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Design Code BS 8110

ANALYSIS FOR RETAINING WALL 1. DESIGN DATA. Unit weight of soil Angle of internal friction of soil Safe bearing capacity of soil Surcharge load Co-efficient of friction Total height of retaining wall Depth of base slab below ground level Width of base slab Width of heel Thickness of stem Thickness of base slab Grade of concrete Grade of reinforcement Density of concrete Elastic modulus of concrete 2. RETAINING WALL ARRANGEMENT
+29.5

= = = = = = = = = = = = = = =

g f qb Qs m H D B C t h fcu fy gc Ec

= = = = = = = = = = = = = = =

19.0 32.0 230.0 10.0 0.39 3.80 1.2 3.0 2.40 0.40 0.45 30 420 25 2.60E+04

kN/m3 kN/m2 kN/m2 m m m m m m N/mm2 N/mm2 kN/m3 N/mm2

2.6
3.80

W1

W3

+26.9

0.20

0.40

2.40

1.2

W2

T
3.0
A B C D

22.4 kN/m2 Earth pressure

3.10 Surcharge pressure

29.7 100.73 118.5 kN/m

2

kN/m2

BASE PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION

3. CALCULATION FOR LATERAL FORCES / MOMENTS Ka Co-efficient of active earth pressure = p1 Lateral pressure due to earth = p1 p2 Lateral pressure due to surcharge =

= = = = =

0.31 Kags H 22.4 KaQs 3.10 kN/m2 kN/m2

(DBM-3.4.6.2)

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Design Code BS 8110

Horizontal force due to earth pressure Horizontal force due to surcharge Total horizontal force Moment of earth pressure about toe Moment of surcharge pressure about toe Total induced moment at base

= = = = = =

P1 P2 P M1 M2 M

= = = = = =

42.53 11.78 54.31 53.87 22.38 76.25

kN kN kN kN.m kN.m kN.m

4. RESTORING FORCES / MOMENT CALCULATION

SL.No Load due to Magnitude (kN) Dist. of CG Moment about 'T'

1 2 3 Total

W1 W2 W3 W

33.5 33.8 155.0 222.3

0.40 1.50 1.80 MR

13.4 50.6 279.1 343.1

kN.m kN.m kN.m kN.m

5. CHECK FOR SLIDING Total horizontal force = P = 54.31 WR Total vertical restoring force = = 222.29 mW R Horizontal frictional resistance = = 86.69 W HR Restoring force = = 86.69 (Passive resistance of soil above Toe slab is not considered conservatively) Factor of safety against sliding 6. CHECK FOR OVERTURNING Total induced moment at base Total restoring moment at base Factor of safety against overturning 7. CHECK FOR BEARING PRESSURE Distance of the point of application of the resultant force from "A" = W HR/P = > = = = > 1.60 1.50 76.2 343.1 4.50 1.80 MR-M
SUM (V)

kN kN kN kN

OK kN.m kN.m OK

= =

M MR

= = =

The eccentricity

B/2 B/6 e

1.20 m 1.50 0.50 = B/2 - z = 0.30 m < B/6 No Tension = 252.8 kN/m2

Gross bearing capacity of soil at fdn. Level Therefore, the extreme pressure Maximum soil pressure Minimum soil pressure 8. CHECK FOR DEFLECTION (STEM) Deflection due earth pressure Deflection due surcharge pressure Moment of Inertia for 1m wide wall

qs(gross)

= = =

f f1 f2

= = =

(W) {1 + (6e/B)} B 118.49 29.71 kN/m2 kN/m2 OK OK

= =

axmax axmax I

= = =

P1H3/15EcI P2H3/8EcI 5.3E+09 mm4

(Table-26 Reynolds Handbook)

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Design Code BS 8110

Horizontal force due to earth pressure Horizontal force due to surcharge Horizontal deflection due to P1 Horizontal deflection due to P2 Total Horizontal maximum deflection

= = = = =

P1 P2 ax1 ax2 axmax

= = = = = <

42525.8 11780.0 1.12 0.58 1.70 15.20

N N mm mm mm mm

H/250

9. CALCULATION OF DESIGN FORCES / MOMENTS 9.1 FOR VERTICAL STEM BM due to Earth pressure (p1) BM due to Surcharge pressure (p2) Total Maximum moment Total Maximum shear force 9.2 FOR HEEL SLAB Moment due soil over heel slab Moment due to Surcharge pressure Moment due to selfweight of toe slab Moment due to upward soil pressure Net moment for Heel slab Shear due to soil over heel slab Shear due to surcharge Shear due to selfweight Shear due to upward earth pressure Total design SF for Heel slab

