendantsandsaid:"Lookatthisstandard!Itis stabbedineveryplaceexceptitshandle.Thisclearlymeansthatitsbearerwassocourageand chivalrousthathefacedallstabsandstrokeswithoutlettingthatstandardfallfromhishand.This isthetrueloyaltytobrothers!!" Hence,alAbbaswascalled'HamilulLiwaathestandardbearer.'

KebshUlKateeba Thistitleisexclusivelygiventothehighercommanderwhosemissionistoprotectandmanagehis troops.Hence,thistitlewasconferreduponalAbbasforhisuniquecourageandbraveryduring thebattleofatTaffwhenheprotectedthecampofImamalHussein(a)andguardedtheharem. Infact,theUmayyadarmy,includingtheircommanders,fearedfromalAbbas;therefore,they offeredmanyseductiveoffers,suchasthegeneralcommandmentofthearmy,providedthathe wouldleavethewingofImamalHusseinandjointheirs. Thus,whenalAbbaswasmartyred,ImamalHusseinbecamehelpless.Hedeclared:"Myspineis nowbrokenandIhavelosteveryresolutionandmyenemiesarerejoicingatmymisfortune."In thesamemanner,bythemartyrdomofalAbbas,theeyesofhisenemies,whichcouldnotsee restsolongashewasthere,becamedelighted,whiletheeyesofImamalHussein'sharemand children,whichwastranquilanddelightedsolongastheycouldseealAbbasprotectingthem, lostrestforever. ALAMEED Thistitleisalsoaddressedtotheloftymilitarypersonalities.ItwasconferreduponalAbbas Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

becauseheplayedtheroleofthesupportandcommanderofhisbrother'sarmy. HAMIAZZHAEENA BecauseheplayedanhonorableroleinguardinganddefendingtheharemoftheProphet(s),al Abbaswascalled'HamiazZhaeenatheprotectoroftheharem.'Hewasresponsibleofkeeping watchovertheharemandservingthemduringthejourneyfromMedinatoKarbala. BABULHAWAAIJ PeoplebelievedthatGodwillsurelysettletheneedsofhimwhoimplorestoHimbyseekingthe intercessionofalAbbasforthespecialrankthatheenjoysinthesightofAlmightyGodandfor dedicatinghimselftotheobediencetoImamalHussein.Hence,alAbbasiscalled'BabulHawaaij thedoortothesettlementofneeds.' ASHSHAHID Althoughthisepithet,whichmeans'themartyr',isnotveryfamousamongtheotherepithetsof alAbbas,itismentionedinthestatementsofAbu'lHasanalUmariandAbuNasralBukhariwhen theyrefertothebiographyofalAbbasibnAli.AbuNasrreferstoanarrationinwhichImamas Sadiq(a)callsalAbbasas'ashShahid': MuawiyaibnAmmaralYazidinarrated: IaskedasSadiq(a)howtheydividedthedonationofFadakwhenithadbeengivenbacktothem. Heanswered:"WegavethedescendantsofalAbbasashShahidthemartyraquarterandtook therestforourselves." ALABDUSSALIH Historiansandbiographersshouldhaverecordedtheepithetof'alAbdusSalihTherighteous servant(ofGod)'withintheotherepithets,becauseitreferstothehighestrankonecanattain.In theSpecialZiyaraofalAbbasthatAbuHamzaathThemalirelated,ImamasSadiq(a)says: "Salaambeuponyou,therighteousservant!"Prophets,however,enjoythisrank,becauseit denotestheclose,firmrelationbetweenmanandtheAlmightyLord.IntheHolyQuran,God describesHisprophets,includingProphetMohammed(s)asrighteousservants. ALAABID AlAbbaswasalsocalled'alAabidtheworshipper,forhisdistinctiveworshiptotheLord. Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

Undoubtedly,itisnaturalthatalAbbas,beingbroughtupinthecenterofthegenuineworship, whichisthehouseofthechiefoftheworshippers;ImamAliAmirulMu'minin,acquiresthe qualityofworshipfulnesssuperiorly. AsSaduq,inhisThawaabulA'maal,recordsthatalAbbasibnAliwasdescribedashavingthesign ofprostrationonhisforehead.Thus,heisincludedwiththosedescribedbyGodas: "MuhammadistheApostleofAllah,andthosewithhimarefirmofheartagainsttheunbelievers, compassionateamongthemselves;youwillseethembowingdown,prostratingthemselves, seekinggracefromAllahandpleasure;theirmarksareintheirfacesbecauseoftheeffectof prostration;thatistheirdescriptionintheTorahandtheirdescriptionintheGospel;likeas seed?producethatputsforthitssprout,thenstrengthensit,soitbecomesstoutandstandsfirmly onitsstem,delightingthesowersthatHemayenragetheunbelieversonaccountofthem;Allah haspromisedthoseamongthemwhobelieveanddogood,forgivenessandagreatreward."61 Sinceobedienceisattachedtopureworship,alAbbaswasdescribedbyImamasSadiq(a)as obedient.IntheZiyaraauthenticallyreportedtobesaidbyImamasSadiqduringhisvisittothe tombofAbu'lFadhlalAbbas,thefollowingstatementisaddressedtoalAbbas: "Salaambeuponyou;therighteousservant(ofGod),theobedienttoAllah,HisMessenger,Amir ulMu'minin,alHasan,andalHussein,peaceandgreetingsofAllahbeuponthem." PERSONALITY AlAbbasibnAliwasawholeworldofvirtuesandmerits.Hispersonalityincludedeachandevery loftycharacteristic.ItishoweversufficienthonorforhimtobethesonofImamAliAmirul Mu'minin(a);themodelofhumanperfection.Thus,alAbbasinheritedallelementsofhuman perfectionfromhisfatherandbecame,inthesightofMuslims,theepitomeofvirtueandhigh moralstandards.Letusnowrefertosomeoftheseelements: COURAGE Sinceitdenotesthesoundnessandperseveranceofpersonality,courageisregardedasthe highestcharacteristicofmanhood.Abu'lFadhlalAbbascameintothischaracteristicfromhis fatherwhowastheevermostcourageous.AlAbbas'smaternaluncles,too,werecharacterizedby thisfeatureamongalltheArabs.Hewasaperfectworldofvalor;fearhadneverbeenonhismind duringbattlesinwhichheparticipatedwithhisfather.62DuringthebattleofatTaff,alAbbas gavethehighestexamplesofheroismandcourage.Infact,thatbattleisseenasthegreatest conflictinthehistoryofIslam.FacingthelargegatheringsofYazid'sarmy,alAbbasmanifested himselfsobravelythathechangedtheircourageouswarriorsintocowardsandfilledinthehearts oftheirtroopswithhorror.Losinganymeanstofacethisgreathero,theywentonusing Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

deceptivewaystheypromisedtheywouldgivehimthegeneralcommandmentoftheirarmyifhe wouldleavethecampofhisbrother,butalAbbasputthemdownandtheirpromisewasnomore thanafactorthatincreasedhisperseveranceonhisprinciplesandpersistenceondefendinghis beliefs. NarratorshavereferredtothegreatcasualtiesthatYazid'sarmysufferedatthehandsofalAbbas ibnAliwhowas,inthemidstofthatfighting,smiling.Hedidfillthefieldsofthatbattlewiththe bodiesoftheirvictims,didpainttheirhorseswiththeirblood,anddidplanthorrorandterrorin theirhearts.Hisswordwasadestroyingthunderboltthatinflictedbereavementandfatalityupon peopleofKufawhowereontheoppositeparty. ThecourageofalAbbashasastonishedpoetsandauthorswhohavegoneondescribingitin nonesuchstyles,andgiventhebestexamplesofheroismalloverhistory.Sincethiscouragewas shownfordefendingtherightandprotectingthehighvaluesandprinciplesofIslam,its significancehasbeenincreasing. FAITH FaithwasanothermajorfeatureinthepersonalityofalAbbas.Hewasbroughtupinthelapsof thetruefaith,centersofGodfearing,andfacultiesofobediencetoGod.Hisfather;chiefofthe faithfulandheadofthepious,fedhimwiththeessenceoffaith,andfactualityofGod'soneness. Hence,alAbbasgrewuponthecognizantfaithandthetrueponderingoverthesecretsof creation.Thisgiant,nonesuchfaithinteractedinthementalityofalAbbastochangehimintoone ofthegreatindividualsoffaith,piety,andsincerity.Outofhisfaith,alAbbasofferedhisbrothers, sons,andhimselfaspuresacrificesforthesakeofGod. Bravely,alAbbasfoughtfordefendingthereligionofGodandprotectingtheprinciplesofIslam thatwereexposedtoeradicativedangersduringthereignsoftheUmayyadancestry.Heaimedat nothingotherthanthesatisfactionofGodandtheattainmentoftheeternaljoyofthelifeto come. DISDAIN DisdainandsenseofhonorpaintedthepersonalityofalAbbassodenselythatherefused completelytoliveinhumblenessundertheshadowsoftheUmayyadrulerswhousurpedthe wealthofGodandtreatedpeopleasslaves.Thus,hepushedhimselfinthefieldsoffighting, followinghisbrotherwhoraisedthesloganofhonoranddignityanddeclaredthatdeathwould benomorethanpleasure,whiletolivewiththewrongdoerswouldbeonlyhumility. DuringthebattleofatTaff,alAbbasrepresentedalltheconceptsofdisdainandsenseofhonor Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

whenherejectedproudlythecommandmentofYazid'sarmyifhewouldleavethecampofhis brother.Asaresult,hepushedhimselfsincerelyinthefieldsofthebattle,fellingthewarriorsand harvestinghisenemies'headsallfordefendinghisfreedom,religion,anddignity. PATIENCE OnthedayofAshura,alAbbashadtoencounterunspeakablecrises.Nevertheless,hedidnot showanyitemofintoleranceorworryanddidnotutteranysinglewordofresentment.Onthe contrary,heprovidedthewholemattertohisLordtheMostHighandcopiedhisbrother,al Hussein(a),whosepatiencewasasheavyasunshakablemountains. AlAbbassawthecompanionsofhisbrothermeltedbythesunonthedustofKarbala,heardthe weepingofthechildrenoutoftheirthirstandheardthemoaningoftheharemwhowere mourningfortheirmen,andsawthelonelinessofhisbrotherwhowereencircledbythemeanest enemies,intendingtokillhimsoasto'win'theprizeofthegovernorofKufa.Inthemidstofall thesecrises,alAbbassubmittedtohisLordcompletelywithoutshowinganyweakness. LOYALTY Loyaltyisthenoblestcharacteristiconecanhave.AlAbbassetarecordinthisfieldwhenhe representedallfeaturesofloyaltydistinguishably: LOYALTYTOTHERELIGION AlAbbaswasthemostfaithfulandthebestdefenderofhisreligion.WhenIslamhadtoencounter theeradicativedangeroftheUmayyadbandwhorenouncedIslamcompletelyanddeclaredwar againstit,alAbbasdedicatedhimselftofightingonallfrontsfordefendinghisreligionandraising thewordofGodonearth.Forsakeoftheprinciplesofhisreligion,hishandswerecutandhewas martyred. LOYALTYTOTHENATION Ashenoticedhisnationsinkingdownunderthegloomynightmareofhumilityduetotheabsolute despotismoftheUmayyadbandwhoplayedinpeople'sfates,alAbbasunderstoodthathis missionwastoproceedforsavingthemfromthisscathingfaitaccompli.Alongwithhisbrother, familymembers,andthosegloriouscompanions,theyraisedthesloganoffreedomanddeclared thatholyjihad63ceaselesslyuntiltheyweremartyredforso.Thisinfactistheevermost elevatedloyaltytothenation. LOYALTYTOTHEHOMELAND Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

 OneoftheUmayyadrulers,once,declared:"Iraqisnomorethanagardenpossessedby Koreishites."64Hence,theyregardedtheIslamichomelandasagardenattheirdisposal.Onthis account,povertyandmiserywerethetwomajorcharacteristicsoftheIslamichomeland.Besides, therighteousandthefreepeopleweresubjectedtohumility.Thus,alAbbas,underthe commandmentofhisbrother,opposedthisrulingregimeanditsauthoritieswho,thankstothe selfsacrificesofalAbbasandhisparty,collapsed.ThiswasthetrueloyaltytotheIslamic homeland. LOYALTYTOHISBROTHER ItisincumbentuponeachMuslimtoswearallegiancetotheImamwholivesinhistime.Hence, alAbbasgavethebestexampleofbeingfaithfultotheallegiancetotheImamofhistimeal Hussein(a).Alloverhistory,youcannotfindanitemofloyaltymoreexaltedthanthatofalAbbas tohisbrotherandleader.Hence,hisloyaltyhasbecometheextremitythatattractseveryfree, honestman. WILLPOWER Willpowerisoneofthecharacteristicsofthegreatoneswhosedeedshavealwaysbeen successful,sinceitisimpossiblefortheweaktoachieveanysocialaimoranypoliticalwork. AlAbbaswasfullofdetermination;hejoinedtherightcampanddidnotshowanynegligenceor shortcoming.Onthestageofhistory,hehasshownhimselfasbeingthatgloriousleaderwho deservesprideandimmortality. MERCYANDKINDNESS AlAbbasenjoyedthehigheststandardsofmorality.Hewassokindandmercifulwiththe underprivilegedandthepersecuted.InKarbala,whenthetroopsofYazidoccupiedthebanksof theEuphratesanddeprivedtheotherpartyofwater,alAbbasshowedthemostclearcutsignsof kindnessandmercywhenhesawhisbrother'schildren,aswellasothers,palefacedanddry lippedbecauseofthirst.Seeingthisview,alAbbaspushedhimselftowardstheriverandcame backwithwaterforthosechildren.OnthetenthofMuharram,healsoheardthechildrencrying becauseofthirst;therefore,hiskindnessandfeelingsofmercypromptedhimtosatetheirthirst. Hetookthecontainerandfacedtheenemiessobravelythathecouldtakethemawayfromthe river.Ashewasabouttohaveadrink,herememberedthethirstofhisbrotherandhischildren. Hethereforerefusedtodrinkbeforehewouldsatethethirstofthoseones. Hasanyoneeverseen,heard,orknownofsuchfeelingsofmercyandkindnessatanyperson Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

otherthanalAbbaswhoclimbedtothehighestsummitsofglorybecauseofthecharacteristicsof hisuniquepersonality?

AlAbbasinTheImams'Sight TheImmaculateImamsaretherepresentativesofGod,thesuccessorsofHisProphetandthe leadersthatGodhasassignedforpeoplesoastomakedistinctionbetweentherightandthe wrong.They,peacebeuponthem,praisedmanypersonsand,also,condemnedmanyothers, eachaccordingtohisdeeds.Onthataccount,theydescribedAlAbbas,withthefinestwordsof praise,appreciation,andcommendation,andshowedtheiradmirationforhisheroicsituationsfor defendingIslam.He,however,hasoccupiedtheheartsandfeelingsofthegreatpersonalitiesand hasbecomethemelodyofthefreepeoplealloverhistory. LetusnowrefertosomeofthemedalsthattheImmaculateImams(a)conferreduponalAbbas: 1)IMAMALI WehavealreadymentionedthatImamAli(a)foretoldaboutthepersonalityandfutureofal Abbaswhenhewasonedayold.Inmanyothersituations,ImamAli(a)foretoldthathisson wouldshouldertheresponsibilityofprotectingtheharemofhisbrotherandwouldsacrifice himselfforhisreligionandbelief.ThesepredictionsareregardedascommendationsforalAbbas whosemissionwasdivinelyidentifiedandprepared.Hedidnotdisappointhisfatherwhenhe accomplishedhismissionascompletelyaspossibletothelastsparkofhislife. 2)IMAMALHUSSEIN Historianhavenarratedmanyreportsshowingtheclose,uniquerelationbetweenalAbbasand hisbrother,ImamalHussein(a)whoaddressedtohimawordshowingthegreatrankthatal Abbasoccupiedinhisbrother'smentality: InoneofthemanysituationsinKarbala,ImamalHusseinsaidtohisbrotheralAbbas:"Rideon, mayIbeyoursacrifice."WhenalAbbasbreathedhislastbreathswhilehisheadwasontheknees ofImamalHussein(a),thelatterdeclaredwithdeeplysadtone:"Now,myspineisbroken,andI havebecomehelpless,andmyenemiesarerejoicingatmymisfortune."Thiswordexpressesthe realpositionthatalAbbaswasoccupyingforhisbrother. Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

 3)IMAMZAYNULABIDIN ImamZaynulAbidinisoneofthefoundersoftruepietyandvirtueofIslam.Historianshave reportedthatheusedtoseekAllah'smercyforhisuncle,alAbbas,andusedtorefertohimwith thefinestwordsofadmirationandcommendation.Listentothefollowingvaluablewordofthe Imam(a):"Allahmayhavemercyuponmyuncle,alAbbas.Hepreferredhisbrothertohimself, didwell,andsacrificedhimselfforhisbrotheruntilhelosthistwohandsforsakeofsuch.Thus, Allah,insteadofhistwohands,willgivehimtwowingswithwhichhewillflywiththeangelsin Paradise,justlikeJa'faribnAbiTalib.InthesightofAllahtheBlessedtheExalted,alAbbasenjoys apeculiarrankforwhichalltheshahidswillhopeiftheyhaditslikeonthedayof Resurrection."65 ThepreviousstatementofImamZaynulAbidin(a)includesthemostsignificantsacrificesthatal Abbasdidtowardshisbrother;ImamalHussein(a).Forsakeofhisbrother,alAbbassacrificedhis twohandsandwentonresistinguntilhewasfelled.Forthesegreatsacrifices,Godwillgrantal Abbasanunparalleledrankthatallmartyrswillwishiftheyhaditslike. 4)IMAMASSADIQ ImamasSadiq(a)usedtopraisehisunclealAbbasandpaytributestohisheroicsituationsduring thebattleofatTaff:"MyunclealAbbaswasclearsightedandsteadfastlyfaithful.Hefoughtwith hisbrotheralHussein,didverywell,andwasmartyred."66ImamasSadiq,intheprevious statement,referstothenoblestcharacteristicsthatalAbbasenjoyed: A.CLEARSIGHTEDNESS Clearsightednessisoriginatedfromwelladvisednessandintellectualgenuineness.Itisattached toselfpurenessandsimpleheartedness,andenjoyedonlybythosewhoarefreefromcontrolof passions.InthepersonalityofalAbbas,thischaracteristicwasveryclear.Itwastheprincipal motivethatincitedhimtosupportandfollowImamalHussein(a)toclimbuptothesummitof honorandglory.Hence,hisgreatpersonalityhaslastedforeveraslongasmanissubmittedtothe humanvalueswhosesummitsandclimaxeshavebeenattainedbyalAbbas,alAbbas. B.STEADFASTFAITH ImamasSadiq(a)testifiedtotheunmatchedcharacterofhisunclealAbbaswhenheattached thecharacteristicofsteadfastfaithtohim.ThissteadfastfaithprovokedalAbbastochallengethe enemiesinthefieldsofjihadandsacrificehimselfforhisreligion. Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

C.FIGHTINGWITHIMAMALHUSSEIN Thetestimonyofjihadisthebestproofontheperfectionofpersonality.Hence,ImamasSadiq(a) ascribesthisgreatvirtuetothepersonalityofalAbbasbecauseofthelatter'sselfevidentfighting forsakeofhisbrother;ImamalHussein(a). ZIYARAOFIMAMASSADIQ AfterhehadvisitedthetombsofImamalHussein,hishousehold,andthevirtuouscompanions, ImamasSadiq(a)rantovisitthetombofhisunclealAbbas.Hestoodonthattombandrecited thatfamousZiyara. ImamasSadiq(a)beginsthisZiyarabyseekingthegreetingsandsalaamsofGod,Hisfavorite angels,commissionedProphets,righteousservants,andallmartyrsandtruthfulonestobeonal Abbas.Hethengoesontestifyingtohisuncleofbeingsubmissive,believing,faithful,andsincere: A.SUBMISSION AlAbbassubmittedcompletelytohisbrotherandleader,andfollowedhimfromtoptobottom untilhewasmartyredforhissake.ThisunmatchedsubmissionwastheresultofalAbbas'sfull acquaintancewiththeImamateofalHussein(a)thatisincumbentuponeveryMuslim.AlAbbas practicedallmattersstemmingfromthedivinecommandmentofthesubmissiontothe ImmaculateImams(a). B.BELIEF AlAbbasbelievedinGodandgavefullcredencetohisbrother.Hesurpassedalldoubtsinhis beliefoftheequityofhisissue.Hebelievedhewastherightwhilehisenemieswerewrong. C.LOYALTY ImamasSadiq(a)testifiedthathisunclealAbbasaccomplishedhisdutiesregardingthepledgeof GodandtheloyaltytotheImamofhisageutterly.Hesupportedtherightparty,stoodsteadfastly withhisbrotherinthemostintensivecircumstances,anddidnotleavehimuntilhewasmartyred althoughhelosthistwohands.Finally,alAbbaswascreatedtobefaithful;therefore,hisloyalty wasanaturalelementofhispersonalityandwasalsothefruitoftheunparalleledloyaltyofhis parents. D.SINCERITY Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

SincerityisanotherfeatureinthepersonalityofalAbbastowhichImamasSadiq(a)testified.Al Abbaswassincereinhisfightingagainstthewrongandopposingthewrongdoers.Heplayeda greatroleinthejihadofhisbrotherwhotooktheleadershipofstrugglingthewrong. InanotherparagraphoftheZiyara,ImamasSadiq(a)showedhisgreatadmirationforthegreat helpandhugesacrificesthatalAbbasmadeforImamalHussein.Hesacrificedhimself,protected himwithhisdearestthings,andtoleratedsteadfastlycrisesandhardshipsallforsakeofGod.God mayrewardhimsoremarkablyonbehalfofProphetMohammed,ImamAliAmirulMu'minin, FatimaazZahraa,alHasan,andalHussein(a). ImamasSadiq,inthesameZiyara,testifiedthathisunclealAbbasfollowedthesamelineofthe martyrsofIslamwhosebloodraisedthewordofGodhighly.AshenoticedtheUmayyads' attemptstoeradicateIslamandtakepeopletothepreIslamiccustomsandtraditions,alAbbas, undertheleadershipofhisbrother,revoltedtokeepthewordofGodhigh,toachievevictoryto Islam,andtodefeattheenemiesandrivals.InthelastparagraphsoftheZiyara,wenoticethe greatrankofalAbbasinthesightofImamasSadiq(a)whotestifiedtohimthathedidnotshow anyshortcomingorretreatanddidhisbestforsakeofthereligion.Hence,theImambeseechesto GodtoconferalAbbaswitheternalhappiness,largeplaceinParadise,andcompanionshipofthe prophets,martyrs,andrighteousones. 5)IMAMALMAHDI TheGreatReformistImamalMahdi,Godmayhastenhisreturn,saidagreatwordaboutal Abbas: "SalaambeuponAbu'lFadlalAbbas,sonofAmirulMu'minin.Hepreferredhisbrotherto himself,suppliedhimselfwith(opportunitiesof)todayfor(rewardsof)tomorrow,sacrificed himselfforhisbrother,protectedhim,hurriedforfetchinghimwater,andhistwohandswerecut (forsuch).Allahcursehiskillers;YazidibnarRaqqadandHukaimibnatTuffailatTaee"67Inthe previousstatement,ImamalMahdipraisesalAbbasforthenoblecharacteristicsthatheenjoyed: TheImam(a)commendsalAbbasfor: 1.Preferringhisbrother;thechiefofthemartyrs,tohimself, 2.Supplyinghimselfwithopportunitiesofthislifeforthelifetocome.Thisisanindicationtohis piety,Godfearing,andsupportfortherightanditspeople, 3.Sacrificinghisbrothers,sons,andhimselfforImamalHussein(a), 4.Protectinghisbrotherwithhissoul,and 5.Hiseffortstofetchwatertohisbrotherandhisharemwhentheotherpartyencircledthe EuphratessoastopreventthepartyofImamalHusseinfromhavingwaterevenfortheirchildren andwomen. Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

