Multiuser Scheduling for MIMO-OFDM Systems

with Continuous-Rate Adaptive Modulation

Mohammad Torabi Wessam Ajib David Haccoun
Dept. of Electrical Engineering Dept. of Computer Science Dept. of Electrical Engineering

Ecole Polytechnique de Montr eal Universit e du Queb ec a Montr eal

Ecole Polytechnique de Montr eal
Montr eal, QC, Canada Montr eal, QC, Canada Montr eal, QC, Canada
AbstractIn this paper, we present a multiuser scheduling
technique for MIMO-OFDM system over multipath frequency-
selective fading channels to exploit the multiuser, space and
frequency diversities. A continuous-rate adaptive modulation
is employed to increase the spectral efciency of the system.
A proportional fair scheduler is also considered to maintain
the fairness among the users while exploiting the multiuser
diversity. We also use a scheme to reduce the required feedback
channel information. Using mathematical analysis and numerical
simulations, the signicant advantages of the proposed scheme
have been shown. It is also shown that when the number of active
users is moderately high and is above 30, even 10% feedback load
is sufcient to get the benets of the proposed scheme.
I. INTRODUCTION
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has
been considered as a promising technique for the application in
the future broadband wireless communications. It is considered
in many existing systems and standards such as IEEE802.11
wireless local area networks, IEEE802.16 (WiMax), and a
candidate in ultra-wideband (UWB) standard. On the other
hand, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology has
been recognized as a key approach for improving the system
performance and the channel capacity of wireless communi-
cation systems. In particular, MIMO-OFDM system has been
considered as an attractive solution for broadband wireless
communications [1]. Since OFDM converts the frequency-
selective fading channel into several parallel at-fading sub-
channels, it allows to implement the MIMO-related algorithms
on each subcarrier. OFDM can facilitate the adaptive modu-
lation which can increase both the system performance and
the throughput [2]. A signicant advantage of MIMO-OFDM
systems is that they allow a rate and power allocation (adaptive
modulation) and dynamic resource allocation to the system.
In the multiuser (MU) transmission scenario, the MU-
MIMO-OFDM system is capable of exploiting the frequency,
space and users diversities. An important issue in these
systems is the user scheduling that is the allocation of the
OFDM subcarriers among the users. In multiuser MIMO-
OFDM, users can share the OFDM symbols by employing
a subcarrier of an OFDM symbol. Both xed and dynamic
resource allocation can be considered. A xed resource al-
location such as time division multiple access (TDMA) or
frequency division multiple access (FDMA), will assign a
time-slot or a frequency-slot (OFDM subcarrier) to each user,
regardless of the channel condition. Considering the channel
state information, a dynamic resource allocation scheme that
allocates time or frequency slots to the users adaptively
may provide a higher spectral efciency and a better system
performance. To do this, two types of optimal techniques for
dynamic resource allocation known as rate adaptive (RA) and
margin adaptive (MA) schemes have been considered [3], [4].
Although, the issue of rate-adaptive modulation with mul-
tiuser scheduling has been studied in the past, especially
for single-input single-output (SISO) systems, most of the
work was focus on at-fading channels [5], [6]. However, for
frequency-selective fading channels, adaptive modulation in
MU-MIMO-OFDM has attracted research interests and con-
tinues to be an open research area. In this case, transmission
power and rate (modulation modes) along with user allocation
can be adapted for every subcarrier. Most of the related
work which has been done for variable-rate and variable-
power allocation in these systems introduces a high system
complexity, specially with using the well-known water-lling
technique [7][11]. For the conventional OFDM systems, it is
shown that the optimum power adaptation provides a small
spectral efciency gain in the order of 1 dB compared to
the constant-power variable-rate system [12]. Therefore, it is
