Final Project An investigation into tidal energy technology and its future

DT117 BSc in Construction Management

Gearoid Clarke C07542551 Sean McCarthy

Abstract
I wanted to investigate into what tidal energy was and how this concept will be brought forward to the future, so I set out a number of objectives to research. I found out about all the different types of renewable energy and how can renewable energy benefit. I also described how Ireland is preparing on meeting a sustainable electricity supply and the targets in place to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. An overview of tidal energy was then looked at describing the how it is formed, the benefits of tidal energy, while looking at how a site selection is determined. I also looked at the different method of how tidal energy can be generated with main the focus being on tidal stream generators. I also looked at the different types of foundations that can be used. I also explained what wave energy is as it is another form of ocean renewable energy. I then looked at how testing of these devices can happen along with the environmental effects of these devices. The economic benefits and policy, Legalisation and regulations were also looked at in this research. the use of a literature review, case study, interviews and a questionnaire were used to collect the data needed for this research. Through all this the objectives were met that I had set out and I feel I have given the reader an understanding into the technology of tidal energy.

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Declaration

I hereby declare that the work described in this dissertation is, except where otherwise stated, entirely my own work and has not been submitted as an exercise for a degree at this or any other university.

_________________________ Gearid Clarke 12th April 2011 ii | P a g e

Acknowledgements
I would like to take the opportunity to thank the following people: My parents for their love and support the last four years through college. My friends who were always there for me in times of trouble. My supervisor Mr Sean McCarthy for his help and guidance throughout this process. DT117/4 for all their help and support throughout the years. My employer for his support and understanding throughout my college education. I would like to thank Nick Murphy and Roisin Foley from OpenHydro who helped me enormously with my dissertation. Peter Fraenkel of Marine Current Turbines who helped me out with my case study All the participants who took part in the questionnaire. All the library staff at Bolton St. and Mountjoy Square who assisted me throughout the year. My secondary school principal Mrs McKevitt for proofreading my dissertation.

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Table of Contents
ABSTRACT DECLARATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 1.2 The Scope of the research: The Research Goals:

I II III IV 1
1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3

1.3 Dissertation Contents: 1.3.1 Chapter One: Introduction 1.3.2 Chapter Two: Literature Review 1.3.3 Chapter Three: Research Methodology: 1.3.4 Chapter Four: Case Study 1.3.5: Chapter Five: Research Findings 1.3.6 Chapter Six: Analysis of Findings 1.3.7 Chapter Seven: Conclusions and Recommendations 1.3.8 Chapter Eight: References and Appendices:

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 What is Renewable Energy? 2.2 The benefits that can be obtained from renewable energy: 2.3 Kyoto Protocol: 2.4 Ensuring the security of our energy supply: 2.5 Tidal Energy: 2.5.1 How is Tidal Energy Generated? 2.5.2 Tidal Resource: 2.5.3 Benefits of tidal: 2.5.4 How is Site Selection Determined? 2.5.5 Different forms of generating tidal energy: Tidal barrage: Tidal Stream Generators: Horizontal Axis Turbines: Vertical Axis Turbine: Oscillating Devices: Venturi Effect: 2.6 Foundations: Monopile Foundation Structure:

4
4 4 5 6 8 8 8 8 9 10 10 11 12 14 15 16 17 17

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Gravity Base Foundation: Tripod Foundation Structure: 2.7 Wave Energy: Introduction to Wave power: Types of Wave energy devices: Attenuator: Point Absorber: Oscillating Water Surge Convertor: Oscillating Water Column: Overtopping Device: Submerged Pressure Differential: 2.8 Testing: EMEC: HRMC: 2.9 Environmental Issues: Geology: Seabed Contamination and Water Quality: Benthic Ecology: Fish, shellfish, marine birds, marine mammals and marine reptiles: Other related environmental problems: 2.10 Economic Benefits of Ocean Energy in Ireland: 2.11 Policy, Legislation and Regulatory Review: Policy: Regulation, Planning and Consenting: Leases and Consents: Grid Connection Arrangements: Physical Arrangements: Contractual Arrangements: Decommissioning Arrangements:

18 19 20 20 20 20 21 21 22 22 22 23 23 24 25 25 25 25 25 25 26 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 28

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction: 3.2 Aim of Study: 3.3 Research Design: 3.4 Primary Research: 3.4.1 Introduction: 3.4.2 Advantages of Primary Research: 3.4.3 Disadvantages of Primary Research: 3.5 Secondary Research: 3.5.1 Introduction: 3.5.2 Advantages of secondary research: 3.5.3 Disadvantages of secondary research: 3.6 Case Study: 3.6.1 Introduction: 3.6.2 Advantages of a case study:

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29 29 29 30 30 30 30 31 31 31 31 32 32 32

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3.6.3 Disadvantages of a case study: 3.7 Interviews: 3.7.1 Introduction: 3.7.2 Semi- Structured interviews: 3.7.3 The Interview itself: 3.7.4 Advantages of an interview: 3.7.5 Disadvantages of an interview: 3.8 The Questionnaire: 3.8.1 Introduction: 3.9 Research Limitations:

32 33 33 33 34 34 34 35 35 35

CHAPTER FOUR: CASE STUDY

4.1SeaGen at Strangford Lough 4.1.1 Background Information: 4.1.2 Why Strangford Lough was chosen for this test site: 4.1.3 SeaGen: 4.1.4 SeaGen Site Preparation: 4.1.5 SeaGen Installation: 4.1.6 Operational Phase: 4.1.7 Maintenance: 4.1.8 Environmental Issues with the SeaGen: 4.2 Presentation of Findings from Questionnaire: Introduction: Question 1: Feeling after Strangford Lough was chosen Question 2: Feelings for a tidal farm Question 3: Consideration for marine life, birds, ground conditions, shipping, recreational Question 4: Impact on scenery Question 5: Effect on local economy Question 6: Recreation on the lough Question 7: Tourism Question 8: Renewable energy Question 9: Awareness of tidal energy Question 10: Becoming environmentally friendly 4.3 Discussion of Results: Introduction: Question 1: Feeling after Strangford Lough was chosen Question 2: Feelings for a tidal farm Question 3: Consideration for marine life, birds, ground conditions, shipping, recreational Question 4: Impact on the Scenery Question 5: Effect on local economy Question 6: Restrictions on the lough Question 7: Tourism Question 8: Renewable Energy Question 9: Awareness of Tidal Energy Question 10: Becoming Environmentally Friendly

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36 36 36 37 38 38 39 40 41 42 42 42 43 43 44 44 45 45 46 46 47 48 48 48 48 48 49 49 49 49 49 50 50

CHAPTER FIVE: RESEARCH FINDINGS

5.1 Research Objective One: Establish what tidal energy is and how it is generated

51
51

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5.2 Research Objective 2: To look at the concept of how tidal energy is brought from a design stage right through until its operational stage. 52 5.3 Research Objective 3: Investigate the impact tidal energy has on the environment 5.4 Research Objective 4: Investigate the future development of tidal energy 5.5 Other Research Findings: 53 54 56

CHAPTER SIX: ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS:

6.1 Research objective 1: Establish what tidal energy is and how it is generated

56
57

6.2 Research Objective 2: To look at the concept of how tidal energy is brought from a design stage right through until its operational stage. 58 6.3 Research Objective 3: Investigate the impact tidal energy has on the environment 6.4 Research Objective 4: Investigate the Future Development of Tidal Energy 6.5 Analysis on Other Research Findings: 59 59 61

CHAPTER SEVEN: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

7.1 The Dissertation Aim: 7.2 Research Objectives: 7.2.1 Research Objectives One: Establish what tidal energy is and how it is generated 7.2.2 Research Objective Two: To look at the concept of how tidal energy is brought from a design stage right through until its operational stage. 7.2.3 Research Objective Three: Investigate the impact tidal energy has on the environment 7.2.4 Objective Four: Investigate the Future Development of Tidal Energy 7.3 Limitations of Research: 7.4 Conclusion:

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62 62 62 63 63 64 64 65

APPENDIX REFERENCES

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Table of Figures
Fig 2.2.1 Irelands total final energy consumption by fuel 1990-2008........P5 vii | P a g e