 THEHOLYSHRINE Fromearlyagesofhumankind,peopleusedtoshowvariousformsofadulationtotheirhonorable anduniquepersonalities.Oneoftheseformswasthesanctificationoftheirtombsbyconstructing handsomebuildingsthatare,inmostcases,takenasplacesofworship.TheholyQuran,narrating thestoryofthesevensleepersofEphesus,hasreferredtothisphenomenon: "WecausedtheirstorytobecomepublicsothatpeoplewouldknowthatGod'spromisewastrue andthatthereisnodoubtaboutthecomingoftheDayofJudgment.Theystartedtoarguewith eachotheraboutthematter(Resurrection)andsomeofthemsaid,"Letusestablishabuildingat theyouths'sleepingplace.TheirLordknewbesttheirintentionsaboutthem.Themajority prevailedintheirsuggestionoftheestablishmentofamosqueinthatplace."68 Suchbuildingshavebeenceaselesslyvisitedbypeopleforseekingblessings,showingrespect,and practicingdefiniteceremoniesandritualsofworshipthere.Thequestionofvisitingthetombsof theprophets,theirsuccessors,andsaintshasbeenanuninterruptedtraditionquotedfrom ProphetMohammad'swords,deeds,andconfirmations. Nevertheless,somehereticaldoctrinesclaimingbelongingnesstoIslamhavearisenproblematic mattersregardingthispoint.AsiftheyaretheonlyMuslimsbelievinginthelegalityofvisitingthe tombs,theShiahavebeenaccusedofbelievingthatitispermissibletovisittheshrinesofthe Prophets,Imamsandsaints,buildingthem,toseekblessingsthroughthem,toprayandmake supplicationsaroundthem.AlltheotherIslamicschoolsofjurisprudencehavesharedtheShiain suchbeliefs.69NotonlyistheholyshrineofalAbbasvisitedbytheShia,butalsoMuslimsfrom otherIslamicsectshavebeenpilgrimagingtothatshrineceaselessly. TheImmaculateImamsoftheAhlulBayt(a)confirmedthepilgrimagetotheholyshrinesofthe prophets,Imams,andsaintsandreferredtodefiniterulesofconducttobefollowedthere.They alsodedicateddefinitestatementsofsupplicationandgreetingstosuchshrines.Asamatterof fact,thequestionofconstructingshrinesonthetombsofcertainindividualisnotanordinary issueoriginatedfrompersonalviewsortendencies.Indeed,itisadivinewillhavingmany dimensions.Firstofall,GodtheExaltedhaspromisedHissincereservantstocommemoratetheir namesandmentioninginthisworldaswellastheworldtocome.Oneofthesignsoftheir eternityinthisworldstandsforthepresenceofhandsomebuildingsontheirtombstoremindof theirsituations,waysoflife,andpietytotheCreator. Astheyplayedtherolesofexamplesduringtheirlives,thepiousindividuals'shrineskeepin people'smindstheseexamplesthatshouldbefollowedforwinninghappinessinthislifeandthe lifetocome.Theholyshrines,too,havebecomethesheltersofthosewhoareinflictedwith Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

worldlydisastersandthosewhoseekrefugeofGod.Underthedomesofsuchshrinesall supplicationstoGodareresponded,allscreamsoftherepentantareheard,andallcriesof seekersofsuccorareanswered. Theseholyshrines,finally,haveveryfrequentlybeenthesourceofmanyreestablishmentsof relationswiththeLord,manyrevolutionsagainstindividualandsharedwrongandinjustice,and manyreturnstoGod. LOCATION HistorianshaveconfirmedthatImamalHussein(a)usedtocarrythebodiesofhissoldierswho werekilledinthefieldoffightingtoaspecialtentpreparedforthispurpose.Forinstance, historianshaveconfirmedthatalHurribnYazid,whenwaskilled,wascarriedtothetentofthe killeds,andImamalHusseinorderedsomeyoungmenofhishouseholdtocarrythebodyofhis son;Ali,tothattent,andhehimselfcarriedthebodyofalQasim;hisnephewtothesametent. ItisalsorelatedthatImamalBaqir(a)said: "AlHusseinusedtoputthebodiesofthekilledsinoneplaceandusedtocomment:Thesekilleds arejustlikethekilledprophetsandsonsofprophets."70Nevertheless,ImamalHussein(a)left thebodyofhisbrotheralAbbasintheplacewherehewasfelledonthebankoftheRiveral Alqaminearthedam.SomehistorianshavementionedthatImamalHussein(a)couldnotcarry thebodyofalAbbasbecauseitwaswoundedsoheavilythatalltheorganswereseparatedfrom eachother.71 OthershavementionedthatalAbbas,inhislastsparkoflife,beggedhisbrothertoleavehimin hisplacebecausehewasshytomeetSukaina,daughterofImamalHussein,whomhehad promisedtobringwater.72However,itisnowveryclearthatImamalHussein(a)leftthebodyof hisbrotherinthatplaceforanexcellentsecretthatcanbeunderstoodonlybythewellmannered ones.Anyhow,theImamwasnotunabletocarrythebodyofhisbrother.Dayshaveuncovered thatsecretwhenalAbbashadthathandsomeshrinetowhichthousandsofpeoplepilgrimage ceaselessly.Hence,theplacewherethatholybodywasfelledhasbecomeoneofthemost considerableareasonthisearth.PeoplehavesoughtnearnesstoGod,supplicatedtoHimtosolve theirmostcomplicatedproblemsandordeals,offeredtoHimthemostacceptableritualsof worship,andseenthemostmiraculouscharismataunderthegolden,shiningdomeofthatholy shrinethatcontainedtheholybodyofalAbbas;alAbbasibnAli,therighteousservantofGod. PeoplethereforehaverecognizedtheactualstandingofalAbbasinthesightofGodand,inturn, recognizedthescopeofrespectthattheyshouldbeartothispersonalitywhohasplayedtherole oftheconnectinglinkbetweenpeopleandtheirLord.GodtheExaltedhaswilledtograntal Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

Abbasanidiosyncraticrankinthisworldaswellastheworldtocome. JustliketheImmaculateImams,alAbbashashadaspecialshrinepilgrimagedbytheImamswho passedbythatarea.WehavealreadymentionedthatImamJa'faribnMohammadasSadiq(a) visitedthetombofalAbbasandrecitedaspecialZiyara,different,instatements,fromtheZiyaras recitedbeforethetombsoftheothermartyrs.Inthesamemanner,theshrineofalAbbashas haditsspecialceremoniesandritesofZiyara.ThetraditionsofAhlulBayt(a)haveguidedusto thelocation,aswellastheceremoniesandritestobepracticedatthatholyshrineofalAbbas. IbnQawlawayh,inhisbooktitledKamiluzZiyara,page256,narrates,withanauthenticseriesof narrators,thatAbuHamzaathThemalirelatedthefollowingsayingtoImamasSadiq(a):"Ifyou intendtovisit(thetombof)alAbbasibnAli,whichisonthebankoftheEuphratesoppositetoal Haair,youshouldstopatthegateoftheshedandsay:SalaamofAllahandSalaamofHisangels etc."73 AlMejlisi,inhisbooktitledMezarulBihar,recordsanotherZiyaraforalAbbas,asrelatedtothe narrationofSheikhalMufidandIbnalMash'hadi,definingthesamelocationthatisdefinedby ImamasSadiq(a)inthepreviousnarration.SimilarnarrationsarerecordedinAllamaanNouri's TahiyyatuzZaairandrelatedtoSheikhalMufid,ashShahid,andSayyidIbnTawous. ThefollowingstatementofSheikhalMufididentifiesthelocationofthetombofalAbbasthatis decidedbythesayingofImamJa'farasSadiq(a): "ExceptalAbbasibnAliwhowasburiedinaplaceonthedaminthewayofalGhadhiriyya,allthe membersofImamalHussein'sfamily,peacebeuponthem,wereburiedinaholelocatedbeyond thelegsofImamalHussein.ThetombofalAbbasisclearandknownetc."Allscholarsand investigatorshavefollowedthisdefinitionofthelocation.Theyallhavedecidedthatthetombof alAbbasibnAliisoppositetotheholyHaairneartheshoreoftheRiverEuphrates.74 RIVERALALQAMI RiveralAlqamiwasastreambranchingfromtheEuphrates.Itwaspassingbyandirrigatingthe landsofKarbala.Itwastheonlyriverinthatarea. Neithergeographistsnorhavehistoriansreferredtothelocationandhistoryofthisriver. Moreover,ImamasSadiq(a)didnotrefertothisnameashementionedthelocationofthe martyrdomofalAbbas.However,thisnamewasmentionedinmanynarrativesrecordedin authentic,trustworthyreferencebooks. AtTuraihi,inhisbooktitledalMuntakhabpage91,writesdownanarrationinwhichthereisa Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

referencetotheRiveralAlqami.AnarrationrecordedinMedinatulMa'aajizpage263Chapter 127,includesareferencetotheRiveralAlqami.IbnShahrashub,inhisbooktitledalManaaqib; 2/190,recordsthenarrationofalMutawakkil'sordersofdiggingthetombofImamalHussein(a). Inthisnarration,hereferstotheRiveralAlqami.InMezarulBiharpage161,anarrationofa specialZiyaratothetombofalAbbasisrecorded.Thisnarrationbeginswith: "IfyouintendtovisitKarbala,youshouldfirstresideattheshoreoftheRiveralAlqami,undress yourself,washetc."ThisnarrationisquotedfromthefamousbooksofZiyaracompiledbySheikh alMufidandalMash'hadi.AllthesenarrationsprovethatthenameofalAlqamiwasknownfor everybodyformanydecades.Nevertheless,thereasonbeyondthisnameisnotknown.Some mentionedthatamanfromthetribeofAlqamadugthatriver. InhisbooktitledZeenatulMajalisandwritteninAH1004,SayyidMajduddinMohammadMajdi recordsthatthevizierSaeedibnalAlqamigavehisordersofruiningthatriverafterhehadheard thesayingofImamasSadiq(a)addressingtotheriver:"Howisitthatyouarestillflowingafter mygrandfatherwaspreventedfromdrinkingfromyou?"75AstheRiveralAlqamiwasruined,the gardensofKufaweredamaged,becausetheywereirrigatedfromitswater. BURIALPLACEOFTHEHEAD VariousreportshavebeennarratedabouttheplaceswheretheheadsofthemartyrsofKarbala wereburied.Historianshave,almostunanimously,agreedthatOmaribnSaadgavetheordersof beheadingthebodiesofthewarriorsofImamalHussein'sarmy.76Theywereseventyeight headscarriedbythetribesandindividualsofYazid'sarmy.TheseheadsweretakentoKufa. Afterwards,UbaidullahibnZiyad,thegovernorofKufa,senttheseheadswiththecaravanofthe captivestoSyria. AfteralongseriesofeventsthestarsofwhichwereImamAliibnalHusseinZaynulAbidinandhis auntZaynabdaughterofImamAliinDamascus,Yazidanticipatedrevolutionofpeopleagainst him.HethereforehadtoallowtheImamandthecaptivestogohomeandrespondedtoallof theirdemands.TheydemandedYazidtogivethemtheheadofImamalHusseinsoastoattachit tothebodyinKarbala.Historians,thoughmostofthemdidnotrefertotheotherheads,have mentionedthatYazidgavealltheheadstoImamZaynulAbidinwhoattachedthemtothebodies onthetwentiethofSafar.TheheadofalAbbaswasoneofthese.77 Thisreportseemstobethemostacceptableifwetakeinconsiderationtheeventsandmotives thatobligedYazidtorespondtothedemandsofImamZaynulAbidinwhowouldsurelyaskforall theheadssoastoattachthemtothebodies.Nevertheless,thereareothernarrations: InhisA'yaanushShi'a;4/290,SayyidMuhsinalAminrecords:"InAH1321,Isawaplaceinthe Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

cemeteryknownas'MaqbaratBabusSagheer'inDamascusonwhosedoortherewasarockwith thescript:ThisistheburialplaceoftheheadsofalAbbasibnAli,AlialAkbaribnalHussein,and HabibibnMuzhahirAfewyearslater,thatburialplacewasdestroyed.Whenitwas reconstructed,thatrockwastakenawayandatombwasbuiltinsidethatburialplace.Onthat tombthenamesofmanyindividualswhomweremartyredinKarbalawithImamalHussein(a) wereengraved.Infact,thattombcontainedonlythethreeaforementionedheadsetc." HadSayyidalAminskimmedthroughthebookofHabibusSiyar,hewouldhavebelievedthat thesethreeheadswerenotburiedinthatcemeteryinDamascus.Anyhow,thosewhowrotethe namesofthesethreeheroesofKarbalaonthatrockinthecemeteryhadotherintentions.Finally, itisnotunlikelythatthesethreeheadswerecrucified,notburied,atthatplace. BURIALPLACEOFTHETWOHANDS InKarbalatherearetwosacredareasbelievedtobetheburialplacesofthetwohandsofal Abbas.Uninterruptedly,thesetwosanctuarieshavebeenvisitedandrespectedbythe generationswhobelievedtheirbeingtheburialplacesofthetwohandsthatwerecutduringthe encounterbetweenalAbbasandhisenemies.Thesanctuaryoftherighthandliestothenorth eastofKarbalaonthebordersofdistrictknownas'BabBaghdadGateofBaghdad'andthe districtknownas'BabulKhan',neartheeasterngateoftheholyshrine.Onthewindowfoundon thewallofthatsanctuary,twopoeticversesinPersianarecarved.Nobody,however,knowsthe poet,dateofconstruction,thedesignerofthewindow,orthecarverofthesetwopoeticverses. ThesanctuaryofthelefthandliesintheMinorMarketnearthesmallgateoftheholyshrineto thesoutheast.Thismarketiscalled'BabalAbbasasSagheer.'Onthewallofthatsanctuary poeticversescomposedbySheikhMohammadasSarraajarecarved. CONSTRUCTION Indeed,theshrineofAbu'lFadlalAbbasibnAliisoneofthehousesaboutwhichAlmightyGod said:"thehousesthatAllahhasdeclaredtobehighlyrespectedandHisNamebementioned thereiningloryinthemorningandevening.(24:36)"Theconstructionoftheholyshrine, altogetherwiththedome,ofalAbbaswhoisonthetopinthelistofthemartyrsandrighteous servantsofGodisanotherfactorhelpingthediscoveryofthesecretofhishavinganindependent tombawayfromthetomboftheothermartyrs.DuringhisvisittothetombofalAbbas,Imamas Sadiq(a)referredtothepraiseworthypersonalityofthisherowhopossessedalonesuchalofty rankbecauseofwhichallmartyrswillwishiftheyhaveitslike. Onthataccount,ithasbecomeveryimportanttopayagreatattentiontotheconstructionofthe holyshrineofthisunique,righteousservantofGod. Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

 God,theExalted,gavetheholymissionofconstructingthisshrinetosomeindividualswhowon eternalreputationinthisworldandwillberewardedabundantlyinthelifetocome,each accordingtohisintention.Manykings,princes,scholars,andcelebritiessucceededeachotherin constructingthisholyshrine,which,daybyday,hasbecomeinincreasingsplendorandbeauty. Today,itisverygorgeousforitsattractive,goldendomethatchallengestheheavensinelevation anddaresthestarsinbrilliance,itsimpregnablesanctuarythatisasgreatasthrone,itsporticoes thatarecoveredbyflasks,itsyardthatisthefieldofsanctity,anditshandsome,goldenlobbythat issimilartotheedificesofParadise.HistorianshavementionedthatShahTahmasp,78inAH 1032,decoratedthedomeoftheholyshrinewithtile,builtawindowontheboxthatcontained thetomb,arrangedtheporticoesandtheyard,builtthelobbythatliesinfrontofthefirstgateof thesanctuary,andsentpreciouscarpetsmadeinIran. InAH1115,NadirShahsentmanygiftstotheholyshrineanddecoratedsomeofthebuildings therewithflasks.InAH1117,thevizierofNadirShahpilgrimagedtotheholyshrineofImamal Hussein(a),remadetheboxofthetomb,reconstructedtheportico,andpresentedachandelier forlightingtheholyprecinct. InAH1216,theWahhabisinvadedKarbalaandrobbedallthepreciouslustersandchandeliers thatwereintheholyshrinesofImamalHusseinandalAbbas.FathAliShah76giftednewlusters, chandeliers,andpreciouspiecesofdecorationtotheholyshrinesinKarbala.Healso reconstructedthedomeontheholyshrineofalAbbaswithtile,gildedthedomeoftheholy shrineofImamalHussein(a),andmadeotherconstructions.HajjiMirzaAbdulKarimal MuqaddasalUrumi,inhisbooktitledTaqatRaihan,recordsthatHajjiShukrullahBadalBegal AfsharigildedthebighallfacingtheholyprecinctofalAbbasandspentallhisfortuneonthis work,carryingouttheconstructionsofSheikhZaynulAbidinalMazindaraniwhodiedinAH1309. Healsorecordedhisnameonthewesternsideonthewallofthehallonthegoldenplates.This goldenscriptisstillpresent. InthesamebookitisrecordedthatNasirudDawlagildedtheminaretoftheholyshrineofal Abbas.SayyidHasan,thewriterofFadakandotherbooks,hasmentionedthatthegoldensmall hallfacingthefirstgateoftheholyshrinewasestablishedbythekingofLakanhuMohammad ShahtheIndian.ThewoodenshedwasestablishedaccordingtotheinstructionofSultanAbdul HamidKhan.MohammedSadiqalIsfahanireconstructedthedomewithtile.Healsopurchased thehousesattachedtotheyardoftheholyshrineandincreasedthatyard.Heincreasedthearea fromthedirectionofthekiblahtoagreaterextent.HewasburiedinaroomattheGateofthe Kiblah.Healsoconstructedtheyardwithtile. InAH1355,SayyidMurtadha;thecustodianoftheholyshrine,rebuiltthesilvergatelyinginthe goldenhallfacingtheroomofthetomb.Ontheshuttersofthatgatehewrotethepoemof Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

SheikhMohammadAlialYa'qoubi.ThecustodyoftheholyshrineofalAbbashasbeentakenby honorableindividualswhosparednoeffortsinmanaging,servicing,andconstructingthisholy shrine. PILGRIMAGE Thepilgrimagetotheholyshrinesoftheprophets,Imams,andsaintsiscalledZiyara.Itisdifferent fromtheritualpilgrimagetoMecca,whichiscalledHajj.Hajjhoweverisobligatoryuponevery Muslimmanandwomanunderspecificconditions,whereasZiyaraisnotobligatory.Itisyetvery recommendedfortheinnumerablenarrationsoftheProphetandtheImamsregardingthe rewardsofthosewhoperformsuchpilgrimagesvoluntarily.80 Simply,Ziyaraistovisitthetombandsayanywordofgreeting,suchas'Salaam'.Othernarrations haveconfirmedthatitisacceptabletoaddresssuchwordsofgreetingsfromanyplaceinthe worldwhiledirectingthefacetowardsthedirectionofthetomb.Atanyrate,itisadvisable, accordingtoreasonaswellasinstructionsofwellversedscholars,tocommittothestatementsof theZiyarasthatarerelatedtotheAhlulBayt(a),becausesuchstatementsexpressdeeplythe actualityoftheownerofthevisitedtombandhintatthemostaccurateconductstobepracticed there. Onthataccount,itisrecommendableforthevisitorsofthetombofalAbbastofollowthe instructionsmentionedinthesayingofImamJa'farasSadiq(a)regardingtheZiyara. Inthissaying,theImaminstructthevisitortostopoppositetothebodyofalAbbasturningthe backtothekiblah,justlikevisitingthetombsoftheprophetsandImams.Thisexpressesthe utmostcourtesybefittingtheelevatedrankofalAbbas.Infact,tovisitalAbbasafterhisdeathis sameasvisitinghimduringhislife.Thisisbecausethemartyrsare"alivewiththeirLordand receivesustenancefromHim."81TheauthorofMezarulBiharonpage165,recordsthatSheikh alMufid,IbnalMash'hadi,andashShahidalAwwalemphasizedthatthevisitorofthetombofal Abbasshould,first,stopatthedooroftheshedandseekpermissiontoenterbysaying: "GreetingsofAllahetc."Hethenshouldenterandthrowhimselfonthetombandrecite: "Salaambeuponyou,therighteousservantofGodetc."Hethenshouldmovetothedirection oftheheadtooffertheprayerandsupplicatetoGod.Hethenshouldreturntothetomb,stopat thetwolegs,andrecite:"Salaambeuponyou,Abu'lFadhlalAbbasetc." Althoughthesestatementsdonotshowwhetheritisadvisabletostopataspecificside,itis understoodthatthedirectionofthekiblahistheintended. SomescholarshoweveradvisedofvisitingthetombofalAbbasbeforethatofImamalHussein (a),becausetheearlieristhedoortothelatter.ItisalsoadvisabletoofferthetwoRakaa82 Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

prayerofZiyaraatthetombofalAbbas.DuringhisvisittothetombsofthemartyrsofKarbalaon thefortiethdayaftertheirmartyrdom,JabiribnAbdullahalAnsarivisitedthetombofalAbbas ibnAliandofferedatwoRakaaprayer.83Itisalsoadvisabletokissthetomb.Thisisproved throughthenarrationofSafwanalJammalwhorelatesittoImamasSadiq(a):"Youshould thencomenearthetombofalAbbasibnAliandsayThenthrowyourselfonthetomb,kissit, andsayetc."84

TheZiyaraofAlAbbas ThenobleSheikhJa'faribnQawlawayhalQummirelatedtoaconsiderableseriesofnarratorsthat AbuHamzaathThemalisaidthat(Imam)asSadiqIfyouintendtovisitthetombofalAbbasibn AlithatliesonthebankoftheRiverEuphratesoppositetoalHaair,youshouldstopatthegateof theshed(precinct)andsay: SalaamofAllahandSalaamofHisfavoriteangels,Hiscommissionedprophets,Hisrighteous servants,alltheShahids,andalltheveracious(ones),andalsopure,trueblessingsthatcomeand go,beuponyou;sonofAmirulMu'minin(chiefofthefaithfulones).Itestifytoyouofsubmission (tothewillofGod),honestacceptanceastrue,loyalty,andsinceritywithregardtothe descendantofthecommissionedProphet(a)andhisfamily,thechosengrandson(ofthe Prophet),thewellknowledgeableguide(tothetruereligion),theconveyingsuccessor,andthe wrongfullyoppressedone.(Namely,"Wronglfullyoppressedone.(Namely,ImamalHusseinibn Ali). So,AllahmayrewardyouonbehalfofHisMessenger,AmirulMu'minin,alHasan,andalHussein, peaceofAllahbeuponthem,thebestrewardforyoursteadfastness,dedication(tothesakeof God),andsupport(fortherightparty).Veryexcellentbetherewardoftheeternallife. Allah'scursebeonhimwhokilledyou.AndAllah'scursebeonhimwhoomittedyourright, belittledyoursanctity.AndAllah'scursebeonhimwhoprecludedyoufromhavingfromthe wateroftheRiverEuphrates. Itestifythatyouwerekilledwrongfully,andthatAllahwillverilyfulfillHispromisethatHemade withyou.SonofAmirulMu'minin,Ihavecometoyoutopresentmyselfbeforeyou.Myheartis submissivetoyouandisfollowingyou.AndIamyourfollower.Iamreadytosupportyouuntil Allahdecidesforme.HeissurelytheBestofallwhodecide. Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

