monthly

ennea
ennea
g
ram
May 2008
Issue 148
Type Twos and Threes War with Fat
Prototypes, Stereotypes & Archetypes
In Tis Issue
editorial
page 2
conversation #29
the crew
page 4
fne distinctions #5
Tom Condon
page 7
addiction & levels
Michael Naylor
page 9
charts for type 6 & 9
Don Riso/Russ Hudson
page12
I
m Shadrach Smith and heres how I
came to the Enneagram, with Ennea-
gram integrations by Clarence Tomson
A Doctors Discovery
Gwen was living the American dream. She taught second grade, was happily
married to a bank vice president and was mother of three healthy children. She de-
voted her busy life to her socially active husband, some church activities and three
children with their hamster-like school activities. Husband, church and children
were ourishing, much to her delight.
But Gwen was also living the modern American womans nightmare. She was
40 pounds overweight and gaining. She was tired and depressed. She might have
only one problem, but it was making a big negative impact on her life.
Apparent Self-Interest
Gwen was sure that her weight gain
was caused by metabolic problems. it must be her thyroid, she thought, because
Oprah had described her symptoms exactly. Gwen came to see me because I run
the Truman Medical Center in Kansas City, a center specializing in weight manage-
ment. She expected me to tell her the exact nature of the problem and what medi-
cation she should take to correct it.
Of course, I ran the proper tests. Her metabolism was ne. No thyroid imbal-
ance. But I did notice that her weight gain was causing some blood pressure prob-
lems and she was pre-diabetic. So I told her what to dowhat any good doctor
would tell her: Eat less, eat better and exercise. Get some more rest, too. Your fatigue
and high blood pressure probably stem from stress.
I gave her some medication for blood pressure
I
n March 07, I wrote a short EM article about the nature
of prototypes. When I was a kid, I thought a prototype
was a car, because the only time I ever heard anybody talk about them was
on TV in connection with never-before-seen-cars-of-the-future. Later, I found out
prototypes arent actually cars, but some sort of abstract model. Still later, in gradu-
ate school, I learned how research psycholo-
gists talk about prototypes: as highly typical
exemplars of a category. To be a prototype, an
exemplar has to embody most if not all of the
major traits associated with that category.
Prototype theory originated with psy-
chologist Eleanor Rosch, who wrote a seminal
article on the topic in 1973.
1
Te famous ex-
ample she uses to illustrate the point is to take
the category BIRD and say that while robins
and penguins are both birds, the robin is a
better prototype than a penguin because its
more prototypicalit ies, builds nests, eats
worms, has a sharp beak, is average in size, and
is very common in North America where we
live. So robins have all the right characteris-
tics to be a birdunlike the penguin, which
does not y, does not build nests, does not eat
worms, and isnt common unless you happen to live in
Antarctica). Lets look at a few other examples:
Category Which ones most prototypical?
cuaii zafu, throne, armchair
iir dog, piranha, lion
viciranii kohlrabi, cactus, carrot
cioruixc leather skin, grass skirt, t-shirt
rooi pliers, forklift, eyelash curler
It shouldnt be too hard
to gure out which one is the
prototype in each category. Its
the one thats most common,
central, and salientthe one
that most easily comes to mind
when we think of the category.
Other less prototypical exam-
ples obviously exist, as well
items that are technically part
of the category but not very
typical for some reason.
If I gave this test to some-
Shadrach Smith, MD and Clarence Thomson
Susan Rhodes
CONTINUED ON PAGE 19
CONTINUED ON PAGE 14
2 may 2008 enneagram monthly
S
pring is in the air, and in some places we
are nally getting a little bit of global warm-
ing (oops, pardon the gae, its Climate
Change now). Birds are singing, bees are buzz-
ing, Winter doldrums are dissipating and hor-
mones are stirring.
No time better than Spring to address male-female
dierences and how they color our attitude towards
life and aect the way in which we express our ennea-
gram energy. But recently, Ive actually been thinking
about male-female dierences for yet another reason,
it started because of: Molly.
Molly is Robert and Ruth Blys dog (the same
Robert Bly who started the Mens Movement decades
ago when the Feminist movements seemed to have
the monopoly...). Sueann and I agreed to take care of
Molly for two months while Robert Bly was teaching
a course at Stanford University. Molly got lucky, her
good karmas spared her from a less-than-fun kennel
in Minnesota and instead, she played in a Summer
camp with our dog Lola. So, we all made out and got
the best of all worlds: Lola found a playmate, Molly
got extra workouts and plenty of freedom, and we
got to see the Blys occasionally and chat a little about
male and female natures.
Some of it was caught on tape and transcribed.
Its currently being edited and our plan is to publish
that conversation in the next issue.
But we can start thinking about male-female
dierences right now. Over the years, a lot of peo-
ple have asked how gender aects type behavior,
but there have been more questions than answers
until now. Not that we suddenly have found the
answers, but at least we have found the question.
How come you may ask, was such an important
aspect of the human condition overlooked? Tis is
probably because it wasnt part of the original body
of teachings on the enneagram. And few people have
attempted to extend those teachings beyond their
original parameters. So the question remains: What
is the exact relationship between type and gender?
How signicant is gender in determining type behav-
ior? And which characteristic is more basicmore
essentialin human nature, gender or type?
What has baed me for years, is how readily we
have considered and used systems such as the MBTI,
graphology or the four Greek temperaments in con-
junction with enneagram type while ignoring the el-
ephant in the living roomour gender dierences.
Surely an exploration of such dierences would great-
ly enhance our understanding of human nature and
rene our work with the enneagram.
I would like to invite you to participate in what I
hope will turn into a good discussion on this subject.
If you made obseervations, have questions, want to
share a theory or opinion, please dont hesitate and
jump in with artickes, letters or join the conversa-
tion.
In this issue:
In Prototypes, Stereotypes and Archetypes Su-
san Rhodes is looking at what is essential about our
enneagram type (the archetype) and trying to sepa-
rate this out from behavior that is prototypical (and
which can easily turn into a stereotype). Susans al-
ways a big fan of examining assumptions, and in this
article, she reminds us that our assumptions about
how each type is supposed to behave arent neces-
sarily true. Teres a tremendous diversity not just
between the types, but within them. Realizing this
diversity, she says, will help us gain a richer, thick-
er, more textured understanding of the types.
To lend support and good cheer to these ideas,
Liz Wagele drew up a less than stereotypical set of
types; and believe me, I can vouch for their abso-
lute accuracy, since I have known at least one ex-
emplar per category that t this cartoon.
Shadrach Smith and Clarence Tomson bring
us an article on a topic of great interest in the modern
era: how to stay thin in a world full of waist-expand-
ing delicacies. In Type Twos and Trees War with
Fat, they use two case studies to show how knowing
the enneagram can help doctors pinpoint the core
motivations that drive each type to eat beyond their
bodily needs. Te article is adopted from a new book
on this subject, a manual oering powerful ammo for
the battle against the bulge. A type Two female and
a male Tree are used in this article as case studies.
Two stories that show how employing the enneagram
motivation when tailoring a course of treatment can
improve the chance of success.
From the Editor
Sue Ann McKean and Robert Bly stringing up Molly for a walk.
enneagram monthly may 2008 3
contents enneagram monthly
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Editor and Publisher Jack Labanauskas
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For subscription and advertising rates see back cover.
Volume 14, Number 5, Issue 148
Prototypes, Stereotypes & Archetypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Susan Rhodes 1
Type Twos and Trees War with Fat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shadrach Smith and Clarence Tomson 1
From the Editor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jack Labanauskas 2
Te Conversation #29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jack Labanauskas, Bill Dyke,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mario Sikora, Tom Isham & Kirby Olson 4
Dynamic Enneagram -- Fine Distinctions: Fives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tom Condon 7
Te Enneagram, Addictins Treatment and the Levels of Development. . . . . . . Michael Naylor 9
Type (6 & 9)Charts for Terepists, Coaches and Counselors . . . . Don Riso and Russ Hudson 12
Teachers Listing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
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Visit our web site! www.ennea.org with the updated Index by Author 1995 - 2007 and Index by Subject 1995 - 2008
Te Conversation #29 wraps up some loose
ends about science and the enneagram that involved
comments or articles by Mario Sikora, Susan Rho-
des, Bill Dyke, Kirby Olson and myself. I (Jack)
start the ball rolling by summarizing some of the
comments of Conversation participants over the past
few months.
Bill Dyke notes the advantages of lively discus-
sion about controversial issues in his endorsement
of the idea of elegant disagreement. He also men-
tions one of his key gripes: that the MBTI is so well-
known in the business world while the enneagram is
much less so.
Mario Sikora reasserts his position that we need
a more scientic enneagram and calls for more pre-
cision in the way we use language to talk about it.
I agree with Mario about the importance of precise
language.
Tom Isham then identies the main issue that
keeps arising: whether or not the enneagram is actu-
ally amenable to scientic verication. He discusses
the ways in which we determine how something is
true, eloquently pointing out the limits of science in
making such determinations. He ends with some
comforting words addressing Bills concerns that the
MBTI is more predominant in business circles than
the enneagram.
Literary expert Kirby Olson points out the power
of stories to lead us to the truth of our own inner
nature, citing Judith Searles contribution to the en-
neagram community as important for this reason.
In the Dynamic Enneagram: Fine Distinctions
Fives Tom Condon put together these little key
phrases that read like a cross between a koan, a poem
and an inventory list that comes with an instruction
manual. Its a practical way to highlight the dierenc-
es that make a type typicalmind you, thats typical,
not stereo-typical!
Te Enneagram, Addictions Treatment and the
Levels of Development by Michael Naylor, ap-
plies Riso & Hudsons Levels of Development to the
treatment of addiction. As good a reputation as the
12-step program enjoys, its reputation is based on
its success stories, not its failures. Te problem is
that, in the long-term, AA isnt quite as successful as
many people think, because although it addresses the
general motivations for engaging in addictive behav-
iors, it does not take account of the deeper motiva-
tions associated with each enneagram type. Michael
tells us how to use the enneagram in combination
with a 12-step approach, improves the chances so
that short-term successes can persist over time.
Don Risos and Russ Hudsons Type Charts for
Terapists, Coaches & Counselors continues with
two more charts, type Six and Nine. Te complete set
of 15 charts can be obtained from their website. Te
charts are self-explanatory and one of those must
have items for every professional who uses the en-
neagram in counseling.
PS, the Index by Subject on www.ennea.org has
been updated and is available as a free download in
pdf format.
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4 may 2008 enneagram monthly
Jack Labanauskas:
A
couple of issues ago, we got into a discus-
sion about science and the enneagram that has
sparked an exchange both in the Conversation and in
articles written by Susan Rhodes and Mario Sikora.
It actually started with Mario Sikoras response to
Bill Dykes article on seeing the enneagram from a
quantum perspective (that is, his interest in apply-
ing the emergent principles of quantum mechanics
to everyday life). Mario, however, argued that quan-
tum principles apply only to life at the subatomic
level and expressed skepticism that Bills quantum
approach oers a way to work with the enneagram
that is particularly valid or useful. Mario spoke up
in support of the scientic method in a more tradi-
tional (Newtonian) sense, focusing especially on the
advantages it oers for explaining how humans evolve
and develop. In this way, he picked up on an argu-
ment made in previous exchanges with me in favor of
bottom-up Darwinian theory of human evolution as
opposed to top-down as above, so below view that
is embraced by advocates of Intelligent Design and
other non-materialist philosophies. I got the feeling
that for Mario, science trumps personal experience,
which he seems to distrust.
Susan Rhodes, however, liked the quantum ap-
proach because its creative and cutting edge. So she
jumped into the fray by writing a couple of articles
designed to show the limitations of Newtonian sci-
ence, stressing the idea that although we denitely
need more rigor in our enneagram work, we can de-
velop this rigor in many ways (i.e., the main point
being that the scientic method isnt the only way
people develop discernment or discover truth).
Liz Wagele expressed dismay about the idea of
getting too narrowly focused on a scientic ennea-
gram because shes afraid that this may cause us to
lose something valuable and ineable that is hard
to quantifyshes also concerned that someone in
charge might do a sloppy job of it. Liz mentions
that there are many examples of things that work
even though nobody knows quite why. What would
happen if we required that everything we know to be
worthwhile had to be justied scientically?
Bill Dykes focus is practical. He looks around
and sees too many people drowning in systems that
dont work. He wants a tool that is powerful enough
to actually create more functional organizations and
he sees the enneagram as that tool. His main gripe is
that lesser systems, such as the MBTI, are much bet-
ter known and widely used in organizations than the
enneagram. Why should this be so? According to Bill,
it shouldnt. He thinks we can change this situation
by incorporating the insights of quantum mechanics
and systems theory into our organizational work with
the enneagram.
