The Seven Deadly Sins

Sins have always been popular areas of focus in the church. An early 2nd century document, the Didache, contains a list of five. Origen produced a sevenfold list and at the end of the 4th century Cassian amended this sevenfold list. ventually, the Seven Deadly Sins !or "ices# we $now today were defined in the %th century by &ope 'regory the 'reat, as a set of negative values( the values that you are supposed to adopt is that you will avoid these things and actually adopt their opposites. ). Pride is an e*cessive belief in one+s own abilities. 2. Envy is wanting what others have, be it status, abilities, or possessions. ,. Gluttony is the desire to eat or consume more than you re-uire. 4. Lust is a powerful craving for such as se*, power and money. .. Anger is the loss of rational self/control and the desire to harm others. %. Greed is the desire for material wealth or gain. 0. Sloth is la1iness and the avoidance of wor$. 2ote how many of these are very similar( envy, gluttony, lust and greed are all about desire. 3here is also a hidden lac$ of concern for others in at least envy and anger. As with other religious rule/sets, these pretty much hit the nail on the head in terms of a system for social harmoni1ation or social control !depending on your viewpoint#. 4ew people will openly admit to any of them !which attests to the success in the inculcation of these as anti/values in the Christian world#. 3he number seven, by the way, is not only a cabbalistic magical number, it also 5ust happens to be the si1e of our short/term memory, which is a real limit to the number of things we can hold in mind at one time.

So what?
Do not demonstrate these values yourself. Suggest that the other person is succumbing to one or more of these values and they will li$ely head in the opposite direction. Another approach is to play the Devil and encourage the other person to give in to these natural tendencies. 6ou can then either use this +rule/brea$ing+ as evidence that they can do things they previously would not consider. 6ou can even use it then as a guilt lever, maybe even as a form of blac$mail !this is far more common than may be supposed#.

The Seven Virtues

7hen &ope 'regory defined the seven deadly sins that we should avoid, he also included a counter/balancing set of values that we should espouse and adopt. 3hese are( ). 2. ,. 4. .. %. Faith is belief in the right things !including the virtues8#. Hope is ta$ing a positive future view, that good will prevail. Charity is concern for, and active helping of, others. Fortitude is never giving up. usti!e is being fair and e-uitable with others. Pruden!e is care of and moderation with money.

0. Te"peran!e is moderation of needed things and abstinence from things which are not needed.

3he first three of these are $nown as the Spiritual Virtues, whilst the last four are called the Chief or Natural Virtues. 3he 2atural "irtues had already been defined by 'ree$ philosophers, whilst the Spiritual "irtues are a slight variation on St. &aul+s trio of 9ove, :ope and 4aith !due to variation in translation from the original( Charity and 9ove arguably have a high level of overlap#. 3here are also a number of other sets of virtues, including( The Seven Contrary Virtues which are specific opposites to the Seven Deadly Sins( Humility against pride, Kindness against envy, Abstinence against gluttony, Chastity against lust, Patience against anger, Liberality against greed, and Diligence against sloth. The Theologi!al Virtues( Love, Hope and aith, as defined by St. &aul !who placed love as the greatest of them all#. The #our Cardinal Virtues( Prudence, !emperance, Courage and "ustice. The Seven Heavenly Virtues( aith, Hope, Charity, ortitude, "ustice, !emperance, Prudence. The Seven Corporal $or%s o# &er!y are a medieval list of things you can do to help others( feed the hungry, give drin$ to the thirsty, give shelter to strangers, clothe the na$ed, visit the sic$, minister to prisoners, and bury the dead. The Seven 'ushido Virtues( ;ight decisions, "alor, <enevolence, ;espect, :onesty, :onor, and 9oyalty.

So what?
=f you follow the virtues, you will be seen as a good person who is to be trusted. =f you assume and act as if others follow the virtues, then they are more li$ely to do so. 6ou can also be seen as being bold and daring if you brea$ the virtues. >any modern groups !most notably youth# deliberately form their own identity by going against the values of others, so be aware of the other person+s real values.

'asi! e"otions
:ere is a deeper list of emotions as described in &arrot !2??)#, where emotions were categorised into a short tree structure. Pri"ary e"otion Se!ondary e"otion Affection Love 9ust 9onging oy Cheerfulness @est Contentment &ride Optimism nthrallment

Tertiary e"otions Adoration, affection, love, fondness, li$ing, attraction, caring, tenderness, compassion, sentimentality Arousal, desire, lust, passion, infatuation 9onging Amusement, bliss, cheerfulness, gaiety, glee, 5olliness, 5oviality, 5oy, delight, en5oyment, gladness, happiness, 5ubilation, elation, satisfaction, ecstasy, euphoria nthusiasm, 1eal, 1est, e*citement, thrill, e*hilaration Contentment, pleasure &ride, triumph agerness, hope, optimism nthrallment, rapture