 Iamverilywithyou,notwithyourenemy.Iamoneofthosewhobelieveinyouandbelievein yourReturn.Ialsooneofthosewhodenyyouroppositesandkillers.Allahmaykillthegroupwho killedyouwithhandsandtongues(bygivingordersofkillingyou.)Youshouldthenenter,throw yourselfonthetomb,andsay: Salaambeuponyou;therighteousservant(ofGod),theobedienttoAllah,HisMessenger,Amir ulMu'minin,alHasan,andalHussein,peaceandgreetingsofAllahbeuponthem. Salaam,Allah'smercy,blessings,forgiveness,andgratificationsbeuponyou,yoursoul,andyour body.Itestify,andcallAllahtowitness,thatyouabidedbythesamecoursethatwastakenbythe warriorsof(the.battleof)BadrandthemujahidsforAllah'ssakewhofaithfullyservedHiminthe battlefieldsagainstHisenemies,didtheirbestsforsupportingHisdisciples,anddefendedHis intimateones. So,Allahmayrewardyouthebest,themaximum,themostabundant,andthemostabundant, andthemostconclusiverewardthatHemaygivetoanyonewhofulfillshishomage,answersthe call(ofthereligion),andobeyshis(divinelyelected)leaders.Itestifythatyouserveedthe(the Lord)extremelysincerelyandexertedallyourefforts(inthisregard)Allahmayattachyoutothe shahids,addyoursoultothesoulsofthehappyones,giveyouthelargestabodeandthemost handsomeroominHisParadise,exaltyourmentioninIlliyyin,joinyoutotheprophets,the veracious(ones),theshahids,andtherighteous(ones).Veryexcellentisthecompanionshipof suchones. Itestifythatyoudidnotlagbehindanddidnotturnawaytheface,andthatyouleftthislifewith fullawarenessofthetruth,followingtheexamplesoftherighteousonesandstickingtothe prophets.So,Allahmaygatheruswithyou,HisMessenger,andHisdisciplesintheabodesof thosewhopracticedhumbly(withtheirLord).HeiscertainlythemostMercifulofallthemerciful ones. YoushouldthenturntothesideoftheheadandofferatwoRakaaprayer.Afterwards,youmay offerprayersasmanyasyouwish.YoushouldalsosupplicatetoGodearnestly.Afterthese prayers,youshouldsay: OAllah,sendYourblessingstoMohammedandthefamilyofMohammedanddonotleavefor me,inthishonoredplaceandglorifiedshrine,anysin(thatIdid)withoutforgiveness,anycare withoutrelief,anyillnesswithoutcure,anydefectwithcoveringup,any(sourceof)sustenance withoutexpansion,anyitemofterrorwithoutpacification,anydisunitywithoutreunification,any absentonewithoutguardingandapproaching(himtome),andanysingleneedwhosesettlement achievesyourgratificationandmygood,amongthemanyneedsofthislifeaswellasthelifeto Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

comewithoutsettlement.YouarethemostMercifulofallthemercifulones.Youshouldthen returntothetomb,stopatthesideofthelegs,andsay: Salaambeuponyou,AbualFadhlalAbbas,sonofAmirulMu'minin. Salaambeuponyou,sonofthechiefofthesuccessors(oftheprophets.)Salaambeuponyou,son oftheforemostto(theembracementof)Islam,thefirstonewhobelieved(inGod),thebestone whoservedthereligionofAllah,andthemostknowledgeableofIslam.Itestifythatyouserved Allah,HisMessenger,andyourbrothersincerely.Youwerethemostexcellentconsolingbrother. So,Allah'scursebeonthegroupwhokilledyou.AndAllah'scursebeonthegroupwhowronged you.AndAllah'scursebeonthegroupwhoviolatedyoursanctitiesandinfringedthesanctityof Islam.Youwerethemostexcellentsteadfastfighter,protector,supporter,andbrotherwho defendedhisbrother,respondedtotheobediencetohisLord,andworkeddesirablyforgaining theabundantrewardandthenicetributethatothersrefused.'a'So,Allahmayattachyoutothe rankofyourfathersinthegardensofbliss. OAllah,IhavedonethepilgrimagetoYourdisciplesoutofmydesirefor(winning)yourreward andmywishtorecognizeYouandYourabundantbenevolence.So,IimploretoYoutosendYour blessingstoMohammadandhisimmaculatefamilyandmakemysustenance,bytheir intercession,flowcopiously,mylivingdelightful,mypilgrimagerewardable,andmylifepleasant. Andmakemetaketotheconductofthehonoredonesandmakemeoneofthosewhowin successandprosperityanddeserveforgivenessofsins,coveringupofdefects,andreliefof disastersaftertheirreturnfromthepilgrimageoftheshrinesofYourintimatedisciples.Youare surelyworthyofbeingfearedandworthyofforgiving.Ifyouintendtotakeleave,approachthe holytombandsay:Iseek,throughyou,theguardandcustodyofAllahandIsaySalaamtoyou. WehavebelievedinAllahandinHisMessengerandinHisBookandinthatwhichheconveyed fromAllah.OAllah,recordournameswiththewitnesses. OAllah,donotmakethispilgrimagetothetombofthesonofYourMessenger's(peaceofAllah beuponhimandhisfamily)brotherthelastone.Grantmeopportunitiestovisithimsolongas Youkeepmealive,andjoinmetohimandhisfathersintheparadises,andintroducemetohim, toYourMessenger,andtoYourdisciples.OAllah,sendYourblessingstoMohammadandthe familyofMohammedandtakemetoyouabidingbythebelievinginYou,givingcredencetoYour Messenger,beingfaithfultoAliibnAbiTalibandtheImams;hisdescendants,anddisavowing theirenemy.MyLord,Ihaveacceptedsuch.AllahmaysendblessingstoMohammadandthe familyofMohammad.YoumaythensupplicatetoGodforyourself,yourparents,thefaithful believers,andtheMuslims.Youmaychooseanystatementofsupplicationyoulike. CHARISMATA Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

Oneofthedivineconfermentstothefaithfuldisciplesisgrantingthemsupernaturalpowers duringtheirlifetimesandaftertheirdeath.Suchpowersactasindicationstothosedisciples'high ranksinthesightoftheLord.TheyarealsoregardedaspreciousrewardsthedisciplesofGodwin inthisworldfortheirrighteousdeedsandgreatservicefortheirLord'ssake.Furthermore,such charismataurgeotherstopursuetheexamplesofsuchdisciples.Thus,peoplehaveseenvarious charismataintheholyshrinesandunderthedomescoveringthetombsoftherighteous individualsuponwhomGodconferredwithitemsofHisuniquekindnessandbenevolence.Oneof theserighteousindividualswasAbu'lFadhlalAbbaswhowonworthilytheepithetof'the righteousservantofGod'.HeprecededothersinthefieldofofferingeverythinghehadforGod's sake;therefore,theAllbenevolentGodrewardedhimwiththebestrewardsinthisworldandthe worldtocome,andhisholyshrinehasbecometherefugeofthefearfulandthecenterof answeringtheprayers. TheholyshrineofalAbbashasbeenshowingcountlesscharismatathatmostpeoplewitnessed andreportedtooneanother.Someofthesecharismatahavetakentheformofsolvingthemost complicatedproblemsbroughttoGodthroughtheintercessionofalAbbas.Somehavetakenthe formofuprootingcompletelytheincurablediseasesthatprofessionalphysicianscouldnottreat. Somehavetakentheformofgivingvictorytotheweak,oppressedones.Somehavetakenthe formofdiscoveringthemostmysterioussecrets.Afterall,undertheholydomethatcoversthe tombofalAbbasallquestionsareansweredandallproblemsaresolvedallbythepermissionof GodWhoinstructsustoseekmeansthattakeustoHim: Believers,havefearofGod.FindthemeanstoreachHimandstrivehardforHiscausesothatyou mayhaveeverlastinghappiness.87Thosewhowant(God'strueguidance)shouldseekmeansto theirLord.88 LetusnowrefertosomecharismatashownattheholyshrineofalAbbas.?SheikhAbdur RaheematTustari(diedinAH1313)recounted:IntheholyprecinctofthetombofAbu'lFadhlal AbbastherewasanArabboy,whowasparalyzed,tiedtothewindowcoveringthetomb.With thisboyIsawaman,whoseemedtobehisfather,entreatingearnestlyalAbbastogivecureto theboy.Soonafterthat,theboystoodupandshouted:"AlAbbascuredme!"Peoplewhowere presenttheregatheredaroundtheboyandtorehisclothesforseekingblessingsthroughthem 89?SayyidAhmedalHaairirecounted: IwaswithagroupoftheservantsoftheholyshrineofalAbbaswhenamanwentoutinahurry. Hewasputtinghishandontherootofhispinkiefromwhichbloodwasflowing.Weweretold thatthismanhaddespisedalAbbaswhocuthispinkie.Onthewidowcoveringthetomb,we foundthepinkieofthatmanwithoutasingledropofblood.90 SheikhHasanDakheelrecounted: Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

 ItwasveryhotthatmiddaywhenIvisitedtheholytombofalAbbas.Nobodywasintheholy shrineexceptthatsixtyyearoldservantwhosemissionwastosupervisetheshrine.Nottoolong afterthatawomanhidingallherorganscameinwithasixteenyearoldboywhowasdressingthe garboftheKurds.AtallwhiteKurdishmancameinafterthem.Ignoringtheritualspeopleusedto dointhatplace,themanseemedtobedisrespectingtheholyshrineandthetomb.Heturnedthe backtothetombandwentonlookingattheswordsandpreciouspieceshangedthere.Few minuteslater,somethingstrangeoccurred.Thatman,asifhewaselectrified,wasbeatentothe window.Hisfaceturnedtoredandallhisorganswerecrampedthemanwastakentotheholy shrineofImamalHussein(a).Inhisway,peoplebegantogatherastheynoticedtheman's unusualstate.HewastiedtothewindowonthetombofAlialAkbar.Hecouldsleepthere.When hewokeup,herecitedtheshahada91anddeclaredhissubmissiontotheImamateoftheTwelve Imams(a)whosenameswerementionedbyhim.Hethentoldthatatallman,neartheholytomb ofalAbbas,seizedhimfirmlyandwentonbeatinghimwithastickhehadinthehandand reproachinghimforfollowingthewrongpath!Theladywhoaccompaniedhimthennarratedher storywiththisKurdishman: Thisvirtuous,politemanaskedmyhandfrommybrothersafterhehaddonethemagreatfavor. They,aswellasI,agreed.Aftermarriage,IaskedmySunnitehusbandtopermitmetopilgrimage totheholyshrineofImamalKadhimandImamalJawadinBaghdad,butherefusedclaiming suchpilgrimage'sbeingasortofsuperstition.WhenIbecamepregnant,Iaskedhimtovowhe wouldpilgrimagetotheholyshrinesifthebabywouldbemale.Hedid,buthedidnotfulfillhis vowwhenIgavebirthofaboy.Hepromisedhewouldfulfillhisvowwhentheboywouldbe fifteenyearsold.AsIinsistedonthepilgrimage,themanagreedandIcouldpilgrimagetotheholy shrineofImamalKadhimwhereIaskedtoshowmyhusbandacharismathatwouldcausehimto followShiismandshowrespecttotheImams.Unfortunately,thehusband'ssarcasmattheImams increased. WethenvisitedtheholyshrinesofImamalHadiandImamalAskariinSamarra.Nevertheless,my husbandwasnotguidedtotherightpath.AssoonasourfeettrodonthedustofKarbala,Isaidto myself:"IwillfirstvisitthetombofalAbbasandentreathimtoshowacharismaduetowhichmy husbandwillbelieveintheImamate.Ifthiswillnotoccur,Iwillneithervisittheholyshrineofhis brother,ImamalHussein,norwillIpilgrimagetoNajaftovisittheholyshrineofhisfather,Imam AliAmirulMu'minin."Now,youhaveseenwhathappenedintheholyshrineofalAbbas.92 ?SayyidIbrahimalBahbahanirecounted:OneweekaftermymarriageinAH1351,Ihadflu accompaniedbyhighfever.ThephysiciansofNajaf,includingDr.MohammadZakiAbazha, treatedme,butuselessly.Asmydiseasewasincreasing,Idecidednottoseeanyphysician.Afew mothslater,acommitteeoffourphysiciansdecidedthatIwoulddieinamonth. Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

InMuharram,AH1354,myfatherwenttoavillagecalled'alQasim'torecitethetragicsagaof ImamalHussein(a),inthememorialgatheringsforthatanniversary.Mymother,whowasinan incessantstateofweeping,wastendingme. Attheseventhnightofthatmonth,Isawinsleepatall,goodlookingmanaskingmetogivea sermoninthememorialgatheringheldinthatanniversary.HealsoaskedmetogotoKarbalaand mentionthesagaofalAbbasthere.Forthreetimes,thatmanaskedmetodothatthing.WhenI wokeup,Itoldmymotherofthatdream.Shewasdelighteranddecidedtotakemetotheholy shrineofalAbbas.NonerespondedtohersuggestionbecauseofthebadstateIhad.Finally, somerelativesdecidedtoputmeinacoffinbecauseIwasunabletorideanything. Assoonaswearrivedintheholyshrine,Isleptthereandsawthatverymanwhoreproachedme fordelayandaskedmetorecitethesagaofalAbbas.Iwokeupwithterror,butIimmediately fainted.WhenIrecoveredconsciousness,Iwasveryhealthy.Everybodywhowasintheholy shrine,theyard,andeventhemarketgatheredaroundmewithcriesofAllahuAkbarandLaIlaha illa(A)llah.Policemenattended,askedpeopletoleave,andtookmeouttothehallfacingtheholy sanctuary93 Referringtothischarisma,manyauthors,suchasSayyidSalihalHilli,MohammadAlialYa'qoubi, SheikhAlialJeshi,SayyidHassounRadialQizwini,SayyidMohammadRedaalHindi,SheikhAbd AliHussein,Ja'faratTuraifi,SheikhKadimasSudani,SheikhHasanSebti,SayyidNuriSalihal Baghdadi,andothers,composedpoeticversesthatperpetuatedtheoccurrence. ?'Mkhelef'wasthenameofamanwholivedinalMuhammara94andwasinflictedwitha chronicillnessinhislegswhichwereasthinasfingers.MostoftheinhabitantsofalMuhammara knewthatmanandhisillness.Creepingonhisbuttocksandhands,Mkhelefusedtobepresentat thememorialgatheringsheldforcommemoratingthetragedyofImamalHussein(a).Heusedto situnderthemimbarwiththelegsextended.SheikhKhaz'al,chiefoftheprovinceofalAhwaz southernIran,hadaHusseiniyyainwhichtheceremoniesoftheconsolationofImamalHussein wereheld.OntheseventhdayofMuharramthatyear,people,asusual,stoodupforslappingon theirchestsasexpressionoftheirdeepsadnessforthemartyrdomofalAbbas.Inthemidstof theirslappingandshouting,thecrowdsobservedthatMkhelefwasstandingamongthem shouting,'IamMkhelef.AlAbbasenabledmetostanduponmylegs.' Astheynoticedthismiracle,peoplerusheduponMkhelefandtorehisclothesaseachonetriedto takeapieceofitforseekingblessings.SheikhKhaz'althenorderedhisofficialstotakeMkhelefto oneoftheroomsoftheHusseiniyyaandpreventpeoplefromreachinghim.Whenpeopleasked himwhathadhappened,Mkhelefrecounted: Aspeoplewereslappingandshouting,Ifellintoaslumberunderthemimbar.Isawatall, Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

handsomemanonahorseaskingme:'Mkhelef,whydoyounotslapforalAbbas?''Sir,'I answered,'Icannotbecauseofthatwhichyousee.'Asthehorsemanorderedmetostandup,I askedhimtogivemehishandssothattheywillhelpmestandup.Hesaid,'Idonothavehands! Youmayholdonthestirrupofthehorseandstandup.'Thus,theholytombofalAbbashasbeen, dayandnight,visitedbyvariouskindsofpeople:aneedywhoseeksGod'scharity,anailedwho searchesforcurefromtheLord,agrievedwhohopesforrelieffromGod,aterrifiedwhoseeks succor,andaninvolvedwhoseekssolutionallthroughtheintercessionofalAbbas,andallreturn withpleasureandhappyheartednessastheintercessionofalAbbas,asusual,achievessuccess.

DescendantsofAlAbbas AlAbbashadfivesons;Ubaidullah,alFadhl,alHasan,alQasim,andMohammed,andtwo daughters.95IbnShahrashub;thefamoushistorianrecordedthatMohammadwasmartyredin Karbalawithhisfather.ThemotherofUbaidullahandalFadhlwasLubabadaughterofUbaidullah ibnalAbbasibnAbdulMuttalib.Genealogistshaveagreedunanimouslythattheprogenyofal AbbasibnAlicamefromhissonUbaidullah.SheikhalFutouni,however,addedthatalHasanibn alAbbashadsonsanddescendants,too.UbaidullahibnalAbbaswhodiedinAH155,wasoneof thecelebratedscholars.Handsomeness,perfectmorality,andpersonalitywereascribedtohim. Hemarriedthreeladies. ImamAliibnalHusseinZaynulAbidin(a),respectedUbaidullahgreatly.He,veryfrequently,wept whenhissightfellonUbaidullah,excusingthatthismanremindedhimofhisfather'sunique situationsonthatdayinKarbala. AlHasan;sonofUbaidullahlivedforsixtysevenyearsandhadfivesons;alFadhl,Hamza, Ibrahim,alAbbas,andUbaidullah.Allthesewerehonorable,virtuousauthors. AlFadhlwassuchaneloquent,religious,andcourageouspersonalitythatcaliphsrespectedhim. Hewasnamed'IbnalHashimiyyasonoftheHashemitelady'.96Hehadthreesons;Ja'far,al AbbasalAkbar,andMohammad. Abu'lAbbasalFadhlibnMohammedibnalFadhlibnalHasanibnUbaidullahibnalAbbaswasa famousoratorandpoet.Hecomposedsomepoeticverseseulogizinghisforefather;aAbbas. HamzaibnalHasanibnUbaidullahibnalAbbascopiedhisforefather;AmirulMu'minin.His grandsonMohammedibnAlithefamouspoetresidedinBasraanddiedinAH286.97 Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

 IbrahimJardaqawasanotherdescendantofalAbbas.Hewasjurisprudent,manofletters,and wellknownofhisascetics.AbdullahibnAliibnIbrahimwrotesomebooks,suchasthebooktitled alJa'fariyya.HediedinEgyptinAH312.AlAbbasibnalHasanibnUbaidullahibnalAbbaswasa greatcelebrityamongtheHashemites.HevisitedBaghdadduringthereignofHarunarRashid.He wasoneofthemostcelebratedpoets.98 AbdullahibnalAbbaswasalsoafamouspersonalityforhisvirtueandcelebrity.Whenhewas informedaboutAbdullah'sdeath,alMa'mountheAbbasidcaliphsaid:"Allpeoplearethesame afteryourdeparture,sonofalAbbas!"99Abu'tTayyibMohammedibnHamzaenjoyedagood personality.Hewasalsowellknownofhisregardofrelativesandvirtue.Hehadbigfortunesin JordanwherehewaskilledinAH291.Hisdescendantswerecalled'sonsofthemartyr.' UbaidullahibnalHasanwasthegovernorandqadiofMeccaandMedinaduringthereignofal Ma'moun.AbuYa'lialHamzaibnalQasimibnAliibnHamzaibnalHasanibnUbaidullahibnal AbbasibnAliwasoneofthemostcelebratedmenofknowledge.Hewasgreathadithistwho instructedmanyfamedscholarsandwrotemanybooks,suchasKitabutTawhid,Kitabuz ZiyaraatuwelMenasik,andmanyothersinvariousfieldsofknowledge,especiallyinIlmurRijal andIlmulHadith.100Manyscholarsdescribedhimwithremarkablewordsofpraise.101Ina villagecalled'alHamza'andlyinginalJazira,centralIraq,betweentheEuphratesandtheTigris, 102thereliesthathandsomeshrinewhichwasbuiltonthetombofalHamzaandhasbeen incessantlyvisitedbypeople. Finally,booksofhistoryarefullofnamesofgreatpersonalitiesamongthedescendantsofal AbbasibnAli.103EVENTSANDMARTYRDOM Beingneithernavenorsuperficial,manyeventsaccompaniedalAbbasfromhisearliestyouth. TheseeventswereringsinthebigseriesofthatconflictbetweenHashimandtheHashemites fromonesideandtheotherKoreishitedescendantsandclansontheotherside.Thatconflicttook differentforms,passedthroughmanystages,and,finally,tooktheformoftheconflictbetween rightandwrong. MOTIVEOFRIVALRY;THEOLDENVY Despitetheirdifferenttrends,allhistorianshavehadtoconfessthattheHashemitebranchof Koreishhasbeendistinctiveinmentality,manners,andbehaviorandhasbeenexcellingallothers atactivitiesandvalues.Hashimandhissonsanddescendantswerehighlyrespectedbyalltribes andkings.SuchhighrankarousedtheenvyoftheotherclansofKoreishwhoalliedagainst Hashimandhissonsanddescendants.Despitealltheseallies,victorywasalwaystothesideof theHashemiteswhoachievedmemorable,remarkabledeedsthatimmortalizedtheirnamesall overhistory. Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

 TheenvyoftheothermorethantwentyKoreishiteclansreacheditsclimaxwhenthegrandsonof Hashimdeclaredandpromulgatedhisprophesyandthathewasreceivingrevelationsand instructionsfromtheHeavensandcalledtheKoreishites,aswellallpeople,tofollowandsupport him.Moreover,hewassupportedbyAbuTalib;chiefofKoreishandsomeofhisunclesandwas followedbysomeofhiscousins. ACTIVITIESAGAINSTTHEPROPHET Throughvarioussortsofseductionsandthreats,theKoreishitechiefssparednoeffortsfor resistingMohammed'sprophecyandpromulgationandtryingtostopAbuTalib'ssupportforhim. Yet,alltheirendeavorsfailed.Theythendecidedwithonevoicetopersecute,physicallyand mentally,everysingleindividualwhoconvertedtoIslam.Owingtotheexecutionofthisdecision, mostofMuslimsfledtoAbyssinia,andtheKoreishitedecisionfailed. Theythendecidedunanimously,bytheparticipationofotherclans,toblockadeandboycottthe Hashemitescompletely;therefore,theydetainedtheminacolforthreeorfouryears. Nevertheless,thisdecisionfailedduetoadivinemiracle.AssoonastheHashemiteslosttheir chief;AbuTalib,theKoreishiteclansdecidedtoassassinatetheProphetwhomGodprotectedand instructedtomovetoYathribmostofwhoseinhabitantsembracedIslam. Bymeansofseductions,threats,andtheJews,theKoreishitestriedtoforcepeopleofYathrib, whichliedonthewayoftheircommercialarteryandthreatenedtheirtradeoffwithSyriawith cessation,toforsaketheProphet.Theyfailed,too.Hence,theydecidedtoengagethemselvesina waragainsttheHashemiteProphet.TheyfoughtagainsthiminthebattlesofBadr,Uhud,andal Khandaqandtheyfailed. TheyusedtheJewsasaweaponagainsthimbuttheyfailed.Theyalsosoughtthesupportofthe PersiansandtheRomansbuttheyfailed. Aftereightyearsofhismigration,theProphetsurprisedtheKoreishiteswhenheconqueredtheir capital;Mecca,withanirresistiblearmy.Thus,theKoreishiteshadtogiveupandsurrendertothe Prophet.Afterwards,theProphetdeclaredpublicamnestytothechiefsoftheKoreishiteclans andgatheredthemintheHolyMasjidundertheswordsofhissoldierstoexplaintothemtheir arrogance,tyranny,denialoftheVersesofGod,malicetowardstheProphetofGod,wrongingthe HashemitesandMuslims,andwagingwarsagainstIslam. Hethenreleasedthem,andtheyhavebeencalled'thereleasedones.'104 AFTERTHECONQUESTOFMECCA Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