Well, these all seem like good points to me. How
do we decide which idea is most valid? I guess it de-
pends upon our goals. Sometimes objectivity seems
like an advantage, but it can also get in the way (like
in an emotionally intimate situation). Sometimes a
spiritual approach is good (like when were meditat-
ing) and other times, an artistic sense of renement
seems more appropriate (which was Lizs point). I
think this is the point that Susan was trying to make
in her article last month, actuallythat whats best
often depends on context more than anything else.
We have nine types, each with its own set of tal-
ents and inclinations. Are we actually to the point
where we can completely explain the nature of these
types just by using the traditional scientic method?
Probably notalthough there are obviously aspects
that we could study using the methods of traditional
science.
Mario applauds those methods and points out
their advantages. Susan and Bill have a concern that
the very strength of the scientic method may turn
out to be a weakness when used to evaluate a system
that is very deep and complex. Tey have a hard time
trying to see how to t a complex system like the en-
neagram into the narrow straitjacket of traditional
science. Susan even makes the provocative suggestion
that the enneagram is actually bigger than science,
which is why she advocates a multidisciplinary (tri-
centered) approach for exploring the enneagram (or
maybe anything else). Liz thought that in certain very
careful ways we could apply scientic techniques to it
if we were very cautious.
To me, the question on the table boils down to
this: If the enneagram is true in a profound sense,
what does this really mean? How do we explore its
truths, make them a part of our lives, and talk about
them to other people? Where do we start? What
questions do we ask?
And what happens when we encounter paradox,
dead ends, and mysteries too deep to immediately re-
solve? How do we hold the unresolved opposites in a
way that allows a deeper understanding to eventually
emerge? Im OK with suspending my urge to classify
something in a denitive manner because I see a cer-
tain value in remaining in uncertainty, until the mys-
tery unfolds itself in its own time and its own way.
Te practice of holding a paradox is itself a powerful
methodology for arriving at truth.
Bill Dyke:
A
guy I know, a fellow enneagram practitioner and
information technology guru, was having lunch
recently with the owner of a company. Actually, the
owner of several companies; my friends lunch com-
panion, still in his 40s, is famous in the Atlanta area
for his entrepreneurial skills; he has started and sold
several companies and is involved in the daily opera-
tions of the ones he still owns. Lets call him Adam.
During lunch, Adams cell phone rang. He apolo-
gized and told my technology guru friend he would
let the call be forwarded to an answering machine.
Te phone immediately rang again and Adam sensed
he had better answer it.
Te caller was speaking loudly and my friend could
hear that the person on the other end of the conversa-
tion was highly agitated and was letting Adam know
about it. Adam was responding as best he could, and
seemed to concentrate on being helpful and coop-
erative. After a few tense and intense moments, the
situation was resolved to the callers satisfaction and
Adam concluded the call and returned his attention
to the table. My friend asked, Was that an unhappy
customer? Adam responded No, the guy works
for me. He manages my technology company. My
friend was aghast. And you let him talk to you like
that? Adam was genuinely surprised at the question.
Of course! Otherwise, how are you going to know
what is really going on?
Tat cell phone exchange is an example of a new
concept I want to suggest: Elegant Disagreement.
Im still thinking through the denition, but el-
egant disagreement is more than just agreeing to
disagree, it is going beyond mere civility to a place
where the relationship is strengthened and the dis-
agreement results in a better future direction for the
team. Te elegance is not in the dialog; the elegance
comes from the quality of the relationship, both be-
fore and after the disagreement, and the resulting
resolution of the problem.
Te elegance is certainly not in the format of
the conversation; in the lunch disagreement Rob-
erts Rules of Order were certainly not used and the
Geneva Convention didnt have to be consulted.
Indeed, the intensity of the disagreement might be
daunting for some Robert Bly points out in Iron
The Conversation #29
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enneagram monthly may 2008 5
John that some of us are addicted to harmony
- but I think this does not detract from my deni-
tion of elegance. Unquestionably the relationship
was strengthened and the team was following a more
promising course.
Exploring these issues is part of my goal of reden-
ing the guidelines of working in teams, and of course
the quantum enneagram is a big part of it all. More
to come in future issues of EM.
Imcidentially, a word about the MBTI: If you
would like the full story on its development and sub-
sequent adoption by the business community, read
Te Cult of Personality by Annie Murphy Paul
(2004: Simon &Schuster). Paul is a former Senior
Editor at Psychology Today. A long chapter in her
book is about Myers-Briggs; although she is not a fan
(and as an aside, she says that Carl Jung never en-
dorsed it either) she points out that the test is admin-
istered to 2,500,000 people a year, is being used by 89
of the Fortune 100 organizations, and that...as many
as three-quarters of the test takers achieve a dierent
personality type when tested again, and...the sixteen
distinctive types described by the Myers-Briggs have
no scientic basis whatsoever. She also relates that
an estimated 30% of all companies administer some
type of personality test and the total market for all
tests (maybe 2,500 dierent tests in total) in the US
is $400 million a year and growing at 8% to 10% per
year. She does not mention the word enneagram
in her 302 page book. As a former marketing con-
sultant, I would question how much penetration the
enneagram realizes in that $400 million marketplace;
my guess is considerably less than $1 million, or less
than one quarter of one percent. Hard to mount a
stirring comeback or inuence a marketplace from
that position. I have some other ideas.
Mario Sikora:
J
ack, as always, you ask some interesting and
thought-provoking questions, though I have a few
quibbles with your characterization about my posi-
tions in your lead-up to those questions.
My original comments on this topic were not in
response to Bill Dykes article(s); specically, they
were in response to Susan and Lizs comments about
science and quantum physics. I disagreed with the
statements that there should be less science in the
study of the Enneagram but agreed with Liz that cau-
tion should be used in applying quantum physics to
human interactions.
I do not have enough data on Bill Dykes ap-
proach to be able to assess its validity or usefulness.
I must confess to having only read the rst article of
his series, he seems to have good intentions and if he
is successful in helping his clients I wish him well.
Te results he gets and the satisfaction of his clients
are the only determinant of his approachs usefulness
or validity.
I also think that this desire to separate science into
quantum, non-materialist, new, etc. vs. Newto-
nian, materialist, traditional, etc. creates a muddled
false dichotomy, and I dont know what Newtonian
science is. Do you mean Newtonian physics? New-
tonian physics, which address the properties of mat-
ter and energy at a macroscopic level, and quantum
physics, which addresses matter and energy at a mi-
croscopic level, are not mutually exclusive, any more
than division and algebra are mutually exclusive.
Tey are simply dierent bodies of knowledge in the
same eld of study that address dierent phenom-
ena. Tat quantum physics was not developed until
nearly three centuries after Newton does not mean
that it antiquated or superseded Newtons physics;
it complimented them and enabled physicists to an-
swer questions that they couldnt answer before. Fur-
ther, the reason that I am arguing that quantum
principles apply only to life at the subatomic level is
because that is the very denition of quantum phys-
ics. Its not a matter of opinion, and it is a category
error to say that quantum physics applies to the non-
quantum world.
Your comment I got the feeling that for Mario,
science trumps personal experience, which he seems
to mistrust, should not pass unnoted. At the risk of
repeating myself ad nauseum, this is another false
dichotomy and does not reect my views. Personal
experience is the only way to know some things (such
as how much heartache I felt when Debbie Butakis
dumped me in sixth grade), but it cannot exclusively
be relied on to make claims about the world way ob-
jective things are in the world without supporting ob-
jective data. For example, I can tell you that I love my
children (a subjective claim) and you would have no
grounds to doubt me; but if I told you my kids were
the best kids in the world (an objective claim) you
might want to verify my assertion somehow before
accepting it. Science (which Ill interpret here the
collection of data and objective testing of hypotheses)
trumps personal experience in some ways, but not in
others.
You go on to state that very strength of the scien-
tic method may turn out to be a weakness when used
to evaluate a system that is very deep and complex.
Does this apply to other deep and complex systems,
such as, say, quantum physics? Im guessing that Max
Planck, Werner Heisenberg, Wolfgang Pauli, and the
other fathers of quantum physics considered them-
selves traditional scientists and probably material-
ists to boot (Einstein certainly did). I also think these
giants would debate the idea that traditional science
is somehow uni-centered and that their discoveries
did not include emotional content and intuition in
addition to cold reason. Have there ever been more
creative folks than these?
I think we should take a deep breathe and gain
some perspective before making claims such as the
Enneagram is bigger than science. For starters, Im
not the brightest bulb in the box and I have a fair un-
derstanding of the Enneagram, but I dont get quan-
tum physics at all. Just last night I picked up a book
on advanced cosmology and opened it up to page
after page of what appeared to by hieroglyphics. Do
we really think that the Enneagram is more complex
than these topics (or cognitive neuroscience or chem-
istry or .) Further, since the word science (from
the Latin scientia: having knowledge) is generally
understood to be any structured way of knowing, I
would say the Enneagram is a science. Saying that the
Enneagram is bigger than science is like saying that
algebra is bigger than mathematics.
Tese quibbles and hair-splittings aside, my true
desire for the Enneagram community is to see more
precision of language and evidence to support claims;
to understand that subjective interpretation can lead
us astray (does the Enneagram teach us nothing else?)
and should be supported when possible with objec-
tive reinforcement; and to look broadly (including
into the modern sciences instead of merely the an-
cient ones) to nd knowledge that further our under-
standings of ourselves.
Now, about your intelligent design com-
ments..
Jack Labanauskas:
P
hew... Mario, Im glad you skipped the Intelligent
Design part. Let sleeping dogs lie. You caught
me inagranti delicto ribbing you inaccurately af-
ter a two month break. I couldnt agree with you
more about precision in language and evidence when
claims are made. I did go back and check what started
this science series and indeed, you were talking about
quantum, but not Bill Dykes article per se. As to the
science part, I believe Tom Isham says it all, and bet-
ter than I could.
Tom Isham:
J
ack, thats an excellent gloss on comments from
Susan, Mario, Bill and Liz. It raises a number of
stimulating subjects to explore. Te principal one, it
seems to me, is whether the enneagram is open to sci-
entic verication or not. Tis question seems to sur-
face again and again in various forms and contexts.
As I see it, the methods of natural science are
largely irrelevant in verifying the truth or ecacy of
the enneagram. Rather, its veriability lies principally
in the methods of the liberal arts and social sciences
to which it is related (philosophy, literature, religion,
history, psychology, sociology, et al). Each of these
can marshal facts, classify data, compare sources, and
study events in the attempt to prove a particular the-
ory. Tey do so by methods less exacting than those
of the natural sciences, which rely on precise instru-
ments, mathematical formulae, careful measurement,
and controlled experiments, but they do so nonethe-
less. Hence, we are dealing with two categories of
An estimated 30% of all companies ad-
minister some type of personality test
and the total market for all tests (maybe
2,500 diferent tests in total) in the US
is $400 million a year and growing at 8%
to 10% per year.
I also think that this desire to separate
science into quantum, non-materialist,
new, etc. vs. Newtonian, materialist,
traditional, etc. creates a muddled false
dichotomy.,
6 may 2008 enneagram monthly
phenomena (as you, Susan and others have noted
earlier), each of which may be investigated according
to its nature but neither of which is veriable by the
same means. Because we are dealing with diering
phenomena, I have no fear that science (natural sci-
ence, that is) will cause us to lose something, since
in fact it is incapable of engaging the enneagram at its
deepest levels.
For the enneagram extends in scope beyond the
boundaries of Newtonian science. Like psychology
or religion or history (which study the human mind,
the human spirit and the human past, respectively, in
ways that compile facts and observations to be sure
but in ways that transcend the narrow boundaries
of the measurable sensory world), the enneagram is
reliant on both subjective and objective observation.
In exploring and mapping personal interiority in
exploring and mapping, that is, the dynamics of the
psyche or soul it relies on personal experience, both
individual and shared, as disclosed in clinical obser-
vation, personal awareness, empathic ability, imagi-
nation, introspection, intuition, and other modes of
perception. Now, the natural scientist can probe the
brain with his instruments but he cannot read the
soul with them. He will never identify an id, an ego,
or a superego slithering among the gray cells, nor will
he glimpse the secretive activities of essence or psyche,
nor will he divide the spirit from the soul. To under-
stand spirit and soul, other means are demanded.