recommended to use a constant-power spectrum in order to
save computational complexity in the adaptive modulation.
In this paper, we present a continuous-rate adaptive mod-
ulation for increasing the spectral efciency of the MU-
MIMO-OFDM systems with the constraint on maintaining a
pre-dened target bit error rate (BER). Our objective is to
apply the rate-adaptive modulation strategy to the MU-MIMO-
OFDM system and to study the resulting improvement in the
system performance. We also study the effects of number
of users, and number of receive antennas on the system
performance. Although the scheme is general, but we consider
the popular orthogonal space-frequency block coded OFDM
(OSFBC-OFDM) where the orthogonal structure leads to a
low-complexity receiver. The contribution of this paper can be
divided in three points. First, we derive the expressions for the
probability density function (PDF) and cumulative distribution
function (CDF) of the signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) for each
OFDM subchannel for user scheduling for a MIMO channel.
Second, we express the PDF and the CDF for the SNR-
based user scheduling scheme which enable us to establish a
mathematical analysis and formulation for the average spectral
1525-3511/08/$25.00 2008 IEEE
This full text paper was peer reviewed at the direction of IEEE Communications Society subject matter experts for publication in the WCNC 2008 proceedings.
946
Fig. 1. Down-link multiuser diversity with MIMO-OFDM scheduling.
efciency and the average capacity of the system under study.
We consider two scenarios: full-feedback and limited-feedback
of the channel information to the transmitter. Finally, we
study the continuous-rate adaptive algorithm using spectral
efciency and average capacity analysis. We also consider
proportional fair scheduling to maintain the fairness among
the users while exploiting the multiuser diversity. Numerical
results are also provided showing the signicant advantages
of the proposed scheme.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section II
presents the MU-MIMO-OFDM system model and the used
assumptions. The PDF and CDF expressions for the user
scheduling scheme in the multiuser OSFBC-OFDM system
is presented in Section III. In Section IV, the proposed
continuous-rate adaptive modulation scheme is presented.
Then a proportional fair scheduling (PFS) technique is pre-
sented for the system under study. Both average spectral
efciency and average capacity of the proposed MU-OSFBC-
OFDM system are analytically evaluated. Numerical results
are presented in Section V. Finally, Section VI concludes this
paper.
II. SYSTEM MODEL
The system model is illustrated in Fig. 1. We consider a
multiuser MIMO-OFDM system with an orthogonal space-
frequency block coded-OFDM (OSFBC-OFDM), employing
n
T
transmit antennas at the base station, and K users, each
with n
R
receive antennas. We assume OFDM with N sub-
carriers so that the MIMO channel between the kth user and
the base station on nth subcarrier can be expressed by H[k, n]
matrix of size n
R
n
T
, with elements H
j,i
[k, n] corresponding
to the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of the h
j,i
(k, t); the
latter corresponds to the complex channel gain of the channel
response between the ith transmit and jth receive antennas.
Depending on the employed orthogonal space-time code, the
number of transmit antennas n
T
will be different. For example
in the orthogonal space-time codes G
2
, G
3
, H
3
G
4
, and H
4
,
n
T
will be 2, 3, 3, 4, and 4 respectively [13].
In every time slot, all users can have access to the N subcar-
riers of OFDM. However, each frequency slot (subcarrier) can
be dedicated to only one user (selected user). The multiuser
scheduler can select the best user based on the channel quality
of the users in each frequency-slot according to full-feedback
or limited-feedback channel information.
Similar to the expression in [14] for the received signal in
STBC, the received signal for OSFBC-OFDM after OSFBC
decoding can be written as
s[k, n] = c H[k, n]
2
F
s[k, n] + [k, n], (1)
where s[k, n] is the output signal of OSFBC decoder, s[k, n]
is the transmitted symbol, .
2
F
is the squared Frobenius
norm of a matrix, H[k, n]
2
F
=