Fig 2.2.2Irelands renewable energy contribution 1990-2008.....P5 Fig 2.3.1: Greenhouse Gases by source for 1990 and 2009........P5 Fig 2.5.3.1 Benefits of tidal compared to other methods of renewable energy..............P8 Fig 2.5.5.1: Simplified version of a tidal barrage..............P10 Fig 2.5.5.2: SeaGen horizontal axis turbine located in Strangford Lough.P12 Fig 2.5.5.3: Open Centre Turbine.......P13 Fig 2.5.5.4 Open Centre Turbine Cross Section...P13 Fig 2.5.5.5: Vertical axis turbine.....P14 Fig 2.5.5.6: Contrast between horizontal devices and oscillating devices in water depths................P15 Fig 2.5.5.7: Venturi Principle..P16 Fig 2.5.5.8: Davidson-Hill Venturi turbine.......P16 Fig2.6.1: Monopile Foundation..........P17 Fig 2.6.2: Gravity Base Structure Foundation.............P18 Fig 2.6.3: Tripod Foundation Structure............P19 Fig 2.7.1 - Attenuator Wave Device..........P20 Fig 2.7.2-Point Absorber.........P21 Fig 2.7.3 - Oscillating Water Surge Convertor......................P21 Fig 2.7.4 Oscillating Water Column...........P22 Fig 2.7.5 Overtopping Device..........P22 Fig 2.8.1: OpenHydros Test Turbine at EMEC...........P23 Fig 3.3.1 The Research Onion..........P29 Fig 4.1.1.1: Location of Strangford Lough....P36 Fig 4.1.2.1 View of Lough from Strangford looking across the Lough at Portaferry................P37 Fig 4.1.3.1 SeaGen ........P38 Fig 4.1.6.1 SeaGen Substation....P39 Fig 4.1.7.1 SeaGen raised for maintenance...P40 Fig 4.2.1 How did you feel after you heard that Strangford Lough would be used as the location of the SeaGen?................................................................................P42 Fig 4.2.2 How would you feel about a Tidal Turbine farm located in Strangford Lough?..................................................................................................P43 viii | P a g e

Fig 4.2.3Would you ever have considered that the SeaGen could have affected Marine life, birds, ground conditions, shipping/ vessels or recreational users before it was installed..........................................................................................P43 Fig 4.2.4 Do you think the SeaGen has a significant effect of the scenery of the Lough?...........................................................................................................P44 Fig 4.2.5 Do you think the SeaGen has had an effect on the local economy of the area during construction stages and maintenance stages of the project?.....................................................................................................................P44 Fig 4.2.6 Has the SeaGen had any restrictions on recreational use of the Lough?.......................................................................................................................P45 Fig 4.2.7 Do you think Tourism has increased since the installation of the SeaGen?.....................................................................................................................P45 Fig 4.2.8 Do you think the use of renewable energy is the way forward for electricity generation?..............................................................................................P46 Fig 4.2.9 Where you aware of tidal energy before the installation of the SeaGen?.....................................................................................................................P46 Fig 4.2.10Since the Installation of the SeaGen do you think as a person you are trying to become more environmentally friendly?.........................................P47

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Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 The Scope of the research:
This research was carried out because the author felt that the area of tidal energy is a very intriguing topic and is still only at a developing stage. Also the reason for choosing such a topic is renewable energy has had a revolutionary impact in the world today as we speak. Ireland relies heavily on the fossil fuels for electricity generation; Ireland imports 89% of its fossil fuels with only 11.9% of electricity generation coming from renewable sources. (SEAI, 2011b) For the future development on the country Ireland has engaged in various strategies to beat relying on fossil fuels. Ireland has set out a target of 500MW of renewable energy from the ocean by 2020 and that by 2020 electricity generation will account from 40% of renewable sources.

1.2 The Research Goals:

Aim:

An investigation into the tidal energy technology and its future

Objectives: Establish what tidal energy is and how it is generated. To look at how the concept of how tidal energy is brought from a design stage right through until its operational stage. Investigate the impact tidal energy has on the environment Investigate the future development of tidal energy

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1.3 Dissertation Contents: 1.3.1 Chapter One: Introduction

What is included in chapter one of this dissertation is pretty much what is outlined in the dissertation proposal. It will also outline why this topic was chosen for research being carried out.

1.3.2 Chapter Two: Literature Review

In this chapter it comprises of the basics around renewable energy and the different types of renewable energy and how they are generated. Also included in the literature review will discuss behind tidal energy and different ways tidal energy can be incorporated with the main focus being on tidal stream generators. It will also discuss the basic concepts of wave energy. The literature review will tell the reader about the environmental affects tidal energy can have, with also the positive economic benefits it can also have. It will briefly outline the planning and regulatory procedures involved along with testing and how tidal stream generators can be placed on the seabed.

1.3.3 Chapter Three: Research Methodology:

In this chapter it will tell the reader the research methodology used in carrying out the research for this dissertation and give the advantages and disadvantages of using such methods outlined in the chapter. The chapter will also include what limitations and barriers the author had in carrying out the research.

1.3.4 Chapter Four: Case Study

SeaGen at Strangford Lough: In this chapter the author will present the findings from the case study carried out on the SeaGen tidal turbine which is located at Strangford Lough. The case study will give the reader an overview of the background information of the turbine along with details of the turbine in operation and how it was installed and how it is maintained and operates along with the environmental issues.

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1.3.5: Chapter Five: Research Findings

In this chapter it will discuss the findings that were achieved for the objectives set out in the dissertation.

1.3.6 Chapter Six: Analysis of Findings

This chapter will concentrate on analysing the data collected from the interview from a tidal energy company and also analysis the data from the literature review and the author will give their thoughts on the matter at hand.

1.3.7 Chapter Seven: Conclusions and Recommendations

In the final chapter the author will bring a close to the research with the conclusion and recommendations of the study. The author will revisit their aims and objectives and see if these were met during the study of this topic. The limitations of the research are outlined along with if further research is to be carried out on this topic.

1.3.8 Chapter Eight: References and Appendices:

There will also be included at the back of the dissertation references that were used throughout the study along with appendices which will comprise of interview transcripts and a sample questionnaire that was distributed to people.

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Chapter Two: Literature Review 2.1 What is Renewable Energy?

Renewable energy is an energy source that is harvested from the planets natural resources and can be continuously replenished through the cycles of nature. The main sources of renewable energy are: Solar Energy: Solar energy is harnessed from the sunlight and then converted into electricity.(SEAI, 2011b)

Wind Energy (both onshore and offshore) This is the conversion of wind into electricity using turbines; this method can be generated from both onshore and offshore locations.(SEAI, 2011b)

Geothermal (Heat from below the grounds surface) Geothermal heating is the retention of the earths heat to for heating applications.(SEAI, 2011b)

Bioenergy: Bioenergy is the derived energy from biomass which includes biological materials such as plants, animals, wood, waste and gas (SEAI, 2011b)

2.2 The benefits that can be obtained from renewable energy:

Renewable energy is a clean source of energy that can be generated without harming the environment compared to the usage of fossil fuels. Consumption of renewable energy sources can lead to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. Ireland relies severely on fossil fuels, we now import 89% of fuels we need for energy. Irelands share of electricity from renewable energy in 2009 was 11.9%. (SEAI, 2011b)

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Figure 2.2.1 shows below Irelands total final energy consumption by fuel 1990-2008 and figure 2.2.2 shows Irelands renewable energy contribution 1990-2008 (DCENR, 2010)

Fig 2.2.1

Fig 2.2.2

2.3 Kyoto Protocol:

The Kyoto agreement is an agreement between developed countries which include Ireland, who are believed to be primarily responsible for the build-up of greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. (Government, 2006) Kyoto Protocol was introduced in 1997 with the objective of this agreement was to set out targets to reduce greenhouse gases by these developed countries. 15 member states from the European Union undertook this agreement to have a reduction of 8% from the 1990 levels to be achieved between 2008-2012. Ireland set out a target of 13% reduction in emissions. (Government, 2006)

Fig 2.3.1: Greenhouse Gases by source for 1990 and 2009 (SEAI, 2010) 5|Page

2.4 Ensuring the security of our energy supply:

Having the security of energy supply is a vital cog in the economic and social growth of a country. The security of supply means that we have reliable access to energy supplies and the capabilities of producing electricity without disruption. Irelands peripheral location means that country is vulnerable to supply disruption and high prices. (2007) The governments primary objective is to ensure that a consistent supply of energy is available and has set out strategic goals in order to ensure this. Some of these goals are: Ensuring that electricity supply consistently meets demand The delivery of electricity and gas over efficient reliable and secure networks To be prepared for energy supply disruptions (2007) The promotion of sustainability of energy supply and use: Sustainability is now the aim for the present and long term of energy policy objectives, Ireland will need a number of solutions and strategies to deliver an energy supply that is environmentally sustainable. To tackle this issue more deployment of renewable energy sources along with more diversity in the fuel mix and energy efficiency improvements can help providing a sustainable country. (2007)

Some of the goals set out by the government to create a more sustainable environment are: The reduction of energy related greenhouse gas emissions The acceleration of growth of renewable energy technologies Accelerating energy research development (2007)

A method of renewable energy generation for electricity is tidal energy; this method of electricity generation is still at a very young stage of development, so looking into this topic can provide the reader will a basis for understanding this method.

