WELCOME TO THE RADIO LINK BUDGET CALCU FOR LUCENT ORiNOCO OUTDOOR ROUTER LI

The achievable distance between two antennas is dependent on many factors, I.e. transmitted power, antenna gain, antenna height, obstacles (buildings, trees) on the ground and the curve of the earth.
70% of 1st Fresnel Zone = minimum clearance

Antenna Building #1

Antenna Building #2

Antenna Height Height obstacles

Buildings

The following worksheet asks you to select the antenna link components. Based on your input, a calculation is made on the achievable distance.

DISCLAIMER: This radio link Calculator is intended solely as an estimator tool associated with deploying a Lucent ORiNOCO F solution in a chosen configuration. Lucent Technologies does not guarantee the accuracy of the numbers. The for planning purposes in terms of RECOMMENDED ANTENNA HEIGHT and MAXIMUM ACHIEVABLE THEORETI Copyright (C) Lucent Technologies 2001

O LINK BUDGET CALCULATOR O OUTDOOR ROUTER LINKS

version: June 22, 2001

, trees) on the ground

Antenna Building #2

Antenna Height

associated with deploying a Lucent ORiNOCO Fixed Wireless Broadband ot guarantee the accuracy of the numbers. The resulting numbers can be used EIGHT and MAXIMUM ACHIEVABLE THEORETICAL DISTANCES.

ORINOCO Outdoor - Base to Remote Range Calculations - Worksheet

Instructions: This YOUR worksheet, please fill out SHADED (Yellow) areas Select the antenna link components that are (to be) installed with a YES or NO By specifying YES behind a component, it will be included in the range calculation. Please make sure that a valid configuration is specified, I.e. radio, pigtail, surge arrestor, cable, antenna. NOTE: These ranges are applicable for OPEN ENVIRONMENTS In Warehouses or with obstructions on the campus, ranges are shorter.

Central Building Specifications YOUR INPUT ORINOCO PC Card Black-cap 11 Mb Black-cap 5.5 Mb Black-cap 2 Mbps Black-cap 1 Mbit/s ORINOCO Fixed PC Card Red-cap 11 Mb Red-cap 5.5 Mb Red-cap 2 Mbps Red-cap 1 Mbit/s result: Radio Specs Cable Assembly 50 cm Pig Tail - N male 30 cm Pig Tail - SMA female Surge Arrestor - N Surge Arrestor - SMA Cable 6 meter (LMR 400) - N Cable 6 meter (LMR 200) - N Cable 15 meter (LMR 400) - N Cable 22.5 meter (LMR 400) - N Cable 3 meter - SMA Cable 5 meter - SMA Cable 7 meter - SMA result: total cable attenuation Antenna no no no no no no yes no -

BUILDING #1 TX (dB) 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 8 Attenuation 0.9 0 0.45 0 0 0 3.6 0 0 0 0 4.95 dB TX Gain RX Gain RX (dB) 0 0 0 0 0 0 -88 0 -88

Remote Building Specifications ORINOCO PC Card Black-cap 11 Mb Black-cap 5.5 Mb Black-cap 2 Mbps Black-cap 1 Mbit/s ORINOCO Fixed PC Card Red-cap 11 Mb Red-cap 5.5 Mb Red-cap 2 Mbps Red-cap 1 Mbit/s result: Radio Specs Cable Assembly 50 cm Pig Tail - N male 30 cm Pig Tail - SMA female 250 cm Pig Tail - N Surge Arrestor - N Surge Arrestor - SMA Cable 6 meter (LMR 400) - N Cable 6 meter (LMR 200) - N Cable 15 meter (LMR 400) - N Cable 22.5 meter (LMR 400) - N Cable 3 meter - SMA Cable 5 meter - SMA Cable 7 meter - SMA result: total cable attenuation Antenna Omni Vehicle 5 dBi - N Omni Vehicle 5 dBi / 250 cm cable Omni Antenna 7 dBi - N Omni Antenna 10 dBi - N Sector Antenna 12 dBi - N Directional Antenna 14 dBi - N H+S Antenna 9 dBi - SMA H+S Antenna 14 dBi - N H+S Active Antenna (incl. DC)- SMA result: Antenna Gain(s) result: EIRP (max. 20 in Europe) Antenna Height Required According Guidelines Max. realistic antenna height result: Actual Antenna Height

yes no yes no no no yes no no no no -

Omni Antenna 7 dBi - N Omni Antenna 10 dBi - N Sector Antenna 12 dBi - N Directional Antenna 14 dBi - N H+S Antenna 9 dBi - SMA H+S Antenna 14 dBi - N H+S Active Antenna (incl. DC)- SMA result: Antenna Gain(s) result: EIRP (max. 20 in Europe) Antenna Height Required According Guidelines Max. realistic antenna height result: Actual Antenna Height

no no no yes no no no

0 0 0 14 0 0 0 14 17.05 Meters 9.08 18

0 0 0 14 0 0 0 14

yes no

Act.Height 9.08 0.00 9.08

Obstacles (buildings, roofs, towers) Height obstacle(s) 0 Meters (from ground)

The aforementioned link parameters result in a achievable Building to Building Distance of:

End Result

4.88
When the antennas are installed at a height of: Building #1 9.08 meters Building #2 9.08 meters

kilometers

Link Margin (dB)

dB to compensate loss due to obstacle(s) -0.05 Okay - Sufficient clearance

2.92795E-12

These ranges are applicable for OPEN ENVIRONMENTS In Warehouses or with obstructions on the campus, ranges are shorter.