nR
j=1

nT
i=1
|H
j,i
[k, n]|
2
,
and [k, n] is a complex Gaussian noise with distribution
N(0,
cN0
2
H[k, n]
2
F
) per dimension and c is a constant that
depends on the OSTBC. For example, for the orthogonal
space-time block codes given in [13], c = 1 for the rate 1
code G
2
and for the rate 3/4 codes H
3
, and H
4
, and c = 2 for
the rate 1/2 codes G
3
and G
4
. The total energy of the symbol
transmitted through the n
T
antennas can be normalized to n
T
and, therefore, similar to the expression in [14], we can express
the instantaneous SNR per symbol at the receiver of the kth
user as
[k, n] =

n
T
R
c
H[k, n]
2
F
, (2)
where is the average receive SNR per antenna, and R
c
is
the code rate of OSTBC.
III. PDF AND CDF EXPRESSIONS
In this section, we express the PDF and the CDF for the
SNR-based user scheduling scheme for the multiuser OSFBC-
OFDM system, which enable us to establish a mathematical
analysis and formulation for the average spectral efciency
and the average capacity of the system under study. For the
feedback channel we consider two scenarios: full-feedback and
limited-feedback of the channel information to the transmitter.
For both scenarios, we also express the PDF and the CDF for
the SNR of the best and scheduled user.
A. PDF and CDF for the OSFBC-OFDM
In the MIMO-OFDM systems, the subchannel fading, i.e.,
|H
j,i
[k, n]| can be considered as a Rayleigh at-fading, there-
fore |H
j,i
[k, n]|
2
for each user in each subchannel is a Chi-
squared distributed random variable. Since H[k, n]
2
F
is
the sum of n
T
n
R
i.i.d |H
j,i
[k, n]|
2
random variables, then
H[k, n]
2
F
is Chi-squared distributed random variable with
2n
T
n
R
degrees of freedom. We omit the index [k, n] in for
simplicity. Thus, using a change in variables, we can show
that the probability density function (PDF) and cumulative
distribution function (CDF) of the received SNR for each
subchannel of each user in OSFBC-OFDM; given in (2), can
be expressed as
f

() =
(n
T
R
c
)
nTnR
(n
T
n
R
1)!
nTnR

nTnR1
e
nTRc/
(3)
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947
F

() = 1 e
nTRc/
n
TnR1

l=0
(n
T
R
c
/)
l
l!
. (4)
B. Full feedback load Scenario
Assuming that full channel information is sent back to the
base station, the scheduler selects the best user for the nth
subcarrier such that m = arg max
k
{}. This means that the
user with the best channel SNR will be scheduled for the
transmission in that frequency-slot. Therefore, assuming that
the users SNR are i.i.d, using the theory of order statistics
[15], the PDF and CDF of the best user (with SNR
m
)
selected from K available users can be obtained from
f

m
() = K f

() [F

()]
K1
, (5)
and
F

m
() = [F

()]
K
, (6)
where f

() and F

() are dened in (3) and (4), respectively.

C. Reduced feedback load Scenario
In the full-feedback communications, all the users should
send their channel SNR to the base station. Although, the base
station only requires a feedback from the user with the best
channel quality, but the users are not aware of the channel
condition of the other users. Therefore, for the purpose of
scheduling and resource allocation, the base station needs a
feedback from all the active users.
In order to reduce the amount of feedback load, in [5] a
scheme has been presented for the multiuser scheduling for the
SISO channels. Here we use a similar algorithm and extend it
to the MU-MIMO-OFDM system for the MIMO channels. In
this scheme, in each frequency-slot only a set of active users
whose channel SNR is greater than a pre-dened threshold
( >
th
) should feedback their channel information to the
base station, other users remain silent. If none of the users has
a SNR above the threshold (
th
), the scheduler in the base
station selects a random user. Assuming that the users SNR
are i.i.d, we can express the CDF of the selected users SNR
as
F

m
() = F

() [F

(
th
)]
K1
,
th
F

m
() =
K

k=1
_
K
k
_
[F

(
th
)]
Kk
. [F

() F

(
th
)]
k
, >
th
(7)
Therefore, the PDF f

m
() can be obtained by taking deriva-
tive of the CDF F

m
() in (9) with respect to . Then, it can
be written as
f

m
() = f

() [F

(
th
)]
K1
,
th
f

m
() =
K

k=1
_
K
k
_
k f

() [F

(
th
)]
Kk
. [F

() F

(
th
)]
k1
, >
th
(8)
where f

(.) and F

(.) are dened in (3) and (4), respectively.