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According to the Minister for Communications, Energy and Natural Resources they have set out that Ireland will be generating 500MW of renewable energy by 2020 from ocean energy and a total of 40% of electricity will be coming from renewable sources. (SQW.ENERGY, 2010)

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2.5 Tidal Energy: 2.5.1 How is Tidal Energy Generated?

Tidal energy is generated from the gravitational interaction between the earth, moon and the sun on the worlds oceans. This attributes to rising and lowering of the tides height. (Khaligh and Onar, 2010)

2.5.2 Tidal Resource:

The worlds ocean is vastly a large resource and has an endless amount of potential renewable energy. Tidal streams can be identified at the coasts of every continent .(OpenHydro)

2.5.3 Benefits of tidal:

According to (OpenHydro) they believe that the ultiamte renewable solution will depend on a mix of of technologies such as tidal, wind, wave and solar working together. Tidal energy seems to the beneficial of all renewable sources as pointed out in the following diagram:

Fig 2.5.3.1 Benefits of tidal compared to other methods of renewable energy (OpenHydro, 2010)

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This form of renewable energy seems most beneficial because of its: Predictability Energy density No visual/ noise impact

2.5.4 How is Site Selection Determined?

The selection of a site for the use of tidal energy will depend on a number of factors, these are: Tidal Velocity Tidal velocity is the speed and volume passing through the site (OpenHydro)

Bathymetry This is the water depth and geology of the seabed and will also determine the number of turbines that could be deployed in that area (OpenHydro)

Electrical Grid Connection The distance from the site to a grid connection will determine the viability of a development in that site (OpenHydro)

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2.5.5 Different forms of generating tidal energy:

The method of tidal energy generation that will be focused on in this dissertation will be tidal stream generation. The other type of tidal energy that has been used is:

Tidal barrage:
This involves the construction of a dam or barrage across the length of an estuary. The objective of this method is to allow the water flow in through the basin when the tide comes in. Tidal barrage has gates that allow the water to flow through and these gates then will close when the tide has stopped coming in. This will trap the enclosed water creating a hydrostatic head, as the tide recedes outwards, the barrage gates are opened where the turbines are located therefore allowing the water to flow through to drive the turbines and generate power. Power can be generated from both directions but this can affect efficiency. (ACRE)

Fig 2.5.5.1: Simplified version of a tidal barrage(ACRE)

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Tidal Stream Generators:

Tidal stream generators also known as tidal turbines can generate their power through kinetic energy. Tidal stream generators are similar in appearance and structure to wind turbines and harness their energy similar to wind turbines. Water is about 800 times denser than air and therefore turbines are designed to be much stronger and heavier compared to wind turbines. This however is more expensive to build but, these tidal turbines can capture more energy at higher densities than the wind turbines (Khaligh and Onar, 2010) The European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) have distinguished that there are four types of tidal energy convertors: Horizontal axis turbines Vertical axis turbines Oscillating hydrofoil Venturi effect

(EMEC, 2009)

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Horizontal Axis Turbines: In some cases these group of energy convertors have turbines mounted on horizontal drive shafts which are connected to electrical generators. These blades are variable pitch which can allow for the most advantageous angle for water flow to be most efficient. (SEI, 2004)

Fig 2.5.5.2: SeaGen horizontal axis turbine located in Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland (MCT, 2008b) From observing the figure above, this device uses two horizontal axial turbines connected to the structure which is connected with the seabed with a piled foundation. This is the type of turbine currently in operation at Strangford Lough in Northern Ireland. It was developed by Marine Current Turbines and was installed in 2008.

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In a different case of a different type of horizontal axis turbine, the company OpenHydro use an Open-Centre Turbine, this design is very simplistic and a very effective solution with just one slow moving rotor and lubricant free operation which reduces the risk for marine wildlife. This type of turbine is directly mounted to the seabed (OpenHydro, 2010)

Fig 2.5.5.3: Open Centre Turbine (OpenHydro, 2010) Duct: the duct has a shaped inlet which improves turbine efficiency, with its simplistic design it minimises the chance of entanglement of sea life in the duct. Generator: the generator is a highly efficient integrated permanent magnet Rotor: the rotor is a single piece and is the only moving part of the turbine Open Centre: the open centre turbine increases efficiency as well as providing an exit route for marine life.(OpenHydro)

Fig 2.5.5.4 Open Centre Turbine Cross Section (OpenHydro, 2010)

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Vertical Axis Turbine: In the vertical axis turbine the blades rotate eccentrically around an axis. This type of turbine differs from the horizontal turbine because it is the vertical turbine. (2010b) Vertical axis turbines can generate power from any direction and can be more efficient than horizontal axis turbines in low flow conditions. The vertical axis turbine is less common than the horizontal axis turbine. (2010b)

Fig 2.5.5.5: Vertical axis turbine (University.of.Strathclyde, 2011)

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Oscillating Devices: The Tidal Pulse approach uses oscillating hydrofoils. These oscillating hydrofoils will lye horizontally into the water and will be swept up and down by the passing currents. (http://pulsetidal.com/) According to Tidal Pulse, they believe that the use of oscillating hydrofoils can generate four times as much power as opposed to other horizontal axis turbines. The reason they believe this is because they span a long, low rectangle and they are able to generate power compared to a horizontal turbine which rotates around in a circle. (http://pulsetidal.com/) They dont require the same depths as horizontal axis turbines, so these devices can be placed in shallower areas therefore it will be made easier for installation and maintenance. The contrast between horizontal and oscillating devices can be seen in Fig 5 (http://pulsetidal.com/)

Fig 2.5.5.6: Contrast between horizontal devices and oscillating devices in water depths

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Venturi Effect: The basic principle of the Venturi effect is that when the water flows through the device there is a constriction and as it flows through this constriction the velocity of the flow of water increases. (Tidal.Energy.PTY.LTD)

Fig 2.5.5.7: Venturi Principle (Tidal.Energy.PTY.LTD) When the water flows through the device it will increase and accelerate the flow of water across the turbine (Tidal.Energy.PTY.LTD)

Fig 2.5.5.8: Davidson-Hill Venturi turbine (Tidal.Energy.PTY.LTD)

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2.6 Foundations:
The foundation supporting the load of the device is a vital component of harnessing energy from the ocean. The devices in operation will be subject to a number of loadings due to self-weight, wave and current loading. (SEI, 2004) The different types of foundations that can be used are: Monopile Foundation Structure: These types of foundations consist of a steel cylindrical tube normally around 2m in diameters which are driven into the seabed about 20-30m deep. The advantage of using just technology is that there is no seabed preparatory work to be carried out. (SEI, 2004)

Fig2.6.1: Monopile Foundation (DTI and DETI)

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Gravity Base Foundation: This type of foundation is bulkier compared to piled structures, this type of structure is a quicker method of installation compared to piling (DCENR, 2010).There might be a large requirement of bed preparation for this type of foundation. (SEI, 2004)

Fig 2.6.2: Gravity Base Structure Foundation (DTI and DETI)

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Tripod Foundation Structure: In this type of structure there are three relatively small steel piles at each corner that are usually driven into the seabed 10m-20m depending seabed conditions and then connected to a central column through a steel frame. The advantages of using this method is that corrosion may be reduced as the leg diameter is reduced due to the small steel piles. It is also cheaper compared to monopile structures. (SEI, 2004)

Fig 2.6.3: Tripod Foundation Structure (DTI and DETI)

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The other method of harnessing energy from the ocean can be gained from wave power. The next sections will an overview of the various method of harnessing wave power.