 Althoughtheirheartswerefulloffeelingsofrageandarroganceaftertheyhadhadtosubmitto sonofHashimandaccepttheirhavingbeenreleasedjustlikeslaves,theKoreishitesadopted anotherprinciple:Mohammed'sstateisours.Heisthat'generousbrotherandsonofthat generousbrother'andthatkindsonofKoreish;therefore,wehavetoenterhisstateandsaveit fromthehandsofthestrangeones.Hence,theydedicatedalleffortstopreventingtheProphet frompreparingaHashemiteindividualforsucceedinghim.Inotherwords,theydecidedto preventtheHashemitesfromhavingbothprophesyandleadership. AssomeofthembelievedthatitwasdifficulttolayholdofMohammad'sstate,theyplannedto assassinatehimsoastostopthewholematters.105Theyalsofailedbecauseofthewillofthe Heavens. Thus,theyhadtofindanotherway.TheycametoasktheProphettograntthemashareinhis state,butherejectedbecausehehadalreadyappointedsomebodyashissuccessor:Duringhis life,theProphet(s)namedAliibnAbiTalibashissuccessorandthecomingleaderoftheIslamic umma(community).Asamatteroffact,thesourceofthisdecisionwastheHeavens.Itwas AlmightyGodWhoselectedandappointedAli,followedbytheImmaculateImamsofhisprogeny, asthenextleaderoftheIslamicummaaftertheProphet.Thisdecisionwasconveyedbythe ProphetfromtheearlieststageofthemarchofIslam.106Inalmostalloccasionsthatgathered Muslims,theProphetconfirmedthatAliwouldsucceedhimintheleadershipoftheIslamic umma. TheeventofGhadirKhumisaclearcutproofonourclaim.Aheadofaboutonehundred thousandMuslimswhomweregatheredinthatterriblyhotweather,theProphet(s)raisedAli's handtodeclarethatthismanmustberegardedastheleaderofeveryonewhoadoptedthe leadershipoftheProphet,andorderedthepresentonestoconveythisdecisiontotheabsent, includingthecominggenerations.Inaddition,hegaveordersofholdingspecialceremonieson thatoccasionandtookthepledgeofallMuslimsmenandwomentorecognizetheleadershipof ImamAli.TheanniversaryofthatoccasionisstillcelebratedbyMuslimswhofulfilledtheirpledge totheProphet.107 Asahopelessendeavor,theKoreishitechiefs,supportedbysomeKoreishiteindividualswhowere amongthefirstconvertstoIslambutshowedloyaltytotheKoreishiteconspirators,cametothe ProphettosuggestthathehadbettercancelhisdecisionofappointingAliasthecomingleader etc.108ButtheProphetrefusedtheirdemand,emphasizingthatthematterwasGod'snot anyone'sdesire. TheProphetusednicepolicywiththosedefeatedchiefs.Forinstance,heappointedtheirmilitary commander;AbuSuffianibnHarb,asataxcollector.But,theykeptontheirplotsandwicked Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

intentions.They,once,demandedwithautonomy,buttheProphet(s)reproachedandthreatened tofightthemwithhishero;AliibnAbiTalib.HealsopredictedthattheKoreishiteswouldnotstop plottingagainstIslamunlesstheyaresubmittedbyforce.109Finally,theKoreishitesdespairedof thesuccessofanyplotaslongastheProphetwasalive.Hence,theypreparednewmattersthat wouldbedoneafterhisdeath. AFTERTHEPROPHET WhentheProphet(s)departedlifeafterhehadbeenpreventedfromdictatinghiswill,110a greatturninginthemarchofIslamoccurred.OntheseconddayoftheProphet'sdecease,some Koreishitepersons,thinkingnothingofalltheProphet'syesterday'sconfirmationsonthe leadershipofImamAli,heldameetingtoappointtheleaderwhowouldsucceedtheProphet.In fact,themainreasonbeyondthismeetingwhichhadbeenpreparedpreviouslytothedeceaseof theProphetandwhichviolatedallthedivineinstructionswastotaketheHashemitesawayfrom thechiefshipoftheIslamicnationingeneralandtheotherKoreishiteclansinparticular. TheUmayyadshadthelongesthandintheconveningtothatmeetingduringwhichAbuBakrwas decidedasthenewleaderoftheIslamicumma.WhenImamAli,supportedbythefaithful companionsoftheProphet,deniedthedecisionsofthatmeetingconsideringthewholematteras violationtotheProphet'sinstructions,theheadofthefoundingmembersofthatmeeting,namely OmaribnalKhattab,declaredopenlythemaincausethatmadethemholdsuchameetingand decidesuchadecision.HesaidtoImamAli:"We111dislikeforyou,theHashemites,tohaveboth prophecyandleadership."112 ShowinghislimitlessmalicetowardsIslamandProphetMohammed(s),AbuSuffianfound throughsuchdivergencethebestopportunitythatmustbeseizedforstrikingIslamanddisuniting Muslims.HeequippedhisrelativeswithweaponsandledthemtothedoorofImamAli'shouseto tellthathe,aswellasthatwellequippedarmy,wasreadytosupporthimifhewoulddeclarewar againsttheotherpartywhousurpedhisdivinerightofleadership.ImamAliunderstoodAbu Suffian'srealintentionverywellandrejectedhissuggestion.113 So,theHashemiteslosttheirpositionthatAlmightyGodselectedforthem.Nevertheless,this doesnotcanceltheirbeingtherealleadersoftheIslamicnationandtheoneswhoseinstructions mustbefollowedsincetheyhavebeenthesuccessorsoftheProphetaccordingtodivine instructions.Aftermanyevents,AbuBakrcametopowerandappointedOmaribnalKhattabas hissuccessor. OmaribnalKhattab,asbeingthecaliphthepoliticalreligiousheadofMuslims,appointed Muawiya;sonofAbuSuffianthemortalenemyofIslamandtheleaderofthesearmedforces againsttheProphetandhiscompanionsasthegovernorofDamascus.Itisironicthatamanwho Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

wastobecomethepoliticalreligiousheadofaprovinceintheIslamicStatewasbornintoaclan thatrejectedProphetMuhammad(s)inhishomecity,Mecca,andcontinuedtoopposehimon thebattlefieldsafterhehademigratedtoMedina,anddidnotconverttoIslamuntiltheProphet conqueredMeccaandobligeditsinhabitantstofollowhisreligion.Anotherironywastheplan thatOmaribnalKhattabmadeforchoosingthenextcaliphwhowasOthmanibnAffan. ALABBASINTHEEVENTS InthereignofOthmanibnAffan,alAbbasibnAliwasborn.Itisverynaturalthatheunderstood thewholedoctrinal,political,andsocialmatteroftheIslamicStatethroughtheinstructionsofhis fatherandtwobrothersaroundwhomalltheaforementionedeventsoccurred.Likewise,al Abbas,fromhisearliestyouth,recognizedthathebelongedtothehousewhomAlmightyGod selectedforguardingandconveyingHisreligiontothenextgenerationsinitspure,correctform, andthathehadhisownroletoplayinthissacredprocess.Naturally,hewasinformedaboutthe eventsthatprecededhimindetailsand,now,itishisturntounderstandthecurrentandthe comingevents. ThepoliciesofOthmanibnAffanbroughtaboutageneraldisorderintheintellectualanddoctrinal livesofMuslims.ThesepolicieswereaimedattakingtheAhlulBaytawayfromthepolitical centersinthestateandsubjectingthemtotheillegitimaterulingauthorities.Hence,thepolitical andadministrativepositionsweregiventodefinitepersonswhobelongedtotheclansofUmayya andAalMaeet.TheHashemitesandtheirpartisanswerepreventedfromholdinganyposition. AlltheofficesoftheIslamicStatebecameinthehandsoftheUmayyadswhowentoncreating crisesamongMuslims.Itisindisputablethatthegreatmajorityofsuchgovernorsdidnothave anyIslamictrendandweredirectedtoworkagainsttherealIslamofMohammedandhisfamily (a).Moreover,theylackedfamiliaritywithandexpertiseintheIslamiclawsandtherequirements oftheIslamicSharia. Asaresultofsuchpolicy,sometroopsoftheIslamicarmyleftIranandEgypttoMedinaand demandedOthmanwithrectifyinghispoliciesandremovingtheUmayyadsfromtheofficesofthe state.Unfortunately,hedidnotrespond,andtherevoltersfoundnomeansotherthan assassinatingOthmanaftertheyhadencouragedbythemostcelebratedpersonalitieswho accompaniedtheProphet.So,theykilledOthmanandcouldgetridofhisdishonestpoliciesof favoringhisrelativestotheothersandspreadingentrepreneurshipintheIslamicworld. THEGOVERNMENTOFIMAMALI AlAbbaswasinthevigorofhisyouthwatchingalltheseeventsandwaitingforthefuture.After theassassinationofOthman,itwasthefirsttimethatpeoplecouldexpresstheiropinionsfreely Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

andselectthefittestAliibnAbiTalib;theselectedbytheHeavensfortheleadershipofMuslims. ThearmedforcesandalltheclassesofpeopleallovertheprovincesoftheIslamicStateselected ImamAlifortheleadershipofthestate,exceptpeopleofDamascusandafewindividualsof MedinawhounderstoodthatImamAliwouldrefusetheirmonopolyandwouldextendthevery requiredsocialjusticealloverthestate. Asexpected,ImamAliadoptedandappliedpoliciesofconstructiveandcomprehensivejusticeto everybody.Hepreferredthegeneralintereststotheprivateanddedicatedalleffortstothe achievementofanidealsocialjusticeandtotheeradicationofpoverty.Healsoadoptedthe courseofextendingprinciplesoffreedomssoastocreatepublicdevelopmentsandwipeoutall feelingsofhumilityandsubservience.Thus,theImamworkedonextendingthereligiousand politicalpolicies. HealsopaidagooddealofattentiontothepropagationofreligioussensesandIslamicidealities amongthepublics.Throughhisunparalleledbehaviorandsuccessfulsermons,ImamAlicould found,attheleast,aclassofvirtuousindividualswho,lateronduringthereignoftheUmayyads, resistedthemoralcollapsesandpromulgatedthetrueIslamiccourse.ImamAli,also,taughtthe societyhowtofulfilltheirresponsibilitiesbeforeGod,watchthegeneralsituationsoftheIslamic State,savethesocietyfromdeviation,revoltagainsttheunjustrulers,andworkpurelyforsakeof God. TheseweretheprinciplesthatmadealAbbasibnAlistopwithhisbrotherImamalHusseinwho revoltedagainsttheunjustrulerswhoviolatedthesanctitiesoftheIslamicsocietyandenslaved Muslims.Infact,alAbbas,beingthesonofImamAli,wastheworthiestoflearningandapplying theinstructionsofhisfathertohimselfandworkingonpropagatingthemamongpeople.ImamAli (a)alsousedallweaponsforfightingpovertyandremovingitsghostawayfromtheIslamic society.Hethereforesuppliedtheneedypeoplewithresidentialplaces,eliminated unemployment,monopoly,andusury. Hefinallystoppedallsortsoffavoritism;thedistinctivefeatureofthereignofOthmanibnAffan whofavoredhisrelativesattheexpenseoftheothers.Thus,equalitytookitspurestformduring thereignofImamAli(a).AllthesereformscanceledouttheprivateinterestsoftheKoreishites, especiallytheUmayyads,whodidtheirbesttodoawaywithImamAliandhispolicies.They thereforeformeddifferentoppositepowerswhowagedwarsagainsthim.Firstofall,therewas Aisha(theProphet'swidowandthefirstcaliph'sdaughter)whoselimitlessmaliceagainstImam Alicontrolledhercompletelytothedegreethatsherodeonthatredcamelagainstwhichthe Prophet(s)warnedher114andledanarmyagainstthelegalauthorityoftheIslamicState; namely,ImamAli. Onecanfeelthebigironywhenherecognizes,throughauthenticreports,thatthisveryAishawas Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

adirectreasonfortheassassinationofOthmanibnAffanagainstwhomsheralliedpeopleand whomshedescribedasnonMuslim.115Whenshewasinformedofhisdeath,sheprostrated herselftoGodasasignofthanks,butwhenshewasinformedthatAliheldthepositionof leadership,hersituationwasconvertedandshecried:"Othmanwaskilledwrongfully.Imusttake revengeuponhiskillers."ShethengatheredtroopsanddirectedtoBasrawhereshefacedthe armyofImamAliwhoovercameandcouldcaptureher.Outofhisremarkableandunmatched moralstandards,ImamAlihonoredthemutinouslady,releasedher,andsentherhome.Inthe midstofalltheseevents,alAbbaswaswatching,withheedfulheart,theoppositepowersand watchinghisfather'swisetreatmentsofthesituation.Infact,hisfather'sbehaviorswerethebest lessonsthatleadhimtooccupythefirstplaceinthefieldofheroism,sacrifice,andperseverance onprinciples. ContinuingtheseriesoftheirenmityagainsttherightpartyingeneralandtheHashemitesin particular,theUmayyadsformedanoppositepowerthatfacedandwagedwaragainstImamAli. Muawiya,beingthegovernorofDamascussincethereignofOmaribnalKhattab,declaredarmed mutinyagainstthelegalauthorityoftheIslamicStateandcouldgathertheignorantones,the hypocrites,theopportunists,andtheformerofficialsofOthman'sgovernmentwhoseillgotten propertieswereconfiscatedbyImamAlitobedistributedfairlyamongallpeople,toforman armyofmutineers.Muawiya'stroopsdirectedtowardsIraqandcampedinSiffeenontheSyrian Iraqiborders.First,theyoccupiedthetwobanksoftheRiverEuphratessoastopreventImam Ali'sarmyfromwater.Outoftheirextremeinhumanityandbrutality,theUmayyadsusedthe blockadeofwaterasaweaponagainsttheirrivalries.TheydidthesamethingwithImamal Hussein,hishousehold,andhiscompanionswhentheyoccupiedthetwobanksoftheRiver EuphratesandpreventedImamalHussein'sarmyfromhavingwater. AsImamAlinoticedthatMuawiya'stroopswouldnotpermithisarmytohavewaterafterthey hadrefusedhiscallstopeace,heallowedhisarmytoattack.TheycoulddefeatMuawiya'sarmy andoccupythetwobanksoftheriver.SomeofthecommandersaskedImamAlitoprevent Muawiya'stroopsfromhavingwater,buthe,outofhisincomparablemercyandfeelingsof responsibilitytowardshumanbeingsingeneralandMuslimsinparticular,refusedthatrequest andpermittedtheotherpartytohavewaterwhichisallowabletoallcreatures. Unfortunately,Muawiya,hisfamily,andhisgroupdidnotthankforImamAlithisuniquesituation. Onthecontrary,theyrewardedImamAli'ssonandhouseholdevilwhentheypreventedthem, eventheirnewbornsandwomen,fromhavingwater. Whenalleffortsofpeacefailed,ImamAlihadtofighttheotherparty.Inthelaststageofthatwar whichlastedfortwoyearscausingtenthousandsofcasualties,ImamAliwasabouttoachieve victoryandputanendtothatwar,butMuawiyaturnedtoatrickery.Heaskedhisdefeated Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

soldierstoimpalecopiesoftheholyQuranontheirlancesandcallthatthejudgeoftheQuran shouldbesought. Deludedbysuchfalsecries,somedivisionsinImamAli'sarmyrespondedtothesecallsandasked ImamAlitosubmit.TheImamtriedhisbesttoconvincethedeludedones,thehypocrites,andthe agents,butuselessly.Hethereforehadtosubmittotheirdemandofthearbitrationoftheholy Quran.MuawiyasuggestedthathewouldchooseamanashisrepresentativeandImamAli shouldchooseoneashisrepresentative.UnderthepressureofthemutinousgroupsinImamAli's army,theImamhadtoacceptAbuMusaalAsh'ariasrepresentative.MuawiyachoseAmribnal Aasthedisreputableswindler.Beforeholdingthesessionofarbitration,AmribnAlAasfooledal Ash'aribyclaimingthattheybothshouldjudgeofdenouncingbothAliandMuawiyasoastosave MuslimsfromsuchfitnahCivilwar.Moreover,AmrcouldconvincealAsh'aritoascendthe mimbarfirstanddenouncehisleaderImamAli. Beforethetwoparties,alAsh'ariascendedthemimbaranddenouncedImamAli.Whenhecame down,Amrascendedandcalledpeopletofollowthe'legal'leadershipofhisleaderMuawiya!This farceofarbitration,whichendedwithdeposingImamAliascaliphandappointingMuawiyaasthe newleader,foldedthelastpageintheholiestIslamicgovernmentthataimedatachievingideal socialjustice.However,thehypocritesandtheKoreishiteclans,especiallytheUmayyads, succeededinoverthrowingthisgovernmentandreplacingitwiththereignoftheUmayyad dynastythatbroughtaboutthemostappallingtragedythemassacreoftheProphet'shousehold.

AlAbbasinTheBattleofSiffen Somehistorianshaveslackenedthereinswhentheyascribedexaggeratesituationsoffightingto alAbbasibnAli.Asamatteroffact,itisnotstrangeforaherolikealAbbastorecordastonishing situationsoffightingfromhisearlyyouth,becausehewasthesonofthatheroandthe descendantoftheheroesoftheArabs,and,originally,hewaspreparedforshowingsupreme heroismandcourage.Besides,historyhasrecordedfortheHashemitessuchunparalleled situationsofheroismfromearlystagesoftheirlives.Forinstance,MohammedibnalHanafiyya, sonofImamAli,showedgreatheroisminthebattlesledbyhisfatherwhilehewastwentyyear oldormaybeless.116 SomehistorianshavementionedthatalAbbassupportedhisbrotherImamalHusseinwholed thedivisionthatdefeatedMuawiya'stroopsandoccupiedthetwobanksoftheRiverEuphrates Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

duringthebattleofSiffeen.117Historians,also,havereferredtothefollowingnarration: DuringthebattleofSiffeen,asublime,courageousyoungmanofaboutseventeenyearold puttingaveilonthefaceadvancedforfighting.Muawiya,seeingthatpeoplefearedthatwarrior, askedAbu'shShaathaatofightwithhim.Abu'shShaathaarefusedclaimingthathewastoo courageoustofightwithsuchayoungwarrior.Hesuggestedhewouldsendoneofhissevensons tofight.ThatyoungwarriorcouldkillallthesonsofAbu'shShaathaawhobecameangryand decidedtofightwiththatwarriorhimself.ThewarriorcouldkillAbu'shShaathaaandreturnto thecamp.Showingtheiradmirationoftheheroismandcourageofthatyoungwarriorwhom nobodyknew,thecompanionsofImamAlirecognizedthathemusthavebeenoneofthe Hashemites.WhenImamAliremovedthatveilfromthewarrior'sface,hewasalAbbas.118 AlKhawarzmi,inhisbooktitledManaqibutTalibiyyin;147,recordsthefollowingincident: KuraibthestrongsoldierinMuawiya'sarmyadvancedandcouldkillthreeofthehorsemenof ImamAli'sarmy.HethenchallengedImamAli.Saddenedbythischallenge,ImamAlicalledhisson alAbbaswhowasmatureandorderedhimtorideoffhishorseandtakeoffhisclothes.The fatherputonhisson'sclothes,rodeonhishorse,andaskedhissontodresshisclothesandtake hishorsesothatKuraibwillnotshrinkinfearandwithdrawfighting ThesetwoincidentsemphasizethatalAbbasibnAliparticipatedinthebattleofSiffeenwithhis fatherandbrothers.Somehistorians,however,havedeniedtheparticipationofalAbbasibnAliin thatbattle,claimingthatitwasalAbbasibnalHarith,notalAbbasibnAli,whoattendedthat battle.Thisisinfactnotaccurate,becausethereareothernarrations,recordedinbooksof historysuchasalKhawarzmi'sMaqatilutTalibiyyin;105,referringtotherolesofalAbbasibnal Harithinthatbattle. MOREORDEALS Afterthefarceofthearbitration,ImamAlihadtoencounterotherordealscreatedbyMuawiya whousedthehypocritesandtheignorantasmeansforachievinghisvilepurposes.Thoseclasses ofpeoplecriticizedImamAliforacceptingtheopinionofthearbitrationaftertheyhadobliged himtodoso.AfterthecessationofthebattleofSiffin,thosegroupsleftthearmyofImamAliand adoptedanewcourseinthoughtandpractice.TheywerecalledKhawarij'themutineers'.The Imamsentsomemessengerstoconvincethemtochangetheiropinions,buttheydidnot respond.Theywentonsheddingthebloodofinnocentpeopleandspreadinghorroramong Muslims.Asasecondattempt,ImamAlidecidedtovisitthemhopinghewouldtakethembackto therightpath.Althoughheprovedtheirbeingwrongthroughundisputableproofs,theKhawarij insistedonmutiny.AsImamAlinoticedthattheyformedagreatdangeragainsttheIslamic society,hehadtowagewaragainstthem.InaplacecalledanNahrawan,ahorriblefighting Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

occurredbetweentheKhawarijandImamAli'sarmy.Inthatwar,theKhawarijwerekilled completelyandnonewassavedexceptninepersons. Bytheway,alAbbasibnAli,probably,didnotparticipateinthisbattle,becausehistorianshave notreferredtoanysituationforhiminthisbattle.Atanyrate,somehistoriansbelievethatImam Alipreventedsomeofhissons,includingalAbbas,fromfightinginthebattlesofSiffinandan Nahrawanbecausehewantedtosavethemfromdeath. AftertheordealoftheKhawarij,Muawiyawentonenhancinghispowerthroughthemanyraids thathemadeagainstsometerritoriesofKufa;thecapitaloftheIslamicState.Healsooccupied EgypttotakeitoutfromthecontrolofImamAli.ThoseordealsthatinflictedtheIslamicworld saddenedImamAliverymuchsincehefeltthecomingordeals,whichwouldbemorehorrible. TheKhawarijheldaconferenceinMeccaanddecidedtogetridofImamAli,Muawiya,andAmr ibnalAasbecause,astheythought,thosethreepersonswerethereasonsbeyondpeople's disorder.TherulingauthorityofMeccaknewaboutthatmeetingand,probably,suppliedoneof theconfereewithmoneytofacilitatehismissionofkillingImamAli. Theman,AbdurRahmanibnMuljim,cametoKufaandwentonpreparingfordoinghismission withthehelpofthehypocritesofthatcity.Atthenineteenthnightoftheholymonthof Ramadan,ImamAliwenttothemosqueforleadingthecollectiveFajrprayer.Whenheraisedthe headaftertheprostration,theinfidelstruckhimontheheadwithhissword.AssoonastheImam feltthestroke,hesmiledanddeclared:"BytheLordofKaaba,Ihavewon." Hewascarriedtohishousewherehissons,daughters,andharemgatheredaroundhim.The Imamdistributedhissightsamonghissonsashepredictedeachone'sroleinthefuture.The ImamlookedathissonalAbbaswithsightsofaffectionandemotionwhenherememberedthe divinepredictionregardingthiscourageoussonandtherolethathewouldplayinsupportingthe religionofGod.Hetheninstructedhissonsonthehighmoralstandards,commitmenttotheright, andperseveranceonprinciples.AsthepoisonoftheswordthatstrucktheImamspreadtohis entirebody,deathcrepttohiminsuresteps.TheImamthendepartedlife.Hiselderson,Imamal Hasan,alongwithhisbrothers,preparedthefuneralritualsofhisbody.Theywashedhisbody, putitinthecoffin,andcarriedittotheburialplaceinNajaf. Fromtheconductofhisfather,alongwiththeproblemsandordealsthathappenedduringhis reign,alAbbaslearnthowtostandeverythingforsakeofkeepingtheprinciplesandachieving justiceonthisearth.Hedidbelieveinthebrilliantgoalstowhichhisfathercalledandforthe applicationofwhichhesacrificedeverythingincludinghisholysoul.Theselessonscontributed greatlyincreatingthathighspiritenjoyedbyalAbbasibnAli. THEREIGNOFIMAMALHASAN Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

