TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Metering Concepts Units of Electricity Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Power vs. Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 The Right Triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Impedance Triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Power Triangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 How to Read a Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Estimating the Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Solid State Meters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Remote Meter Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Trigonometric Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Power Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Full Load Current Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Meter Base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Meter Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Meter Sockets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Circuit-Closing Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Backfeed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Meter Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Meter Voltage, Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Current Transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Voltage Transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 CTs with VTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Safety Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Form Designation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Distribution Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
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Chapter 2 Meter Connection Diagrams About the Connection Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Guide to Meter Connection Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Chapter 3 Installing Meters Overhead Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Overhead Service, Surface-Mount Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Overhead Service, Meter Pole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Underground Service, Surface-Mount Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Installation For an Apartment Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Installation For an Office Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Clearances Around the Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Service Voltages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Services Metered by Direct-Connect Meters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Services Metered Using Current Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Meter Installation Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Meter Socket Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
CHAPTER
1
METERING CONCEPTS
POWER VS. ENERGY Power Instantaneous rate at which work is done. 1 watt = the power expended when 1 ampere flows through 1 ohm. Measured by: watt meter. (Comparable to a speedometer.)
Energy Average rate at which work is done multiplied by how long the power has been consumed. 1 watthour = the energy expended in one hour when the power is 1 watt. Measured by: watthour meter. (Comparable to an odometer.)
22
METER BASE
Meters can be connected to the circuit directly, or through a socket. On A-base meters, also called bottom-connected meters, the connections are made at a terminal strip across the bottom of the meter. On socket meters, also called S-base meters, the circuit is wired to the socket. The meter connections are made via short blades on the back side of the meter which insert into matching jaws in the socket.
A-base meter
METER SEQUENCE
Line
Load
This meter-switch-fuse sequence is preferred because it establishes a clear dividing line between utility and customer equipment. Notice that the meter is installed on live wires, and is not protected by the customer's fuses or switches.
Metering Concepts
23
METER SOCKETS
Meter sockets come in six configurations. The services used with each type are shown here. Socket Voltage Current Comment
For single-phase circuits: 120/240V, 3-wire Up to 200 amps Direct-connect socket Direct-connect socket Direct-connect 320A socket With CTs
120/208V, 3-wire
Up to 200 amps
120/240V, 3-wire
201-320 amps
120/240V, 3-wire
For three-phase circuits: 120/208V, 4-wire 120/240V, 4-wire 277/480V, 4-wire 120/208V, 4-wire 120/240V, 4-wire 277/480V, 4-wire Up to 200 amps Direct-connect socket With CTs
Metering Concepts
29
SAFETY TIPS
Measure for hazardous voltage before installing a jumper between
any two points. When conditions present hazards, do not work alone. When servicing or adjusting meters, have a partner nearby in case assistance is needed. If a meter falls, do not attempt to catch it. Trying to catch a glasscovered meter can result in cuts to hands or arms. When working with current transformers and voltage transformers: Do not open the secondary circuit of a CT if current may be flowing in the primary. The voltage across the secondary will increase rapidly toward infinity, risking serious personal injury, and the CT might explode. Do not short the secondary circuit of a VT. The resulting electric flash can cause serious injury. Wire to ground, the proper secondary terminals of CTs and VTs. Wear gloves and eye protection, goggles, or a face shield when setting or removing a meter. Keep co-workers clear. Do not use an air hose to clean clothing, hair, hands, or areas of the shop. Keep work areas neat and tidy. Use tongs, not fingers, to dip parts in cleaning fluids. When conducting high-potential (high-pot) tests on insulation: One person per test set; all others stand clear. Wear 10 kV rubber gloves. Use one hand only to avoid a possible electrical path through your heart. Above all, follow all your companys established operating and safety procedures.
37
Single-Phase Three-Wire
1 N 2 120 volts line-to-neutral 240 volts line-to-line
Form 2S
2 Line N 1 Neutral
2 Load N 1
53
Form 8S
240 volts: 1 to 2, 2 to 3, 3 to 1 120 volts: 1 to neutral, 2 to neutral 208 volts: 3 to neutral Meter Internal Wiring Front View
1 2 Line 3 N Neutral
1 2 Load 3 N
Connect the 208V wild leg as shown. The other two lines can be connected either as shown here, or swapped.
Y K
Use the CT ratio as the transformer factor in determining the meter multiplier.
72
Form 16A
208 volts line-to-line 120 volts line-to-neutral or 480 volts line-to-line 277 volts line-to-neutral
K Y Z
1 2 Line 3 N Neutral
1 2 Load 3 N
76
Line
60 - 90
2 in. x 6 in. installed solidly between rafters and against roof sheathing 5/16 in. U-bolts 2 in. min. rigid conduit Surface-mounted meter socket
Guy attachment
2 in. x 6 in. installed solidly between studs and against rough siding with U-bolts 2 ft apart min. Interior finish Stud
Line
Load
88
Single-Phase, Three-Wire
For 240/480V services, double the voltage readings in these checks.
A 120 V N 240 V 120 V B
Line
Check 1. Line-side voltage A to B = 240 volts A to Neutral = 120 volts B to Neutral = 120 volts
B
A N a
Load
Voltage reading other than 0 indicates a fault from a to N, or b to N. Do not set meter until condition is corrected.
A to a = 0 volts
A N a b B
Voltage reading other than 0 indicates a fault from a to b. Do not set meter until condition is corrected.
Remove jumper.
Load