2.7 Wave Energy: Introduction to Wave power:

Wave energy generates its power from passing wind over the surface of the sea. The height of waves is determined by the wind speed meaning higher wind will cause bigger waves and can be more powerful.(Philips, 1977) Based on a study of Europes wave energy resources it was stated that the average wave power in Europe is at its highest at the Irish west coast with an average wave power of 76kW. (SEAI, 2011a)

Types of Wave energy devices:

The EMEC have categorised wave energy devices into six categories, these are: Attenuator: The attenuator is a floating wave energy device which operates parallel to the waves; the device rides the waves to generate electricity. (EMEC, 2011b)

Fig 2.7.1 - Attenuator Wave Device (GreenOceanEnergy, 2011)

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Point Absorber: The point absorber is a floating device which can harness its energy from any direction at or near the water surface.(EMEC, 2011b)

Fig 2.7.2-Point Absorber (Wavebob, 2011) Oscillating Water Surge Convertor: An example of this method of wave energy generation is through Aquamarine Powers Oyster The Oyster is a device that is a wave-powered pump. The waves push high pressure water to an on shore hydro-electric turbine which produces electricity. (AQUAMARINE.POWER, 2011) This device is a buoyant machine which is placed on the seabed floor. This device has a hinged flap which pitches back and forwards in the waves and is driven by two hydraulic pistons. (AQUAMARINE.POWER, 2011)

Fig 2.7.3 - Oscillating Water Surge Convertor (AQUAMARINE.POWER, 2011)

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Oscillating Water Column: This device is partially submerged. The device is open to the sea below the water line which encloses a column of air on top of a column of water. The waves are pushed up in this column therefore compressing and decompressing the air which then allows a turbine to be rotated thus causing electricity to be generated.(EMEC, 2011b)

Fig 2.7.4 Oscillating Water Column (www.wave-energy.net, 2001) Overtopping Device: These types of devices required the use of a reservoir which will store the water above sea level. The water is then returned to the sea through low-head turbines.(EMEC, 2011b)

Fig 2.7.5 Overtopping Device (renewableenergy, 2010) Submerged Pressure Differential: These devices are located near shore and are placed on the seabed floor. This method generates electricity when the waves rise and fall around the device which cause a pressure difference in the device, therefore this difference in pressure can push fluid through a system to generate electricity. (EMEC, 2011b)

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2.8 Testing:
When a marine energy company comes up with a design for a device for generating power, it will construct a prototype, when this prototype has been built, the prototype will be usually sent away for testing. One place where they can be sent to be tested is in the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) for both wave and tidal devices or can be sent to the Hydraulic and Maritime Research Centre (HRMC) in Ireland which deal with wave testing. There is currently no test facility for tidal devices in Ireland EMEC: The EMEC are a Scottish company that test and monitor marine energy devices before they are commercially deployed. At the EMEC they carry out the following services: Carry out assessments on devices for their energy conversion capabilities, structural performance and survivability out at sea Assistance with grid connection Assistance with regulation issues

OpenHydro was the first company to have installed and tested a device at the EMEC in 2006. The test device was installed between a twin piled structure that allowed it to be lowered and raised. The conditions at the EMEC are suitable for testing as they pose some of Europes strongest tides and extreme weather conditions, and the EMEC have a tidal test site chosen specifically because of the areas high velocity current.(EMEC, 2011a)

Fig 2.8.1: OpenHydros Test Turbine at EMEC (OpenHydro, 2010) 23 | P a g e

Since 2006 Openhydro have now been able to build and deploy their devices to the seabed to be tested at the EMEC. (EMEC, 2011a) Ireland has numerous testing facilities, which are top class ocean energy research bases, with worldwide great expertise in project design, testing and mooring design. (SEAI, 2011c) HRMC: One of the test centres is the Hydraulic and Maritime Research Centre (HRMC) which specialises in support and research and development for ocean renewable energy and costal engineering. The centre has been responsible for the production on a development and evaluation protocol as part of Irelands ocean energy strategy.(SEAI, 2011c)

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2.9 Environmental Issues:

When using ocean energy there can be a number of environmental effects as a result of harnessing this technology, the effects that this can have on the environment are: Geology: The environmental effect to the geology of the seabed is when sedimentation occurs and the shape of the seabed changes, so therefore site surveys would have to be conducted. (2010a) Seabed Contamination and Water Quality: The effect that this can have on the environment is through the release of contaminants into the water. (2010a) Benthic Ecology: When a device is placed on the seabed the effects it can have on the benthic ecology are the physical disturbance and smothering of the plants. Contamination from sedimentation and also accidental contamination of hydraulic fluids can affect these plants. (2010a) Fish, shellfish, marine birds, marine mammals and marine reptiles: These species can become smothered by parts; they can collide with such devices. These can cause hydraulic problems if they can enter into the device. The species can become excluded from their habitat and also be restricted in their movement as a result of these devices. (2010a) Other related environmental problems: Other environmental effects can include: Costal archaeology and wrecks Fishermans restriction of movement and marine animals relocating as a result of turbines in their habitat Boats and Yachts Recreational and Tourism for examples noise pollution, safety and collision(2010a)

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2.10 Economic Benefits of Ocean Energy in Ireland:

Ireland has great potential for harnessing ocean energy. The benefit that ocean energy could have on Ireland is that if successfully developed, technologies can lead to an economic growth in the country and lead to our renewable energy targets and the exploitation of harnessing this energy for the export market. (SQW.ENERGY, 2010) The projected value of ocean energy to the island of Ireland is that by 2030 we could be providing the home market and exporting renewable energy globally that could produce a net present value of 9 billion and the creation of thousands of jobs. (SQW.ENERGY, 2010) The current levels of subsidy available to ocean energy companies are not suffice to aid ocean energy development for Ireland. In order for Ireland to utilize to the full extent this renewable energy, other areas of the supply chain must be looked upon apart from the technical or device requirement. These other areas of the supply chain are the electricity grid, the ports, the skilled labour to manufacture and design these devices and the research involved in these. (SQW.ENERGY, 2010) In order to gain from ocean energy there must be the appropriate level of investment in this sector. Then it will be able to provide a sustainable growth and wealth creation to Ireland. This must be match by ocean energy development and deployment. (SQW.ENERGY, 2010) In 2008 the Ocean Energy Development Unit (OEDU) was established within the SEAI to co-ordinate with state agencies and to promote and develop the sector of ocean energy. For many devices to become commercialised, funding for these devices seems to be the blockade to development and deployment, which could lead to significant delays in technology improvement. . (SQW.ENERGY, 2010)

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2.11 Policy, Legislation and Regulatory Review:

Policy: The Irish government is committed to guarantee their national energy strategy is adhered to and that they address the problems worldwide in the energy sector which are the security of supply of electricity, the environmental sustainability of energy and the competitiveness of energy supply. (SQW.ENERGY, 2010) Regulation, Planning and Consenting: Regulations can affect a renewable energy project of every stage of its lifetime. It can be affected at planning, construction, operation and decommissioning. Permission for an ocean energy project is directed towards the Department of Environment. (SQW.ENERGY, 2010) Leases and Consents: The Foreshore Act requires that a lease or license must be acquired and obtained from the Minister for Environment, Heritage and Local Government for any work or placing of structures on any state owned foreshore. (SQW.ENERGY, 2010) Grid Connection Arrangements: When connecting a renewable energy source to the grid, there must be an agreement between the supplier of the electricity source and the utility company; these arrangements are there will be physical and contractual agreements. Physical Arrangements: Underground Cables Overhead lines Civil works (SQW.ENERGY, 2010)

Contractual Arrangements: Areas of connection Power purchase (SQW.ENERGY, 2010)

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Decommissioning Arrangements: The decommissioning arrangements are outlined at the planning application stage. Issues involved are the removal of equipment and structures in place. In Ireland we must comply with all EC decommissioning regulation and all national legislation. (SQW.ENERGY, 2010)

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Chapter Three: Research Methodology 3.1 Introduction:

This chapter will outline the methodology used to gather both primary and secondary sources of research. This chapter will also include a defence on why this type of research was carried out. The research of this study was carried out in the following methods: Case Study Interviews Questionnaire

3.2 Aim of Study:

The aim of this study was to investigate into tidal energy technology and the future of tidal energy.

3.3 Research Design:

Any study begins with the choice of a topic for study along with a research methodology. There are several techniques in a research methodology as Fig 3.3.1 illustrates below the similar types that can be used.