Tough neither the truth nor the ecacy of the
enneagram can be proved by appeal to natural sci-
ence (though carefully calibrated surveys and studies
may, for instance, conrm aspects of it), its ability to
explore, catalogue and cure the ailments of human
interiority can be conrmed by its relation to the
truth systems from which it derives. Te wisdom
of these systems anchored in spiritual, psychologi-
cal and esoteric understandings eludes the narrow
connes of Newtonian science but shows itself eca-
cious nonetheless. By combining traditional wisdom
with the clinical and theoretical data of modern psy-
chology (as done initially by Claudio Naranjo), the
enneagram provides a system of interior truth as po-
tent as any that can be found anywhere. Tis is so
because traditional wisdoms (ranging from alchemy
and hermeticism to magia and orthodox spirituali-
ties) illustrate symbolically the never-ending dialectic
of human life, the continuing process (to cite Hegel)
of thesis, antithesis and synthesis. In spirituality, the
dialectic is sin, death, and rebirth; in esoterica, it is
ignorance, knowledge (illumined knowledge, or gno-
sis), and liberation. Te dialectic is life long; it never
ends. Each cycle makes way for the next, as each indi-
vidual ascends or descends the ladder of being (or the
levels of development, in Riso-Hudson theory).
Also, I wish to address Bill Dykes concern that the
MBTI and other personality typing systems are better
known and more widely used than the enneagram. In
regard to the MBTI, there are several factors for this
state of aairs. One, it has been around a long time;
it has had many decades to establish itself. Two, it is
accurate, as anyone who has used it can attest. Tree,
Katharine Briggs and Isabel Myers built from Jungian
materials, and Jung was (and is, in some circles) inu-
ential. C. G. Jungs basic eight-type system was based
on his clinical observations over many years, and, like
Freuds theories, had a scientic patina when it rst
appeared on the scene. By the time Jung revealed his
less-than-scientic proclivities, in Memories, Dreams,
Reections, his system was long established and the
MBTI rmly emplaced. Te enneagram, for its part,
arrived on the scene at the tail end of the new psy-
chology heyday (say 1890 to 1970) and at the start
of new age and counter-culture trends. (Jung was
a bridge gure between the two eras.) During, say,
the past three and a half decades, the enneagram has
established itself among an enthusiastic, if limited,
public. If it is sound, and I believe it is, it will in due
time nd its place in the milieu of spiritual and psy-
chological systems, and serve both organizations and
individuals in growing numbers. Its dialectical nature
and accurate typology, so attuned to the dynamics of
life, may lift it to prominence yet.
Kirby Olson:
W
e dont know much about how the brain works
but it would be obvious that the human brain
evolved to meet the requirements of humans. Tere-
fore, the stories we consider the best are the ones that
meet our requirements as humans in terms of helping
us to remain alive.
Aristotles Poetics then can be seen as an insight
into neuroscience. Tat is, his Poetics is a guide to
what our minds are looking for: stories with a begin-
ning, middle, and end. An antagonist, and a protago-
nist. Te notion of a recognition -- we ought to learn
something from a story. On a greater scale a story
should tell us what to do in life, and how to think. It
should have a great narrative in it about what life is
about, and how we will nd peace and success.
Contemporary art largely has turned away from
these concerns, and it is why it has lost its market
share among the hoi polloi, while people increasingly
go instead to the movies. Contemporary art sees art
itself as the story to which it belongs, and so it has
become separate from the human story. Tis is why
popular art -- everything from Dilbert to the latest
action lm -- still is held dear -- whereas Jackson Pol-
lock will always be -- an evolutionary mistake.
Sports like football and basketball are popular be-
cause they speak to the ways in which our brains are
wired. A clear antagonist, and protagonist, and a be-
ginning, middle, and an end.
Te comic strip is popular. Warhol (or Liechten-
stein) actually isnt, because he takes the elements of
popularity and moves them into a sphere in which
they no longer make sense. Art critics then further
abstract this abstraction, until its unrecognizable.
Tis is why I still think that Norman Rockwell
is important, whereas most contemporary art isnt.
Rockwell paints narratives, the way that Davids
Marat tells a story. Christian art still told a story. Even
Ayn Rand tells a story. Te plot is the basis of how the
mind works.
Primitive mankind, like ourselves, wanted to fol-
low an action, and nd out what happened to any
specic motive and the way it turned out. As painting,
or drama, or poetry, gets away from the basis of hu-
man neuroscience (our need to follow STORIES) the
more irrelevant it becomes, and the less appeal it has.
Christianity still tells a whale of a story.
Postmodernism doesnt.
Tis is why most people are still involved in re-
ligion: it tells meaningful stories with a beginning,
a middle, and an end. Aesthetics has to be based on
that sequence, or else it is not appealing to the mind.
(I base the above remarks on Ecos little essay, Te
Poetics and Us, in which he remarks at the end that
Aristotle can tell us quite a bit about neuroscience.
He doesnt tell us what, so I lled in what I think he
meant.)
At any rate, I think it remains to ll in how the
dierent numbers perceive a football game, for in-
stance (1s want rules, 2s impressed by how someone
helped another, 3s tend to see a solitary hero, 4s are
moved by someones suering, 5s analyzing the strat-
egy, 6s valuing the teamwork, 7s seeing the fun of
some maneuver, 8s liking the toughness of some beast
on the eld, 9s enjoying popping cheese curls and
maybe liking the ads between plays).
Te best work Ive seen on the enneagram is Ju-
dith Searles Te Literary Enneagram. I think it will
probably say more about the neuroscience than get-
ting into quarks and quantums because there is still
a story afoot in literature. And the story tells us
something about human nature whereas quarks dont
tell us anything more than quantums. Quantities of
quarks dont tell us half as much about how we think
as does a single quatrain?
For the enneagram extends in scope be-
yond the boundaries of Newtonian sci-
ence. Like psychology or religion or histor,
the enneagram is reliant on both subjec-
tive and objective observation.
By the time Jung revealed his less-than-
scientifc proclivities, in Memories, Dreams,
Refections, his system was long estab-
lished and the MBTI frmly emplaced. The
enneagram, for its part, arrived on the
scene at the tail end of the new psychol-
ogy heyday (say 1890 to 1970) and at
the start of new age and counter-culture
trends.
The best work Ive seen on the ennea-
gram is Judith Searles The Literary En-
neagram. I think it will probably say more
about the neuroscience than geting into
quarks and quantums because there is
still a story afoot in literature.
enneagram monthly may 2008 7
Subtypes
Self Preservation Fives
Often exceptionally knowledgeable, possibly
about obscure subjects.
When healthy they use their knowledge to con-
tribute to the world.
Sensitive to being saturated or overwhelmed by
peoples expectations.
Lose their sense of privacy easily and can quickly
feel overstimulated.
Chief defensive tendency is to physically or emo-
tionally withdraw.
May be more explicitly alienated than the other
subtypes.
Can close themselves o, burrow into their hob-
bies and interests; become expert at subjects so spe-
cialized that others leave them alone.
Try to take little from people; reexively fear what
the interaction will cost them.
Often have a thin ectomorphic body type al-
though they may gain weight due to a
sedentary lifestyle.
Especially cost-conscious about money, penny-
wise and pound foolish.
Tink of millionaire paupers who die in hovels
but have mattresses stued with money.
Intimate Fives
Trust only a few selected people but then do so
totally.
Friendship is based on the sharing of condences.
Intimacy is equivalent to exchanging secrets.
A Fives bond with a close friend or partner is ex-
perienced as away from the outside world, in a bub-
ble, with an all or nothing quality.
Can suddenly shift from enigmatic, deliberate dis-
tance to intense, unguarded openness.
Intuitive, sensitive and non-judgmental of friends.
A streak of voyeurism; think of internet sex, for
example.
Can obsessively love from afar and then turn cold
when the object of their love is actually present.
Compartmentalize their relationships; might have
friends who never meet each other and could espe-
cially fear having these separate friends meet.
Savor fantasies of being invisible, being close to
others and yet unseen.
Could be a bigamist if they had the energy.
Can betray others by keeping secrets, telling white
lies.
SEMINARS WITH
JUDITH SEARLE
(Author of The Literary Enneagram:
Characters from the Inside Out)
GREAT MOVIES, GREAT BOOKS
AND THE ENNEAGRAM
Fort Wayne, IN:
September 27-28
New York, NY:
October 11-12
Los Angeles, CA:
November 8-9
Information: 310-393-5372 or
jsearle479@aol.com
www.judithsearle.com
Dynamic EnneagramFine Distinctions: Fives
Tom Condon
8 may 2008 enneagram monthly
Social Fives
A contradiction in terms; can be gregarious, gen-
erous friends and enjoy groups.
Self declarative and socially courageous; more
likely extraverted.
Could be dedicated to promoting a social or
group cause, willing to take principled political and
social stands even if it means being uncomfortably
exposed.
Connect with groups of like-minded people shar-
ing knowledge and aliations.
Prefer specialized or esoteric realms of knowledge
that exclude the uninitiated.
Can be snobs; value knowing the right people
or belonging to the best clubs; concerned with titles,
degrees, credentials.
Good listeners and behind-the-scenes facilitators
who avoid the limelight.
Can have an odd combination of presence and
distance, like they are fully involved and yet holding
something back.
Indiscreet; may share information with their cho-
sen group and be quite gossipy.
Can seem more Sevenish as in ighty, glib and in-
sincere.
May suer from Social Aective Disorder, which
is essentially stage fright.
A talent for predictions; good economic or socio-
logical forecasters.
Connecting Points
Five with a Four Wing
Brings Fives an abstract, intuitive cast of thought.
Like Fours they may be artistically talented and
moody.
Combine intellectual imagination with emotional
intelligence.
Marriage of mental perspective with aesthetics.
Generally more kinesthetic (conscious of feel-
ings).
Use their logical mind to temper their visions,
daydreams.
Use their logical mind to subdue their feelings.
Can have a sense of being alien although it is not
pivotal to their identity; may be nostalgic like Fours.
May be eccentric and have an absentminded pro-
fessor quality.
Some seem distracted, preoccupied and disorga-
nized.
Can uctuate between impersonal withdrawal
and bursts of friendly caring.
Some have an air of implicit superiority.
Can be whiners, especially complaining about
how much a job or a relationship or other respon-
sibilities drain them; could bemoan the diculty of
going beyond their limits.
Could have a quiet or whispery voice and a non-
verbal ghostly aect.
Environmentally sensitive; may feel defenseless
against the worlds input.
Recover slowly from traumatic events.
Can tend to depression and see the world as a gray
void.
Five with a Six Wing
Te dierence between the Four wing and the Six
wing in Fives is like the dierence between art and
science.
Fives with a Six wing are generally more intellec-
tual and analytical.
Good with detail and technical knowledge; tend
to think in logical sequences, in a linear way that is
information-based; prone to information addic-
tion.
More likely to think in words and images and
generally less kinesthetic.
Teir tempo of speech may be faster.
Can be loyal friends, oering strong background
support.
Can be kind, patient teachers as well as skillful
experts.
Many have a sense of mission and work hard.
Can see both the big picture and its small details
and shuttle back and forth between the two.
Might project an aura of sensitive nerdiness.
May have clumsy social skills; socially nervous if
not playing the role of someone knowledgeable.
Prone to feeling guilty; readily give other people
their power.
More likely to have an authoritarian parent and
fear criticism or hostile attack.
May have a push/pull or even hostile relationship
to authority.
Can be cold, skeptical, ironic, and disassociated.
Fives Connection to Eight
Brings Fives access to their raw instinctual en-
ergy.
Become more physically kinesthetic; out of their
heads and into their bodies.
Enhances sexuality and physicality; a lusty, pushy
quality.
Moral and social courage; they take risks, become
initiators instead of observers.
Te connection to Eight helps Fives translate
book-knowledge into action.
Take charge of situations that would otherwise
overwhelm them.
State their needs, initiate contact with others and
get things done.
May have leadership qualities and be passionate
in a way that is antithetical to the Five defensive dis-
sociated stance.
Can be explicitly antisocial and misanthropic.
Could have a snappish, standosh quality or even
a nasty edge.
Can get punitive and severe with others; out of
touch with their own anger so that it comes out in
dissociated ways or as a mean streak.
May fear their own Eight-like anger, project their
own Eightness onto others or be in tension to angry,
aggressive people.
Turn their anger against themselves, by being self-
critical and self-bullying.
Could exercise a cold, calculated behind-the-
scenes control.
Fives Connection to Seven
Brings Fives enhanced imagination.
Seek adventure, whether intellectual, physical
or social. Te connection brings curiosity that gives
them the nerve to explore the world.
Often less self-conscious; they can be funny, en-
gaging and enthusiastic.
Life long learners; stay interested in life and men-
tally alive into old age.
Tis connection brings a streak of generosity as
well as optimism.
Sense of humor about themselves.
Big picture thinkers; the eclecticism of the Seven
combines with the Fives ability to organize informa-
tion.
Systems thinkers and model builders.
Reinforces a Fives tendency to become abstract,
schizoid and compartmentalized.