= = = =

M1 M2 Ms Fs

= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =

53.9 22.4 76.2 P1+P2 54.3 W3 x C / 2 186.0

2

kN.m kN.m kN.m kN

= = = = = = = = = =

Mh1 Mh2 Mh3 Mh4 Mh Fh1 Fh2 Fh3 Fh4 Fh

kN.m

Qs x C /2 28.8 kN.m (C x h x gc)C/2 32.4 kN.m 153.7 kN.m Mh1+Mh2+Mh3-Mh4 93.5 W3 155.0 P2 kN.m kN

11.8 kN (C x E x gc) 27.0 kN 156.5 kN Fh1+Fh2+Fh3-Fh4 37.3 kN

10. ABSTRACT DESIGN VALUES (SERVICE) Thickness (mm) Component Stem Heel slab 400 450

Max.BM (kNm) Max.SF (kN) 76.2 93.5 54.3 37.3

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Design Code BS 8110

I. RETAININGWALL -BASESLAB - DESIGN FOR MAIN REINFORCEMENT 1. DESIGN DATA. Design service moment = Ms = 93.5 kN.m Design ultimate moment Design ultimate shear force Assumed width of slab Thickness of slab Grade of concrete Grade of reinforcement Elastic modulus of concrete Elastic modulus of reinforcement Clear cover to main reinforcement Design allowable crack width 2.0 DESIGN 2.1 DESIGN FOR FLEXURE. Effective depth k z z - Max. (As)req. (As)Prov. = Diameter Spacing Safety index 2.2 CHECK FOR SHEAR Design shear stress 0.8[Sqrt(fcu.)] 100As / bd (400/d) Therefore 400/d Design concrete shear stress = 1340 1061 v = = = = = = = = = = M V B D fcu fy Ec Es c w = = = = = = = = = = 149.6 37.3 1000.0 450.0 30 420 2.6E+04 2.0E+05 kN.m kN mm mm N/mm2 2 N/mm N/mm2 N/mm2 70 mm 0.30 mm

= = = = = = = = = = = = =

D-c-(Dia/2) 372 mm 2 M / bd fcu 0.036 d [ 0.5 +( 0.25 - k/0.9)0.5] 356 mm 353 mm M / 0.95 fy z 1061 16 150 1340 1.26 V / bv d mm2 mm mm mm2 > 1
OK

0.10 N/mm2 4.4 N/mm2 2 < 0.8[sqrt(fcu.)] & 5 N/mm = 0.360 % = 1.08 = 1.08 2 vc = 0.49 N/mm > Design shear stress. Hence no shear reinforcement required S r = = = 150 mm (As)Prov. / bd 0.0036

= = =

OK

2.3 CHECK FOR CRACK WIDTH Rebar spacing Steel ratio

= =

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Design Code BS 8110

Modular ratio

ae

= =

Es / (Ec/2) 2.0E+05 1.30E+04 15.38 0.055

ae * r X /d Depth of neutral axis Lever arm Concrete compressive stress Tensile stress on steel 2.3.1 Check stress levels Allowable comp. stress in concrete = = = = X Z fcb fs

= =

= ae*r {[(1+ (2 /ae*r)]0.5 - 1} = 0.282 = 104.9 mm = d - X/3 = 337.0 mm = 2Ms / Z b X 2 = 5.3 N/mm = Ms / Z As 2 = 207.0 N/mm = = > = = > 0.45 fcu 13.5 fcb 0.8 fy 336.0 fs (h-x) * fs (d-x) * Es 1.34E-03 bt * (h-x) * (a' - x) 3*Es * As * (d-x) 5.54E-04 E1 - Stiffening effect of concrete 7.828E-04 [(S/2)2+(c+ Dia./2)2]0.5 - Dia /2 100.2 mm 3 * Acr * Em
1+2[(Acr-Cmin.) / (h-x)]

fcb'

N/mm2
OK

Allowable tensile stress in steel

fs

'

N/mm2
OK

Elastic strain at surface

E1

= =

Stiffening effect of concrete (For bending only) Em Acr

= = = = = =

Crack width

= = <

0.200 mm Allowable crack width.