Fig 3.3.1 The Research Onion (Saunders et al., 2007)

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There are two main classifications of research methodology, these are: Quantitative Research Qualitative Research According to (Malhotra, 2010) qualitative research provides insights and understanding of the problem setting, while quantitative research seeks to quantify the data, and typically applies some sort of statistical analysis. Qualitative and quantitative research was used in this dissertation in the case study which entailed of a questionnaire and an interview. While qualitative data in the form of an interview was also carried out. Primary and secondary research were also used as part of this dissertation

3.4 Primary Research: 3.4.1 Introduction:

Primary research is research that is carried out by the researchers themselves. The researchers pursue the primary research method as they want to collect information that hasnt been gathered as of yet. (Driscoll and Brizee, 2010) Primary research can be gathered both quantitatively and qualitatively. Quantitative methods include the use of surveys, experiments and field work whereas qualitative methods include the use of interviews, questions and analysis. (Dunsmuir and Williams, 1992) outline the advantages and disadvantages of primary research as:

3.4.2 Advantages of Primary Research:

Quick and cheap method if sample is small It allows generalisation to a larger population The information is verifiable

3.4.3 Disadvantages of Primary Research:

The honesty and the integrity of the questions answered There is a possible low response rate Their researcher could bias the data if question not framed correctly. 30 | P a g e

3.5 Secondary Research: 3.5.1 Introduction:

Secondary research according to (Kotler et al., 1999) is defined as information already in existence somewhere, having been collected for another purpose The secondary research collected for the purpose of this dissertation came from the following sources through an extensive collection of government documents, published documents from companies, internet websites and textbooks (Dunsmuir and Williams, 1992) outline the advantages and disadvantages of secondary research as:

3.5.2 Advantages of secondary research:

The data is cheap and accessible Often the only resource, for example historical documents It is the only way to examine large-scale trends

3.5.3 Disadvantages of secondary research:

There is a lack of consistency of perspective The published statistics will often raise more questions than answers Inaccuracies and biases cannot be checked

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3.6 Case Study: 3.6.1 Introduction:

The case study was undertaken to give the reader an understanding of a tidal turbine currently in operation today. The case undertaken for this dissertation was on a tidal energy turbine currently in operation at Strangford Lough. According to (Denscombe, 2010) the case study approach is its focus on just once instance of the thing that is to be investigated. Occasionally, researchers use two or more instances, but in principles, the idea of a case study is that the spotlight is focused on individual instances rather than the wide spectrum. The case forms the basis of the investigation is normally something that already exists. (Denscombe, 2010) According to (Yin, 2009) the case is a naturally occurring phenomenon. It exists prior to the research project and, it is hoped, continues to exist once the research has finished.

3.6.2 Advantages of a case study:

The main benefit of using a case study as a means of research is that the case study will focus on one or a few instances that can allow the researcher to deal with any difficult situations that could arise from this method whereas tackling situations would be denied by the survey method of research. When undertaking a case study this method allows the use of multiple research methods.(Denscombe, 2010)

3.6.3 Disadvantages of a case study:

The main disadvantage to a case study is when it will be vulnerable to criticism due to maybe the credibility and generalisations made from its findings. Getting access to documentation and people can be a problem of this research technique. (Denscombe, 2010)

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3.7 Interviews: 3.7.1 Introduction:

According to (Thomas and Brubaker, 2008) an interview enables people to report information about themselves- about life condition, beliefs or attitudes. (Domegan and Fleming, 1999) indicate that an in-depth interview is in its ability to uncover more complete answers to questions than might be answered at a more superficial level during survey research.

3.7.2 Semi- Structured interviews:

When the interviewer goes into a semi-structured interview there will be a set of objectives and questions set out to be answered. By using this method interviewing the interviewer is allowed to be flexible with their questions and allowing the interviewee to develop more ideas and speak freely on the issues being brought about during the interview. The answers are open ended and this allows for the interviewee to elaborate more about the issues. The reason for allowing the use of semi-structured interviews, if the author was felt a point of interest arose from the interviewees comments; the author could elaborate more on that point and allow the interviewees to speak more freely about this.

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3.7.3 The Interview itself:

An Interview was carried out with Mr Nick Murphy from OpenHydro who is their project development manager. The interview was carried out in their technical centre in Greenore, Co. Louth. The interview was carried out on Thursday March 31st 2011. A tour of technical centre was also undertaken. An interview through the media form of email was conducted as part of the case study with Marine Current Turbines the manufacturers of the SeaGen at Strangford Lough, A list of prescribed interview questions where formulized and forwarded onto Mr Peter Fraenkel who is the Chief Technical Officer with Marine Current Turbines, and a few days later a response was sent back to the authors email.

3.7.4 Advantages of an interview:

Depth of the information obtained from the interviewee High response rate They can allow for flexibility (Denscombe, 2010)

3.7.5 Disadvantages of an interview:

Time consuming The reliability of the interviewee might not be true (Denscombe, 2010)

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3.8 The Questionnaire: 3.8.1 Introduction:

According to the Oxford dictionary (OED, 2007) the term questionnaire means a formulated series of questions by which info is sought from a selected group, usually for statistical analysis The questionnaire was taken as part of the case study and the questionnaire looks at the peoples views of the SeaGen located in their community and see if it has affected the area. The final number of respondents of the questionnaire was 16 people. The questionnaire was distributed manually to the participants and the questionnaire layout comprised of open and closed ended questions with could give the author an analysis of the answers both qualitatively and quantitatively.

3.9 Research Limitations:

Other limitations are that the area of tidal energy is still only at a development stage and the only device that is deployed in Ireland is in Strangford Lough, so there wasnt much opportunity to gain benefit from other devices for companies to help with the research. The limitations with the internet interview are that it didnt allow for development of the interviewees answers and also the interviewees answers were quite short and the amount of data returned from the interview was less sufficient than expected. Other limitations included people not getting back to the author in response to interview proposals.

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Chapter Four: Case Study 4.1SeaGen at Strangford Lough 4.1.1 Background Information:
The SeaGen is a 1.2MW tidal stream energy convertor that is situated in Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland. The turbine was installed in April 2008 and connected to the grid in July 2008. This device has the power capability of providing clean electricity to 1000 homes in Northern Ireland.(MCT, 2008c)

Fig 4.1.1.1: Location of Strangford Lough (MCT, 2005)

4.1.2 Why Strangford Lough was chosen for this test site:
The key factors that made Strangford Lough as the ideal test site were: High current velocities in bi-directional flows Natural habitat surrounding Strangford Lough, this would allow a study of how the natural surroundings interact with the turbine in the Lough Grid connection can be made within less than 500m to the existing grid Skills and expertise that are at hand locally (MCT, 2005)

Also comments that were added to these by Mr Peter Fraenkel were that Strangford Lough was chosen as the location because the area of the lough has sufficient right depth of water along with that it is sheltered from large waves and for logistical purposes it is easier to travel to compared to the test facilities of the EMEC at Orkney.

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Fig 4.1.2.1 View of Lough from Strangford looking across the Lough at Portaferry

4.1.3 SeaGen:
The SeaGen is a twin 16m diameter rotors and power train devices that extends from both sides of a pile. (MCT, 2011) Each rotor drives a generator through the use of a gearbox similar to the use of the gearbox in a wind turbine. Marine Current Turbines have a patented feature on their rotors that allows them to be pitched 180. The rotors can be pitched to a pre-chosen rated power at times of high velocities. (MCT, 2011) The main structure of the SeaGen is made from carbon steel and it is protected from corrosion. The shaped part materials like the rotor blades are made from moulded composite materials. According to Mr Fraenkel during the interview he included that the system in place in the SeaGen allows the twin rotors to produce twice the energy of a system which has one rotor but at less than twice the cost.

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Fig 4.1.3.1 SeaGen (MCT, 2005)

4.1.4 SeaGen Site Preparation:

The seabed preparation for the installation of the SeaGen was not two difficult in its procedure there was just a few boulders that had to be moved which was undertaken by divers. Other site preparation works included the construction of a new onshore substation that would be connected to an existing grid in Strangford. (MCT, 2007)

4.1.5 SeaGen Installation:

The Seagen was assembled in Harland and Wolff in Belfast. Brought to location by a crane barge from Belfast. A floating crane will lower the quadropiles into position. Piles will be drilled and installed The turbine and associated components will be installed on the pile. Following this connection of the turbine to the electricity grid.(MCT, 2008a)

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4.1.6 Operational Phase:

The SeaGen has been granted a license for a maximum stay of instalment of 5 years. During this allocated time the SeaGen will be regularly maintained. Commissioning Stage: During this stage the SeaGen was trialled with connection with the subsystem for equipment performance Decommissioning: Decommissioning will comprise of removal of all infrastructure and the removal of the system from the grid. Based on the information obtained from Mr Fraenkel he includes that there has been a few operational difficulties as you might expect around installation, commissioning and testing of the SeaGen but al difficulties have so far been sorted out.