Can become addicted to information, lose them-
selves in activity and defensively scatter their atten-
tion into a range of empty interests.
May play mental games for diversion, using hu-
mor to disassociate or trivialize.
Could be ighty, elusively jumping around in
their thoughts or even physically dgety.
Might take actions in a tful sporadic way and for
strange, idiosyncratic reasons.
Can reframe their behavior to duck consequenc-
es.
May be socially undependable and noncommittal;
can tell lies and rationalize the practice.
enneagram monthly may 2008 9
N
orman Quellets article in the Ennea-
gram Monthly (Jan. & Feb. 2008)
discussed the completion of the 12
Steps of Alcoholics Anonymous in relation to a re-
covering alcoholics concurrent ascendance up the
Riso-Hudson Levels of Development. I was inspired
by this article to share my experience as a Addiction
counselor with over 24 years in the eld, as a recover-
ing individual with 26 years, and as an Authorized
Riso-Hudson Enneagram Teacher who has utilized
the Enneagram personally and professionally since
1995.
I hope that this writing inspires others to begin
utilizing the Enneagram to assist individuals in the
process of recovery from their addictions, and to more
skillfully navigate the dicult stages of growth they
encounter as they move in the direction of positive
growth. Although AA and NA has helped many indi-
viduals, statistics show that currently only 15-20% of
individuals who attempt to get clean and sober actu-
ally establish a drug free life. When individuals with
short or long-term sobriety relapse, there is often a
common refrain that is invoked: Tey just didnt
want to stay sober. Tey are not willing to go to any
lengths for their recovery. Nothing could be further
from the truth.
Te reality is, every individual who makes the at-
tempt to gain sobriety has a deep desire to succeed.
What is often lacking is the wisdom needed to do
so. Our task as teachers and guides is to assist these
individuals in staying in touch with the soul longing
that brought them to AA/NA in the rst place. Tis
translates into teaching them how their particular
Type falls asleep, goes unconscious, and relapses into
addiction. (Te Enneagram Levels of Development
maps this precisely.) It also means teaching them how
to access presence
1
so that they no longer feel the
need to engage in addictive behaviors that substitute
for experiencing genuine well being.
Te teachings of the Enneagram allow us to both
identify the individual ways we forget and also how
to remember who we really are. Tis is why I see the
Enneagram as providing a hand-in-glove t with Al-
coholics Anonymous, Narcotics Anonymous, or any
other system of transformational change.
In this article Ill talk about how the Enneagram
can be used to support recovery, and how the Riso-
Hudson Levels of Development assist this process. Ill
also provide an extended example of a Type Eights
recovery journey through the levels. Lets take a brief
look at the Riso-Hudson Levels of Development:
Healthy
Level of Liberation: Ego Transcended Balance
& FreedomLiving as Essence, Self Realized and
conscious.
Level of Psychological Capacity: Ego is Identied
with as the basis of a Particular Mode of Being
Living with Essence
Level of Social Gift: Ego Operating in a Construc-
tive Way, Successfully SublimatingMoving towards
Essence
Average
Level of Fixation: Losing Contact with Presence
and Awareness, the Beginning of Sleep A So-
cial Role/Identity developsBasic Fear is intruding
more.
Level of Interpersonal Conict: Ego Controlling
Environment to get its needs met Manipulative &
DefendedBasic Fear is activated strongly.
Level of Overcompensation: Ego Ination, Aggres-
sive defense of Ego-Identity. Demanding that others/
reality support the ego-agenda
Unhealthy
Level of Violation: Ego willing to violate self and
others to maintain itself. Abusive, Devaluing, Des-
perate (Serious pathology arises)
Level of Delusion and Compulsion: Ego-self out of
Control and Out of Touch with Reality (Major Per-
sonality Disorders)
Level of Pathological Destructiveness: Extreme Pa-
thology or death (Psychosis)
Levels in Early Recovery
When a man or woman arrives in Alcoholics
Anonymous or Narcotics Anonymous, they are often
operating at Level 6 or 7 (Overcompensation and Vi-
olation) on the Riso-Hudson continuum. Captured
in the unconscious dynamics of their personality, they
are hooked by the compulsion of their substance use.
In AA/NA they will journey through the 12-Steps as
a fundamental strategy for maintaining sobriety. In a
nutshell, they need to admit their powerlessness over
addictive substances, take a personal inventory of
their addiction history and begin to make amends to
those theyve hurt. Tey may start or resume a spiri-
tual practice of prayer or meditation, and begin sup-
porting other addicted individuals in their eorts to
remain clean and sober. Tis rst journey through the
12 Steps initiates the process of learning to take re-
sponsibility for and begin healing ones unconscious
self-destructive patterns. But this is only the tip of
the iceberg, and not a revolution where one suddenly
jumps from Level 6 or 7 of emotional reactiv-
ity and unconsciousness to Level 1.
Level 1 is living as Essence and is self-realized.
Level 2 is a journey with Essence. Level 3 is a journey
towards Essence. Level 4 is a peaceful day without Es-
sence, that is, we are running on automatic pilot, and
the more negative manifestations of our personality
are not interfering. Te movement into the Healthy
Levels (L1-L3) often takes many years of self-observa-
tion, counseling, spiritual practice, and many rounds
through the 12 Steps.
All of this suggests a process in which individuals,
as they ascend the Levels towards health, shed layers
of distortion and begin to actually observe themselves
with more clarity and compassion (L4). Tey learn
to step outside the magnetic pull of their personal-
ity habits, wherein presence can arise and inform a
direction. But the journey to essence (L1-L3) is rarely
sudden. Tere are many wonderful recovering indi-
viduals with years of sobriety who nd themselves
frustrated and stranded at Level 5 or 4, and although
their lives have greatly stabilized, they lack the knowl-
edge necessary to move beyond their present Level.
Over time they can experience stagnation and be-
come disenchanted, angry, bored, stuck, unhappy,
self-condemning, and then relapse. Te Enneagram
provides a map through these stages of stagnation,
which are really stages of transformation,thus deter-
ring relapse. As the Enneagram is incorporated into
addiction treatment and recovery, the percentages of
those successfully maintaining sobriety will increase
exponentially. It is then we will witness a long await-
ed revolution in addiction treatment.
The Power of Discovering your Type
It has been my experience that when individu-
als in addiction recovery discover their type, a bright
light of self-recognition turns on. Suddenly they see
that the diculties theyve gone through via their
experience with addiction have a fundamental san-
ity and logic to them. Tey understand theyve been
struggling to reach something heretofore they hadnt
been able to comprehend or describe. But with a clear
description of their types psychic structure (core fear,
desire, inner critic voice, emotional habit and mental
xation, etc.
2
) along with the Levels of expression of
their type, they glimpse what their heart has wanted
all along, which is the stu of Levels 1-3. Tey real-
ize that many of their self-destructive actions center
around a loss of connection with the healthy levels.
Its as if a breath of fresh air has entered their life story,
bringing freedom to see themselves with compassion
and forgiveness. For many this is the start of heal-
ing and wakes up the passion to thrive and optimize
themselves. With the Enneagram as a map, a clear
path home has been laid before them. Teyve seen
the outline of their essential self, and they like and
want what they see.
The Enneagram, Addictions Treatment,
and the Levels of Development
Michael Naylor, M.ED, CCS, LADC, ET
Our task as teachers and guides is to
assist these individuals in staying in
touch with the soul longing that brought
them to AA/NA in the frst place. This
translates into teaching them how their
particular Type falls asleep, goes uncon-
scious, and relapses into addiction.
10 may 2008 enneagram monthly
A Journey with the Type Eight
In discussing the potential use of the Enneagram
in addiction treatment, I will utilize an example of a
Hypothetical Type Eights journey through the Lev-
els. Well call him Jack, the Challenger, known for
being powerful, dynamic, self-condent, assertive,
willful, and confrontational.
3
Healthy Levels
Level 1: Heroic and Self-Surrendering (Open
hearted and strong, magnanimous and present)
Level 2: Strong and Self-Reliant (Vigorous and
action-oriented, can-do people)
Level 3: Leading and Self-Condent (Inspired to
bring out the strengths of others)
Average Levels
Level 4: Enterprising and Pragmatic (Self-con-
cerns for having enough resources begin to dominate,
emotional sensitivity is guarded. Presence has dis-
appeared. Begin to be driven by the Fear of being vio-
lated and harmed.)
Level 5: Dominating and Self-Glorifying (Will-
ful and proud, they want others to know they are in
charge, that they are important. Demand respect and
loyalty. Are boastful.)
Level 6: Intimidating and Confrontational
(Fearing disloyalty, they pressure others to do what
they want through threats and oppression. Push oth-
ers to the limit).
Unhealthy Levels
Level 7: Dictatorial and Ruthless (Feel betrayed
and unable to trust anyone, protect themselves at any
cost. Others are objects for them to manipulate.)
Level 8: Terrorizing and Megalomaniacal (At-
tack others before they can be attacked.)
Level 9: Destructive and Sociopathic
As a Type Eight Jack has inherited a core fear
4
:
being violated, harmed and of losing his power to
control his environment. He grew up in a abusive
household in which his life was literally at risk. In
response to his traumatic childhood he became a rag-
ing alcoholic at a young age and a real terror at Level
7 (L7)ruthless and full of anger. But Jack was also
a ghter with hands-on experience in saving his own
life as a child and that of his little brothers as well. He
survived where others would have been destroyed.
Jack found his way into AA recovery and got sober.
He was very angry and aggressive in the early stages
of his recovery (L6-intimidating), yet remained sober.
In addition, he continuously struggled with his core
fear that others might harm or betray him (L6). How-
ever, he hung in. working the Steps of recovery. His
overwhelming fear that he was going to be violated or
harmed if he didnt threaten and take control of people
or situations (L6) became less pervasive. With growth,
he began moving to a Level of more freedom where
instead of using intimidation he turned to boastful-
ness and demands for self-respect (L5). In time he be-
came an addictions counselor. Now after 20 years of
recovery in AA he has stabilized around Level 4 and
5
5
and is a skilled strategist in promoting his career.
He can function with strength and independence.
Jack has worked the steps of Alcoholics Anonymous
dozens of times, and on his best days presence arises,
he taps into Level 3 (Self-condent, empowering of
others) and can express his ner gifts- he empowers
the most troubled and traumatized to get sober (Level
3 gifts). Tis shows up specically in his work as an
addictions counselor and in his work with other AA
members who are struggling to get sober.
Tese ner moments are hard to maintain because
Jack is not truly conscious of how he arrived in this
zone. He lacks real understanding of the dynamics
of personality and how it can take him up and down
the Levels of Development. Without knowledge of
the Enneagram this remains unmapped territory and
the lightening quick machinations of his xated per-
sonality still have a strong magnetic pull on his at-
tention. On bad days he can slide down to Level 6
(Confrontational/ Intimidating), or to Level 7 where,
lled with paranoia and suspicious of disloyal attacks,
he becomes threatening. He then wears the mask of
the Dictator, and you better not cross him. Te good
news is that he doesnt stay here long.
Jack faces a dilemma that many face after 20 years
sobriety. His life is more stable, he is successful in his
counseling business, he helps and empowers people
to get sober. But something is missingI and in his qui-
etest moments it creeps up on him. He still has unex-
pected rages he cannot explain. On the personal level
he struggles mightily with intimacy, as his need to be
in power blocks others from access to his vulnerable
loving side. He nds that when issues involving loy-
alty, betrayal or lack of respect (L5 and L6 issues) are
triggered, he pushes his intimate partner away. She
complains that he is insensitive to her needs, treats
her like an object and is obsessed with trying to con-
trol everything (L5-L6 habits of self-protection). Jack
cant help it: its his way or the highway. Still, he thinks
of himself as a feeling and open-hearted person (L3 &
L2 moments of presence, and surely indicative of his
deeper wish), but his capacity to be vulnerable with
other sta members hedges on one criteria: that his
sta agree with whatever approach he deems correct
(L5Self-glorifying, Dominating.). Unwittingly,
any time sta (or loved ones) challenge his approach
or procedures Jack immediately becomes ercely de-
fensive. His reactive nature ignites, as he is compelled
to challenge their ideas by being confrontational &
intimidating (L6). Caught in the obsession to be in
charge, and the core fear of being violated, he can-
not receive the help oered him (L5-6). A quiet des-
peration arises, he knows it but tells no one: he is
stuck and can go no further. Jack has worked the 12
steps and runs a good recovery program, but he has
reached a wall, one that he must break through or
two options await him: relapse or suicide.