;elief Surprise Surprise =rritation *asperation ;age Disgust nvy 3orment Suffering Sadness Disappointment Shame 2eglect Sympathy :orror Fear 2ervousness

;elief Ama1ement, surprise, astonishment Aggravation, irritation, agitation, annoyance, grouchiness, grumpiness *asperation, frustration Anger, rage, outrage, fury, wrath, hostility, ferocity, bitterness, hate, loathing, scorn, spite, vengefulness, disli$e, resentment Disgust, revulsion, contempt nvy, 5ealousy 3orment Agony, suffering, hurt, anguish Depression, despair, hopelessness, gloom, glumness, sadness, unhappiness, grief, sorrow, woe, misery, melancholy Dismay, disappointment, displeasure 'uilt, shame, regret, remorse Alienation, isolation, neglect, loneliness, re5ection, homesic$ness, defeat, de5ection, insecurity, embarrassment, humiliation, insult &ity, sympathy Alarm, shoc$, fear, fright, horror, terror, panic, hysteria, mortification An*iety, nervousness, tenseness, uneasiness, apprehension, worry, distress, dread

Anger

Sadness

So $hat
9earn to recognise emotions at increasing levels of detail. =f you can see the emotion, then you can respond appropriately to it.

ungian Type (nventory

History
3he Aungian 3ype =nventory is based on the types and preferences of Carl 'ustav Aung, who wrote +&sychological 3ypes+ in )B2). Catherine <riggs and =sobel <riggs >yers are a mother and daughter team who build the modern system that is probably the most popular typing system in the world today. =n particular, they devised a written test !3he >yers/<riggs 3ype =nventory, or ><3= D# to identify the person+s type. Other variants have been evolved that are also based on the Aung typology. 3he most well/$nown of these is David Ceirsey+s 3emperament Sorter. 3he test for this is freely available in his boo$ +&lease

Enderstand >e ==+ and used to be free on the web, though they have started charging for it in 2??,. Another modern variant is Socionics.

Preferences
3he Aungian inventory measures on four preference scales, giving a variable score to show the strength of each one. =n the table below, the standard terms are shown first, with alternatives shown in parentheses. Pre#eren!e nergising !>otivation# Attending !Ac-uiring information, =nferring meaning# Deciding !4ormulating intent# 9iving Fro"))) F *traversion ! *pressive, *ternal# S F Sensing !Observant, 4acts# 3 F 3hin$ing !3ough/minded, 9ogic# A F Audging !Scheduling, Structured# )))To = F =ntroversion !;eserved, =nternal# 2 F =ntuiting !=ntrospective, =deas# 4 F 4eeling !4riendly, motion# & F &erceiving !&robing, 4le*ible, Open#

Types
3he four preferences thus lead to si*teen types which use the G=, SG2, 3G4 and AG&. <elow is a table with types, the percentage of the population and a one/liner description of their ma5or characteristics.

(ST !)2H# Doing what should be done (STP !4H# ;eady to try anything once

(SF !IH# A high sense of duty

(*F !4H# An inspiration to others (*FP !4H# &erforming noble service to help society E*FP !IH# 'iving life an e*tra s-uee1e

(*T !%H# verything has room for improvement (*TP !4H# A love of problem/ solving E*TP !.H# One e*citing challenge after another

(SFP !4H# Sees much but shares little ESFP !.H# 6ou only go around once in life

ESTP !,H# 3he ultimate realists

EST !)2H# 9ife+s administrators

ESF !IH# :osts and hostesses of the world

E*F !.H# Smooth/tal$ing persuaders

E*T !%H# 9ife+s natural leaders

6ou might notice that S3As are 24H of the population. 3his +9eft/side bias+ is unsurprising, as our schools are wor$places tend very much to encourage logic and structure. 3his ma$es life particularly

difficult for the 24&s of the world, but li$e left/handed tennis players, those that can handle the other side tend to e*cel. And finally, for your illuminated entertainment, here+s the Aungian 3ype &rayers.

So what?
Ese the system in teams and groups to share information with one another and hence become more open.

D(SC types
DISC types
3his is a popular system originating in the )B2?+s by an American psychologist called 7illiam >oulton >arston. =t measures four preferences, in which you are scored in each preference !thus resulting in a profile score across each type#. 3he meanings of the D=SC letters vary, according to whom you tal$. Cnown variants are included in the table below( D(SC type Do"inant !Direct, Driver, Demanding, Determined, Decisive, Doer# Des!ription =ndependent, persistent, direct. nergetic, busy, fearless. 4ocus on own goals rather than people. 3ell rather than as$. As$ +7hatJ+ Social, persuasive, friendly. nergetic, busy, optimistic, distractible. =maginative, focus on the new and future. &oor time managers. 4ocused on people than tas$s. 3ell rather than as$. As$ +7hoJ+ Consistent, li$e stability. Accommodating, peace/see$ing. 9i$e helping and supporting others. 'ood listeners and counselors. Close relationships with few friends. As$, rather than tell. As$ +:owJ+ and +7henJ+ Slow and critical thin$er, perfectionist. 9ogical, fact/based, organi1ed, follows rules. Don+t show feelings. &rivate. 4ew, but good friends. <ig/picture, outlines. As$ +7hyJ+ and +:owJ+