Fig 4.1.6.1 SeaGen Substation

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4.1.7 Maintenance:
The power units can be raised and lowered up the pile to a level which is above sea level to allow for access to maintenance.(MCT, 2011) According to Mr Fraenkel SeaGen can be maintained in a safe practice of work by providing detailed operations manual and all operational staff has to undergo specialist training courses such as safety at sea, rib driving, crane operating and VHF radio

Fig 4.1.7.1 SeaGen raised for maintenance

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4.1.8 Environmental Issues with the SeaGen:

There has not been a significant decrease in marine habitants relocating from Strangford Lough. There have been no signs of the SeaGen causing a barrier to free passage for the marine life and noise vibrations have not resulted in disturbance for the marine life.(MCT, 2010b) Also there has been no change with benthic ecology of the seafloor in Strangford Lough as a result of the SeaGen. (MCT, 2010b) Strangford Lough can also be used for recreational purposes like water activities, fishing and bird watching, but it might have been thought that all these could be affected by the presence of the SeaGen but to date there has not been any problematic situations with the SeaGen present. (MCT, 2010b) So far they have not experienced problems with shipping or vessels navigating through the Strangford Lough.

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4.2 Presentation of Findings from Questionnaire: Introduction:

In this chapter it will illustrate the findings that have been gathered from the findings the questionnaire as part of the case study undertaken in this dissertation. Presentation of findings from Questionnaire on The Public of Strangfords thought on the SeaGen

Question 1: Feeling after Strangford Lough was chosen

1.How did you feel after you heard that Strangford Lough would be used as the location of the SeaGen?

6% Happy 31% 50% Sad Angry Worried Neutral 13% 0%

Fig 4.2.1 How did you feel after you heard that Strangford Lough would be used as the location of the SeaGen?

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Question 2: Feelings for a tidal farm

2. How Do you feel about a tidal turbine farm located in Strangford Lough?
9

3 2 1 1

Strongly Agree

Agree

Neutral

Disagree

Strongly Disagree

Fig 4.2.2 How would you feel about a Tidal Turbine farm located in Strangford Lough?

Question 3: Consideration for marine life, birds, ground conditions, shipping, recreational
3. Would you ever have considered that the SeaGen could have affected Marine Life, birds, ground conditions, shipping/vessels, or recreational users before it was installed?

38% Yes No 62%

Fig 4.2.3Would you ever have considered that the SeaGen could have affected Marine life, birds, ground conditions, shipping/ vessels or recreational users before it was installed?

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Question 4: Impact on scenery

4. Do you think the SeaGen has a significant effect of the scenery of the Lough? 1= no significant impact, 5= has a very significant impact
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Fig 4.2.4 Do you think the SeaGen has a significant effect of the scenery of the Lough?

Question 5: Effect on local economy

5. Do you think the SeaGen has had an effect on the local economy of the area during the construction stages and the maintenance stages of the project?

50%

50% Yes it had an effect No Change to the economy

Fig 4.2.5 Do you think the SeaGen has had an effect on the local economy of the area during construction stages and maintenance stages of the project?

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Question 6: Recreation on the lough

6. Has the SeaGen had any restrictions on recreationial use of the Lough?
Yes No

100%

Fig 4.2.6 Has the SeaGen had any restrictions on recreational use of the Lough?

Question 7: Tourism
7. Do you think toursim has increased since the installation of the SeaGen?

6% 31% Yes it has Slightly Changed 63% No it hasnt Changed

Fig 4.2.7 Do you think Tourism has increased since the installation of the SeaGen?

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Question 8: Renewable energy

8. Do you think the use of rewnewable energy is the way forward for electricity generation?

Yes No 100%

Fig 4.2.8 Do you think the use of renewable energy is the way forward for electricity generation?

Question 9: Awareness of tidal energy

9. Where you aware of tidal energy before the installation of the SeaGen?
7 6 6 5 4 4 3 2 1 0 Yes No Vaguely 6

Fig 4.2.9 Where you aware of tidal energy before the installation of the SeaGen?

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Question 10: Becoming environmentally friendly

10. Since the Installation of the SeaGen do you think as a person you are trying to become more environmentally friendly?

19% Yes 19% 62% No Always tried to be environmentally friendly

Fig 4.2.10Since the Installation of the SeaGen do you think as a person you are trying to become more environmentally friendly?

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4.3 Discussion of Results: Introduction:

This section of the dissertation will discuss the questionnaire on the peoples views of the SeaGen as part of the case study.

Question 1: Feeling after Strangford Lough was chosen

From the data gathered in this question it is clear the general consensus of the area were happy (50%) to see that the location of the SeaGen would be located here. People responded to their reason with reasons like they believed that renewable energy is very important, it will be producing energy without the reliance of fossil fuels and it could also attract tourism to the area. The other respondents (13%) of whom were angry and (31%) who were worried about the SeaGen felt this way because they believed it would spoil the natural scenery of the lough and could cause restriction for recreational users and navigational purposes.

Question 2: Feelings for a tidal farm

From this (9 of 16) would have agreed with the idea of a tidal farm located here. They thought that the ideal of this concept would be great because the use of natural resources at Strangford Lough could benefit in the reduction of fossil fuel consumption. The people who disagreed with the idea of a tidal farm thought that the possibility could turn visitors away from the area who like to use it for its recreational facilities and that a farm could affect marine animals.

Question 3: Consideration for marine life, birds, ground conditions, shipping, recreational
From the responses of this question (62%) of them thought that yes the SeaGen would have an effect on the following scenarios set out in the question, where the other (38%) believed that it couldnt have an effect on the scenarios set out.

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Question 4: Impact on the Scenery

From the results gathered from this question (7 out of the 16) scored it a 2 on the scale and thought there was no major impact on the scenery where only one of the respondents believed it was a 5 and had a significant impact on the scenery. Interpreting this different people have different feelings about the SeaGen regarding impact it has on their surrounding areas, some people like leaving the natural features of the land to be the way are and not interfering with them.

Question 5: Effect on local economy

Looking at these results (50%) of the people believed that construction and maintenance had increased the economy of the area and (50%) believed that there was no change to the economy of the area.

Question 6: Restrictions on the lough

(100%) of respondents felt the SeaGen had no restrictions on recreational use of the lough where it is currently located. But speaking to one of the respondents they felt during regatta races in the lough during the summer extra safety has to be taken into account for the users of the lough as it becomes congested with the amount of users in the lough.

Question 7: Tourism
From the respondents results only (6%) of them believed that tourism has increased, while (31%) thought there has been no increase in tourism.

Question 8: Renewable Energy

(100%) of respondents of this question believed that renewable energy is the way forward for electricity generation, so peoples thoughts are positive on trying to reduce where possible the use of fossil fuels and reduction of greenhouse gases.

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Question 9: Awareness of Tidal Energy

There were also mixed responses from the respondents on this question (6 of 16) knew what tidal energy is and (6 of 16) vaguely knew of tidal energy, these numbers show a good knowledge of the people on their awareness of tidal energy who were aware of tidal energy before the installation of the SeaGen in 2008 especially as it still a growing and developing technology..

Question 10: Becoming Environmentally Friendly

From the respondents responses (19%) of people stated that since the installation of the SeaGen that they tried to be more environmentally friendly, while (62%) of respondents tried always to be environmentally friendly, following on from this question the author asked how do these people try to become more environmentally friendly. Some of the responses that were received were that people are trying to recycle, segregating rubbish, and the re-use of plastic bags. Some people have tended to use renewable technologies like solar panels and other methods like increasing insulation in areas of their home and also wood pellet boilers for central heating. Other people have tended to drive and drive less where possible.

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Chapter Five: Research Findings 5.1 Research Objective One: Establish what tidal energy is and how it is generated
From the literature the author found that tidal energy is formed from the movements of the tide coming in and out. This happens as a result of the gravitational interaction between the earth, moon and the sun. From this the tide rises and lowers itself in height. In the literature review, the different types of tidal energy were mentioned. These methods are tidal stream generators and tidal barrages. From the questionnaire that was sent out, Quantitative shows that (37.5%) were aware of tidal energy before the installation of the SeaGen. In this dissertation the focus was on the method of tidal stream generators also known as tidal turbines. From this it was found these tidal turbines can be categorized into four different types: Horizontal Vertical Oscillating Venturi During the Interview with Nick Murphy be commented that axial devices tend to be more efficient than vertical devices or oscillating devices. if you have an axial flow device, you are going to have off axis flow hitting your turbine at times, and you have to design for that Vertical devices have a benefit that they can operate optimally in whatever direction the tide is coming from a machine is to survive in the marine environment and function and operate in this environment is has to be simple and robust. So their approach hasnt got complicated parts they deal with these problems with an aspect of simplicity and from this it will eventually give a cheaper cost of energy than some of our competitors. 51 | P a g e

During the interview Nick Murphy emphasised the point that simplicity equal cost.