Jack is so identied with the role of being the
strong one that he cannot surrender to how his heart
truly feels. Instead of quietly admitting My life is
not working, Im pushing everyone away and I cant
seem to stop this, he cannot slow down long enough
to gain meditative calm and begin sensing this sacred
part of him, his heart. Instead, he stays hyped up,
on the go, driven by workaholism. He blows through
his counseling sta with erce intensity and even his
body is wearing down with a thousand ailments, all
the result of high stress and no relief. Jack is addicted
to Type Eight intensity a habit of continually chal-
lenging his environment; attacking and protecting
himself from it, he is unable to sense his core fear (the
driving force of his addiction), or notice when this
live wire of vulnerability is being touched, nor can
he stop the angry reactions that are up in the night
sky of his psyche. Te fact that he oends so many
and cant stop it, barely reaches him. He cannot bear
to see it nor feel the hurt of it. Instinctively Jack cov-
ers the pain with a Type Eight rational: Tey cant
handle the truth. Teyre a bunch of wimps. I dont
need them. Tey dont deserve to be in my company.
(L5) Nothing will change until Jack learns what to
observe, and to relate the meaning of his self-observa-
tions to where he is at on the Levels of Development.
Only then will he gain enough presence to not act
out his reactivity.
Sobriety allows Jack to make better decisions, and
to be less destructive. For the most part he has left
Level 7 behind. Being a ruthless dictator with a no-
holds-barred approach to reality has completely dis-
appeared from his life. Sobriety has allowed him to
strengthen his social identity as the strong one (L4-the
Rock),who is in control and gets the job done, wel-
comes challenges and goes nose to nose with them
skillfully. But at Level 5 Jack often takes disagree-
ment as a threat to his security. He is particularly
threatened by those who are not afraid of his po-
tential angry ranting or confrontational explosions,
or those who have an equal intelligence and are not
afraid to express it.
Still, due to sobriety, Jack is smarter about getting
what he wants, protecting his territory, asserting him-
self skillfully and averting many unnecessary clashes
(L4pragmatic /enterprising). He has better access
to the Type Eight savvy (L4 skills),a more skillful
defender of his personal space and better at keeping
a strong boundary up against unwanted intrusion.
On good days inherent practical intuition helps
deliver his capacities in the world (L4). A pragmatic
understanding of power gives Jack the ability to work
political circles to activate the power he seeks for his
projects.
Healing for Jack
Working the 12 steps of AA recovery helps Jack
stay at Level 4 and 5, and avoid more frequent slides
down the Levels. But moving into Level 3 requires a
sincere commitment to spiritual practice that engages
presence more deliberately (Tis is not to say that
he hasnt had moments of Level 3 presence due to
his attention to his recovery program.). An important
ally for his growth will be knowledge of Type Eights
Jack faces a dilemma that many face
after 20 years sobriety. His life is more
stable, he is successful in his counseling
business, he helps and empowers people
to get sober. But something is missingI
and in his quietest moments it creeps up
on him.
enneagram monthly may 2008 11
Achilles heal, the unconscious habit of succumbing
to the core fear of being violated and losing control of
his life. As Jack begins to observe the arising of his
core fear, learns to sit with it and not react to it, his
capacity to sense through the fear to his inner strength
will ensue. As his unconscious reactivity quiets and he
senses the inner states that activate his need to protect
himself, his heart will begin to naturally open (L3).
Along with that opening, there may be grief over how
defended he has been or sorrow over the emotional
shocks that shaped his defensiveness. Understand-
ing the map of his travels up and down the Levels
will provide him with invaluable knowledge about
his state of presence. Clearly understanding and ob-
serving how his reactivity takes him down the Levels
when loyalty issues arise and how it impacts others
when he reacts (scares them, pushes them away, or
ignites them into full battle mode), will further allow
him to disengage this reactivity.
With knowledge of his Types inner dynamics,
Jack will see that admitting vulnerability has become
his unwitting enemy, and that opening his heart to
his fear is instinctively avoided. He will begin to no-
tice that resisting the urge to intensify his experience
6
by confronting others is no mans land for him, like
walking into a cage of lions. And that showing vul-
nerability, or anything other than the mask of Im
in charge here, I know what Im doing, do not even
think of messing with me is his Achilles heal. With
time he will see and sense that his inherent courage
best used to promote positive action often turns into
vengeance, protection , blame, attack or, manipu-
lation to acquire power over others. As he restrains
himself from engaging in battle, a true sense of inner
strength and indestructible courage will emerge.
Now he is stepping into Level 3 presence by ob-
serving the subtleties of his unconscious personality
dynamics and resisting acting upon them.
Tis is the path of relapse prevention for Jack. Stay-
ing conscious to his inner dynamics is the funda-
mental key to keeping his drug cravings away. Oth-
erwise, once he falls prey to his reactivity and goes
unconscious, the dungeon doors of his addiction
creak open, and his cravings seep into his conscious-
ness until the desire to take a drink or a drug makes
perfect sense. At the unconscious levels he will forget
where his substance use always takes him, and instead
he will succumb to euphoric recall, where he is only
able to remember the thin strand of happy moments
that have existed in his substance using days.
If Jack had the space within himself to humbly
reside in his intense feelings, if he understood the En-
neagram map of his reactivity, if he was aware enough
to observe and sense emotion and paranoia without
acting on it, he would arrive at objectivity and pres-
ence. From here, taking a drink or a drug would
make no sense, nor would it be an option.
Conclusion
As we can see, the path of addiction recovery is not
easy and requires patience, support, loving kindness,
intelligence and skillfulness. Te Enneagram provides
both: essential knowledge and a map for transforming
the emotional and mental habits that keep addictive
behaviors in place. It is my sincere hope that this tool
begins to nd its way into the addiction eld, both
in 12-Step programs, and into the treatment plans of
addiction providers. Te precision and eciency that
the Enneagram will greatly increase the success rates
of those striving to become addiction free.
____________
1 Essence or Presence could be dened as liv-
ing in direct connection with what is truest and most
genuine within us, unfettered by our social and child-
hood conditioning which caused us to abandon or
hide our truest nature.
2 See Understanding the Enneagram by Riso and
Hudson, pp. 112-119 for understanding of these fac-
tors.
3 See Te Wisdom of the Enneagram, p. 296 for
Levels of Development in the Type Eight.
4 I am utilizing the Riso-Hudson structure for
identifying the xated personality dynamics of each
type eloquently described in Te Wisdom of the En-
neagram, Understanding the Enneagram, and Personal-
ity Types.
5 See Te Wisdom of the Enneagram, p. 77-79 for
more discussion on the center of gravity.
6 Te emotional passion of the Eight is called
Lust. In Understanding the Enneagram, Riso and
Hudson say Te Passion of Lust is not primarily
sexual lust, but it might better be understood as an
addiction to intensity (p. 57).
KEYNOTE SPEAKER: DIANNE COLLINS
QUANTUM THINKING THE ENNEAGRAM
Dianne Collins is the creator of QuantumThink, a groundbreaking
new system of thinking that blends the genius of modern science
with ancient spiritual knowledge into practical wisdom. Collins
is a visionary thinker, writer, and producer who is passionate
about showing people new ways of seeing that can greatly
enhance their lives. As a business consultant who has worked with a wide variety
of individuals and organizations, she taps into human faculties not addressed
in traditional education, such as intent, intuition, and nonlocal mind, to enable
people to make distinctions that can propel them from limited industrial age
thinking into the multidimensional reality of our current quantum age. Collins
Quantum Think methods expand your mind, your awareness, and your knowledge
to give you a direct experience of mastering a life of freedom, power, and peace
of mind.
ENDNOTE SPEAKER: KHRISTIAN PATERHAN
Khristian Paterhan, a native of Chile and resident of Brasil, utilizes his Enneagram
expertise to coach people in both the personal and professional spheres, through
individual therapy, trainings, workshops, and lectures. As a business
counselor he assists clients in developing leadership skills, making
positive change, raising consciousness and realizing their own
potential. Paterhan is the author of three books including the
best-seller, The Enneagram A Pathway for Personal and
Professional Success.
THREE DAYS OF WORKSHOPS BEGINNING TO ADVANCED
World renown Enneagram teachers and presenters from many
countries around the globe will share their latest Enneagram work
and applications.
HOTEL INFORMATION
Remember to make your hotel reservations at Renaissance Concourse
Hotel. Identify yourself as part of the International Enneagram
Association 2008 Annual Meeting. Conference Group to receive the
rate of $129 per night for single, double, triple & quad rooms.
Reservations must be made by July 10, 2008 to receive the rate.
Phone: 1-404-209-9999 or 1-888-391-8724.
Renaissance Concourse Hotel, One Hartseld Parkway,
Atlanta, Georgia 30354 U.S.A.
www.marriott.com/hotels/travel/atlsa-renaissance-concourse-hotel/
PRE-CONFERENCE: AN ARICA TRAINING
Thursday, July 31, 2008. Daniela Hauptmann
and Tato Gomez, longtime teachers in the Arica
School founded by Oscar Ichazo, will present an
introductory one-day experience based on this
unique training. The Arica School offers a clearly
dened map of the human psyche as a guide
for discovering the basis of ones ego process
enabling individuals to transcend that process into
a higher state of consciousness that is found in
and available to every person. This state of being is
seen as our True Essential Self, experienced as an
internal state of great happiness, light and liberation.
IEA Member $110 Non-Member $140
CONFERENCE: Friday-Sunday, August 1-3, 2008
U.S. Residents
IEA Member $450 Non-Member $525
Non U.S. Residents
IEA Member $400 Non-Member $475
Call for student rate info.
Cancellation Policy: Refunds will be given on or before June 1,
2008, minus $50 admin fee.
After June 1, registration fee may be applied to 2009 conference.
BOOK YOUR TRAVEL ARRANGEMENTS ONLINE!
Visit our new user-friendly IEA Travel Site: www.iea-travel.com
TO REGISTER:
Call the IEA ofce: 513-232-5054
Fax this Form to: 513-563-9743
Online: www.internationalenneagram.org
The International Enneagram Association presents:
12 may 2008 enneagram monthly
2007 The Enneagram Institute (Don Riso & Russ Hudson). All Rights Reserved. Traditional Enneagram terms: 2007
Arica Institute (Oscar Ichazo). All Rights Reserved. 2007 Design concepts by Karen Jacke and Joyce Stenstrom.
12-1-07
10 of 15
A. Basic Personality Elements
Center of Intelligence Thinking
Passion Anxiety (traditional term: Fear)
Fixation Worrying (traditional term: Cowardice)
Hornevian Group Dutiful / Compliant
Harmonic Group Intensity / Reactive
B. Increasing Identication with Personality Issues
Lost Childhood
Message
You are safe.
Unconscious
Childhood Message
Its not okay to trust yourself.
Basic Fear Of being without support and guidance
Basic Desire To have security and support
Secondary Fear Of losing my security, my feeling of
belonging
Key Motivations
(Desires)
To have securityTo feel supportedTo
have the approval of othersTo test the
attitudes of others toward meTo defend
my beliefs
Superego
Message:
You are good or
okay if you cover
all the bases and do
what is expected of
you.
Contradiction:
How can I cover all the bases? Is all my
scurrying around and worry really making
me feel more secure? Is doing whats
expected of me really meaningful to me? I
struggle to build up situations that I can feel
secure in, but I still feel anxious and fearful.
Main Temptation Cycles of indecisionseeking others for
reassurance
Excuse...
I will become
present to my life
only when...
...I have enough support to feel completely
secure and stable. When I have every area
of my life handled and nothing can take me
by surprise, then Ill show up.
Direction of Stress
(Disintegration)
To Type Three
At Level 4, I desire that others see my value
and capability.
At Level 5, I turn on the charm, becoming
friendly or professional as needed.
At Level 6, I put people on notice that I am
not be tried with. I am hostile at others
lack of appreciation.
C. Levels of Development (pages in Personality Types)
1. Liberation The Valiant Hero (226-228)
2. Psychological Capacity The Engaging Friend (228-230) The Engaging Friend The Engaging Friend
3. Social Value The Committed Worker (230-232) The Committed Worker The Committed Worker
Wake-up Call Depending on something outside
of myself for guidance
4. Imbalance The Dutiful Loyalist (232-235) The Dutiful Loyalist The Dutiful Loyalist
Social Role The Stalwart
5. Interpersonal Control The Ambivalent Pessimist (235-239)
Manipulates
others by
Complaining, testing others
commitment to me
6. Overcompensation The Authoritarian Rebel (239-243)
Leaden Rule: Do unto
others what you most fear
being done unto you.
Undermining the support system of
others, trying to isolate them
Overcompensation Attachment to beliefs
Red Flag Fear That my own actions have harmed
my security
7. Violation / Addiction The Overreacting Dependent
(243-246)
8. Delusion / Compulsion The Paranoid Hysteric (246-248)
9. Pathological
Destructiveness
The Self-Defeating Masochist
(248-250)
D. Increasing Presence and Flexibility
Saving Grace I have an ability to maintain relationships.