BUILDING #2 YOUR INPUT no no no no no no yes no TX (dB) 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 8 Attenuation 0.9 0 0 0.45 0 0 0 3.6 0 0 0 0 4.95 dB TX Gain no no no no no yes no no no 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 14 17.05 Meters 9.08 18 RX Gain 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 14 RX (dB) 0 0 0 0 0 0 -88 0 -88

yes no no yes no no no yes no no no no -

yes no

Act.Height 9.08 0 9.08

Meters (from ground)

dB to compensate loss due to obstacle(s)

dBm
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

W
1.0mW 1.3mW 1.6mW 2.0mW 2.5mW 3.2mW 4.0mW 5.0mW 6.3mW 7.9mW 10.0mW 12.6mW 15.8mW

dBm
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

W
20mW 25mW 32mW 40mW 50mW 63mW 79mW 100mW 126mW 158mW 200mW 250mW 316mW

dBm
26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

W
398mW 501mW 631mW 794mW 1.00W 1.26W 1.58W 2.00W 2.51W 3.16W 3.98W 5.01W 6.31W

Cable Type

Impedance Ohms

Attenuation at 2.4 GHz dB dB per 100 ft per meter 23.77 12.20 10.00 12.90 6.80 5.50 4.40 3.90 6.20 6.80 9.90 6.80 0.78 0.40 0.33 0.42 0.22 0.18 0.14 0.13 0.20 0.22 0.32 0.22

RG 223 RG-213 / RG 214 Belden 9913 LMR 240 LMR 400 LMR 500 LMR 600 1/2" LDF 1/2" Superflex 3/8" Superflex 1/4" Superflex Ultralink

50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50

Calc Basic Link

Nedim Erkocevic 980527, ver 02

WaveLAN PointToPoint range calculations

And all important results are printed over a green background like this one

freq = Wl = Ptx = Prx = ILcabltx = ILcablrx = Gtxant = Grxant = DynR =

2450 0.122 8 -88 4.95 4.95 14 14 114.1

(MHz) (meter) (dBm) (dBm) (dB) (dB) (dBi) (dBi) (dB)

Frequency of operation Corresponding wave-length Transmiter Tx power (see WaveLAN spec) Receiver sensitivity (see WaveLAN spec) Cumulative cabling loss on the Tx side Cumulative cabling loss on the Rx side Tx antenna gain Rx antenna gain Tx/Rx dynamic range

Maximum range calculation (free space propagation)

Dmax =

4940

(meter)

PtP Link range in free space=> gives an indication of the maximum LOS* link range @ assuming that the antennas are sufficiently high above gnd / obstacles in the LOS First Fresnel Zone (FFZ) radius associated with the above calculated range

RFFZ =

12.3

(meter)

* LOS = Line of Sight, it is an imaginary line connecting Tx and Rx antenna The "gap" between LOS and the highest (potential) obstacle along it must be at least 70% of the RFFZ, if the link is to achieve a range similar to the Dmax. This gap is usually reffered to as the "LOS clearance".

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Calc Basic Link

Thus, a minimum antenna height(s) over empty ground (nothing in the way between Tx and Rx ant. threatening the LOS) for achieving the link range similar to the max. LOS link range, must be at least: 8.6 0.5 9.1 (meter) (meter) (meter) 70% of the First Fresnel Zone Earth curvature height (making even what looks like flat terrain actually a low slope hill with the top in the middle of the LOS Minimum required antenna height(s) for achieving the maximum PtP link range (assuming no obstacles above the gnd level in the LOS)

Range reduction as a result of the First Fresnel Zone (FFZ) blockage

In the most of cases the Tx-Rx path is not entirely "clean" and the antenna heights do not yield a sufficient LOS clearace for letting the entire FFZ free, resulting in a degradation of the RF propagation conditions. Calculation below can help you determine the link power budget degradation PBpenal due to the FFZ obstruction in your particular case. It is assumed that the most dangerous obstacles threatening to (partialy)block the FFZ are somwhere in the middle of the link. This assumption is usually correct since the FFZ (being shaped as a 3D elipsoid with the longest axes aligned with the LOS) is thickest and the most vulnarable in the middle of the link. The following entries are for the height of the antenna(s) and the highest obstacle in the LOS : Htx = Hrx = HObst = Hecurv = 9.1 9.1 0.0 0.5 (meter) (meter) (meter) (meter) Tx antenna height (above the ground) Rx antenna height (above the ground) Height of the highest obstacle in the LOS (w.r.t gnd, excl Earth curvature) Earth Curvature "height" (acts as an extension of the HObst) associated with the previously calculated max. range Dmax of 4940 (meter)