 Afterhisfather,ImamalHasanheldthepositionoftheleadershipoftheIslamicState.Allthe politicalandsocialcircumstanceswerenotstable.Thegreatmajorityofthemilitarycommanders, includingthegeneralcommander,showedloyaltytoMuawiyawhoseducedthembymeansof preciousbribes.ThefalseideaoftheKhawarij,too,workedasadestructivefactorthatruinedthe buildingoftheImam'swing.Asaresult,manyattemptsofassassination,thoughunsuccessful, weremadeagainsttheImam.Finally,somehypocritesaccusedhimofinfidelity. AlltheseordealsencouragedMuawiyatodeclarewaragainsttheImam.Thus,Muawiyagathered hispowerfularmyanddirectedtowardsIraq.Accompaniedbyafewdivisionsofhisarmy,Imam alHasandirectedtowardsalMadaainwhereheresided.PeacetreatywithMuawiyawastheonly solutionthatwouldsavetheImam'ssoulandsaveMuslimsfromdisunityandapostasy.Thus, ImamalHasanhadtosignapeacetreatywithMuawiya. Afterthatpeacetreaty,ImamalHasan,alongwithhishouseholdandbrothersincludingalAbbas, leftKufatoMedina.Heresidedthereandbeganspreadinghisknowledgesamongseekersof studiesandconferringupontheneedyandthepoorwithhisabundantgenerosity.Bythe presenceofImamalHasan,Medinaregaineditsleadingpositionasthespiritualcapitalofthe Islamicworld.ThebittertrialsthatImamalHasanencounteredopenedtheeyesofalAbbason newfactsregardingthenatureofboththesocietyandtherulingauthorities. MUAWIYA'SREIGN;HORRIBLENIGHTMARE AfterthepeacetreatywithImamalHasan,MuawiyaibnAbiSuffian;themortalenemyandthe sonofthemortalenemiesofIslam,couldholdthepositionoftheleadershipoftheIslamicState afterhehaderadicatedthegovernmentofAliandhisdescendantstheoneandonlygovernment, aftertheProphet's,thatwascharacterizedbyidealjustice. WiththecollapseofImamAli'sgovernment,allthevaluesofhumanityandmoralitywere replacedbyvaluesofpaganism,altogetherwithallofitsdisadvantages,whichMuawiyaexerted alleffortsforconfirmingthemasanalternatefortheprinciplesofIslam.Undertheshadesofthe Umayyadreign,vice,immorality,despotism,andcorruptionspreadallovertheIslamicprovinces. Muslimshadtoencounterinsufferableordealsthattestedtheirperseveranceontheirprinciples andthescopeoftheirfaithandsteadfastnessagainstmisfortunes.119Muawiya,firstofall, directedtowardsthepolicyofeliminatingtheIslamicattentivepersonalities,suchasHijribnEdi, AmribnalHamq,RushaidalHujari,SaadibnAbiWaqqas,AbdurRahmanibnKhalid,Abdur RahmanibnAbiBakr,and,finally,ImamalHasan. HethendedicatedallhispossibilitiestoantagonizingtheAhlulBaytbecausetheyactedas oppositionists,representedthegenuineandtruetrendofIslam,andbelongedtothatgreat Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

ProphetwhosmashedthegloriesoftheotherKoreishiteclans,especiallyMuawiyaandhisfather whohadstoodagainsthimopenlyaspossibleastheycoulduntilheconqueredtheircity, capturedthem,and,then,setthemfree.Heestablishedafactionoffabricatorswhosemissions weretoinventwords,ascribedfalselytotheProphet,praisingtheothercompanions(ofthe Prophet)soastobeafrontagainsttheAhlulBayt,inventotherwordsdispraisingtheAhlulBayt, andinventathirdcollectionofwordspraisingtheUmayyads.Unfortunately,theinfluenceof theseinventionshavestillbeeneffectiveandmanyMuslimshavebeenstilldeludedbysuch fabricationsthatwereaimedatdeceivingtheIslamicnationbytakingitawayfromtheactual leadershipthatGod,HisProphetMohammed,andintellecthaveselected. Muawiya,also,issuedaformaldecisionorderingtheofficialsofhisgovernmenttorevileatImam AliopenlyfromthemimbarsofMasjidsallovertheIslamicState. Furthermore,Muawiyausedtheteachinginstitutionsforachievinghisblindgoalsoferadicating theAhlulBayt.Hence,thenewgenerationswerebroughtuponmaliceagainsttheAhlulBayt. Allthesame,thepoliciesofMuawiyahavefailedandhewasterriblydisappointed.Amirul Mu'mininAliibnAbiTalibhasbeentheworld'ssongofhumanperfectionandfreedom,whilethe Umayyadshavebecomenothingbutacorruptivegermdetestedbyeverybody.Allthesepolicies ofpersecutionandgrievousformsofdiscriminationthattheAhlulBaythadtosufferduringthe reignoftheUmayyadsincreasedinthementalityofalAbbasthenecessityofthestruggleagainst oppression.HealsobelievedintheobligationofrevoltingagainsttheUmayyadsforsakeof fulfillingthereligiousdutyandsavingtheMuslimcommunityagainstthedeviationsandwrong policiesofthoseillegitimaterulers.ThegravestdangerthatMuawiyabroughttotheIslamic nationwashisnamingYazid;hislascivioussonasthenextruleroftheIslamicState.Historians haveunanimouslymentionedthatYazidibnMuawiyawasemptyofanyhumanitarianvalue.He wassunkeninsinsandcrimes.HedeclaredopenlythathehadnotbelievedinGodorHisProphet andthathehadhadoneandonlymissiontoeradicatetheProphet'sprogenysoastorevenge himselfagainsttheProphetandhisfamilywhokilledmanyofhisfathersandhumiliatedthe others. Findinghisfaithlesssonasthebestonetoachievetheevilaimsofhisfathersandhim,Muawiya appointedYazidasthecomingleaderandinstructedhimtodosomemattersthatachievethe continuityoftheUmayyaddynastyasabsoluterulersofthisnation. EvenduringthefuneralceremoniesofImamalHassan,theUmayyadsarousedaseditiousmatter whentheypreventedtheholybodyoftheImamtobeburiedbesidetheholybodyofthe Prophet.TheyexploitedthemalicethatAishaboreagainsttheAhlulBaytforachievingtheir wickedpurposes.Moreover,theythrewthecoffinoftheImamwithdarts.Ashecouldnolonger standthesituation,alAbbastriedtoattacktheUmayyadsandtearthemintopieceswithhis sword,butImamalHusseinstoppedhimandaskedhimtocomplywiththewillofthedear Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

deceasedwhoorderedthemnottoshedasingledropofbloodbecauseofamatterconcerning him. Thus,thefuneralceremonieswereendedpeacefullyandtheholybodyofImamalHasanwas buriedinalBaqee.WhenMuawiyasurpassedthelimitsandadoptedpoliciesinviolationofthe interestsofMuslims,ImamalHussein,inMedina,deniedandexertedalleffortsforexposing Muawiya'spoliciesandcalledMuslimstorevoltagainstsuchanillegitimateauthority.Thesecret agentsinMedinareportedalltheseactivitiestoMuawiyawhowasfrightened;therefore,he forwardedamessagetotheImamthreateninghimwithsevereproceduresifhewouldnotstop. TheImamansweredwithastronglywordedmessageinwhichherenouncedMuawiya'spolicies bymentioninghishorriblepoliticaleventsanddeclaredanoppositesituationagainstthat government.120 Duringtheseasonofthehajj,ImamalHusseinheldapoliticalconferencebytheparticipationofa goodnumberofMuhajirs,121Ansar,122andtheirfollowers.Hedeliveredasermoninwhichhe referredtotheharshordealsthattheProphet'shousehold,aswellasallMuslims,hadhadto encounterduringthereignofMuawiya.TheImamalsoaskedtheattendantstoconveyhis messagetoeverybodytheytrustsothatMuslimswouldnotbedeludedbythemeanpoliciesof Muawiyaandhisagents.123 THEREVOLUTIONOFIMAMALHUSSEIN Abu'lFadhlalAbbasattendedallthechaptersofthegreatrevolutionofhisbrotherthegiant revolutionthatchangedthecourseofhistory,shookthewholeworld,freedtheMuslim individuals,andprovokedtheMuslimpublicstostandagainstthewrongauthoritiesand antagonizeeveryitemofdespotismandoppression.Indeed,ithasbeenoneofthemost importantrevolutionsofhumanity. AlAbbascontributedinthisrevolutionsopositivelyandeffectivelyasheunderstoodallthegoals andbelievedinthenecessityofapplyingthemtohumanityingeneralandtheMuslimsocietyin particular.Hewasoneofthemostimportantcharactersofthemarchofthatrevolution.He supportedhisbrother,believedinhismovements,andtrustedhisstandards.SincetheImamleft Medina,alAbbasdidnotleavehimforevenasinglemoment.Hence,youcanfindtheghostofal AbbasattendingeveryitemofImamalHussein'smarchuntilhelosthislifeforthesakeofthat greatuprising. LetusnowrefertosomechaptersofImamalHussein'srevolution. IMAMALHUSSEINREJECTSYAZID'SLEADERSHIP Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

Inthedusk,alWaleedibnAqaba,therulerofMedina,summonedImamalHussein.Asherealized thereasonbeyondsuchasummon,theImamaskedhisbrotheralAbbas,aswellastheother menofhishousehold,toprotecthim.Heorderedthemtositoutoftheruler'shalluntilthey wouldhearhisloudvoiceasasigntocomeinandsavehim. TherulerwelcomedtheImamwarmlybeforeheinformedhimabouthedeathofMuawiyaand Yazid'sdecisionoftakingtheacknowledgementofallegiancetohimasthenewleaderofthe IslamicnationfrompeopleofMedinaingeneralandtheImaminparticular.TheImamaskedal Waleedtogivehimarespiteuntilnextmorning.Bythisrespite,theImamintendedtogather peoplethenextmorningtodeclarehisrejectionofYazid'sleadershipandhiscalltomutiny againsthim. MarwanibnalHakamwhoattendedthatsituationburstforthtoagitatethefireofsedition.He addressedtoalWaleed:"Ifhedepartsyouwithouttakingthehomagefromhim,youwillnever beabletotakeitanytimeelsebeforenumerousvictimsfrombothpartieswillfall.Detainhimso astotakehisacknowledgementofallegiancetothenewcaliph.Ifhedoesnotgiveit,youshould thenbeheadhim."LookingatMawranwithcontempt,ImamalHusseinsaidtohim:"Isityouor hewhowillkillme?ByGodIswear,you,themeanone,havelied."HethenturnedtoalWaleed andsaid: "Emir,wearethehouseholdofprophecy,thecoreofthedivinemission,theobjectofthevisiting angels,andthecenterofthe(divine)mercy.Allahcommenced(thecreation)withusandwillseal withus.Yazidisafaithlessman.Hedrinkswines,killstherespectfulsoul,anddeclareslechery openly.Myexampledoesnotacknowledgeallegiancetohis.But,letbothofuswaituntilmorning andseewhichoneismoremeritoriousofthecaliphatethereligiousandpoliticalleadershipof theIslamicnationandofbeingacknowledgedforhomage"124Bythesewords,Imamal Hussein,indifferenttotherulingauthoritiesandtheirthreats,rejectedpayinghomagetoYazid anddeclaredthereasonbeyondsuchrejection. TOMECCA ImamalHussein,then,decidedtoleaveMedinatoMeccasothathewouldbetakeitashisnew center.Beforeheleft,hedirectedtothetombofhisgrandfatherProphetMohammed(s)to complaintohimabouttheordealsthatgatheredaroundhim.Healsodirectedtowardsthetomb ofhismotherFatimatheVeracious(a)tosayfarewell.Finallyhevisitedthetombofhisbrother ImamalHasan(a).HethenledhishouseholdandharemtoMecca.Alonghismarch,hisstandard wasflappingindignityandcourageinthehandofhisbrotheralAbbaswhoheldthemissionof supervisingtheaffairsofhisharem.SomepersonalitiesaskedImamalHusseintochangetheway thathetooktoMeccasothattheauthoritieswouldnotcatchhim.ButtheImamdeclared courageously: Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

 "No,byAllah.IwillnotleavethiswaybeforeIreachMeccauntilAllahdoeswhatHewills."Onthe thirdofShaban,theImam'scaravanarrivedinMeccaandresidedinthehouseofalAbbasibn AbdulMuttalib.TheMeccansreceivedtheImamsowarmlyandfrequentedhimseverally.The ImamwasalsofrequentedbythehajjisandvisitorsoftheHolyHouseofGod.Duringallhis moments,theImamwasbroadcastingthepoliticalandreligiousknowledgeamonghisvisitorsand callingpeopletorevoltagainsttheillegitimateleadershipoftheUmayyaddynasty. MeanwhiletherulingauthoritiesinMeccafearedverymuchaftertheyhadnoticedtheMuslims' frequentationtoImamalHusseinandtheirreportingthattheImamisworthieroftheleadership oftheIslamicnationthanthedescendantsofAbuSuffianwhowagedwarsagainstIslam.The governorofMecca,AmribnSaeedalAshdaq,hurriedtotheImamandsaidwithwrath:"What hasbroughtyoutotheHolyHouseofGod?" Withatoneofconfidenceandquietness,theImamanswered:"Ihavecometoseektherefugeof AllahandthisHouse."AsthisprocedurethreatenedtheUmayyadgovernment,thegovernorof MeccasentamessagetoYazidtellinghimaboutalldetails.Ashereadthemessage,Yazidsenta notetoAbdullahibnAbbasinwhichhethreatenedImamalHussein(a)forsuchmovementand askedhimtointerfereforpreventingtheImamfromrevoltingagainsthisgovernment.Abdullah ibnAbbasansweredYazid'snotebyadvisinghimnottoopposetheImamsinceheleftMedina becausetherulingauthoritiestheredidnotrespecthisstandingandpersonality.Hence,theImam residedinMeccaforsometimeduringwhichallhismovementsandactivitieswerereportedto Damascus;thecapitaloftheUmayyadState. THESHIA'SREVOLTINKUFA AssoonaspeopleofKufaheardthenewsofMuawiya'sdeath,theyexultedopenlyandhelda popularconferenceatthehouseoftheirchief,SulaimanibnSardalKhuzaai,anddelivered enthusiasticspeechesinwhichtheyreferredtothevarioussortsofpersecutionandtorturethat theysufferedduringthereignofMuawiya,andagreedonpayinghomagetoImamalHussein(a) andrejectingYazid'spower.Inthesametime,theysentadelegationtoMeccatourgetheImam tocometothemforformingagovernmentanddeclaringtheircityasthecapitaloftheIslamic StateasitwasduringthereignofImamAli(a). Furthermore,peopleofKufasentthousandsofmessagesinwhichtheyexpressedtheirserious determinationtosupporttheImamandsacrificetheirsoulsandfortunesforhim.Theyalso chargedhimwiththeresponsibilityofwhattheyhadsufferedifhewouldreject.Inthesightof ImamalHussein(a),allthesemattersimposeonhimthelegalresponsibilityofrespondingtothe callsofthepersecutedpeople.Hence,hedecidedtosendhiscousinMuslimibnAqiltoKufafor inspectingtherealsituationthere.AfterthereportofMuslim,theImamwouldseewhetheritis Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

obligatoryuponhimtoleadthatrevoltornot. AshearrivedinKufa,MuslimresidedinthehouseofalMukhtaribnabiUbaidaathThaqafi.As theShiaknewaboutthismatter,theyhurriedtoalMukhtar'shouse,receivedMuslimwarmly, gatheredaroundhim,andappealedtohimtoaccepttheirdeclarationsofallegiancetoImamal Hussein(a).Respondingtotheirrequest,Muslimopenedaregisterinwhichherecordedthe namesofsignerswhosenumberreachedeighteenthousandonthefirstfewdays.Daybyday,the numberwasincreasing. ItisworthmentioningthattherulingauthoritiesofKufa,thoughtheykneweverythingabout theseproceduresofrevolution,keptsilentbecausetheirhead,anNumanibnBashiralAnsari,did notshowloyaltytoYazidwhoopposedAnsarandbecauseanNuman'sdaughterwasthewifeof alMukhtarwhosehousewasthecenterofMuslim. Naturally,theproUmayyadhypocritesdidnotlikethissituation;therefore,theycontactedwith thecapitalandinformedYazidabouteverything.Theyalsodemandedhimwithdismissingan Numanandappointinganewgovernorwhowouldbeabletoeradicatetherevolutionand subjugatepeopleofKufatohisgovernment.ThesenewsterrifiedYazidwhosummonedSirjawn, hispersonalconsultant,andaskedforanadvice.TheskillfulconsultantadvisedYazidtoappoint UbaidullahibnZiyad,theterrorist,forholdingthepositionofgovernorshipofKufa.Likehisfather, Ubaidullah,whowasthegovernorofBasra,wasemptyofanyhumantendency.Hewasreadyto committheugliestcrimesagainsthumanity.Yazid,hence,wrotethedecreeofnamingUbaidullah ibnZiyadasthegovernorofKufabesidesBasra.Ubaidullahwasalsoorderedtodirecttowards KufaforeradicatingtherevolutionthereandkillingtheenvoyofImamalHussein;Muslimibn Aqil.

UbaidullahinKufa AssoonashereceivedthedecreeofnaminghimasthenewgovernorofKufabesidesBasra, UbaidullahibnZiyadrantotheresothatImamalHusseinwouldnotprecedehim.Ashereached thebordersofthecity,hedisguisedhimselfwithblackclothessothatpeoplewouldthinkofhim asImamalHussein(a).Thus,peoplewelcomedhimwarmly.ThissituationmadeUbaidullah resentdeeply.HethereforehurriedtothePalaceofGovernorshipQasrulImarasothatnoone wouldrealizethereality.Ashereachedthere,heknockedthedoor.Fromthebalcony,anNuman whoalsothoughtofhimasImamalHusseinshouted:"SonofGod'sMessenger,Iwillnotfulfillmy Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

pledgetoyouandIdonotwanttofightyou" "Openthedoor,"shoutedUbaidullah,"Youwillsufferlongnighttime!" Assomeofthepublicwhowalkedbehindhimknewhisreality,theyshouted:"Thisisindeedson ofMarjana."Thus,theyranawaywiththeirheartsfilledinwithterror.Ubaidullahthetyrantwent towardsthepalace,seizedtheweaponsandfortune,andwasgatheredaroundbytheagentsof theUmayyaddynasty,suchasOmaribnSaad,ShemribnThi'lJawshan,Mohammedibnal Ashaath,andotherfamousnamesamongthehypocritesofKufa.Theybegandiscussingthe mattersoftheexpectedrevolutionofKufaanditschiefs,andwentonplottingforeradicatingit. Nextmorning,UbaidullahgatheredthepeopleintheGrandMasjidofKufatotellthemaboutthe newdecisionofappointinghimasthenewgovernor.Hepromisedtheobedientandthreatened thedisobedientandthemutineerswithharshpunishment.Hethenshoweditemsofhorrorby puttingtodeathsomeindividualsbeforehehadinterrogatedthem.Healsofilledtheprisonswith innocentpeople.Allthesemeansweretakenforcontrollingthecountrycompletely. AsMuslimknewaboutUbaidullah'scomingtoKufa,hechangedhisresidentialplace.Hemovedto thehouseofHaniiibnUrwaoneofthemostcelebratedpersonalitiesofKufa,whowelcomedhis hospitablyandreceivedhispartisanstoplanfortherevolution. ThesuccessthatUbaidullahibnZiyadachievedinthepoliticalfieldsisascribedtotheseriesof plansthathemade.Theintroductorystepthathebetookwasspyingonthemovementsof Muslimtocirculatehispoliticalactivitiesandrealizehispointsofpowerandweakness.Ubaidullah chosehisservant,Miiqalforthismission.Hegavehimsomemoneyandorderedhimtocontact withthesignificantmembersoftherevolutionbyclaimingthatheshowsloyaltytotheAhlulBayt andthathehadcometoKufaasheheardthecallofImamalHussein(a). MiiqalcouldfirstreachMuslimibnAwsajaoneofthecelebratedpersonalitiesoftheShiaand showhimfalseloyalty.Unfortunately,MuslimibnAwsajawasdeceivedwhenheshowedMiiqal theresidentialplaceofMuslimibnAqil.Thus,Miiqalfrequentedabouttheplaceandcould comprehendeverythingabouttheexpectedrevoltandreporttohismaster;sonofMarjana.The secondandmostdangerousprocessthatUbaidullahdidwasarrestingHaniiibnUrwawhowas thechiefofthetribesofMithhajthegreatmajorityoftheinhabitantsofKufa.Thisprocedure spreadabigwaveofhorroramongpeopleofKufaandsentadestructivestriketotheexpected revolution. BeforeUbaidullahthetyrant,HaniideniedtheaccusationthathehadMuslimibnAqilinhis house.Hence,therulingauthoritiessummonedMiiqalthespytotestifyofthetruth.However, Haniirefusedtogiveuphisguesttotheauthorities.Butthetyrantorderedhisservantstodraw Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