Healing Attitude Maybe this will work out ne. Maybe I
dont have to foresee every possible
problem. Maybe I can trust myself and my
own judgments.
Recognition for
Growth
Recognizing support and my own inner
guidance
Spiritual
Jump Start
To notice when I am becoming dependent
on something external for support
Direction of Growth
(Integration)
To Type Nine
I resolve my ambivalence and my anxiety
about myself and others. I become more
emotionally open, receptive, and sym-
pathetic toward people. I become more
independent yet closer to others.
Invitation to
Abundance
To have faith in myself and trust in the
goodness of liferemembering to be
courageous and capable of dealing with
life under all conditions.
For more recommendations and practices for Type Six, see:
Riso and Hudson: The Wisdom of the Enneagram, pages 253-255 and Understanding the Enneagram, pages 341-344
See also: www.EnneagramInstitute.com for additional information regarding
Relationships and Type Compatibilities Health, Addictions & Type Misidentications The RHETI Enneagram test RHETI RHETI
The Loyalist
CommittedResponsible
AnxiousSuspicious Type Charts for Therapists, Coaches & Counselors
Type Charts for Terapists, Coaches & Counselors by Don Riso & Russ Hudson
Chart 10 and 13 from the set of 15; go to www.EnneagramInstitute.com
for information on how to obtain a complete set.
enneagram monthly may 2008 13
2007 The Enneagram Institute (Don Riso & Russ Hudson). All Rights Reserved. Traditional Enneagram terms: 2007
Arica Institute (Oscar Ichazo). All Rights Reserved. 2007 Design concepts by Karen Jacke and Joyce Stenstrom.
12-1-07
13 of 15
A. Basic Personality Elements
Center of Intelligence Instinctive
Passion Disengagement (traditional term: Sloth)
Fixation Daydreaming (trad. term: Indolence)
Hornevian Group Withdrawn
Harmonic Group Positive Outlook
B. Increasing Identication with Personality Issues
Lost Childhood
Message
Your presence matters.
Unconscious
Childhood Message
Its not okay to assert yourself.
Basic Fear Of loss, separation, and fragmentation
Basic Desire Peace of mind and wholeness
Secondary Fear Of losing my peace of mind, of having any
tension with others
Key Motivations
(Desires)
To have serenity and peace of mindTo
create harmony in my environmentTo
preserve things as they areTo avoid
conictsTo escape upsetting problems
Superego
Message:
You are good or
okay as long as
everyone around
you is good or
okay.
Contradiction:
How can I be assured that everyone is
really okay? How do I know that they are
okay? Why is my well-being dependent on
the prior well-being and happiness of
others? The impossibility of this task leads
me to tune out problems.
Main Temptation To avoid conicts and self-assertion
Excuse...
I will become
present to my life
only when...
...I am completely at peace and without
conicts or problems. When nothing in the
world bothers or upsets me, and everyone
in my world is happy and at peace, then Ill
show up.
Direction of Stress
(Disintegration)
To Type Six
At Level 4, I engage in intense activities to
increase security.
At Level 5, I use passive-aggressive tactics
to assert my own needs.
At Level 6, I entrench myself in comforting
routines to keep anxieties and the world at
bay. I have belligerent reactions and a siege
mentality.
D. Increasing Presence and Flexibility
Saving Grace I am receptive to change because I value
relationships.
Healing Attitude Maybe I can make a difference. Maybe
I need to get energized and be involved.
Maybe I am more powerful than I realize.
Recognition for
Growth
Recognizing my own strength and capacity
Spiritual
Jump Start
To notice when I am resisting being
affected by experiences
Direction of Growth
(Integration)
To Type Three
I connect with my vitality. I become inter-
ested in developing myself and my talents
to the fullest extent possible. I become more
exible and adaptable, entirely capable of
dealing with reality.
Invitation to
Abundance
To actively engage myself in the struggle
to create real peace in the world,
remembering that my participation in life
is necessary and vital.
For more recommendations and practices for Type Nine see:
Riso and Hudson: The Wisdom of the Enneagram, pages 335-336 and Understanding the Enneagram, pages 349-351
See also: www.EnneagramInstitute.com for additional information regarding
Relationships and Type Compatibilities Health, Addictions & Type Misidentications The RHETI Enneagram test RHETI RHETI
The Peacemaker
EasygoingSelf-Effacing
AgreeableComplacent
C. Levels of Development (pages in Personality Types)
1. Liberation The Self-Possessed Guide (347-348)
2. Psychological Capacity The Receptive Person (349-351)
3. Social Value The Supportive Peacemaker (351-353) The Supportive Peacemaker The Supportive Peacemaker
Wake-up Call Accommodating myself to
others, always saying yes
4. Imbalance The Accommodating Role-Player
(353-355)
Social Role Nobody Special
5. Interpersonal Control The Disengaged Participant (355-359)
Manipulates
others by
Tuning others out passive-aggres-
sively, getting others to buy into being
complacent and letting things go
6. Overcompensation Resigned Fatalist (359-362)
Leaden Rule: Do unto
others what you most fear
being done unto you.
Making others feel that they have
lost connection by tuning them
out
Overcompensation Stubborn neglectfulness
Red Flag Fear That I will be forced by reality to
deal with my problems
7. Violation / Addiction The Denying Doormat(362-364)
8. Delusion / Compulsion Dissociating Automaton (364-365)
9. Path. Destructiveness The Self-Abandoning Ghost (365-366) The Self-Abandoning Ghost The Self-Abandoning Ghost
Type Charts for Therapists, Coaches & Counselors
14 may 2008 enneagram monthly
and elevated glucose. She came back later and the
medications had worked: blood pressure and glucose
were ne. I asked her to return in three months to
follow up.
She didnt return in three months. But nine
months later, she came back with a sinus infection
and her glucose levels and blood pressure were worse.
She had also gained another 10 pounds. When my
nurse called the pharmacy to renew the medications,
it turns out she had discontinued them.
Well, I had told her what to do and she didnt do
it. My advice was mainline medical practice and if she
had followed my professional instructions, she would
have been ne. But she ignored my expensive profes-
sional advice completely!
Gwen was intelligent, emotionally healthy, and
motivated. But she was also non-compliant. Why?
Why would she come for help, receive it and then
ignore it? Why would she act against her apparent
self-interest?
I didnt know. But I did know that when some-
thing doesnt make sense on one level, it usually does
on another. I wanted to get to the bottom of Gwens
problem. Tere must be some way. What was it?
Shortly after this experience, I learned about the
Enneagram in church, Ten I studied further with
Clarence T. Te Enneagram taught me how to rene
what I knew about motivationhow to look at mo-
tivation at more than one level. It helped me unravel
the mystery of why people sometimes act in a way
that seems to be against their self interest. And why I
was unable to help Gwen lose weight,
Learning the Enneagram helped me rene not
only my approach with Gwen, but my entire ap-
proach to weight management. Heres Gwen story
and how it helped me understand the power of the
Enneagram.
Enter the Enneagram
Gwen is an Enneagram Two. So shes a giver, but
sometimes the giving gets out of hand. Teres too
much focus on meeting the needs of others and not
enough on acknowledging and fullling her own
needs.
When I realized that Gwen was a Two, I changed
my approach considerably.
I realized that Gwen did not come to lose weight,
not really. She came to be happier (less depressed)
and have more energy (less fatigue) in order to do
more of what she was already overdoing: meeting the
needs of her family and community. When I saw she
was a Two, I knew I needed to address not just the
apparent reasons for weight gain (poor eating habits
and lack of exercise), but the underlying motivations
that actually created the impetus for weight gain.
Fortied with my Enneagram insights, I called
Gwen to come in for a new health plan. Tis time
we addressed her real problems (her presenting com-
plaints were only symptoms). She was working so
hard, was stressed and did not have time or energy to
prepare healthy meals. Tat was part of the physical
problem. Some of her fatigue was predictable: long
hours of hard work for others with little time for her-
self. Tis is not a medical problem, it is a life-style
problem. Te depression related to a lack of appre-
ciation for her tireless service which also caused her
fatigue. I felt that she was using food, especially com-
fort food, as a way to reward herself each evening for
all the service she had rendered that day.
Based on this understanding, I helped her work
out a plan for some self-nurturing. Gwen was to share
her situation with the family and ask for their sup-
port. Tis was not easy for her. But what helped was
the understanding that if she stayed overweight, tired
and depressed, she could not serve them. Tat dou-
ble bind (if she kept on serving, she couldnt serve)
enabled her to ask for their cooperation. She eased
back a little and attended to her own previously un-
acknowledged needs and desires.
New Results
At Gwens next visit a month later, I saw that her
blood pressure and glucose levels had improved, she
had lost six pounds, and her energy levels had risen.
In another six months she lost 20 more pounds.
She was ecstatic. Doc, you saved my life! Ive
been dieting for 25 years and this is the rst plan I
can continue for a lifetime because I am not doing
this by myself.
I was elated by these results: I had helped cure
depression, blood pressure, glucose levels and obesity.
Not bad for a few hours work! I even felt sort of two-
ish myself, being so helpful.
But my elation was tempered by the understand-
ing that while my medical training prepared me to di-
agnose medical problems like diabetes and hyperten-
sion, it left a few things out. It did not really equip me
to diagnose and treat someone feeling overwhelmed
and unloved, which was the real problem.
Te experience helping Gwen had forced me to
question my technical approach to healthcare. Te
academic education had taught me to prescribe
treatment based on objective-measurable and repro-
ducible-ndings. Treatment was based on validated
double-blind, placebo controlled studies that statis-
tics supported. In medical training, the personal rela-
tionship between doctor and patient are deliberately
and eectively screened out. But Gwens medical
problemsdepression, elevated glucose levels and
obesitycould not be treated unless Gwens central
motivation (i.e., service to others) could be part of
the treatment plan. My most prestigious traditional
medical treatment procedures were not enough. Tey
needed one more element, and that element was the
Enneagram.
Traditional approach to illness:
Gwens case made me do a lot of thinking about
the medical model, both its strengths and its weak-
nesses.
I already knew that traditional medical care fo-
cuses on acute problems, not chronic disease. So its
good for treating ailments that require drugs, but less
eective at addressing problems that require lifestyle
modications.
However, the leading health problems of Amer-
icaheart disease, obesity, hypertension and diabe-
tescant really be cured simply by taking drugs. Te
usual medical goal is to prevent complications and
disease progression.
Gwen is a poster child for someone with a chron-
ic life-style disease and we dont have chemicals she
could take to x her in 10 days.
But when I took another approach and under-
stood her real motivation, it made it much easier to
address the lifestyle problems that were contributing
to her medical problems. Preaching about non-com-
pliance wouldnt have helped. Te approach needed
to be informed by greater insight into underlying
motivations. Gwen needed to change her lifestyle and
not just a chemical adjustment. It was important to
realize that her lifestyle had an unconscious central
motive, an energy that could be harnessed once it was
understood. Tats why the Enneagram information
was central.
What my medical education assumes (and so does
not address), is the issue of motivation. Despite moun-
tains of literature to the contrary, health care provid-
ers assume people will act in their own best medical
interest. Te crippling corollary of this assumption is
that people will follow medical instructions without
any support, reward or follow-through on the part
of the professional. But often people dont stick to
diets and dont take their meds. Just like Gwen, they
continue to eat food thats physically unhealthy for
them. Lets see why.
Motivation First,
Why do you want to lose weight?
When someone comes to us wanting to lose
weight, thats never all they want. Tey want to lose
weight in order to get something else.
But both patients and many doctors often skip the
question, Why do you want to lose weight? When
asked, patients give answers their doctors expect: I
want to be healthier, or I want to lower my blood
pressure. Such reasons sound rational. But are they
the real reason? Te teachings of the Enneagram sug-
gest otherwise.
Lacking an understanding of the Enneagram,
Gwen did not know that she wanted to lose weight to
serve her family more. Like most people, she looked
to popular w
eight loss books, theories and strategies to help her
devise a weight loss strategy.. While such sources pro-
Twos & Threes War with Fat... CONTINUED FROM PAGE 1
I realized that Gwen did not come to lose
weight, not really. She came to be happier
(less depressed) and have more energy
(less fatigue) in order to do more of what
she was already overdoing: meeting the
needs of her family and community.
enneagram monthly may 2008 15
vide useful information, that information is at best
general in nature. Also, it focuses mainly on physical
reasons for losing weight. It does not address indi-
vidual dierences in motivation..
