1. What is communication? Communication is the sending of a message from a source to a receiver. Simple definition YET comm. is never simple.

(e.g.: the misinterpretation of Japans answer to the US demand for unconditional surrender before dropping the atomic bomb) Hence: the need for clear, accurate communication. Communication an issue of symbolic interaction (the human communicator uses a series of signs that stand for objects and ideas); it means the exchange of meanings, which are encoded in language, gesture, visual signs. (Stuart Price (1996) Media Studies)

2. Enumerate the features of communication ubiquity (impossible to avoid; a central feature of human culture); continuous (there is no identifiable beginning or end to it); dwells on shared meaning (interaction entails and is a quintessential condition for communication); has predictable elements (ensures the understanding of communication partly due to the existence of expected/conventional elements that people anticipate and recognize); organized on levels (btw. two individuals/groups of individuals/mass media and its audiences); equality vs. inequality (people inhabit different social and personal positions on gender, age, ethnicity, etc. basis -> theories of power relations). (Meyers and Meyers: The Dynamics of Human Communication) 3. Communication skills (enumerate)- sl.8

4. The transactional model (explain)-sl.12

1. Sender (a.k.a. encoder): composes a message embedded with meaning from his/her world, while considering the interpretative resources the receiver has in order to decode the message. 2. Receiver: has to decode the message and give it meaning. basis: actual words + subtle cues: tone of voice, a smile, a handshake, a quick glance, ambiguous word usage, etc. 3. Channel: the means by which the information is being sent: face-to-face, email, phone, fax, text messages, advertising, group presentation, mass media, etc. choice of channel: the medium is the message (Marshall McLuhan, 1964) content is influenced by the means whereby it is conveyed. Each channel has certain requirements inherent in the medium but also implicit expectations on the part of both senders and receivers. 4. Effective message: would not be considered effective unless received in the manner in which the sender intended. The level of effectiveness depends on the overlapping areas of the worlds of the sender and receiver (see fig. 3). Conclusion: The greater the extent to which a sender and receiver share commonalities, the better the chance they have to understand one another.

5. What is feedback?-sl.16 Feedback: all the verbal and non-verbal messages sent back and forth between sender and receiver as communication proceeds.

6. How do you plan tour communication?(enumerate)-sl.22 To plan your communication: Understand your objective. Why are you communicating? Understand your audience. With whom are you communicating? What do they need to know? Plan what you want to say, and how you'll send the message. Seek feedback on how well your message was received. When you do this, you'll be able to craft a message that will be received positively by your audience. Good communicators use the KISS ("Keep It Simple and Straightforward") principle.

7. Active listening sl.27 To be a great communicator, you also need to step back, let the other person talk, and just listen. This doesn't mean that you should be passive. Listening is hard work, which is why effective listening is called active listening. Look at the person.

Pay attention to his or her body language. Avoid distractions. Nod and smile to acknowledge points.

8. In 10-15 lines writw about the development of legal language(origin of the term law; the influence of the other language latin, franch)-sl.33 Perhaps the language of lawyers is so convoluted simply because of the conservatism of the profession and its veneration of history and tradition. To some extent, legal English is indeed a product of its history. It is a story of Anglo-Saxon mercenaries, Latin-speaking missionaries, Scandinavian raiders, and Norman invaders, all of whom left their mark not only on England, but on the language of its law. Although the Anglo-Saxons seem to have had no distinct legal profession, they did develop a type of legal language, remnants of which have survived until today. Examples include words like bequeath, goods, guilt, manslaughter, murder, oath, right, sheriff, steal, swear, theft, thief, ward, witness and writ. The Anglo-Saxons used not only Old English as a legal language, but also Latin. Although Latin was introduced to England during the Roman occupation around the time of Christ, it became a major force only after the arrival of Christian missionaries in 597. Before long, Latin was the language not only of the church, but of education and learning. The association between literacy and the church became so strong that the two were almost synonymous. The terms clerk (someone who can write) and cleric or clergy (priest) derive from the same Latin term. For centuries, English courts recognized a type of immunity for the clergy; to avoid the gallows, you simply had to read a verse from the Bible (sometimes called the "neck verse"). A later influence on the language of the law was Scandinavian in origin. During the eighth century, Vikings began raiding the English coast and eventually settled down. The English borrowed from these Scandinavians the most important legal word in the English language: the word law itself. Law derives from the Norse word for "lay" and thus means "that which is laid down." 9. Enumerate the top ton of legal skills and explain 3 of them(your choice)-sl.2 While legal positions vary greatly in scope and responsibility, there are several core legal skills that are required in most legal functions. If you are considering a career in the law, it is wise to polish these top ten legal skills to excel in todays competitive legal market. Written Communication From writing simple correspondence to drafting complex legal documents, writing is an integral function of nearly every legal position. Legal professionals must: Master the stylistic and mechanical aspects of writing. Master the fundamentals of English grammar. Learn how to write organized, concise and persuasive prose. Draft effective legal documents such as motions, briefs, memorandums, resolutions and legal agreements.

Oral Communication Language is one of the most fundamental tools of the legal professional. Legal professionals must: Convey information in a clear, concise, and logical manner. Communicate persuasively. Advocate a position or a cause. Master legal terminology. Develop keen listening skills. Client Service In the client-focused legal industry, serving the client honestly, capably and responsibly is crucial to success. Legal professionals must master: Rainmaking and client development skills. Customer service skills. Client communication skills. Analytical and Logical Reasoning Legal professionals must learn to review and assimilate large volumes of complex information in an efficient and effective manner. Legal analytical and logical reasoning skills include: Reviewing complex written documents, drawing inferences and making connections among legal authorities. Developing logical thinking, organization and problem-solving abilities. Structuring and evaluating arguments. Using inductive and deductive reasoning to draw inferences and reach conclusions.

10. Define the term linguistic fingerprint-sl.19 The linguistic fingerprint is a notion put forward by some scholars that each human being uses language differently, and that this difference between people can be observed just as easily and surely as a fingerprint. According to this view, the linguistic fingerprint is the collection of markers, which stamps a speaker/writer as unique. . . . "[N]obody has yet demonstrated the existence of such a thing as a linguistic fingerprint: how then can people write about it in this unexamined, regurgitated way, as though it were a fact of forensic life? 11. What makes legal language difficult? Explain in 5 lines.-sl.26 12. Student activity sl.23 13. Characteristics of non- verbal communication