(n#luential !=nducement, =nspiring, =mpressive, =nteracting, =nteresting#

Steady !Submissive, Stable, Supportive, Shy, Status -uo, Specialist#

Cons!ientious !Cautious, Compliant, Correct, Calculating, Concerned, Careful, Contemplative#

7hen compared to the >yers/<riggs 3ype =nventory, it is more behaviorally focused !>yers <riggs focuses more on the thin$ing processes#.

Preferences
Aust by loo$ing closely at this, a number of preferences can be seen within the D=SC types, including( Pre#eren!e 4ocus on other people =ndependent, internal nergetic and busy 3ell rather than as$ !vs. opposite# =maginative, big/ picture, future/ focused 9i$e stability and predictability 9i$e change !vs. stability# 3as$/oriented !vs. people# 4le*ible to changing world 3he D=SC can be simplified in a 2*2 grid( K K K K K K K K K K K Dominant =nfluential K Steady K K Cautious

&eople/focused

3as$/focused

Active, Outgoing

(n#luential

Do"inant

&assive, =nternal

Steady

Cons!ientious

So what?
Enderstand the D=SC type. 3hey are -uite simple and thus easy to use. 3hen play to the person+s preferences and overall type.

$ith Do"inant people

<uild respect to avoid conflict 4ocus on facts and ideas rather than the people :ave evidence to support your argument <e -uic$, focused, and to the point As$ what not how 3al$ about how problems will hinder accomplishments Show them how they can succeed

$ith (n#luential people

<e social and friendly with them, building the relationship 9isten to them tal$ about their ideas :elp them find ways to translate the tal$ into useful action DonLt spend much time on the details >otivate them to follow through to complete tas$s ;ecogni1e their accomplishments

$ith Steady people

<e genuinely interest in them as a person Create a human wor$ing environment for them 'ive them time to ad5ust to change Clearly define goals for them and provide ongoing support ;ecogni1e and appreciate their achievements Avoid hurry and pressure &resent new ideas carefully

$ith Cons!ientious people

7arn them in time and generally avoid surprises <e prepared. Don+t ad/lib with them if you can <e logical, accurate and use clear data Show how things fit into the bigger picture <e specific in disagreement and focus on the facts <e patient, persistent and diplomatic

Control+(dentity types
&eople typically get their sense of control in one of two ways( 3a$ing control, +driving the car+, being in charge. Ceding control, +trusting the driver+, letting others ta$e control.

3hey may get their sense of identity in two ways(

<y themselves, from internal processes. 4rom others, being recogni1ed, belonging.

Depending on preferences for how people get their sense of control and sense of identity, they may fall into four different types. Dominating !ta$ing controlling# (ndependent Leader

=nternal != define myself#

Dri#ter

Follower Submitting !ceding control#

*ternal !Others define me#

Leader
9eaders li$e others to loo$ up to them and li$e to be in charge. At parties they are the +life and soul+ and are typically surrounded by others as they hold court. 3hey may be social leaders, wor$ managers or both.

Follower
4ollowers need recognition from others, but do so by ceding control and trusting that leaders will help them succeed. =n parties, they circulate and chat, happily listening or tal$ing, en5oying the company of others. At wor$, they are good team players and contribute to overall business success.

Independent
=ndependents are fiercely their own people. 3hey go their own way and do their own thing. At parties, they may listen and argue, not really caring whether people agree with them. 3hey may also stand confidently to the side watching the proceedings. At wor$, they li$e to find the best wor$ for them and succeed on their own terms. =n teams they can be argumentative or separate.

Drifters
Drifters withdraw from the world where they can, living in their own internal world. =n the real world, they generally do as they are told, though not from any desire to be li$ed. At parties, they sit miserably in the corner and leave as soon as possible. At wor$, they $eep their heads down and do their 5obs but do not really participate in team activities.

Balanced
Someone whose comfort 1one is fairly central may have a balanced position, giving or ta$ing control as seems appropriate, and being with others or sitting alone with ease.

So what?
;emember that this is not four types, but two a*es along which a person can vary infinitely. 3hey may also be different in different conte*ts. Enderstand where you are on this scale and either deliberate stretch your comfort 1one or find contentment where you are.

7ith others, go to their 1one. 4or e*ample, with non/social people, you can email them whilst for social people a face/face meeting is often better. 9et those who need control to ma$e decisions, whilst telling others what needs doing. 6ou can also use their comfort position as a reward, perhaps ta$ing them out of this 1one to create persuasive tension.