Heres why the usual formulae have to be person-
ally tailored, either by you or by a professional. Peo-
ple simply vary too much for any one formula to pro-
vide a denitive solution to weight loss. Te regimen
that works for a math teacher 50 pounds overweight
diers sharply from the regime that a young mother
needs to shed 30 pounds after pregnancy. Whats
more, three mothers with three dierent Enneagram
styles, metabolisms and environments may also need
dierent strategies.
And What Are These Motives?
Most weight loss programs assume similar motiva-
tion, metabolism and eating habits. Because those as-
sumptions are shaky or wrong, we see that most diets
work but the people dont. Diets will usually work,
IFand thats the big ifpeople can stick to them.
A few can, they become the poster children, most
cant. Tey become discouraged and turn to comfort
food for consolation, then tell their friends or thera-
pists they suer from lack of self-esteem.
Although people fail at weight control for a va-
riety of reasons (e.g., metabolic barriers, childhood
habits, the desire to avoid appearing too attractive,
or the need to use food for stress reduction), many of
these reasons stem from deeper motivations that are
limited in number.
Te Enneagram helps us understand these moti-
vations, which is why it can be a powerful tool in any
weight reduction plan.
How the Enneagram Contributes
Gwens case illustrates the importance of the En-
neagram. She felt an obligation to be available 24/7
for her children, husband, community and boss.
When I properly told her to exercise, I added to her
burden. When could she add that to her already over-
loaded schedule? Same for preparing healthy food,
that would be just one more task and rob her of
precious time to serve her loved ones! Her deepest
desireher driving motivationwas to be a better
mother, wife, and worker. My medical advice did not
take this into account. So instead of it helping Gwen
lose it, it actually sabotaged her motivation.
Gwen knew she shouldnt eat that ice cream at
night, but she did not know she was eating because
she was unappreciated. On one level she knew how
hard she worked without being really recognized for
her heroic eorts. But she was not able to see the
connection between that and the lovely feeling when
polishing o the pint of Homemade Vanilla Flavored
self-reward. As a Nurturer she had long learned to
suppress her own needs, so she did not see that they
show up in strange containers.
The Enneagram and Medicine
Fresh from my residency, I entered the medical
world eager to improve the length and richness of the
lives of my patients. After a month or two, clouds ob-
scured the sun, I saw that my patients lifestyles were
killing them. I saw the usual: diabetes, high blood
pressure, high cholesterol and depression. Some had
all four. For all four of these pervasive chronic dis-
eases, the only therapy is simply to change the way
they live.
So I told them plainly, Make these few changes in
your life and you will be healthy and wont need any
further medical help.
Tey could see I was a bright young doctor and
respectfully, even gratefully responded, Tank you, I
know you are right, then continued unabated to kill
themselves by their lifestyle! People are not stupid, so
I had to nd out what was so precious theyd be will-
ing to die for it,slowly, but die.
I am, by training and preference, a scientist.
I submit to data with reverent docility. So I know
that if something doesnt make sense on one level,
it must on another. For example, if I see a man rush
into a burning building, I might infer he is stupid
or crazy Instant diagnosis: self-destructive tenden-
cies, possibly suicidal. But if I learn his baby daugh-
ter is in the building, I switch to admiring a hero.
Empirical evidence without motivation is incom-
plete. Once I under-
stood his motivation,
his behavior was logical
and utterly sane. Te
same was true of Gwen.
Once we both knew she
would carry 40 extra
pounds around all day
if t necessary to nurture
her family, we could re-
interpret her virtuous
but self-destructive ac-
tions and deal with her
problems.
What is the Mo-
tive?
I looked for moti-
vational explanation of
why people eat them-
selves to death. And I
discovered the answer
in the Enneagram.
Te Enneagram de-
scribes personality styles
in terms of inner focus,
dominant energy pat-
terns, view of life and
the strategies developed
to deal with the rst
three.
It begins with focus.
Each of us has a narrow focus right below our level
of usual attention. We unconsciously ignore parts of
our environment or lives and attend with some rigor
to other parts. What we focus on profoundly aects
our lives.
For example, if I focus on what can go wrong in
life, I develop a series of strategies to prevent the ex-
pected disasters. I may do some things like buying
insurance, driving large cars at safe speed and eating
my vegetables. However, I may also deal with my
inner feeling that the world is dangerous by eating
sweets, because when I was a child and cried from
fear, my mother gave me candy. An outsider, seeing
me rotund and reaching for candy may think Im stu-
pid, but within my internal soothing strategy, candy
makes a lot of sense.
What an Enneagram Style Predicts
Aside from the usual reasons people overeat or eat
in self-destructive ways, they eat because of the central
concerns of their Enneagram style nine dierent,
partially or wholly unconscious reasons. Each reason
expresses an inner world with a belief system, some
central preoccupations, personally dominant ener-
gies, and ways in which they process information.
When we know our Enneagram styleand those of
our patientsit helps us look beyond overly-general
assumptions about what motivates people. It helped
me come up with a weight loss plan for Gwen that
nally worked.
Lets look at another example of using the ennea-
gram to develop a weight loss plan, this time by fo-
cusing on Type 3, the Performer.
The
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Fresh from my residency, I entered the
medical world eager to improve the length
and richness of the lives of my patients.
After a month or two, clouds obscured
the sun, I saw that my patients lifestyles
were killing them.
16 may 2008 enneagram monthly
Style Three The Performer
We call Trees Performers for one good and one
not-so-good reason. When Trees are inwardly strong
they search for excellence and work hard -- winning
trophies, ribbons and raises. When they are dysfunc-
tional, they do what looks good. Image replaces sub-
stance. Tey work to please others. When Trees are
strong, they set standards of excellence, when they
are weak, they cheat, cut corners and strive to appear
excellent. In either case, Trees always know how the
system works, what the rewards are and how to get
them. Trees play roles so perfectly and t into sys-
tems so perfectly that they think they ARE their role.
If you introduce yourself at a party by using your job
description, (Hello, Im vice president Schwartz) this
may be your style.
When strong, Performers become successful, dy-
namic, competent, ecient and practical, but when
xated they can become slick, pretentious, duplici-
tous, mechanical and settle for expediency.
Bobs Story
Bob came to the oce in July, weighing 520
pounds. At 45, he had had three heart attacks in
the last two yeas. He has been married to Jill more
than 20 years and currently works as an executive for
a large Internet provider. His third heart attack left
him so weak that he couldnt return to work. Besides
being morbidly obese with heart disease, Bob also has
suered from diabetes and high blood pressure for
the last ve years. His internist referred him because
of the seriousness of these problems.
He claims he has always been heavy. When he was
20 he carried 250 pounds on his 510 frame. His
extreme weight gain began 15 years ago when he took
steroids for a back injury.
When he came in, he said: Dr. Smith you must
be the best because I have the nest cardiologist and
most highly rated internist in the city, and they each
recommended you. He moved to a rst-name basis
at the end of the rst visit and promised that if he
lost weight, he would tell everyone and could greatly
increase business.
Bob wanted to lose weight as fast as possible and
insisted on medication to go along with the diet and
exercise. He wasnt concerned about side eects -- just
how fast they could get the weight o. He had started
cardiac rehab, but was too big to walk on their tread-
mills, which had a weight limit of 450 pounds. So,
his rst goal was to lose down to 450 pounds so he
could start using them.
During the next month, he went from 520 pounds
to 486. By four months, he had lost 100 pounds
down to 420. He was walking the exercise track 5
days a week. At rst, he was able to walk only half
a lap. By the time he weighed 420 pounds, he was
walking 10 miles a day! He set a record for walking
around the track. He brought in the ocial copy of
his walking records for placing it in his chart.
In December, Bobs doctor called and told that
Bob and his wife had separated. She wanted us to
know because he seemed very depressed about it. She
hoped it would not stop his weight loss.
When Bob returned in January, he failed to men-
tion his separation and continued to lose weight. He
required less blood pressure and diabetes medication.
He reported that he had completed his cardiac rehab
with ying colors and had been released by his cardi-
ologist to return to work. He was proud of being able
to walk 10 miles a day without chest pain or short-
ness of breath.
On this visit, Bob started to make good on his
promise to increase business. He arranged with his re-
hab nurses to set up a referral system with the cardiac
rehab center. He did not, however, mention his sepa-
ration and pending divorce. (Tis behavior is typical
of style Tree they nd it unusually dicult to
admit any kind of failure).
He returned in January of 2003. He had done well
at the YMCA going three times a week for 90-120
minutes. He said he had no chest pain and was able
to control his appetite. His blood sugars stabilized at
120-150 and he had no episodes of hypoglycemia.
At this time, his wife divorced him, citing a need
for more space, which she apparently found in Las
Vegas. He wanted to lose more weight, hoping to win
her back. He is scheduled to go back to work in a
week. He doesnt talk about that, but instead wants
to know if we are getting new patients from the rehab
center.
He missed his next appointment but came back in
August, quite depressed. He had stopped exercising
and wanted medication for binge eating because it
caused his depression. He went back to his seden-
tary job but said he felt good overall. We changed
his medicine for diabetes and he did much better. He
had stopped exercising for several months but said he
was ready to begin again.
In September, he came back and seemed to be
doing well. He was retaining uids (edema) since he
decreased his exercise, but overall he said he felt good.
He was able to stop his medication for binge eating
with no apparent problems. He wanted to learn some
other options to control hunger. He didnt like the
YMCA as well as the Cardiac center for exercise, but
said he would use it because he does not want his
marriage to fail.
He had started his program weighing 520 pounds
in July of 2002. By September of 2003, he was down
to 363 a loss of 157 pounds. Tats about three
pounds a day - not bad at all.
Bob is a Performer. When he understood weight
loss as a chance to do something well he excelled at
it. He kept records, worked extraordinarily hard and
brought copies of his achievements to be inserted
into his chart. His focus on success served him well.
If hard work can bring success, Bob is apt to suc-
ceed.
Tere is one little problem lurking in the back-
ground. His wife of 20 years is leaving him! Perform-
ers often work hard but ignore the emotional part
of life. Bobs strategy to get his wife back is to work
harder. His Enneagram illusion is that if he is suc-
cessful, he will be loved. So he does what he always
does he works hard to succeed, thinking to earn
her love.
Performers want to be the best, be recognized as
the best and associate with the best. Tats why he
immediately stated that he had the best internist and
the best cardiologist implying that here too, he came
seeking advice from best. Gilt by association. He used
his drive to succeed and be recognized to lose weight.
He undertook it as a task, then set realistic goals and
recorded his success at achieving them.
Community Contribution
A group needs people who understand the group
energy and make it work. If our tribe hunts tigers, the
Trees keep the tribe focused and constantly improve
their tiger-hunting skills. Other activities, like grow-
ing corn or shing, dont distract them. Style Trees
tend to keep setting the bar higher and every group
also needs people who will achieve beyond the level
of the crowd.
Motivation
Performers are highly motivated by the need to
succeed and to have that success recognized by oth-
ers. You may want to lose weight to improve an im-
age. You may be ercely competitive and may want
to lose weight to obtain an edge in competition. You
might, for example, cultivate a successful image to
land more sales accounts, which is part of your strat-
egy to become sales executive of the year.
Explore your motivation with these questions.
Well help you look at impulses that usually come
with your style, but everyone is a little dierent. Your
individual experience and personal preferences are
central.
What is your most important reason for
wanting to lose weight?
Make your answer personal and concrete. Because
you are a Performer, see if you can link it to some-
thing you can measure. For example, I want to lose
enough weight so I can wear a size whatever on July
1
st
for our high school reunion. You do well with mea-
surable goals; see if you can nd one that really ts
you. General answers like health or appearance,
are really not motivating or measurable.
When Threes are strong, they set stan-
dards of excellence, when they are weak,
they cheat, cut corners and strive to ap-
pear excellent. In either case, Threes al-
ways know how the system works, what
the rewards are and how to get them.
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enneagram monthly may 2008 17
Besides weight loss, how else can you
get what you want?
You like achievement. If another achievement
will bring earlier satisfaction, you may choose that
accomplishment over weight loss. You are also quite
image-conscious. If there is an easier way to look
good, you will be attracted to that. Tats why weight
management has to be the only way to get what you
wanted in the previous question. You love success so
a dierent success will keep you from your weight
goal.
Nineteen out of twenty people who go to a doctor
for help in losing weight dont follow the instructions
on diet and exercise and many dont even take the
medication. Why dont you do those?
Dont go for guilt here, thats not the purpose of
this question. Look within. How important is this to
you? What do you tell yourself when you think about
your weight? What have you done that didnt work?
As a Performer, your deepest aversion is to failure.
Did you not try for fear of failing?
You may have some good reasons for staying over-
weight. Te weight may protect you against unwanted
sexual advances or career demands, or it may assure
you of your place in a dysfunctional family.
What will happen if you get what you
want?