Haniinearhimandwentonbeatinghimonthefacewithabarhehadinthehand.Hethen orderedHaniitobedetainedinoneoftheroomsofthepalace.Thisprocedureshookthefeelings ofthetribesofMithhajwho,undertheleadershipofthetraitorAmribnalHajjaj,pushed themselvestowardsthepalace.AmrshoutedsoastomakeUbaidullahhearhim:"IamAmribnal Hajjaj,andthesearethecelebritiesandchiefsofMithhaj.Yet,wearenotdenouncingourloyalty toyounorarewemutinyingagainstyou."Furthermore,Amrsaidwordsofsurrenderandhumility forwhichUbaidullahdidnotcare.HethenaskedShuraihthejudgetoseeHaniiandthentellhis tribeabouthisstate.ThejudgeenteredthecellofHaniiwhoshouted:"Howstrangethisis!Have mypeoplealldied?Ifonlytenpersonsfrommytribecometometheywillcertainlysaveme." WhenShuraihlefthim,hesaidtopeopleofMithhaj,"Ihaveseenyourchief.Heisalive.Hehas orderedyoutogohome."AmribnalHajjajshouted:"Well,hehasnotbeenkilled.Thanksto God." Asiftheyhavebeengrantedtheoneandonlyopportunitytoescapealightlessjail,peopleof Mithhajturnedtheirfacesbackandranaway.Itseemsthattherehadbeenasecretagreement betweenthechiefsofMithhajandUbaidullahonkillingHanii,otherwisetheywouldhave attackedthepalaceandsavedtheirchief. MuslimibnAqilknewaboutthesituationofHaniiwhowasanimportantmemberoftheexpected revolution;therefore,hedeclaredopenlytherevolutionagainstUbaidullah.Thus,aboutfour thousandwarriorsjoinedhim.Ubaidullahwasdeliveringaspeechwhenheheardthenoiseofthe revolterswhosenumberswereincreasingandweredirectingtowardsthePalaceofGovernorship. Likeadirtydog,Ubaidullahhurriedtowardsthepalace.Hehadonlythirtypolicemen;so,heused themeanestmeansthatwouldsavehimwarofnerves.Asheknewthementalitiesofpeopleof Kufaverywell,heorderedthetraitorouschiefsofKufatoslipamongthetroopsofMuslimibn AqilandspreadtherumorsthatthearmiesofSyriawouldsoonpunishthosewhojoinedMuslim's army,thegovernmentwoulddeprivethosewhojoinedMuslimoftheirsalariesandeconomic resources,andthatmartiallawswouldbeappliedtothem.Theserumorsactedasbombsonthe headsofpeopleofKufamostofwhomdeclared,"Weshouldnotengageourselvesinquestionsof policy!" Beforelong,mostofthemleftMuslimwholedtheresttotheMasjidforprayer.Evenduringthe prayer,theothersleftandMuslim,ashefinishedtheprayer,foundhimselfalone!Thatnight,he couldnotfindahousetosettlein.HethereforehadtowanderaloneinthewaysofKufa.Onlya nobleladycalledTawaahadthecouragetoletMuslimin.Assheservedhimfood,Muslimrefused toeatordrinkbecausehewasthinkingofthefatethatImamalHussein(a)whowasinhiswayto KufaafterhehadreceivedamessagefromMuslimtellinghimthatthewaywaspavedforhis revolution,wouldfaceafterthebetrayalofpeopleofKufa.SonofTawaa,however,knewthe wholestoryofhismotherandwiththefirstsparksofthatmorninghehurriedtoinformtheruling authoritiesaboutthematter. Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

 Threehundredhorsemen,ledbyMuhammadibnalAshaath,attackedthehouseofTawaa,but Muslimfacedthemwithsuchanunprecedentedcouragethatheinheritedfromhisfathers.He alonecoulddefeatthosehorsemenandkillagreatnumberofthem.Themeanoneshowever begantothrowstonesandfireballsonMuslimwhotooovercamethem. WhenMuhammadibnalAshaathreturnedtoUbaidullahandaskedhimformoretroopsand weapons,thelattersaidwithastonishment,"Ihavesentyoutocaptureoneman!Buthedidthis toyourtroops!"IbnalAshaathanswered,"Doyouthinkyouhavesentmetobringanordinary manfromKufaorHira?Youhavesentmetocaptureacourageouslionandaherofromthefamily ofthebestmeninwhosehandscuttingswordsarelying." UbaidullahsuppliedMuhammadibnalAshaathwithmoretroopsandweapons,butMuslimthe herokeptonfightingagainstthemsobravely.ThisfacingtookalongtimeduringwhichMuslim sufferedthirstandthetroopsoftherulingauthoritieswereincreasingaroundhim,thoughthey weretooterrifiedtoattackhim.Finally,theystabbedhimwiththeirlancesuntiltheycould capturehim.PeopleofKufawhobetrayedhimcrowdedtoseehowhewastakentothePalaceof Governorship.Nearthepalace,Muslimfeltthirstyandaskedforwater.Somebodyservedhim water,butMuslimcouldnotdrinkbecausethecupwasfilledwithblood. BeforeUbaidullahthetyrant,MuslimibnAqilwasverycourageouswhenherefusedsubmittingto thetyrantwhoorderedBukairibnHamrantotakehimtothesurfaceofthepalaceandbehead him.HealsoorderedHaniitobekilledbeforetheindividualsofhistribewhoshowedsubjugation. ThedeadbodiesofMuslimandHaniiweretrailedonthegroundinthestreetsofKufaasasignof terrorismandscorningtheadherentsofMuslim;therepresentativeofImamalHussein(a). TOTHELANDOFMARTYRDOM ImamalHussein(a)understoodthatYazidorderedsomeindividualstoassassinatehimevenifhe wouldadheretothecurtainsoftheKaaba.HethereforeleftMeccasothathisbloodwouldnotbe shedintheHolyHouseofGodintheSacredMonth.Besides,hereceivedamissivefromhisenvoy MuslimibnAqiltellinghimtohurrytoKufasinceitspeoplewouldbereadytosacrificetheir fortunesandsoulsforhimandwouldhelphimformanindependentgovernmentthere. EncircledbythosebrightfacedyouthsoftheProphet'shousehold,headedbytheepitomeof determinationanddisdainAbu'lFadhlalAbbas,ImamalHussein(a)ledhisharemtowardsthe landofmartyrdom;Karbala.Duringthismarch,alAbbaswasholdingfastonthestandard,which wasflappingontheheadsofhisbrotherandhisharemtofilltheirheartswithtranquilityand peace,andwasundertakingalltheaffairsofthewomenandchildreninthatcaravan. Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

Duringthatmarch,scathingthoughtsrepeatedlyintrudedonthemindofImamalHussein.He believedthathe,aswellashishousehold,wouldbekilledatthehandsoftheevil,faithlessgang whosenthimtensofmissivesaskinghimtoleadthemagainsttheregime.Inhisway,theImam metthefamouspoet,alFarazdaq,whorevealedtheactualstateofpeopleofKufa.Hesaid: "People'sheartsarewithyou,buttheirswordsarewiththeUmayyads.ActofGoddescendsfrom theheavens,andHedoesonlywhatHewills.Everyday,Godhasadefiniteact."TheImam assentedtoalFarazdaq'sopinionandtoldhimabouthisdeterminationtocontinuehismarchof jihadforsakeofprotectingthesanctityofIslamandthattheresultwouldbeeithervictoryor martyrdom. AsthecaravanreachedaplacecalledZuroud,amancamefromthedirectionofKufa.He informedtwooftheImam'scompanionsthathewitnessedthemartyrdomofMuslimibnAqiland HaniiibnUrwa.ThisnewsbroketheheartsoftheImamandhishouseholdandcompanions.As theharemknewaboutit,theyweptheavilyaseverybodyrealizedthatpeopleofKufabreached theirpledgestotheImamandtheywouldfacethesamefatethatMuslimhadfaced. TheImamturnedhisfacetothesonsofAqilibnAbiTalibandsaid:"AfterthekillingofMuslim, whatdoyousee?"Theyanswered:"No,byGod.Wewillneverreturnunlesswetakeourrevenge orfacethesamefatethatMuslimfaced."TheImamsupportedtheiropinionandrepeatedtheir words. ThecaravancontinuedandreceivedanothergrievousnewsthemartyrdomofAbdullahibn YaqturwhomImamalHussein(a)senttoKufatomeetMuslimibnAqilandknowwhathappened tohim.ThepolicemenofKufaarrestedAbdullahandbroughthimbeforetheirmasterUbaidullah ibnZiyadwhoorderedhimtoascendthemimbarandcurseImamalHussein.Themanobserved theorder,ascendedthemimbar,andshoutedwithloudvoice:"People,Iamthemessengerofal HusseinsonofFatima(theProphet'sdaughter).Heasksyoutosupporthimagainstthisbastard andsonofbastardsonofMarjanaetc." Expressinghisextremeanger,UbaidullahorderedhispolicetothrowAbdullahibnYaqturfrom thesurfaceofthepalacetotheground.ImamalHussein,afterhehadreceivedthisgrievous news,gatheredhiscompanionsandsaid:"OuradherentsinKufahavedisappointedus.Hence,I permitallofyoutoleavemeandIfreeyoufromthepledgethatyoutookwithme."Thegreedy oneswhofollowedtheImamforgainingspoilsormundaneaffairslefthim,andnoneremained exceptthechoiceoneswhofollowedhimsincetheyhadbelievedhewastheright. Thus,thecaravanmarchedwithafewindividualsofexcellentcompanions,primehousehold, harem,andchildren.Astheyreachedaplacecalled'Shuraf'theImamgavetheordersoffetching asmuchwateraspossiblefromthespringsthere.Afewstepsafterthesesprings,oneofthe companionssawsomethinglikedatepalmtreesandshoutedtomaketheothersnoticeso.Some Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

ofthosewhohadfullknowledgeofthatarearealizedthatitwasnothingbutarrowheadsandears ofhorses.ImamalHussein,too,realizedthatthesewerethevanguardsoftheUmayyadarmy.He thereforeaskedhiscompanionswhethertheyknewanearplacetohidein.somereferredtothe MountThuHusamtotheleft. AstheImam'scaravandirectedtowardsthatlocation,themassivetroopsofaboutmorethan onethousandhorsemenassomehistorianshaveconfirmedunderthecommandmentofalHurr ibnYazidarRiyahiwhomUbaidullahibnZiyadcommissionedtowanderthroughthedesertuntil hewouldmeetandcapturethecaravanofImamalHussein,caughtthem.Itwasmiddaywhenal Hurr'stroopsweretoothirstytocontinuetheirmarch.Seeingthissituation,theImamfeltpityfor themandorderedhiscompanionstogivethemfromthewatertheyhadwiththem.Eventhe horsesofthatarmyweregivenwater. Afterthat,theImamdeliveredanarticulatesermontothetroopsofthatarmy.Hesaid: "People:Thisisonlyanargumentintendedtoreleasemefromtheresponsibilitythatliesonme withregardtoAllahandyou.IcametoyouonlyafterIhadreceivedyourmissivesandyour messengerswhoaskedmetocometoyousinceyouhadnoleaderandsinceyoudesiredtobe guidedtotherightguidancethroughmyleadershiptoyou.Ifyouarestillbearingthisvery tendency,thenhereIam.ShowmepledgesandcovenantsduetowhichIwillbesureofyour intentions.Butifyoudislikemycomingtoyou,Iwillleaveyouandreturntotheplacefromwhich Icame."Becausemostoftheindividualsofthatarmywereamongthosewhosentmissivesand askedtheImamtocometothemandpaidhomagetohimviahisrepresentativeMuslimibnAqil, theycouldnotanswerhim. AstimeoftheDhuhrPrayerfell,theImamorderedthemuezzintodeclareit.Hethenturnedhis facetoalHurrandaskedwhetherhewouldleadthecollectiveprayerforhiscompanions."We willfollowyouinprayer,"answeredalHurrpolitely.WhentheyperformedtheAsrPrayer,the Imamdeliveredanothersermon:"People:ifyoufearAllahandrecognizethepeopleoftheright, thiswillsurelypleaseHimmorethananythingelse.WetheAhlulBaytareworthierofholding thepositionofleadershipthanthosewhoclaimeditfalselyandgovernedyoubymeansofwrong andoppression.Ifyouwilldislikeusandignoreourrightandchangeyourmindsthatyouhad expressedinyourmissivesyousenttome,Iwillsurelyleaveyou"Asheknewnothingabout thesemissives,alHurraskedtheImam,"Whatarethesemissivesyouarementioning?" TheImamorderedoneofhiscompanionstofetchthemandshowtoalHurrwho,assoonashe sawthem,wasshocked.HethensaidtotheImam,"Wearenotamongthosewhowrotethese missives." Afterwards,theImamwantedtoleavethatplaceandreturnhome,butalHurrpreventedhim Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

andsaid,"IwillnotleaveyouuntilIleadyoutoKufatobepresentbeforeUbaidullahibnZiyad." "Deathisnearertoyouthandoingso,"theImamansweredandorderedhiscompanionstoride anddirecttowardsMedina.ButalHurrpreventedthem.TheImamsaidtohim,"Whatdoyou wantfromus?""IwanttoleadyoutoUbaidullahibnZiyad,"answeredalHurr."Iwillnotfollow you,"saidtheImam. "AndIwillnotleaveyou,"answeredalHurr.Warwasabouttobreakout,butalHurrcouldsave thesituationbysaying,"Iwasnotorderedtofightyou.Iwasonlyorderednottoleaveyoubefore IleadyoutoKufa.Ifyourefuse,youmaytakeawaythattakesyouneithertoKufanorMedinaso thatIwillwriteareporttoUbaidullahandhopeGodwillsavemefromfightingyou." Hence,theImam'scaravantookanotherwaysouthwardandalHurr'sarmywatchedthem.Ina placecalled'alBaidha',theImamdeliveredasermon.Hesaid: "People:theMessengerofAllahsaid,'Foranyonewhoknowsanunjustrulerthatisviolating Allah'ssanctities,breakingthepledgeofAllah,goingagainsttheSunnaoftheProphet,and treatingtheservantsofAllahwithmeansofsinandoppressionandavoidsdenyingsobyadeed oraword,itwillbeincumbentuponAllahtotakehimtotheplacehedeserves(i.e.Hell).' ThoseindividualstheUmayyadrulershaveadheredtotheobediencetotheShaitan,deserted theobediencetotheAllbeneficent(Lord),madepublicsinfulness,defiedthedoctrinalprovisions, dedicatedthetreasuriestothemselves,deemedlawfulthethingsthatAllahhasdecidedunlawful, anddeemedunlawfulthethingsthatAllahhasdecidedlawful.Iamtheworthiestofbearingthe missionofdenyingtheiracts.Ihavereceivedyourmissivesandyourmessengerswhoreportedto methatyoupaidhomagetomeandthatyouwouldneitherletmedownnordisappointme. Ifyoukeepyourhomage,youwillcertainlydotherightthing.IamalHusseinsonofAliand Fatima;daughteroftheMessengerofAllah.Mysoulwillbewithyoursandmyharemwillbewith yours.(i.e.theywillfacethesamefatethatyouwillface.)Ihoweveramtheexamplethatshould befollowed.Butifyoubreakyourhomageandpledge,thisisinfactnotstrangefromyou.You havealreadydoneitwithmyfather,brother,andcousin(MuslimibnAqil).Hewhobelievesyouis surelydeceived.Anyhow,youhaveonlymissedyouropportunityofsuccessandneglectedyour chanceofsafety.Hewhobreachesisonlydoingilltohimself.Allahwillsurelyfindmea substitution." Afterthissermon,alHurrsaidtotheImam,"Ionlywanttoadviseyou.Iamsurethatyouwillbe killedifyoufight.Iswearit."TheImamanswered,"Doyouthreatenmewithdeath?Will misfortunesdepartyouifyoukillme?Ireallydonotknowwhattosaytoyou.ButIwillcopythe sayingofthatmanfromthe(tribeof)Awswhomhiscousinthreatenedwithdeathwhilehewas Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

goingtodefendtheProphet(s).Hesaid: Iwillgoon,anddeathisnotshamefulforthehero WhointendsgoodandfightforhisIslam Andsacrificeshissoulfortherighteousmen Anddefiestheperishedonesanddepartsthewrongones IfIliveIwillnotregret,andifIdieIwillnotbeblamed Itiscertainlysufficienthumilitytoliveinhumbleness AsheheardthesewordsfromtheImam,alHurrlefthimandrealizedthathedecidedtosacrifice hissoulforsakeofsavingMuslimsfromtheoppressionandwrongoftheUmayyadrulers. ThecaravanwentonandthetroopsofalHurrwerepreventingitfromdirectingtowardsthe desertandtryingtopushittowardsKufa.Meanwhile,aridercameout.Itwasamancarryinga messagefromUbaidullahibnZiyadtoalHurr:"Assoonasyoureceivethismessage,leadal Husseintoaderelictplaceinthedesertwherethereisnoshelterorwater.Ihavealsoordered themanwhocarriedthismessagetoyoutohauntyouuntilyoucarryoutthisorder." AsImamalHussein(a)wantedtoresideinaplacenearaspringorashelter,alHurrprevented himandrecitedUbaidullah'smessage.Asthesituationattaineditsclimax,ZuhairibnalQain;one ofthesincerecompanionsoftheImam,suggestedthattheywouldfightagainstalHurrandhis troops,buttheImamrejectedandsaid:"Iwillneverbeginfighting." AlHurrthenobligedtheImamtoresideinaplace,andtheImamhadtorespond. "Whatisthisplacecalled,"askedtheImam. "ThisisKarbala,"answeredoneofthecompanions. "Allah:IseekYourprotectionagainstagonyandordeal,"supplicatedtheImam(a)Hethenturned towardshiscompanionsandsaid: "Thisistheplaceofagonyandordeal.Thisistheplacewherewe,aswellasourridinganimals, willresideandourbloodwillbeshed."AlAbbas,accompaniedbytheheroesoftheProphet's householdandtheImam'scompanions,hurriedtopitchtentsfortheharemwhomwerereigned byhorrorastheyimaginedthecomingeventsonthisland. TheImamthenraisedhishandsupwardforsupplicatingtoGod.Hesaid: "Allah:We,thehouseholdofYourProphetMohammed,havebeenbanishedawayfromthe sanctumofourgrandfatherandhavebeenaggressedbytheUmayyads.Allah:Takevengeance uponthosewhooppressedusandsupportusagainstthewrongdoers."Hethenturnedhisface towardshishouseholdandcompanionsandsaid: Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

 "Peoplearecertainlytheslavesofthisworld.Thereligionisonlyaslaverontheirtongues.They turnitwherevertheirlivelihooddemands.Iftheyareexaminedbymisfortunes,thereligiouswill beverylittle.Thisworldhaschanged,snubbed,anditsgoodhasturnedtail.Nothinghas remainedfromitexceptathingthatisasscantyastheleftoverofacupandameanlifethatislike anoxiousgrazing.Haveyounotnoticedthattherightisignoredandtheevilisnotforbidden?This issufficientformakingthebelieversdesireformeetingAllahrightfully.Iconsiderdeathas happinessandlifewiththewrongdoersasboredom." BythesewordstheImaminformedhishouseholdandcompanionsaboutthecomingordealsthat theywouldfaceanddeclaredhisreadinesstofightagainstthewrongpartytothelastsparkofhis life.Astheyheardhiswords,thoseunmatchedindividualswhopavedthewayoffreedomto humankindthroughtheirunparalleledsituationsspokebeforetheirleadertoshowhimtheir readinesstoparticipatewithhimandcontinuethewaywhateverthesacrificeswouldbe.Thefirst companiontospeakwasZuhairibnalQain: "SonofGod'sMessenger:Wehaveunderstoodyourwords.Wemaystopsupportingyouifwe understandthatthisworldwillperpetuateforusforgoodetc." Anotherhero,namelyBurairibnKhudhair,saidsimilarwords.Thencametheturnsoftheother heroeswhodeclaredtheirsituationsofperseveranceontheirprinciplesandtheirreadinessto sacrificetheirsoulsfortheirleader,ImamalHussein,whorepresentedthegenuinetrendof Islam.Anyhow,theothercompanionssaidsimilarwordsbeforetheImamwhothankedthemfor theirfeelingsandblessedthem. InKufa,UbaidullahibnZiyadfelthappywhenhewasinformedthatthevanguardsofhisarmy seizedImamalHussein.Hethereforebegantoplanforthenextstep;whomshouldhechoosefor thecommandmentofthearmywhowouldkilltheProphet'sdearestone?Ashereviewedthe namesofthecandidates,hecouldnotrealizeanyindividualmeanerandmoreviciousthanOmar ibnSaad.Atfirst,OmarrefusedtofightagainsttheImam,butUbaidullahwhoselectedhimfor thismissionthreatenedhewoulddismisshimfromthegovernorshipofRaycurrentlyTehran. Thus,heacceptedandbeganhiscampaigntowardsKarbalawithfourthousandhorsemen.Ashis troopsarrivedinKarbala,theyjoinedthearmyofalHurribnYazidthere. InKufaagain,UbaidullahibnZiyadgatheredpeopleandspoke:"People:Asyoutriedthe descendantsofAbuSuffian,youhavefoundthemasexactlyasyoulike.Youhavealsoknown yourleaderYazidasgoodandpraiseworthyman.Hetreatshissubjectskindly,giveseverybodyhis deservedshareofthepublictreasury,andhonorspeopleoutofhiswealth.Hehasorderedmeto giveeachofyouonehundreddirhamsmonthlyasanadditiontoyourfixedsharesofthepublic treasury.Hehasalsoorderedmetocallyoutoparticipateinthecampaignagainsthisenemyal Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

Hussein.Hence,youshouldlistentoandobeyhim"126 Unfortunately,mostofthemcarriedoutthisordersandcomposedahugearmyagainstImamal Hussein's.Afterwards,theytraveledtoKarbalaandoccupiedthetwobanksoftheRiver Euphrates. Somehistorians,however,havementionedthatthreedaysbeforetheencounter,Imamal Husseinwaspreventedfromwater.127Thisinfactwasthemosthorriblemisfortunethathe faced.ThestrangethingisthatthebandoftheUmayyadarmytookprideinthiscriminalactthat challengedallhumanitarianvalues.Oneofthem,forinstance,shoutedatImamalHussein, "Hussein:youcanseewaterflowlikereptiles.Youwillnottasteitbeforeyoudie"128 Expressinghisjoyatthissituation,AmribnalHajjajaddressedtotheImam,"Hussein,thisisthe Euphrates.Dogs,donkeys,andpegsarelickingitswater.Butweshallpreventyoufromhavinga singledropfromit"129 ALABBASFETCHESWATERFORTHEAHLULBAYT Ashesawthechildrenandharemcryoutofthirst,alAbbasdeclaredhisreadinesstofetchwater byforce.Hethereforetookthirtyhorsemenandtwentywarriorsandattackedthebankofthe river.AmribnalHajjajwhowasinchargeofguardingtheriverfromthecompanionsoftheImam facedNafiiibnHilaltotellhimthatitisimpossibletolethimtakewatertoImamalHussein.But alAbbasandtheotherheroesdidnotpayattentiontothecriminal'swords;therefore,they encounteredabattalionoftheUmayyadarmy.However,thetwopartiesdidnotencounterany casualty.TheresultwasthatalAbbasandhiscompanionsreachedtheriverandfilledupthe twentyskinstheyhadwithwaterandcameback. Sincethatday,ormaybebefore,alAbbaswasgiventhehonorablenameof'asSaqqaathe providerofwater.'130 GRANTOFREPRIEVEFORALABBAS InadditiontotheirnumerousmeanandinhumanmeanstoweakenthepartyofImamalHussein, ShemribnThi'lJawshanobtainedagrantofreprievetoalAbbasandhisfullbrothersfrom UbaidullahsonofMarjana.ThiscalloustrialwasintendedtotakealAbbasandhisfullbrothers awayfromthebattleandmakethemforsaketheirbrother. Hence,ShemrstoppedbeforethearmyoftheImamandshouted:"Wherearesonsofoursister? WherearealAbbasandhisfullbrothers?"AlAbbasandhisbrotherskeptsilenttoavoid answeringhim,buttheImamaskedthemtoanswerandseewhatforhehadcome.Onlythen Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

theystoodbeforeShemrandsaid,"Whatdoyouwant,sonofThi'lJawshan?"Hesaid,"Ihave takenforyouagrantofreprieve."Astheyheardhisshamelesswordstheyshoutedinhisface, "Curseyouandcurseyourgrantofreprieve.HowdareyousaysuchwordswhilesonofGod's Messengerisnotsavedfromdanger?"131 Thesewordswereenoughtoexpresstheirrealsituation;theywerereadytoprotecttheImam untilheissavedortheylosetheirlives.ItwasafternoononThursdaywhenthevanguardsofthe UmayyadarmyforwardedforfightingagainsttheAhlulBayt.ImamalHusseinwassittingnear histentwiththeswordinhishandwhenAbu'lFadhlalAbbasturnedhisfaceandsaid:"They havecometoyou."TheImamthenaskedhisbrothertoidentifytheirintents.Hesaidtohim: "MayIsacrificemyselfforyou,brother!Rideonandmeetthemtoaskabouttheirintentions." Withtwentyhorsemen,alAbbashurriedtowardsthatarmyandaskedwhattheywanted."The Emirhasorderedustocallyoutosubmittohisorders,otherwise,wewillfightyou,"132 answeredthey.AsalAbbasturnedbacktotellhisbrotherabouttheirintention,Habibibn Muzhahirdeliveredasermontothatarmyinwhichheadmonishedandwarnedthemagainstthe divinepunishmenttheywouldfaceiftheyfightagainstthefamilyoftheProphet.However,some ofthemansweredhimimpudently. Whenheheardthewordsofhisbrother,ImamalHusseinsaidtohim:"Gobacktothemandtry yourbesttodelaythemuntiltomorrowmorningsothatwe,thisnight,willpraytoourLordWho knowsthatIloveprayingforHim,recitingHisBook,andsupplicatingtoHim." AlAbbasconveyedthesewordstotheUmayyadarmy.OmaribnSaad,becausehefearedthat otherswouldbearhissituationtotheEmir,offeredthesuggestiontoShemrwhowashisonly competitor.Theotherhoweverdidnotsayanything,butAmribnalHajjajintruded,"Howstrange thisis!EveniftheyarefromthenonArabswewillrespondtotheirdemand!!" AsotherssupportedAmr'sopinion,OmaribnSaadacceptedtopostponewagingwaragainstthe campoftheImam.Thus,thefightingwaspostponedforanightandOmaribnSaad'sarmywaited whethertheImamwouldrespondtothemorfight.Onthatnight,ImamalHusseingatheredhis companionsandhouseholdandforetoldthemofthefatethattheywouldfacetomorrow.Healso permittedthemtoleavehimsincetheotherpartywantedhim,notanyoneelse. AssoonastheImamfinishedhiswords,Abu'lFadhlalAbbas,representingtheAhlulBayt,saidto hisbrother:"Whyshouldwedoso?Isitforthatwewillliveafteryou?No!Wesupplicatetothe Lordtoforbidit."ThesamesituationwasshownfromthesonsofAqil,andtheothercompanions whoshowedtheirreadinesstosacrificetheirsoulsfortheirImam.Hence,theallspentthatnight withworshipandactsofobediencetoAllah.Theywerewaitingforthedawnofthatdayonwhich Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

theywouldobtaintheirhighestgoalinthislife;martyrdom.