5.2 Research Objective 2: To look at the concept of how tidal energy is brought from a design stage right through until its operational stage.
The site of which the turbine will be placed will depend on the following criteria: Tidal velocity Bathymetry Electrical gird connection During the interview with Nick Murphy from OpenHydro he commented that a prototype machine would first be placed in the area where the client wishes to put the tidal in so that they want to prove to their own investors, shareholders, own governments, this whole concept works. we set up a joint venture to develop a project together so we both put 50% of the cash into the joint venture vehicle, 50% stakeholder would be OpenHydro and 50% stakeholder would be Bord Gais lets say. That company is set up purely to develop that project so we spend money on the studies you need to do, investigation you need to do, submitting a planning application, and when the whole thing is done, we then set out of that joint venture and sell turbines to the utility company and install them on their behalf. Well at the moment we still build the machine by hand were trying to move away from that and move towards a more assembled device, so you can see components like the coils which we would of originally built in house we now outsource those coils and they arrive in ready to be fitted to the machine and just be bolted on. So thats what we are moving towards

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It was found that in the literature review that tidal energy developers can send their devices away to get tested at EMEC. EMEC offer the following services to developers: Assessment on conversion capabilities, structural performance and survivability out at sea Assistance with grid connection Assistance with regulation issues Well EMEC is a designated test centre, for this kind of thing, so what they do is, we pay a fee to be at EMEC and test our equipment at EMEC, but what EMEC give in return is that they can independently accredit our technology. So our customers can go to EMEC and ask them what do they think of the OpenHydro turbine and they can give them a realistic answer and show them with backup information, but only the information they will show will be treated with confidentially everything we ask them to.

5.3 Research Objective 3: Investigate the impact tidal energy has on the environment
From the literature review it was found out that tidal energy can have an effect on the environment in a number of ways like: Geology Seabed Contamination and Water Quality Benthic Ecology Fish, Marine Life, Birds Recreational users and tourism In the interview with Mr, Fraenkel for the case study of the SeaGen he stated that on the affects it might have on social/ recreational/ tourism You can buy picture postcard of SeaGen in the shops in Portaferry and Strangford so this may suggest something. He also commented on marine life, benthic ecology and birds that The environmental monitoring programme has found no measurable negative impact so far.

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On shipping and vessels So far we have experienced no problems as such with ships or vessels trying to pass through the Strangford Narrows.

With OpenHydro with their concept they design to eliminate some these problems during the interview Nick Murphy remarked that We deploy our turbines on the seabed so we avoid any sort of navigational risk, recreational users can sail straight over We think that the affect we have is negligible, if not harming, we had testing to date at Orkney since 2006 and we recorded every second of testing with an underwater camera We havent seen any fish or marine life passing through the turbine and harmed

From the questionnaire of the SeaGen, quantitative data showed that (100%) of respondents thought there was no restrictions for recreational users of the lough and (62%) of people thought that yes the SeaGen could have an effect on the environment.

5.4 Research Objective 4: Investigate the future development of tidal energy

From the literature review it was found that the benefit that ocean energy could have on Ireland that it could lead to an economic growth.

From the interview with Nick Murphy of OpenHydro he believed that OpenHydro could offer jobs locally to people and provide the people of Ireland cleaner electricity.

In the literature review SQW Energy projected that by 2030 Ireland could produce a net present value of 9 Billion and create thousands of jobs. From the literature review it was found that the levels of subsidies are not suffice to aid development, Nick Murphy of OpenHydro remarked that feed in tariffs, which can enable the thing to move forward, I think the Irish government is taking the right approach but could possibly do more.

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So the feed in tariff is you get a guaranteed cost of energy for your electricity, I forget what it is now today, but they say to you if you generate power from a renewable resource from marine energy, we will give you a guaranteed price of energy of X, so that is set, so that means your project financers can see that, and say oh right I can make a return on my investment here, its high risk because it is a new technology

Also on the future of Tidal Energy he remarked that: Some very good potential sites for tidal particularly off the north east Antrim coast 5years we want to be demonstrating small scale demo projects In 10 years I believe we will be achieving sort of medium scale to the 10-20MW projects 20years we will be fully commercial to 100MW arrays plus running I hate to put a number on it but realistically could have something between 400500GW of power in Ireland. Thats the potential of Ireland. for tidal energy there is a few GW capacity around the coast of Ireland, majority of which is located in the Antrim coast, to put a number on it Id say about 1GW off Antrim coast then another 1GW spread around the coast of Ireland Well as I said before we have this project going on with Bord Gais, the development programme is probably about 3-4years so Id say within 3-4 years we will be installing turbines in Irish waters. Ireland has set out a target of 500MW of renewable ocean energy by 2020 and 40% of all its electricity will be from renewable sources. the ultimate goal here is to have a machine you can have set up a manufacturing facility wherever it may be, lets say Canada and we would ship in components from

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all over the world to this assembly location, the turbine would then be assembled at that location, that what we are moving towards, but we have some way to go, with the bigger components.

5.5 Other Research Findings:

Other research findings included the different types of foundations. The different types of foundation are monopile, gravity base and tripod structure.

The author has also found out about how certain devices were assembled and how this process occurs. For maintenance on their subsea base they we will go pick up the entire unit up bring it back to shore usually with a barge similar to the one we deployed with, pick up the entire unit up, disconnect the cable, bring the subsea base and barge back to shore, extract the turbine and replace with a new turbine, and re-install it and plug into the same cable, we just flip out the turbine each time.

Other findings were on the policy, legislation and regulations in Ireland. The government are committed to adhere to their strategies. Planning permission is to be sought through the Department of Environment and that a lease or consent must be obtained from the Minister for Environment, Heritage and Local Government. I think they need to get a coherent policy in place in terms of the planning permission route , I understand its a bit complicated and they have taken oil/gas legalisation to make it fit for tidal and wave apparently it doesnt work, its too clunky in terms of legislation, there is no clear path to getting consent.

Chapter Six: Analysis of Findings:

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6.1 Research objective 1: Establish what tidal energy is and how it is generated
Tidal movements occur as a result of the gravitational interaction between the sun, moon and the earth. A question jumps to mind whether climate change conditions could affect the tides and how maybe the use of tidal energy for future could be affected. With looking at the different types of tidal turbines, from the literature review, the interview with Nick Murphy of OpenHydro and the interview of Mr Fraenkel they all agree that horizontal axial flow turbine are more efficient, but from the approach OpenHydro take on turbines, they believe the key is in simplicity and not having complicated components. There method might not have the same efficiencies as other horizontal axis devices but they believe because of simplicity it will create a cheaper cost of energy because of the less capital costs on these complicated parts and maintenance of the parts. With other horizontal axial devices off axis flow can hit the turbine at times, so this implies that more loading will be applied the device so this incurs bigger costs and stronger foundations. OpenHydro believed that simplicity is the key, because they dont have complicated parts like the pitch rotors and the automated crossbeam like the SeaGen. When maintenance happens it would have extreme costs. A conversation was had with a local of Strangford and they commented that the SeaGen seems to never be operating that it is always raised for days at a time being maintained. From the literature review it stated that the use of vertical axis turbines have the advantage of generating power from any direction. This advantage was agreed with by Nick Murphy of OpenHydro. Also from the literature review it commented that these can be more efficient than horizontal axis turbines in low ground conditions. Working in shallower ground conditions decreases the price of installation and maintenance costs.

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6.2 Research Objective 2: To look at the concept of how tidal energy is brought from a design stage right through until its operational stage.
A tidal device will be designed and manufactured fit for the location it will be put into. The design of the device should have the capability of surviving in the environment it will be deployed in. Tidal devices cant just be placed anywhere in the ocean, extensive tests and research has to be carried out to determine these locations. They should be put in places of fast flowing tides, where the water is at a correct and depth and where the seabed conditions are reliable and also how close the turbine will to be to an electrical grid connection. The OpenHydro approach would have an advantage where they dont require the full investment in developing a turbine. They would set up a joint venture company with a utility where each company would invest 50% of the capital. These two companies would work together, which the author believes will create a stronger relationship between the companies to design and manufacture a turbine which both parties are acceptable with. The joint venture agreement will then be separated and the tidal energy company will then sell and install turbines to the utility company. The author believes this can eliminate risk for both parties, where working collaboratively can ensure an efficient end product. There is also the route where companies design and manufacture turbines as prototype machines, where these can get sent off to testing facilities where they can get accredited to prove that this concept works to prove to the client that this machine is a reliable device. The author thinks this route can be beneficial for companies still at early development stages, as testing of the turbines can prove whether or not they are reliable in the harshest of conditions. With regards to building these devices, the Openhydro approach they still build their devices in house. They are looking for a more assembled approach, where components come in already made and all they have to do it is assembled them. In the future these devices will be made in high numbers and to improve manufacturing 58 | P a g e

times, outsourcing components for other companies to manufacture will improve those times leading to a higher turnout of the turbines in the same period of time where it might take to manufacture one turbine.