D. Normalized average feedback load
The normalized average feedback load F is dened as the
ratio of the average load per time-slot over the total number
of active users K. It can be expressed in terms of the CDF as
[5]
F = 1 F

(
th
), (9)
where 0 F 1 and F = 1 corresponds to a full feedback
load. Therefore, for a given feedback load, the corresponding
SNR threshold,
th
depends on the MU-MIMO-OFDM system
settings such as the number of transmit and receive antennas.
This threshold can be obtained from

th
= F
1

(1 F), (10)
where F
1

(.) is the inverse function of the CDF given in (4)

and it can be calculated numerically.
IV. ADAPTIVE MODULATION
The general idea of adaptive modulation is to choose a
set of suitable modulation parameters based on the feedback
information regarding the full or partial channel state informa-
tion (CSI). The goal of adaptive modulation is to ensure that
the most efcient mode is always used over varying channel
conditions based on a mode selection criterion to achieve
high spectral efciency. In contrast, non-adaptive systems
with xed-mode modulation are designed for the worst-case
channel conditions, resulting in insufcient utilization of the
full channel capacity. Both variable-rate and variable-power
adaptive modulation are possible. We assume the use of
a constant-power spectrum in order to save computational
complexity and since the optimum power adaptation provides
a small spectral efciency gain in the order of 1 dB, compared
to the constant-power variable-rate system [12]. Through-
out this paper, we consider an adaptive modulation with
constant-power and adaptive-rate transmission. We consider
a continuous-rate adaptive modulation. The term continuous-
rate means that the number of bits per symbol is not restricted
to integer values.
In the following, we present the adaptive modulation and
provide a mathematical analysis for the proposed system.
Although, the analysis are general and applicable for both full-
feedback and limited-feedback scenarios, but the results will
be somehow different by considering the associated PDF and
CDF for each scenario.
A. Continuous-Rate Adaptive Modulation
The goal is to nd the number of bits/symbol ([k, n]) to
be assigned on each subcarrier, as a function of the target
BER. We use an exponential approximation for the BER in
an invertible form as a function of the [k, n] and the SNR.
It is shown that the expression for the instantaneous BER of
the nth subchannel and kth user of OSFBC-OFDM (square
M-QAM with Gray bit mapping on each subcarrier, where
M = 2
[k,n]
) over a frequency-selective fading channel can
be approximately expressed as [16]
BER[k, n] 0.2 exp
_

1.6 H[k, n]
2
F
n
T
R
c
_
2
[k,n]
1
_
_
. (11)
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948
By inverting (11), the suitable modulation scheme and the
corresponding number of bits in OSFBC-OFDM to obtain the
target BER, (BER
t
) can be calculated from
[k, n] = log
2
_
_
1 +
1.6 H[k, n]
2
F
n
T
R
c
ln
_
0.2
BERt
_
_
_
. (12)
Using (12), a continuous bit allocation can be performed on
each subcarrier and for each user. In the single user scenario,
the average modulation throughput (bits/sec/Hz) for the nth
OFDM subcarrier will be given by R(n) = E {[k, n]}, where
E {.} denotes the expectation operator. Taking the OSFBC
code rate into account, the effective average spectral efciency
(ASE) will be equal to
ASE(n) = R
c
E
_
_
_
log
2
_
_
1 +
1.6 H[k, n]
2
F
n
T
R
c
ln
_
0.2
BERt
_
_
_
_
_
_
, (13)
in terms of bits/sec/Hz.
The average spectral efciency over all the N subcarriers is
given by
ASE =
1
N
N1

n=0
ASE(n). (14)
In the multiuser scenario, and assuming that only the best user
(mth user) is allowed for the transmission at the nth frequency-
slot, the instantaneous spectral efciency can be obtained from
R[m, n] = R
c
log
2
_
_
1 +
1.6
m
ln
_
0.2
BERt
_
_
_
, (15)
where
m
= [m, n] = H[m, n]
2
F
/n
T
R
c
is the SNR of
the selected (best) user in the nth subcarrier.
Therefore, the average spectral efciency in this case will be
given by
ASE(n) = E {R[m, n]}
=
_

0
R
c
log
2
_
_
1 +
1.6
m
ln
_
0.2
BERt
_
_
_
f

m
(
m
) d
m
, (16)
where the expression of the f
m
() is given in (5) for full-
feedback and in (8) for limited-feedback scenario. Then, we
can obtain the overall average spectral efciency using (14)
which requires a numerical integration of (16).
B. Average channel capacity analysis
The channel capacity of the kth user in OSFBC-OFDM for
the nth subcarrier can be written as
C[k, n] = R
c
log
2
_
1 +

n
T
R
c
H[k, n]
2
F
_
. (17)
Therefore, the capacity achieved by the best user can be
expressed as
C[m, n] = R
c
log
2
(1 +
m
). (18)
Therefore, the average capacity will be given by
C(n) = E {C[m, n]} =
_