DayofAshura DayofAshura;thetenthofMuharram,wasuniqueinitstragedies,misfortunes,anddisasters.On thatday,theAhlulBaythadtosuffertheevermosthorribleadversityofthisworld.Hence,itis certainlythedayofgriefs. Fromearlymorning,theImamlefthistentandsawinfrontofhiminnumerablewarriorsand horsesfillupthedesertandunsheathetheirswordsforsheddinghisblood.Thus,theImamasked foracopyoftheholyQurantoputitontheheadandraisehishandsupwardforsupplicatingto hisLordforseekingHisrefuge. Hethendecidedtodeliveraspeechbeforethosetroopssothattheywouldbefullacquainted withtherealityofthesituation.Hence,herodeon,wenttowardsthem,andraisedhisvoicewith thefinestwordsofwisdomsothatmostofthem,atleast,wouldhearhim. Ashisharemcouldhearsomeofhiswords,theyweptandcried,buttheImamaskedhisbrother alAbbasandhissonAlitogotothemandorderthemtostopit.Hethencontinuedwithsuch brightwordsthatshouldhaveledeverydevianttotherightpath.However,theUmayyadarmy couldnotunderstandtheImam'swordsbecausetheyweretooignoranttounderstandanything otherthancriminality.Inaddition,theycouldnotsayasinglewordasananswer. TheImamthenaddressedtosomeofthemandremindedthemofthemissivestheyhadsentto him,butthoseindividualsdeniedthewholematter!QaysibnalAshaaththenaskedtheImamto submittotheUmayyads,buttheImamrefuseddeclaringhisunchangeablesituation:"No,by Allah.Iwillneversubmittothemlikethehumbleandwillnotfleelikeslaves." TheImam'scompanions,then,spokesimilarwordsbeforetheUmayyadarmy,butuselessly.133 Finally,theImamdecidedtoadvisethemagainsothatnoneofthemwouldexcusehehadnot knownthematterclearly.HeopenedacopyoftheholyQuranonthehead,woretheturbanof ProphetMohammed(s),proceededtowardsthem,andsaid: "Sothen,fieandgriefbeonyou,Ogroup.Whenyouappealedforourhelpgrievouslyandwe hurriedforyourhelpexhaustingly,youunsheathedagainstusaswordthathadbeeninourright Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

handsandignitedagainstusthefirethatwehadstruckagainstyourandourenemy.You thereforeformedgroupssurroundingyouralliesandbecamethesupportofyourenemies althoughtheydidnotspreadjusticeamongyouandyoulostanyhopeinthem.Inaddition,you noticednoheresyornewopinionthatcameoutofus. Whydidyouwoetoyou!notleaveuswhenswordsweresheathed,malicewashidden,andthe decisionwasnottaken.Butyouhurriedtotheseditionlikelocustsandfellonitlikethefallingof butterflies(infire).Damnandawaywiththeidolsoftheumma,irregularsoftheparties,deserters oftheBook,expectorantsoftheShaitan,distortersofthemeanings,extinguishersofthe traditions,avowersofthebastards,andthemockerswhodividedtheQuranbelievinginsome partsandrejectingothers.ByGodIswear,yourdisloyaltyisexpectedbecauseitisentwinedwith yourarteriesanditrecurredinyourorigins.Youthereforearethebitterestfruitthatcausesits caretakertochokeandgivesgoodtasteforitsusurper.Godcursethedisloyaloneswhodisregard theirfirmoathsaftertheyhavealreadyappointedGodastheirGuarantor. Thebastard,sonofthebastard,hasforcedmetochooseoneoftwothingseitherfightingor ignominy.Ignominyisimpossibleforus.Allah,HisApostle,the(faithful)believers,chastelaps, jealousnoses(individuals),andnoblesouls(personalities)refuseforustopreferobediencetothe meantothedeathofthehonorable.Iamadvancingtothemwiththisfamilydespitethealliance oftheenemies,theirgreatnumbers,andthebetrayalofthesupporters.Theywillsoonridetheir horses,warwillflareup,andtheneckswillbelapped.Myfather(peacebeuponhim)foretoldme aboutso.So,planagainstmewithoutdelay.ItrustGodwhoismyLordaswellasyours.ItisGod whocontrolsthedestinyofalllivingcreatures.ItismyLordwhoknowstherightpath. OAllah,preventthemfromthedropsoftheheavensandimposeuponthemyearsofdraughtlike thesewhichyouimposedonthepeopleinthetimeofProphetJoseph,andsetupuponthemthe manofThaqifasabsolutemastersothathewilltreatthemunjustlyandmakethemdrinkfrom bitterwater,fortheyhavebeliedanddisappointedus.YouarecertainlyourLord.OnYouwerely, inYouwetrust,andtoYoueverythingreturns." Atthesemoments,theconscienceofalHurribnYazidwokeup.Hebegantothinkofhisdestinyif hewouldfightagainstImamalHusseinwhorepresentedtherightpartyandthetruereligionof God.Finally,hedecidedtojointheImam.HewenttoOmaribnSaadandsaid:"Doyoureallywant tofightagainstthisman?" "YesIdo,"answeredOmar,"Iwanttofightagainsthimasintenselyaspossible." "Whydoyounotrespondtohiscallsandacceptoneoftheoptionshehadoffered?"askedal Hurr. Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

"Iwoulddoifitismyrighttochoose.Butthematterisnotmine.ItisyourEmir's,"answered Omar.OnlythenalHurrrealizedthatOmaribnSaadwasfullyreadytofightImamalHussein(a); therefore,hedirectedtowardstheImamandproceededashefeltsorryforhispastdeedsagainst theImam. WhentheImamconferreduponhimwithpardon,alHurrturnedthefacetowardsthetroopsof OmaribnSaadandwentonaddressingtothemwordsofreproachandblamefordisappointing theImam.Anyhow,alHurr'swordsdidnotfindanyplaceintheheartsofthosetroops.134 THEWAR AsOmaribnSaadanticipatedthatothercommanderswouldcopyalHurr,hehurriedtowardsthe Imam'scampandthrewanarrowtowardshimshouting,"Bethewitnesses.Iamthefirsttothrow alHussein!"ThiswastheopeningtohundredsofarrowswhichwerethrewtowardstheImam. Seeingthesituation,theImamturnedtohiscompanionsandsaid,"Standup,generouspeople. Thesearrowsareyourenemies'messengerstoyou." Hence,thirtytwohorsemenandfortywarriorshadtoencountertensofthousands.However,this littlepartycouldstopagainstthosehugewellequippednumbersandshowunprecedented scenesofcourageandbravery.ThenOmaribnSaadgavetheordersofwagingawidecampaign duringwhichallthedetachmentsoftheUmayyadarmyfoughtagainsttheImam'scompanions. AlthoughhalfoftheImam'scompanionswerekilledduringthatcampaign,theycombated extremelycourageouslyandcouldcausegreatlossestotheUmayyadarmy.135 Afterthisgeneralcampaign,theothercompanionsofImamalHusseinbegantowageindividual campaignsagainsttheotherparty.Infact,theirunparalleledheroismfrightenedthewholecamp oftheUmayyadarmyandcauseditgreatlosses;therefore,AmribnalHajjajcriedatthem,"Do youknowagainstwhomyouarefighting?Youarefightingagainstthemostcourageoushorsemen ofthiscountry.Theywillkeepkillinganyoneofyouwhointendstofacethem.ByGodIswear,if youonlythrowatthemstones,youwillkillthem."136 OmaribnSaadagreedonAmr'sopinionandorderedhisforcestoleavefacingthoseheroes.He thengavetheordersofwagingageneralattackagainstthecompanionsofImamalHussein. Nevertheless,thecompanionscausedgreatlossestotheattackingforcestothedegreethatUrwa ibnQaysaskedthegeneralcommanderofthearmytosupplyhimwithmoremenandweapons. OmaribnSaadthenhadtocallalHussaynibnNumairandsupplyhimwithfivehundredbowmen whocouldwoundtheridinganimalsoftheImam'scompanions.Thus,allthecompanions, includingalHurribnYazid,hadtofightagainsttheirenemiesonfeet.Thisfighting,whichwas describedbyhistoriansasthefieriestalloverhistory,continuedtomidday.137 Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

 Inthemidstofthathorriblesceneoffighting,AbuThumamaasSaidi;oneofImamalHussein's companions,raisedhisheadtotheskythenturnedhisfacetowardstheImamandtoldaboutthe timeoftheDhuhrprayer.Asaresult,theImamaskedhiscompanionstodemandwithcease fightingsoastheywouldoffertheprayer.Theyrespondedtothisdemand,butassoonasthe Imamandhiscompanionsstooderectfortheprayer,theUmayyadarmybeganthrowingatthem darts.SaeedalHanafimadehisbodyasthearmorthatprotectedtheImam,whilehewaspraying, fromthesedarts.WhentheImamfinishedhisprayer,Saeedwasheavilywoundedthathefell dead.138 TheothercompanionscontinuedfightingforsakeoftheirImamcourageouslyuntiltheyallwere killed.ItisworthmentioningthatalAbbasibnAliparticipatedinthecampaignsandfought bravelyandwasgiventhemissionsofsavingthecompanionswhentheywereencircledbythe Umayyadarmy.AfterthecompanionscametheturnoftheyouthoftheProphet'shousehold.The firstonetoadvancewastheyoungmanwhowasthemostsimilartoProphetMohammed(s)in creation,morals,andpersonality.ThatyoungwasAlialAkbarsonofImamalHussein. TheImamfeltgreatlysadwhenheknewforcertainthathissonwouldproceedforfighting.He thereforeraisedhisbeardtowardstheheavensandcomplainedtotheLordagainstthegangwho foughtagainsthimandwouldbereadytokillhisdearestone.TheImamaswellastheharemof theProphet'shouseholdsawoffAlialAkbarwithtears,cries,andmoaning. Theyoungproceededdeclaringtheprinciplesforwhichhewasfightingandhistremendous determinationtoprotectthereligionofGodevenifthiswouldcosthimhislife.Hethen encounteredtheenemiesandshowedindescribablecourageandheroismtothedegreethat historianshavedescribedhisfightingbysaying,"Ali'sfightingremindedtheenemiesofthe attacksofhisgrandfatherAmirulMuminin."139Inthemidstofthefighting,Aliwasseriously thirstybecausetheenemiesdeprivedthemofwater.Hethereforehadtoreturntohisfatherand askforsomewater.Butthefatherhadnothingtodo.Hehadnosingledropofwatertogivetohis son.PainfullyheapologizedforhissonandpromisedthattheProphetwouldverysoongivehima drinkofwaterthatwouldsavehimfromthirstforever. Theyoungthenwenttothebattlefieldandfoughtcourageouslydespitethemanywoundsthathe hadinthebody.ThewholecampoftheUmayyadarmycomplainedaboutthegreatlossesthat theyoungsonofImamalHusseincausedtothem;therefore,MurraibnMunqithdecidedtokill him.So,hestabbedhimwiththespearfromthebackandstruckhimwithhisswordsoheavilyon thehead.Aliheldfastonhishorse'snecksincehethoughtthatthehorsewouldtakehimtowards hisfather'scamp.Unfortunately,thehorsetookhimtowardstheenemies'campwhoencircled himandcuthisbodyintopieces.Theaircarriedtheson'scriestohisfatherwhohurriedtohim andfoundhiminthelastsparksoflife.Heputhischeekonhisson'sbodywhichwascutinto Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

piecesandshedtearsforhim. Inthishorriblesituation,alAbbaswaswithhisbrotherandfeltthesamepainfulfeelingsforthe greatcatastrophethatinflictedtheircampbythemartyrdomofAli.Zaynab,themistressofthe Prophet'sharem,moanedforthemartyrdomofhernephewandtheImamwastouchedbythat painfulsituation.Afterthat,theyoungdescendantsofAqilibnAbiTalibrushedforjihadsoasto sacrificetheirsoulsfortheirleader.Liketheirforefathers,theyfoughtcourageouslyandcaused greatlossestotheUmayyadarmy.However,theywereallmartyred.Theywerenineyoungmen. 140ThencametheturnofthedescendantsofImamalHasan.Theyalsopushedthemselvesfor protectingtheiruncleanddefendingtheirreligion.AmongthemwasalQasimwhomisdescribed asthemooninbrightness.Beforehefoughtagainsttheenemies,hehaddeclared,"Myuncleal HusseinwillnotbekilledwhileIamalive." TheImamhoweverdidnotpermitalQasimtofight,buttheyounginsistedimportunatelyand wentonkissinghisuncle'shandsandfeetandbeggedhimtolethimfight.Hence,theImamhad topermithimwithweepingeyesandburningheart.LiketheotherheroesoftheHashemites,al QasimfoughtbravelyandkillednumbersoftheUmayyadarmy.Inthemidstofthefighting,his sandalthongwascut.Ashenoddeddownforrepairingitoutofhisdisdain,oneofthecriminalsof theUmayyadarmyseizedthatopportunityandstruckalQasimonthehead.Hefelldownand criedathisunclewhohurriedtowardshimandkilledthatcriminal. TheImamthencarriedthedeadbodyofhisnephewandthrewitbesidethedeadbodiesofhis sonandtheothermartyrs.ThensonsofZaynab,daughterofImamAliwentforfighting.Theyalso werekilled.ThennoneremainedexceptthebrothersofImamalHussein.AlAbbaswaswatching allthesecrisesandmisfortunespatientlyandwaswaitingfortheproperopportunitytobegin fightingagainsttheenemiesandtakerevengeuponthem. AfterthemartyrdomoftheyouthoftheProphet'shousehold,alAbbasdirectedtowardshisfull brothersandsaidtothem:"Brothers,proceedforfightingsothatIwillbesurethatyouhave donesincerelyforsakeofAllahandHisMessengerandIwillsurelyavengeyourblood.Youhave nochildren."141HethenturnedhisfacetowardshisfullbrotherAbdullahandsaid:"Proceedfor fightinguntilIwillseeyourmartyrdomandofferyouassacrificeforAllah."142Allhisbrethren welcomedhiscallandwentforfightingagainsttheenemiescourageously.Onebyone,theyall werekilledbeforetheirelderbrotheralAbbaswhostoodneartheirdeadbodiesandshedtears forthesebrightfaces. MARTYRDOMOFALABBAS WhenalAbbasnoticedthelonelinessofhisbrotherandthemartyrdomofhiscompanionsand household,headvancedtowardshisbrotherandaskedthepermissiontofight.TheImamdidnot Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

permithimashesaidwithsadtone,"Youaretheholderofmystandard"ImamalHussein,in fact,feltofpowerandprotectionsolongasalAbbaswaswithhim.ButalAbbasinsistedonthe permissionandsaid,"Icannolongerstandit.Iwanttotakeavengeuponthosehypocrites." AstheImamhadnothingtodootherthanpermittinghisbrothertofightagainsttheenemies,he askedhimfirsttotrytogetwaterfortheharemandchildrenwhoweregravelythirsty.Hence,al AbbasdirectedtowardstheUmayyadarmybywordsofadmonitionandwarningagainstGod's torture.Hedirectedhisspeechtotheircommander:"OmaribnSaad,thisisalHusseinsonofthe daughterofAllah'sMessenger.Youhavekilledhiscompanionsandhousehold.Thesenowarehis childrenandharem.TheyarethirstyandIaskyoutogivethemwater.Nevertheless,heisstill callingyoutolethimgotoRomeorIndiaandleaveHijazandIraqforyou" NonefromtheUmayyadarmycouldansweralAbbasexceptShemrwhosaidtohim,"SonofAbu Turab,143ifthewholesurfaceofthisearthiswatercontrolledbyus,wewillnotgiveyouasingle dropofitbeforeyousubmittotheleadershipofYazid." Hence,alAbbashadtoreportthissituationtohisbrother.Meanwhile,heheardthecriesofthe childrenbecauseofthirstandsawthechangesoftheirfacesandthedrynessoftheirlips. Therefore,hedecidedtofetchthemwater.Herodehishorse,tookaskinwithhim,andpushed himselftowardstheRiverEuphrates.TheUmayyadtroopsflewawayandhealonecouldoccupy thebankoftheriver.Hisheartwasashotasfirebecauseofthirst,butwhenheextendedhishand tothewaterandtriedtodrink,herememberedthethirstthathisbrother,aswellashischildren andharem,feltinthesemoments;hence,hethrewthewaterfromhishandandsaid: Mysoul,youmustbeprecededbyalHussein Andyoumustnotcontinuetoexistafterhim AlHusseinisabouttodrinkfromcupsofdeath Whileyouwanttodrinkfromthiscoldwater No,byAllah!Thisisnotmyreligion! Afterthistremendoussituationofaltruismthatexceededalldimensionsoftimeandspace,al Abbasfilledtheskinhehadwithhimwithwaterandtookthewaybacktohisbrother'scamp.For themeantime,theenemiessurroundedhimfromeverysideandtriedtopreventhimfromtaking thatwatertohisbrother'scamp.AlAbbassparednoeffortsinfightingagainstthemandcausing thembiglosses. Chasedbyterrorandfear,theenemieswerefleeingawayfromalAbbaswhocopiedthe courageoussituationsofhisfather.However,oneofthefilthyhypocritesofKufawaylaidhim behindadatepalmtree,struckhimfromthebackonhisrighthand,andcutit.Nevertheless,al Abbastheherodidnotcareforsowhenheheldthestandardinhislefthandandwentonsaying: Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

 ByAllah,ifyoucutmyrighthand Iwillkeepondefendingmyreligion AndthattruetonguedImam WhoisthesonofthepureProphet Afewmomentslater,anothermanhidbehindatree,struckalAbbaswithaswordonhisleft hand,andcutit.Althoughhewasbleedingandsufferingthesewoundsbesidesthirst,alAbbas heldtheskinofwaterwithhisteethandrantryingtotakethewatertohisbrother'schildrenand harem.Meanwhile,aspearhitthatskinandcausedthatwatertodropontheground.Seeingthis scene,alAbbasstoodinsadnessandperplexity.Hedidnotknowwhattodo.Afewmoments later,anothermanattackedhimwithanironpostandstruckonthehead.AlAbbasfelltothe groundandshouted:"Peacebeuponyou,AbuAbdullah!" AstheImamheardthesewordsoffarewell,hehurriedtowardtheRiveralAlqamiwherealAbbas fell.Hepushedhimselfamongthetroopsoftheenemiesandthrewhimselfonthebodyofhis brother.Expressingthegravemisfortunethathesufferedbythemartyrdomofhisbrother,Imam alHusseinshouted:"MyspineisnowbrokenandIhavelosteverythingandmyenemiesare rejoicingatmymisfortune."NoonecandescribetherealfeelingsthatImamalHusseinfeltafter themartyrdomofalAbbas.However,historianshavementionedthathe,ashewasleavingthe deadbodyofhisbrother,couldhardlymovehisfeet.Hedirectedtowardsthecampwhilehewas wipingoffhistears.HisdaughterSukainareceivedhimwiththequestion,"Whereismyuncleal Abbas?" HeretheImamweptandtoldheraboutheruncle'smartyrdom.Thedaughterhadnothingtodo otherthanmoaningaloud.ThesituationwasmoredifficultforZaynabwhoputherhandonher heartandshoutedaloud:"O,brotheralAbbas.Wehavecertainlylosteverythingaswelostyou." ItwassurelygravemisfortuneforImamalHusseinandtheProphet'sharemwhofilledthatplace withcriesandmoaningfortheirguardianandprotector.TheImamalsoparticipatedthemin weepingasheshouted: "Wehavesurelylosteverythingaswelostyou,Abu'lFadhlalAbbas."