6.3 Research Objective 3: Investigate the impact tidal energy has on the environment
Tidal energy is a clean source of energy and should be vastly used as the amount of resource available to the world is phenomenal, but with this could cause effects on the environment. If an array of tidal turbines were to be placed onto a site, could this could have an effect on marine life in that a cluster of devices could cause restrictions in that area? So far to date there hasnt been tidal farms in place, and we can only take the results that have been come to by one tidal turbine in an area. When conducting the case study, there had been investigations that out to determine whether the SeaGen had an effect on the environment and through the environmental monitoring programme there had no impact on marine life so far. The same applies with the OpenHydro turbine when they tested theirs in the EMEC they had recorded every second it was under water and they didnt find one marine animal being harmed by the presence of their turbine. The open centre turbine allows for passage of animals to go through it without restriction. With (100%) of respondents of the questionnaire answering that there was no restriction on recreational use of the lough, it can be clearly agreed then that there would be no restrictions on recreational users. Of all the data gathered both primarily and secondarily it shows that with the presence of SeaGen and Openhydro turbines there has been no significant impact on the environment with their presence to date.

6.4 Research Objective 4: Investigate the Future Development of Tidal Energy

The future of tidal energy is looking very positive, with the start-up of an Ocean Energy Development Unit (OEDU) as well with the Offshore Renewable Energy Development Plan (OREDP) being published.

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The benefit that Ireland could gain is economic growth which will create jobs in an engineering and manufacturing sector, with the current location OpenHydro manufacture their turbines, the area is not known to be an area with loads of manufacturing practices and from this it has provided many jobs from people from the local communities. With the introduction of the feed in tariffs it can allow investors and shareholders to actually see what paybacks they could receive from their investments, and also to see if there is any risk involved in the project they are carrying out. The feed in tariffs were introduced by the government and it just shows how they are placing incentives to the people to encourage the use of renewable technologies. The feed in tariff is that you get a guaranteed price of energy for your electricity. The feed in tariff for ocean energy is 220 per MWh. In the interview with Nick Murphy of OpenHydro he commented that Ireland has some very good potential sites for tidal energy. The area where developers seem to have their eye on for sites is in the coasts of Antrim where they see the best potential for tidal energy, but could this cause conflict between developers to determine who gets certain areas and problems with interference, all these questions will have to be asked and answered when the time arises for development of these potential sites. As both OpenHydro and Marine Current Turbines are looking at the prospect of deploying turbines here. OpenHydro believe they will be deploying turbines in Ireland in the next 3-4 years where they think there is about 1GW off the Antrim coast and about another 1GW spread around the coast of Ireland of energy that can be produced. OpenHydro are looking at making there turbine a more assembled component so this can improve productivity. Where ever in the world they can turbines being installed, they could set up a facility to assemble these components that will be shipped from around the world. This goal will minimise travelling times if a completed turbine was to be shipped from one end of the globe to the other.

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6.5 Analysis on Other Research Findings:

With the different types of foundations that can be used the author believes that the use of monopiles are very expensive but also think they look out of place whereas if fully submerged turbines were used, this concept is totally invincible and people wouldnt even think that they were even there. The OpenhHydro approach on the maintenance of tidal turbines is that the entire device is picked up off the seabed and brought back to the land where they will extract the turbine and place a new turbine in its place. OpenHydro call this their hot swap mentality. This here minimises down time between operations, and the extracted turbine will be refurbished and when there is need for another swap it will take the place of the turbine coming off the seabed floor. This operation could take one day to complete. With the SeaGen they must raise the crossbeam and all operations seize until maintenance is complete which could take days to finish. Also speaking with a local of Strangford they commented that it seems to be never operating, it is always raised for maintenance. With regards the planning regulations it seems a very complicated route where to obtain permission, one needs to apply for a planning application and also apply for a lease or a consent to place such device on state owned foreshore, these are the regulatory requirements in Ireland and according to Nick Murphy of OpenHydro he believes there is no coherent route and they have tried to take oil/gas legalisation to fit this purpose.

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Chapter Seven: Conclusions and Recommendations 7.1 The Dissertation Aim:

An investigation into tidal energy technology and its future

7.2 Research Objectives: 7.2.1 Research Objectives One: Establish what tidal energy is and how it is generated
The objective was met through the literature review; there were vast amounts of information about the different types of tidal turbines to give a synopsis of how these operate and how tidal energy is generated. The literature review also described how the earth, sun and moon interact to cause changes in the tides to allow for tidal energy. The primary research from the OpenHydro interview gave great beneficial information in how they turbines operate and the whole process behind them. From the authors knowledge of tidal turbines to date, horizontal axis turbines seem to be the most advantageous turbine in operation, the author believes that the OpenHydro approach is the best of these technologies where OpenHydro emphasize that simplicity equals cost and therefore can produce a more cost effective energy.

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7.2.2 Research Objective Two: To look at the concept of how tidal energy is brought from a design stage right through until its operational stage.
There was not much relevant information on this from secondary sources, so the only way the author could manage this was through primary sources, when deciding on this goal the author wanted to create a story for the audience to follow in how a the client first walks into the door of the tidal energy company and the processes that occur to achieve deployment of a turbine in the sea, this objective was met through the interview with OpenHydro. From the literature review there was information from the aspect of the EMEC and their testing facilities and what they can offer to both a client and a developer. The way partnerships are creating through joint venture agreements the author believes that this create a better end product as both parties are working to create their desired end product. The author feels this is a lengthy process from design to operation as with the interview with OpenHydro they have a project going with Bord Gais and it wont be until 3-4 years where these turbines will be operational in Irish waters.

7.2.3 Research Objective Three: Investigate the impact tidal energy has on the environment
This objective was reached by use of the literature review, the literature review told us what affects it could have on the environment, while with primary research the look at specific tidal energy sites told the audience the effects if did have on the environment, this is how this objective was obtained. From the technologies looked at in this dissertation, the use of tidal energy doesnt have seemed to have affected the environment in any way at all. Future consideration will have to be given when commercialisation of turbines happens when tidal farms will be spread out over the world and could these have an effect on the environment.

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7.2.4 Objective Four: Investigate the Future Development of Tidal Energy

This objective was looked upon by seeking what the governments intentions were for the future and what strategies they had in place to ensure future development. Grants and subsidies are available for companies to avail of to aid research and development. There has been the OEDU set up to help develop and support companies. The government set out a target of 500MW of renewable ocean energy by 2020. The research carried out did not indicate how far Ireland is on making this target, but data from the interview OpenHydro commented that there is massive potential for ocean energy is Ireland. From the research carried out there could be in the range of 2GW of tidal energy around the coast of Ireland with the coast of Antrim prominently containing the majority of it. Since tidal energy is a renewable source and the according to OpenHydro they believe in they will be looking at turbines at sizes of 10-20MW and a farm to be able to produce 100-200MW, this will require a number of turbines, so therefore this will require a lot of manufacturing, therefore it will increase manufacturing jobs and have an economic benefit for Ireland.

7.3 Limitations of Research:

There are definitely limitations to this research. The author can only speak on behalf of one tidal energy company and the ways in which they operate their company and what their objectives are for the future. This here does not give an overview of what every company is planning on doing for the future. Other limitations with the dissertation are the amount of data that was obtained from OpenHydro wasnt as sufficient as what was hoped. Other problematic areas were trying to obtain interviews, several requests for interviews with the Green Party, the SEAI were submitted but these organisations did not respond to the authors proposal.

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7.4 Conclusion:
The area of tidal energy is a very interesting topic the author believes and was very interested for the whole duration of the dissertation. The world is changing and the way people are also changing also, in the way we live, the way we travel, everyday activities are changing, so is the way we generate electricity. Renewable sources are being vastly tapped into in order to reduce consumption of fossil fuels and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Now tidal energy is not a concept where a homeowner can generate its own tidal power, but the potential for tidal energy is enormous around Ireland and also around the world and we should take advantage of our natural resources. The author believes there should be definitely further study into the area of tidal energy as with this undergraduate dissertation, it was only to investigate what tidal energy is. The author didnt want to try and prove any new theories or calculations, the author just wanted to tell the audience all this renewable source of energy. The author feels that there message has been put across with this dissertation.

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Introduction

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Appendix A

Appendix

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References

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