0
R
c
log
2
(1 +
m
) f

m
(
m
) d
m
.
(19)
Using the expression of the f

m
(
m
), (PDF of the best user)
we can simply obtain the corresponding average capacity using
numerical integration. By averaging over N subchannels, the
overall average channel capacity (AC) can be obtained from
AC =
1
N
N1

n=0
C(n). (20)
C. Proportional Fair Scheduling (PFS)
From the practical point of view, user fairness and feedback
delay are two main issues that should be considered with the
scheduling techniques. In the ideal case, when the statistics of
users are the same, the scheduling technique maximizes the
total throughput and also the throughput of individual users.
In reality, the statistics of the users are not the same.
The scheduler presented in the previous Section always
selects the user with the highest SNR and therefore the high-
est throughput at each frequency-slot. By employing power
control in the multiuser system, all users can have the same
average SNR, and therefore the maximum throughput and
fairness among the users can be maintained. However without
power control, users suffering from bad channel conditions
may starve and will not be given a chance to transmit.
This gives an unfair resource allocation among the users. To
overcome this, a proportional fair scheduling (PFS) technique
has been proposed to provide a good compromise between the
fairness and throughput [17]. PFS technique tries to schedule
a user whose ratio of instantaneous throughput R
(t)
[k, n] to
its own average throughput T
(t)
[k, n] over the past window
of length t
c
, (
R
(t)
[k,n]
T
(t)
[k,n]
) is the largest. In time-slot t, the PFS,
selects the user m with the largest value of that ratio among
all users in the system, i.e.
m = arg max
k
_
R
(t)
[k, n]
T
(t)
[k, n]
_
. (21)
The value of T
(t)
[k, n] is then updated as follows:
T
(t+1)
[k, n] =
_
_
_
_
1
1
tc
_
T
(t)
[k, n] +
1
tc
R
(t)
[k, n], k = m
_
1
1
tc
_
T
(t)
[k, n], k = m
(22)
By adjusting t
c
, the desired tradeoff between fairness and
throughput can be achieved. In general, higher value of t
c
,
provides larger total throughput and more unfairness among
the users.
We consider R
(t)
[k, n]=R
c
log
2
_
1 +
1.6 H
(t)
[k,n]
2
F
nTRc ln(
0.2
BER
t
)
_
for
the analysis of average spectral efciency and R
(t)
[k, n] =
R
c
log
2
_
1 +

nT Rc
H
(t)
[k, n]
2
F
_
for channel capacity anal-
ysis with PFS.
This full text paper was peer reviewed at the direction of IEEE Communications Society subject matter experts for publication in the WCNC 2008 proceedings.
949
V. SIMULATION AND NUMERICAL RESULTS
In this section, we provide the results obtained from the
Monte Carlo simulation and from the mathematical expres-
sions for the multiuser MIMO-OFDM system with user
scheduling over a frequency-selective fading channel. We as-
sume an OFDM with N=64 subcarriers, where the subchannel
gains are independent identically distributed for each user.
Fig. 2 shows the average spectral efciency of OSFBC-
OFDM system in terms of average SNR, using code G
2
with
two transmit and one receive antennas in a multiuser case.
Multiuser scheduler simply assign the resource to a user with
highest instantaneous SNR that satises a target BER of 10
4
.
The user having the highest SNR will be scheduled for the
transmission, then based on its SNR, a suitable bit allocation
will be made. The rst set of curves is provided by calculating
the ASE form (13) with selection of the best user with the
highest SNR from K active users and then averaging over
several realizations of MIMO channel. The second set of
curves is obtained from the expression in (16). As can be seen
simulation results are matched with the results obtained from
the formula. It can be observed that increasing the number of
available users improves the average spectral efciency.
Fig. 3 shows the average spectral efciency in terms of num-
ber of users for the average SNR of 10 dB for the same system
explained for Fig. 2. We assume different number of receive
antennas n
R
and a target BER of 10
5
. As can be observed
by increasing either the number of receive antennas or the
number of users, average spectral efciency will be increased.
In order to provide more fairness in the user scheduling, we
have also used the PFS technique with the latency scale of
t
c
= 50. As can be observed, providing fairness with PFS
decreases slightly the average spectral efciency.
Fig. 4 shows the average channel capacity of the system
under study with two transmit antennas and a multiuser
scheduling for the average SNR of 10 dB. The results have
been obtained from the expression in (8) for the various MIMO
cases. It is shown that the average capacity can be increased by
increasing either the number of receive antennas or the number
of active users. This also shows that the diversities in space and
user can be utilized at the same time. The simulation results are
also provided for the case when PFS technique (with t
c
= 50)
has been employed. Again, it can be seen that at the price of
a slight loss in the transmission capacity, scheduling fairness
among the users can be guaranteed.
Finally, Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 show the average spectral ef-
ciency and average channel capacity for the same system in
terms of the number of users in the reduced-feedback load
scenario for the average SNR of 10 dB. Also different system
congurations with different feedback loads (F = 1, 0.5, 0.2
and 0.1) have been considered. As can be observed reducing
the feedback load by 50% (F = 0.5), the system performance
remains almost the same as that of in full-feedback load
(F = 1). For a smaller feedback load such as F = 0.1 a
performance loss is negligible for a moderate-to-high number
of users. This suggests that when the number of users K is
higher than 30, a feedback greater than 10% is not necessary.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
SNR (dB)
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