OK

2.4 DESIGN FOR DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENT Min. % of steel required (As)Prov. = = = Safety index = Astmin Diameter Spacing 754 585 = = = = = 585 12 150 754 1.29 mm /m mm mm mm2 > 1
OK
2

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Design Code BS 8110

I. RETAININGWALL -STEM - DESIGN FOR MAIN REINFORCEMENT 1.0 DESIGN DATA. Design service moment = Ms = 76.2 kN.m Design ultimate moment Design ultimate shear force Assumed width of slab Thickness of slab Grade of concrete Grade of reinforcement Elastic modulus of concrete Elastic modulus of reinforcement Clear cover to main reinforcement Design allowable crack width 2.0 DESIGN 2.1-DESIGN FOR FLEXURE Effective depth k z z - Max. (As)req. (As)Prov. = Diameter Spacing Safety index 2.2-CHECK FOR SHEAR Design shear stress 0.8[Sqrt(fcu.)] 100As / bd (400/d) Therefore 400/d Design concrete shear stress = 1340 999 v = = = = = = = = = = M V B D fcu fy Ec Es c w = = = = = = = = = = 121.9 54.3 1000.0 400.0 30 420 2.6E+04 2.0E+05 kN.m kN mm mm N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 70 mm 0.30 mm

= = = = = = = = = = = = =

D-c-(Dia/2) 322 mm M / bd2fcu 0.039 d [ 0.5 +( 0.25 - k/0.9)0.5 ] 307 mm 306 mm M / 0.95 fy z 999 16 150 1340 1.34 V / bvd mm2 mm mm mm2 > 1
OK

0.17 N/mm2 4.4 N/mm2 2 < 0.8[sqrt(fcu.)] & 5 N/mm = 0.416 % = 1.24 = 1.24 vc = 0.53 N/mm2 > Design shear stress. Hence no shear reinforcement required S r = = = 150 mm (As)Prov. / bd 0.0042

= = =

OK

2.3. CHECK FOR CRACK WIDTH Rebar spacing Steel ratio

= =

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Design Code BS 8110

Modular ratio

ae

= =

Es / (Ec/2) 2.0E+05 1.30E+04 15.38 0.064

ae * r X /d Depth of neutral axis Lever arm Concrete compressive stress Tensile stress on steel 2.3.1 Check stress levels:Allowable comp. stress in concrete = = = = X Z fcb fs

= =

= ae*r {[(1+ (2 /ae*r)]0.5 - 1} = 0.300 = 96.4 mm = d - X/3 = 289.9 mm = 2Ms / Z b X = 5.5 N/mm2 M / Z A s s = = 196.1 N/mm2 = = > = = > 0.45 fcu 13.5 fcb 0.8 fy 336.0 fs (h-x) * fs (d-x) * Es 1.32E-03 bt * (h-x) * (a' - x) 3*Es * As * (d-x) 5.08E-04 E1 - Stiffening effect of concrete 8.118E-04 [(S/2)2+(c+ Dia./2)2]0.5 - Dia /2 100.2 mm 3 * Acr * Em
1+2[(Acr-Cmin.) / (h-x)]

fcb'

N/mm2
OK

Allowable tensile stress in steel

fs

'

N/mm2
OK

Elastic strain at surface

E1

= =

Stiffening effect of concrete (For bending only) Em Acr

= = = = = =

Crack width

= = <

0.204 mm Allowable crack width.

OK

2.4. DESIGN FOR DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENT Min. % of steel required (As)Prov. = = = Safety index = Astmin Diameter Spacing 754 520 = = = = = 520 12 150 754 1.45 mm2/m mm mm mm2 > 1
OK

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Design Code BS8110

33400mm A C A New Retaining wall (Existing bund wall to be demolished)

Access stair over the existing bund PLAN Existing Bund (To be retained) D SECTION A-A 0.40 +29.5

3.80 +26.9 1.2

REINFORCEMENT DETAILS

16 12 12

@ @ @

150 150 (Both faces) 150 Earth side

12

150 (Top & Bottom)

16

@ 150 (Top & Bottom)

By: Shanti Srinivasan emailto:shanti.srinivasan@gmail.com