Endnotes Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

1.SeealAnwarulBahiyya. 2.SeeIbnAbi'lHadid'sSharhuNahjilBalagha;theIntroduction. 3.TheAhlulBayt(thepeopleofthehouse),isatermdedicatedtothefamilyofProphet Mohammed(s).Moreover,itisdedicatedtodefiniteindividuals;namely,AliibnAbiTalib,Fatima azZahraa(ProphetMohammed'sdaughterandAliibnAbiTalib'swife),alHasanibnAli,andal HusseinibnAli.TheninesinlessImams(namely,AliibnalHusseinasSejjad,MohammedibnAli alBaqir,JafaribnMohammedasSadiq,MusaibnJafaralKadhim,AliibnMusaarRida, MohammedibnAlialJawad,AliibnMohammedalHadi,alHasanibnAlialAskari,andAlMahdi theAwaited)arealsowithintheAhlulBayt. 4.ProphetMohammad(s)said:"AlHasanandalHusseinarethechiefsoftheyouthofParadise." ThishadithisunanimouslynarratedbyallhistoriansofthetwosectsofIslam;SunniandShia. 5.MasjidmosqueistheMuslimplaceofworship. 6.WetheShiabelievethattheImmaculateImamswhosefatherisAliibnAbiTalibfollowthe divinedirectivesinalltheirreligiousandworldlyconducts.Wealsobelievethattheycarry supernaturalknowledgeinallfieldsoflife,becausetheyaredivinelychosenforaspecialmission concerningthequestionoftheexistenceofthiscosmoswithallthatwhichisinit.Nevertheless, theImams,aswellastheprophets,peacebeuponthemall,arerequiredtobehaveasnaturallyas possibleandtofollowthenaturallawsofthisexistence.Hence,wenoticethattheprophetsand Imams(a)usedtheirsupernaturalenergiesinverylimitedsituationsaccordingtothedivine instructions.Inthisregard,webelievethatImamAli(a)wasmoreknowledgeablethanhisbrother Aqilinthefieldofgenealogy,buthesoughthisadvicewhenhewantedtochooseawifethatgives birthofheroesaccordingtothelawofheredity,justtofollowthenaturallawsthatnecessitate followingtheinstructionsofthespecialistsintheirfieldsofspecialization.Toprovethismatterwe mayciteasexamplesthemanyreportsthatconveyedtousthatProphetMohammed(a),though hewasdivinelydirected,usedtoconsulthiscompanionsinmanyaffairsandfollowtheiropinions afterreceivingasignalofacceptancefromtheHeavens.Inthisregard,Godinstructs: "OnlythroughtheDivineMercyhaveyou(Muhammad)beenabletodealwithyourfollowersso gently.Ifyouhadbeensternandhardhearted,theywouldallhavedesertedyoualongtimeago. ForgivethemandaskAllahtoforgive(theirsins)andconsultwiththemincertainmatters.But, whenyoureachadecision,trustAllah.AllahlovesthosewhotrustHim.(3:159)"Followingthe Prophet,alltheSinlessImams(a)hadsimilarsituations. ItistoaddthatbecausetheProphetandImamshavebeentheexamplesofpeople,theyhadto behavecompletelynaturallysothatpeoplewouldfollowtheirexamples.Hence,ImamAli,inthis Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

situationwithAqil,wantedtoguidepeopletochoosewomenofhonorablelineagesformarriage andtoavoidtheinglorious,becausemothersplaygreatrolesinthenaturalandeducational constructionsoftheirsons. 7.TheHolyQuran;SuraashShuaraa(26),Verses21720. 8.TheHolyQuran;SuraofalAn'aam,Verse74. 9.TheHolyQuran;SuraofalBaqara,Verse133. 10.AbdullahibnAbdulMuttalibandAmina(bintWahab)aretheparentsofProphet Mohammed,andAbuTalibandFatimabintAsadaretheparentsofImamAli. 11.SeeasSiratulHalabiyya;part1page20. 12.SeearRawdhulAnif;part1page8. 13.KaabaisthesquareshapedbuildinginthecenteroftheGreatMosqueinMecca,inthe directionofwhichMuslimsmustfaceinofferingtheobligatoryprayer. 14.SeeSubhulAasha;part1page211. 15.SeeasSiratulHalabiyya. 16.TheHolyQuran;SuraofAnNisaa(4),Verse22. 17.TheHolyQuran;SuraofAlAnfaal(8),Verse41. 18.TheHolyQuran;SuraofAtTawba(9),Verse19. 19.SeeSheikhasSaduq'salMawaaizh. 20.RefertoBiharulAnwar;9/31. 21.SeeMir'aatulUqoul;1/326. 22.TheHashemitesaresonsanddescendantsofHashimibnAbdMenaf. 23.ToknowmoreaboutthepoetryofAbuTalibinrelationtodefendingandsupportingthe Prophet,refertoalBaghdadi;KhuzanatulAdab1/261,alHujjatuelaathThahib;45,andIbn Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

Abi'lHadid;SharhuNahjilBalagha,3/313. 24.RefertoAbdulHusseinSharafuddin,alMuraja'aat. 25.Thewholenarrationisasfollows: ((AtTabari,inhisbookofhistory,recordsthatIbnAbbasnarratedthatAlibinAbiTalib(a)said: AftertherevelationoftheVerse,"Andwarnyournearestrelations,"theProphet(s)summoned meandsaid:"Ali,Allahhadorderedmetowarnmynearrelatives,butIwasunabletobearthis orderbecauseIknewthattheywouldshowmedetestablethingsifIwouldapproachsucha matterwiththem.IthereforekeptitsecretuntilArchangelGabrielcametomeandsaidthatmy LordwouldpunishmeifIwouldshunthatorder.Now,Iwantyoutomakesomefoodwithmeat ofaeweandbringajarofmilkforus,thengathersonsofAbdulMuttalibsothatIwillspeakto themandconveythematterthatIwasorderedtoconvey." Ididasheaskedmeandinvitedthem.Theywereaboutfortymenamongwhomtherewerehis unclesAbuTalib,Hamza,alAbbas,andAbuLahab.Whentheyallattended,heaskedmetofetch thatfoodandIdid.WhenIputitbeforethem,theProphet(s)tookapieceofthemeat,toreit withhisteeth,threwitspiecesaroundthebowl,thensaid:"Hereyouare,bytheNameofAllah." EachoneofthemtookhissufficiencycompletelyandIcouldseeonlytheplacesoftheirhands.I swearbyAllah,eachoneofthematethequantitythatIservedtoallofthem.TheProphet(s) thenaskedmetoservemilktothem.Ifetchedthatjarandtheyalldrankfromit.ByAllahIswear, eachoneofthemdrankthequantitythatIservedtoallofthem. WhentheProphet(s)triedtospeak,AbuLahabovertookandpreventedhimfromspeaking.He said:"Thismanhasbewitchedyou."Hence,theyleftwithoutlettingtheProphet(s)speakto them. Onthenextday,hesaidtome:"Ali,thatmanovertookmeandsaidthestatementthatyouhad heard.TheyleftbeforeIcouldspeaktothem.Makeforusfoodlikethatwhichyoudidyesterday thengatherthemtome." Ididandinvitedthemall.Hethenaskedmetoservethemthefood.Iserveditforthemandhe repeatedthesamethinghehaddonethepreviousday.Eachonehadhissufficiencycompletely. Hethenaskedmetoservethemwithmilk.Ifetchedthesamejarandtheyalldrankfromitto theirsufficiency.Then,theProphet(s)spoke: "SonsofAbdulMuttalib,IdonotknowanyyoungArabmanwhohasbroughttohispeoplea thingbetterthanthatwhichIhavebroughttoyou.Ihavebroughttoyouthegoodnessofthis Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

worldaswellastheworldtocome.Allah,ExaltedisHe,hasorderedmetocallyoutoacceptthis matter.Whichoneofyouwillsupportmeinthisregardandhewillbemybrother,successor,and representative?"Theyallkeptsilentexceptme.Isaid,whileIwastheyoungest,"ProphetofAllah, Iwillbeyoursupporterinthismatter."Irepeatedthisstatementthreetimes.TheProphet(s) thentookmefromtheneckandsaid:"Thisismybrother,successor,andrepresentativeamong you.Youthusshouldlistentoandobeyhim." TheylefthimlaughingandsayingtoAbuTalib:"Hehasorderedyoutolistentoandobeyyour son!")) Thisnarrationisrecordedinmanyreferencebookssuchas:AtTabari'satTarikh;2:31921,Ibnul Athir'salKamilfitTarikh;2:22,asSeeratunNabawiyya;alHalabi(theShafiite)1:3112,Kenzul Ummal;alMuttaqi(theHanafite),MustadrakusSahihayn;AlHakimanNisapuri(theShafiite) 3:133,adDurrulManthour;AsSuyoutti(theShafiite)5:79,alMusnad;AhmedibnHanbal(the founderofHanbalism)1:111,AlBidayawanNihaya;IbnKuthair3:39,Tarikh;Abu'lFidaa1:119, ShawahidutTanzil;AlHasakani1:485H.514and580,TarikhDimashq:thelifeaccountofImam AliibnAbiTalib;IbnAsakir(theShafiite)1:97105H.13340,andSharhuNahjulBalagha;IbnAbi alHadid(theMutazilite)13:210and244. 26.AfterthepolytheistMeccans'havingdefeatedtheundisciplinedMuslimforcesatUhudnear Medina,theypersuadedanumberofBedouintribestojointheircause.TheMeccansbroughta forceof10,000menagainstMedinaagain.ProphetMuhammad(s)thenresortedtotacticshe hadaditchdugaroundMedina.TheMeccanhorsemenweredisconcertedandsoonbored,and thecoalitionofBedouintribesstartedbreakingup.Afteranunsuccessfulsiege,theMeccans dispersed.AmribnAbdWuddwasthestrongesthorsemanamongthearmyoftheMeccans.He couldcrossoverthatditchtochallengeMuslims.Facingthishorriblesituationthatwarnedthe ultimatedefeatofMuslims,ProphetMohammed(s)declared:"IguaranteeParadiseforhimwho willfaceAmr."NoneofMuslimsrespondedtotheProphet'scallexceptAliibnAbiTalibwhofaced andcouldkillAmrbyonestrokeaboutwhichtheProphet(s)saidthatstatement. 27.TwocampaignsledbyAbuBakrandOmaragainsttheJewsofKhaybarfailed;therefore, ProphetMohammed(s)declaredthathewouldgivethestandardofleadershiptoamanwho lovesAllahetc.Nextday,theProphet(s)summonedAlitogivehimthatstandard,andAlidid attackandcomebackwithvictory. 28.SeeatTabari,atTarikh;2/282. 29.SeeNukatulHayman;200,asSiratulHalabiyya;1/304,TathkiratulKhawaas;7,andal Khissal;1/38. Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

30.SeeIbnAbi'lHadid'sSharhuNahjilBalagha;3/82. 31.SeealBukhari,asSahih;3/50,alHakim,alMustdrak;3/220. 32.SeeAbualFarajalIsfahani,MaqatilutTalibiyyin. 33.SeeIbnZaydoun,arRisala;1/130,AbualFaraj,alAghani;15/50,BuloughulIrab;1/317,Simt ulLa'aali;2/890andothers. 34.SeeTanqihulMaqal;2/128. 35.SuchasatTabari,IbnulAthir,andAbualFida. 36.SuchasIbnShahrashubandothers. 37.TheHolyQuran;SuraofashShura(42),Verse23. 38.SeealShahidulAwwal;alMajmou'a. 39.SeeKeshfulGhumma;159. 40.SeeSheikhasSaduq,alKhissal;2/551andSheikhatTusi,alAmali;557. 41.SeeSibtIbnulJawzi,TethkiratulKhawaas;167andalKhawarzmi,alMenaqib;134. 42.SeeIbnulAtheer,alKamilfitTareekh;4/31. 43.SeeatTabirsi,Alihtijaj;166. 44.Azan(Announcement)istheMuslimcalltotheritualprayers. 45.Iqamaistheprefatorystatementsoftheritualprayers. 46.SeeQamarBaniHashim;2/5andAneesushShia. 47.However,somehistorianshavereportedanothernarrationaboutthenamingofAbu'lFadhl alAbbas:((UmmulBaninswaddledherbabywithawhitepieceofclothandhandedhimtohis fatherwhoheldtheIslamicceremoniesofnewborns,kissedhim,passedhishandonthebaby's eyes,ears,andmouth,sothatthebabywouldsee,hear,andsaynothingbuttherightandasked themother,"Haveyouchosenanameforhim?" Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

 "Wewillneverprecedeyouinsuchathing,"answeredshe. TheImam(a)said,"Wellthen,Ichooseforhimthenameofmyuncle;alAbbas." Hethenembracedthebabytothechest,tookthetwosmallhands,andkissedthemwarmlywhile hewasweeping.Hethensaid,"Ipredictthesetwohandswillbecut!"))SeealKulbasi'sal KhassaissulAbbasiyya;712. 48.IbnManzhouristhecompilerofthemostfamousArabicArabicdictionarynamed'AlAyn'. 49.SeeIbnManzhour'salAyn;article:AlAbbas. 50.SeeMuntahaalIrab;article:alAbbas. 51.SeealMunammaqfiAkhbariQuraish;437. 52.SeeSirrusSalsala,UmdatutTalib;356,andMaqatilutTalibiyyin;84. 53.Ziyaraisthewordsandpracticessaidanddoneduringthepilgrimagetotheshrinesofthe prophets,Imams,andsaints.ZiyaraofalArbaeenisthefirstvisitofJabiribnAbdullahalAnsarito thetombofImamalHussein(a)forty(Arbaeen)daysafterhismartyrdom. 54.AlAbbasalsohadothernicknames,suchasIbnulBadawiyya(sonoftheBedouinlady),Abu Furja(sourceofrelief),andAbushShara(ownerofcharisma). 55.SeeQamarBaniHashim;21. 56.ExcerptedfromOxfordTalkingDictionary. 57.SeeFursanulHaijaaandAbu'lFarajalIsfahani'sMaqaatilutTalibiyyin. 58.SeealQummi'sMuntahaalAamalasquotedfromalMahaasinwa'lMasaawi. 59.AccordingtoalKulbasi'salKhassaaissulAbbasiyya,thisthirdtimeofalAbbas'sfetching watertothecampofImamalHusseinwasnotthelastonewhichresultedinhismartyrdom.Al Abbashadafourthtimeoffetchingwater,andinthisverytimehewasmartyred. 60.SuchasTarikhulKhamisandIbnIdris'sassaraair. Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

61.TheHolyQuran;SuraalFat'h(48),Verse(29). 62.SeealKibritulAhmar;3/24. 63.JihadisreligiouswarfareorawarforthepropagationordefenseofIslam. 64.KoreishitesaresonsanddescendantsofKoreish;thetribetowhichProphetMohammad(s) belonged.TheUmayyadsalsobelongedtoKoreish. 65.SeealKhissal;1/35. 66.SeeThakheeratudDarein,123(asquotedfromUmdetutTalib). 67.SeeMuhammadibnalMash'hadi'salMazzar. 68.TheHolyQuran;SuraofalKahf,Verse21. 69.AtTabaraniinhisbooksalMu'jamalKabirandalAwsat,adDarqutniinhisbookalAmali, andAbuBakrbinalMuqriinhisMu'jammentionatraditionnarratedbyMaslamaibnSalimal Juhani,fromUbaidullahbinOmar,fromNafi,fromSalim,fromIbnOmarthattheProphet Muhammad(a)andhisfamily,said,"Hewhocomestoseeme,havingnootherdesirethanthatof visitingme,ofasuretyIwillbeanintercessorforhimontheDayofJudgment."Hecommented: "ItwasmentionedinibnulMuqri'sMu'jam,"Forhimwhocomestovisitme,itwillbeincumbent uponAllahtomakemeanintercessorforhimontheDayofResurrection." 70.SeealFadhilalQizwini,TadhallumuzZahraa;118. 71.SeeadDam'atusSakiba;337. 72.SeealKibritulAhmar;1/158,asquotedfromIxeerulIbadat. 73.AlHaair,inArabic,isanylowplaceinwhichrainfallwatersaregathered.Thiswordhoweveris dedicatedtotheplaceoftheholyshrineofImamalHusseinibnAli(a).Somescholarshavemade arelationbetweenthiswordandtheoccurrenceofthestoppageofthewaterthatalMutawakkil, theAbbasidcaliph,releasedforcoveringthetombofImamalHussein,intendingtoeffaceits signs.Thiseventisveryfamous.Ithasbeennarrateduninterruptedlybyagreatnumberof narratorssuchasashShahidulAwwalinhisathThikra,SheikhatTuraihiinalMuntakhab,and SheikhalMuhaqqiqinalJawahir.Theword,alHaair,howeverwasmentionedbyImamasSadiq andImamalKadhim,peacebeuponthem,and,hence,thisprovesthatitwasusedbeforethe reignofalMutawakkil. Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

 74.Seethefollowingreferencebooks: AtTabirsi,I'lamulWara,147 SayyidalJazaairi,alAnwarunNu'maniyya,344 SheikhatTuraihi,alMuntakhab SayyidadDawoudi,UmdatutTalib,349 RiyadulAhzan,39(asquotedfromKamilusSaqifa) IbnIdris,asSaraair AlMuntaha AshShahidulAwwal,MezarudDurous AlArdabili,SharhulIrshad AsSebzwari,athThakhira SheikhAghaRedha,MisbahulFaqeeh. 75.SeealKibritulAhmar;2/112. 76.SeealLahouf,81. 77.SeeNafasulMahmoum;253andRiyadulAhzan;155. 78.TahmaspwastheshahofIranfrom1524. 79.FathAliwastheshahofPersia(17971834). 80.SeeSheikhAbbasalQummi,MafaateehulJinan. 81.TheHolyQuran;SuraofAalImran,Verse169. 82.Rakaaisunitofprayers. 83.SeeZiyaratulArbaeen. 84.SeeMezarulBihar;180. 85.Illiyyinisthehighestpointoftheheavens. 86.ThisZiyaraisquotedfromSheikhAbbasalQummi'sMefateehulJinan. 87.TheHolyQuran;SuraofanNisaa(5),verse35 Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

 88.TheHolyQuran;SuraofanInsaan(76),verse29 89.SeeSheikhalAnsari'sasSalat,andalKibritulAhmar;3/50. 90.SeeAsraarushShahada;325. 91.ShahadaistheMuslimprofessionoffaith,Lailahailla(A)llah,MuhammadunrasulAllah(There isnoGodbutAllah,[and]MuhammadisthemessengerofAllah). 92.QuotedfromSayyidAbdurRazzaqalMusawialMuqarram'salAbbas. 93.SeeI'laamunNasfiFadhaaililAbbas. 94.AlMuhammaraistheArabicnameofKhorramshahr;thefamouscityandportontheShattal ArabsouthernIran. 95.SeeMaqaatilutTalibiyyin,84,SheikhatFutouni'sHadeeqatunNasab,IbnQutaiba'sal Me'aarif,96,andHadaaiqulUns. 96.SeealMajdi. 97.SeealKhateebalBaghdadi'sTarikhuBaghdad;2/63. 98.SeeAbuNasralBukhari'sSirrusSalsala. 99.SeeAbuNasralBukhari'sSirrusSalsala. 100.IlmurRijalisthatfieldofIslamicknowledgethatstudiesthemannersandqualificationsof thenarratorsofHadith.IlmulHadithisanotherfieldofknowledgethatclassifiesthewords, deeds,andconfirmationsreportedtobesaid,done,andmadebyProphetMohammed(s)on criteriaofauthenticity. 101.See,forinstance,SheikhatTusi'sarRijal,anNejashi'salFeherest,alAmali,Sheikhas Saduq'sIkmaludDin,andSheikhAbbasalQummi'salKunawalAlqab. 102.SeeFulkunNajat,AllamaanNouri'sTahiyyatuzZaair,andSheikhAbbasalQummi'salKuna walAlqab. 103.See,forinstance,UmdatutTalib,atTabari'satTarikh,TarikhuBaghdad,alHujjatuelaath Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

Thahib,ThakhiratudDarain,MuroujuthThahab,alIsfahani'salAghani,andmanyothers. 104.SeeatTabari'sTarikh,2/337,IbnKathir'salBidayawenNihaya,Muslim'sasSahih;3/106,al Bukhari'sasSahih;5/156,Ahmed'salMusnad,andmanyotherreferencebooksofhistory. 105.SeeIbnKatheer'sasSeera;3/691andHusham'sasSeera;4/46. 106.SeeHadithudDar(pages268) 107.SeeMohammadBaqerAnsari'sWhatHappenedinGhadir? 108.SeeMenaaqibuAaliAbiTalib;2/239,andSharifalMurtedha'sTanzeehulAnbiyaa;167. 109.SeeAbuDawoud'sasSunan;1/611,alHakim'salMustadrak;2/138,MajmaauzZawaaid; 9/134,andKenzulUmmal;13/174. 110.TheincidentofOmaribnalKhattab'spreventingtheProphetfromdictatinghiswillinthe lasthoursofhislifeisveryfamous.ItisrecordedinalmostallbooksofhadithofSunnisand Shiites.See,forexample,alBukhari'sasSahih;1/37,2/132,4/31,4/656,5/137,and7/9, Muslim'sasSahih;2/16,5/75,11/95,and3/16,ImamAhmed'salMusnad;4/356H.2992,Ibn Abi'lHadid'sSharhuNahjilbalagha;6/51,IbnulAthir'salKamilufitTareekh;320,andal Ghezzali'sSirrulAalemeen;21. 111.Inotherreportsofthisincident,theword'we'isreplacedby'TheKoreishites.' 112.SeeIbnAbi'lHadid'sSharhuNahjilBalagha. 113.SeeatTebirsi'sAlihtijaj. 114.Allhistorians,referringtotheBattleoftheCamel,haverecordedtheProphet'sprediction addressedtohiswivesingeneralandAishainparticular:"Whichoneofyouwillridethered camelandwillbebarkedbythedogsof'alHaw'ab'(aplacetakingtoBasrawherethebattleof theCameloccurred)?Aisha:Donotbetheoneintended." 115.ItiswellknownthatAishausedtonameOthmanas'NaathalanonMuslimperson'andsay: "KillNaathalforhehasconvertedtoatheism." 116.SeeTathkiratulKhawaassandIbnKuthair'salBidayawenNihaya;9/38. 117.SeealKibritulAhmar;3/24. Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

 118.SeealKibritulAhmar;3/24. 119.SeeSayyidMirAlalHindi'sRouhulIslam;296. 120.SeeIbnQutaiba'salImamawasSiyasa;1/189andalKheshi'sarRijal. 121.Muhajirs:Theemigrants.TheearlyMuslimsofMeccawhohadtofleetheirhomelandto Medina. 122.Ansar:Thesupporters.ThepeopleofMedinawhoreceived,welcomed,andprotectedthe Prophet(s)andtheMuhajirs. 123.SeeBaqirSharifalQarashi'sHayatulImamilHussein;2/2289. 124.SeeBaqirSharifalQarashi'sHayatulImamilHussein;2/255. 125.Marjana,UbaidullahibnZiyad'smother,wassuchanotoriousprostitutethateverybodyall overtheIslamicStatehadheardofhername. 126.SeeatTabari'satTareekh;6/230. 127.SeeMr'aatuzZamanfiTawarikhulAayan;89. 128.SeeAnsabulAhsraf;3/181. 129.SeeIbnulAtheer'satTareekh;4/26 130.SeeAnsabulAshraf;3/181. 131.SeeAnsabulAshraf;3/181. 132.SeealBidayawanNihaya;8/177. 133.SeeatTabari'satTareekh;6/43. 134.SeealKamil;2/288. 135.SeeHayatulImamilHussein;3/203. 136.SeeAnsabulAshraf;3/192. Presentedbyhttp://www.alhassanain.com&http://www.islamicblessings.com

 137.SeeIbnulAtheer'satTareekh;3/291. 138.SeealMuqarram'sMaqtalulHussein;297. 139.SeealKhawarzmi'sMaqtalulHussein;2/30. 140.SeeHayatulImamilHussein;3/249. 141.SeeSheikhalMifid'sKitabulIrshad;269. 142.SeeMaqaatilutTalibiyyin;82. 143.AbuTurabisoneofthenamesofImamAliAmirulMuminin.

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