Hobst entry MUST be > 0, but lower than a certain MAX value corresponding to the total obstruction of the 1st Fresnel zone. In case this MAX value is reached, instead of (meter) next to the Hobst entry, a warning message "OUT OF RANGE !" will apper. At this point you definitely have to raise antennas, otherwise you are facing a major link degradation. FFZObs = 30.00% The extent to which the First Fresnel Zone is obstructed ( due to the highest obstacle in LOS + Earth Curvature)

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Calc Basic Link

The FFZObst parameter (obstruction of the First Fresnel zone, in %) is closely related to the HObst entry, and should end up in the range 0 - 200 % - what will be the case whenever the Hobst entry is valid ( not "out of range" ). The FFZObst = 0% means completely free FFZ, FFZObst = 200% means totaly blocked FFZ, and FFZObst = 100% means only the lower half of the FFZ blocked (top of the obstacle just touches the LOS) The following parameter PBpenal gives an estimate of the Power Budget Penalty (in dB) associated to the extent ( in % ) of the First Fresnel Zone obstruction. It is basically the number of dB ~s that you will miss to overcome the FZZ blockage and achieve the Dmax link range. PBpenal = 0.0 (dB) If you do not have those extra dB ~s (what is usually the case), turn to the next spread sheet ( "FFZ Obstructed link range") and calculate what range you can get with the antennas and the rest of hardware as it is

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Calc Obstructed Link

Nedim Erkocevic 980527, ver 02

WaveLAN PointToPoint range calculations (continued)

The following calculation will enable you to calculate the PTP range with the hardware specified on the previous sheet ("Specs + FS link range"). The calculation is a sort of iterative proces in which you have to vary the FFZBM (FFZ Blockage Margin) parameter until it rougly equals the Power Budget penalty PBpenal associated with the link range (and the extent of FFZ obstruction) at the moment. Again, all user entries are printed in RED font, the calculation results are BLUE coloured and entries carried over from the previous sheet are GREEN freq = Wl = Ptx = Prx = ILcabltx = ILcablrx = Gtxant = Grxant = DynR = 2450 0.122 8 -88 4.95 4.95 14 14 (MHz) (meter) (dBm) (dBm) (dB) (dB) (dBi) (dBi) Frequency of operation Corresponding wave-length Transmiter Tx power (see WaveLAN spec) Receiver sensitivity (see WaveLAN spec) Cumulative cabling loss on the Tx side Cumulative cabling loss on the Rx side Tx antenna gain Rx antenna gain Tx/Rx dynamic range (including the FFZBM)

113.999 (dB)

FFZBM represents the number of dB ~s you will set aside as a margin necessary to overcome the FFZ blockage

Reduced link range calculation (due to the FFZ blockage)

Based on the link realities (antenna(s) + highest obstacle height) specified in the previous sheet => Htx = Hrx = HObst = 9.084277 (meter) 9.084277 (meter) 0 (meter) Tx antenna height (above the ground) Rx antenna height (above the ground) Height of the highest obstacle in the LOS (w.r.t gnd, excl Earth curvature)

we can determine how many dB ~s are needed as a FFZ blockage margin to overcome the FFZ blockage.

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Calc Obstructed Link

The iteration process shoud be done as follows: Increase FFZBM entry (dB) gradually from zero and observe the PBpenal parameter (dB) as it decreases. The message box next to the PBpenal will display OK / NOT OK depending on the completion of the iteration process When finished (message box reads OK), you will also be able to see what is your current link safety margin. FFZBM = 0.1 (dB) PBpenal = 0.0 (dB) OK, FFZbm is sufficient now ! Your link safety margin is = 0.1

(dB)

Most importantly you can see the actual link range Dactual :

Dactual =
RFres = Hecurv =

4882
12.2 0.5

(meter)
(meter) (meter)

OK ; Actual link range (incl FFZ blockage) FFZ radius Earth curvature height

FFZObs =

29.50%

FFZ blockage (due to the highest obstacle + Earth Curvature)

The conclusion is: Your link range amounts to: 4882 Out of the total Tx/Rx link dynamic range of for figthing the FFZ blockage that amounts to Your link margin w.r.t. the FFZ blockage is

(meter) 114.1 (dB), you have spent 29.50% 0.1 (dB)

0.1

(dB)

Other phenomena that might limit your link range, apart from the FFZ blockage, e.g. multipath fading, effects of the rain on your antennas , are not accounted for in this calculation .

Page 13

Obstruction Loss

1st Fresnel zone obstraction and associated damping (extrapolated from a graph from A&P script) 1st Fresnel Zone obstruction (%) 200 150 100 90 85 70 50 30 0 -50 Extra damping (dB) Flat Earth Round Earth 45 30 > 50 15 30 12.5 20 10 8.5 5.5 2.5 - 3 2.5 - 3 0 0 -6 -6 20 20

Modelling of the "round earth damping" with the function y = [ (x - 30)/A ]^B A = B = X 30 50 70 85 90 100 150 200 9 1.32 Yinterpol Ywanted 0 0 2.869191 2.5 - 3 7.163398 5.5 10.90633 10 12.23375 12.5 14.99441 15 30.54352 30 48.37182 45

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