S
p
e
c
t
r
a
l

E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y

(
b
/
s
/
H
z
)


Formula
Simulation
K = 1, 8, 32, 512 Users
Fig. 2. Average spectral efciency for continuous-rate adaptive OSFBC-
OFDM (2Tx,1Rx) multiuser scheduling (BERt = 10
4
).
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Number of Users
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

S
p
e
c
t
r
a
l

E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y

(
b
/
s
/
H
z
)


Formula
Simulation
PFS
MIMO (2,8)
MIMO (2,4)
MIMO (2,2)
MISO (2,1)
Fig. 3. Average spectral efciency for continuous-rate adaptive OSFBC-
OFDM (2Tx,n
R
Rx) multiuser scheduling (SNR = 10 dB and BERt = 10
5
)
with and without PFS.
VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we have presented and analyzed a multiuser
scheduling technique for MIMO-OFDM system over multipath
frequency-selective MIMO fading channels. A continuous-rate
adaptive modulation has been employed to increase the spec-
tral efciency of the system. Two channel feedback scenarios
have been considered: full-feedback and limited feedback. For
both scenarios, a performance evaluation using mathematical
analysis and numerical simulation has been performed to
show the signicant advantages of the proposed scheme. It
was shown that adaptive modulation and user scheduling can
increase the average spectral efciency. It was observed that
This full text paper was peer reviewed at the direction of IEEE Communications Society subject matter experts for publication in the WCNC 2008 proceedings.
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0 20 40 60 80 100
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
Number of Users
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

S
p
e
c
t
r
a
l

E
f
f
i
c
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(
b
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s
/
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/
H
z
)


Formula
PFS, Simulation
MISO (2,1)
MIMO (2,2)
MIMO (2,4)
MIMO (2,8)
Fig. 4. Average capacity for OSFBC-OFDM (2Tx,n
R
Rx) with multiuser
scheduling (SNR = 10 dB) with and without PFS.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Number of Users
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

S
p
e
c
t
r
a
l

E
f
f
i
c
i
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c
y

(
b
i
t
s
/
s
/
H
z
)


MISO (2,1)
MIMO (2,2)
F = 1
F = 0.5
F = 0.2
F = 0.1
Fig. 5. Average spectral efciency for continuous-rate adaptive OSFBC-
OFDM (2Tx,n
R
Rx) with multiuser scheduling for limited feedback scenario
(SNR = 10 dB and BERt = 10
5
).
using the proposed user scheduling with reduced-feedback
load scenario, reduced up to 90%, the channel capacity and
average spectral efciency of the system under study remain
almost the same as that of in full-feedback load scenario when
the number of users is greater that 30. This suggests that the
feedback load greater than 10% is not necessary when the
number of users is high.
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