We all have a rich fantasy life. Do you fantasize
about what you will look like when you reach your
desired weight? How old do you picture yourself at
your perfect weight. Alas, you dont ever get to look
again like you did in college. Dont set yourself up for
failure.
Do, however, consider what will happen in your
marriage or career or social life. Will you have more
sexual opportunities? Do you think you will make
more money or have more fun or be a better person?
What will happen if you dont change?
As a performer, you tend to think in terms of the
bottom line. What does your extra weight cost you?
Tink in terms of social and sexual acceptance, career
advancement, health and in this day of rising health
care costs, money. You may not be able to get insur-
ance, at least not the kind you want. As a Performer,
you are acutely aware of the assessments of others.
You have to face the prejudice against fat in our cul-
ture. It is pervasive and may aect you more than
other Enneagram styles because of your focus on oth-
ers opinion.
What will happen to others if you lose
weight?
When you change, you alter relationships. You
may incur envy from a spouse or sibling or boss. You
may pose a threat to people you work or live with.
You may lose friends with whom you overeat. Tink
about all your personal and business relationships
and see if you face any fears at changing your weight
and your status among friends and at work.
Why was being overweight a good idea
for you up until now?
You may have some good reasons for staying
overweight. If youve been overweight for some time
now, there has been a payo either in the past or in
the present. Maybe you ate too much to please your
mother when you were young. Maybe you are mak-
ing so much money working hard now that paying
no attention to your weight has made you rich! It
might be just convenienceeating fast food so you
can get back to work. It might be just habit, but if
you decide it is just habit, you might probe to see
what that habit gained you.
Spiritual Considerations
You probably work too hard. In America, worka-
holism is considered a virtue, but for you it can be
detrimental. If you work too hard, you ignore your
inner life. Buddha said it was his lifes work to be-
come fully awake. You can easily work so hard for
the system -the corporation, the team, the depart-
mentthat you are asleep to your inner life. Perhaps
you should think of paying more attention to your
inner needs for rest, pleasure and creativity of your
own choosing as a task of inner work. Ten you
would be more apt to do it. If you are too entranced
in your Enneagram style, you will work for extrinsic
rewards
Try to become more aware of what you have been
given in life by circumstance of birth, health, talent
etc. Becoming more aware of your gifts helps take
you away from your tight focus on the importance
of your eorts. Your success may have come at the
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18 may 2008 enneagram monthly
cost of great eort, but it also comes because of gifts
of talent, health, support, advantage and even luck.
If you will practice gratitude for what you have been
given, you will take some of the pressure o your-
self to work so hard for what you think you want. In
Christian terms, you need to learn to appreciate the
mystery of grace.
High Side / Low Side
Te high side of your style is the pursuit of excel-
lence and achievement. You are willing to work long
and hard for your goals and you usually accomplish
them, often with eciency and panache. You often
run into trouble when the arena doesnt have clear
goals and you have no way of measuring success.
Friendship or inner authenticity may pose a problem,
for instance.
Basic Desire
Your basic desire is to succeed at whatever task life
assigns you. Tis may be business, artistic, athletic,
political or academic. Regardless of the eld, you
want to be the best in it. Remember that success is
frequently dened by someone else: the boss, the test,
the panel of judges or even ones parents. As Perform-
ers grow spiritually, you move their criteria for success
away from external rewards (salary, medals, trophies,
certicates) toward inward criteria of personal satis-
faction, creativity and contentment.
Deepest Fear
You have an unspoken but always-present fear of
failure. You usually talk yourself out of admitting fail-
ure by calling it a learning experience, a rst eort, or
anything other than a failure. Public disgrace or loss
of reputation and image is most painful for you. As
you take your power away from external recognition,
you decrease your fear.
Over-eating Style
Eating on the run is a usual problem for Perform-
ers. You dont take time o from work to relax and
enjoy your food. Fast food is fat food, especially for
you. At the other scal extreme, you may make meals
a special occasion to impress clients or customers. On
such occasions you may eat too much to help make
the meal memorable. You might be seduced by the
image of a feast.
Metaphor: Food is
Food for a Performer can be just fuel to keep the
machine going. When your life is about accomplish-
ment, then food becomes a means toward that end.
Te more stressed and overworked you get, the more
you eat. Food can also become status for you. Fine
dining is not always healthy dining.
Potential Problems
You may not take time of from work to exercise.
If you are in business, you may travel and entertain.
Eating to impress someone may ruin good inten-
tions to discipline your intake of food.
Power lunches are more impressive when you eat
hearty. Tat may pose a problem for you.
You may eat according to an image of what high
rollers eat, especially in a business or sales context.
You may eat and drink in order not to feel if you are
facing possibly appearing inferior.
Trees are often model children. You may eat be-
cause your mother wanted you to.
You may be reluctant to look like youre on a diet if
youre eating with people you want to impress.
You may eat fast food to get back to work quickly.
You may eat while working (on the phone, for ex-
ample) and not pay attention to what youre eating
or when you are full.
Strategies
Set reachable goals. Decide on long-term health
goals, and develop short-term, clearly measurable
markers to chart your progress. Tat way you can
succeed every week.
Reward yourself. When you reach your short-term
goals, reward yourself in ways that younot others,
perhapsreally appreciate.
Spend time with your loved ones. All work and no
play makes you fat. Include friends and family in
your weight control program. Your eorts can be a
means to bond with them if they support you.
Travel smart. When you eat out, you might want
to check out the menus ahead of time to make sure
they have choices you can live with. Select hotels
with access to exercise and healthy food.
Keep on track. Once you reach your goal, buy some
clothes that t well. If they start not to t, intensify
your weight loss eorts.
Look good! Research the latest fads, equipment, re-
search and diets so you have more things to impress
clients and friends with. Besides, the research may
lead to some interesting and protable networking.
Network. Join a health club of some kind with fa-
cilities that make networking easy.
Join a support group. You may fnd it easier to lose
weight to impress the group than just doing it for
yourself.
Tell the world. You are deeply infuenced by peer
pressure and public opinion. Get everyone to put
pressure on you by letting them know you are on
a mission.
Keep detailed records. Goals are powerful motiva-
tors for you and failure is your deepest fear. Te re-
cord will motivate you. Record weight, inches, steps
taken in a day, clothes discarded or purchased the
more the better. Get the system to work for you.
Before and after pictures are a must. Take advantage
of your consciousness of image and appearance.
Santas helpers. Make a thorough list of all the fac-
tors that led up to your weight issue. Notice you
did not do it all yourself: friends, family, habits,
environment(s), and genetic preferences you
didnt gain weight by yourself so plan how to deal
with all those factors. Trees often take too much
credit or blame for success or failure. Spread both
around.
Your Chemistry
You are at the heart of the triad 2-3-4 that is de-
cient in the chemical dopamine. Dopamine stimu-
lates desire and is part of your deep need for success.
When you succeed, you get a dopamine rush! We all
like to achieve, but you are chemically hard-wired for
success. When you meet a goal or receive a reward,
your brain chemically rewards you with pleasure Not
only foods or drugs raise your levels of dopamine. You
can get a real chemical high working on a promising
project at the local coee shop.
To nourish your brain chemistry, eat foods like
spinach, greens, asparagus, beets, cabbage, zucchini,
squash and beans. For an extra kick of dopamine, you
might enjoy chocolatein small quantities, please.
Coee contains dopamine, and many Trees are ad-
dicted to it partially because of that.
Youre Fat, Your Fault?
By Dr. Shadrach Smith and Clarence Thomson
When we eat for all the wrong reasons, we usually eat because of our Enneagram
Style. Our Enneagram style shapes our eating patterns, responds to specifc
triggers and helps create the stress we eat not to notice.
But our Enneagram style also can be used to our advantage. All the books with
good advice have to be fltered through an Enneagram template. Each style has
strategies that will enable them to make the lifestyle changes they need.
We dont offer recipes or meals or a diet. We offer suggestions for your Enneagram
style on how to accomplish what you already know you should do.
Download the book or your own single chapter at
www.enneagramcentral.com
Dr. Shadrach Smith is Medical Director of the Truman Medical Center in Kansas City, Missouri.
Clarence Tomson teaches the Enneagram and has written three other books on the Enneagram.
When your life is about accomplishment,
then food becomes a means toward that
end. The more stressed and overworked
you get, the more you eat.
enneagram monthly may 2008 19
body from a dierent culture (or to somebody who
lived in a dierent time), they would probably not
agree with my choice of prototypes, because pro-
totypes are not objective.
2
For that matter, neither
are most categories. Both the categories we devise
and the prototypes that exemplify them are based on
subjective, culturally agreed-upon ideas and values.
We need both to organize our thinking, because of
the limits of human memory, especially short-term
memory.
3
If we analyze both the categories we create and
the prototypes that exemplify them, this can give us
valuable clues about the presuppositions we make in
order to create such categories and select prototypical
exemplars. For example, in the above test, how do
we decide what a pet is? Tis depends on how our
culture relates to animals. Not all cultures have pets.
What does the PET category tell us about our cul-
ture? And what does our image of a prototypical dog
(barks, has a tail, eats meat, is named Fido, etc.) tell
us about our beliefs about both dogs and pets?
Asking questions like these is a good way to peak
around the edges of our personal and cultural as-
sumptions. But how can this kind of exercise help us
in our work with the enneagram?
Prototypes and Stereotypes
Well, it might have the potential to see how our
beliefs apply to type: about (a) what attributes we
associate with the category we call ENNEAGRAM
TYPE and (b) how weve come to decide which im-
ages ought to serve as prototypes for each of the nine
points of view (TYPE 1, TYPE 2, etc.). Without re-
ection, we might think we already know what a type
is and which images are good exemplars for each type.
But on what is this information based? Where did it
come from? What beliefs and assumptions contrib-
ute to these images that we hold of each type?
Unless we can answer questions like these, we have
only inherited knowledge. We have no direct experi-
ence. Its when we ask and answer such questions
that knowledge becomes truly our own.
Tis cant happen right away, of course. When we
are rst learning the enneagram, we need inherited
knowledge. We have to rely on what we read and
what others tell us. One of our rst tasks is to devel-
op a clear mental image for each type. Initially, each
image has to be very dierent, so that no two types
look anything like one another. So we initially tend
to visualize Ones as sharp and bossy, Twos as warmly
friendly, Trees as briskly ecient, etc.
Tese images are clearly stereotypes, because they
are oversimplied. But they are useful stereotypes.
Seeing types as stereotypes helps us tell them apart.
Later, this is not really necessary. We can recognize
the types by their energy. Energetic dierences are
particularly striking in type panelsits unlikely that
anyone would mistake a Nine panel for an Eight pan-
el, or a Two panel for a Five panel, for example.
I think experienced enneagrammers have a deep
intuitive appreciation for the distinction between a
prototypical image and type as a living energy. But
I also think this understanding has remained largely
intuitive because of the way the personality ennea-
gram has been taught for so long: as a system of nine
xations. A xation is a trait (not an energy)and
whats more, its a negative trait. When we start by
thinking of each type as a negative xation, this way
of thinking tends to inhibit thinking of type as an
energy (at least on a conscious level). It also makes
is harder to notice deviations from the prototype, be-
cause such deviations arent of much interest if type
is just a xation to be minimized. As a result, only
the prototype receives much attentionwhich can
make it hard for people who deviate much from the
prototype to determine their own type. Every type
description they read doesnt quite t. Te one thats
their true type may t a little better, but its not per-
fect. If the person tries to embrace certain type char-
acteristics while rejecting others, he may be treated
either as though he must have mistyped himself or
that its the type talkingi.e., that this kind of re-
sponse must be ego defensive in nature.
Well, sometimes this is true, because we all have
blind spots. Sometimes people do mistype them-
selves and sometimes we do fail to see things about
ourselves that seem pretty obvious to other people.
But is it always true? I dont see how it can be
Ive met too many people who have run into this
problem. Ive also noticed things about the descrip-
tions of my own type that dont t me very well. At
enneagram events, Ive sometimes listened to people
talk about my type and realized that their comments
Prototypes, Stereotypes . . .
by Liz Wagele
CONTINUED FROM PAGE 1
20 may 2008 enneagram monthly
absolutely did not apply to me, either because they
were overstated, because they reected an interpreta-
tion of the type energy that diverged from my own
(e.g., they were based on a xationist view of type),
or they were just plain wrong.
Once a panel I was on was asked why we Fours
romanticize suering and I replied that I for one did
notthat anyone who actually experiences suer-
ing doesnt see much romantic about it. Ive been
on more than one panel that was introduced as our
very special Four panel,Gosh, how that makes me
wince! Ive seen people (especially Nines or Sevens)
type themselves as Fours simply because they are de-
pressed. Ive also listened to a panel leader state for
the larger group ideas about the basic beliefs of my
typebeliefs I do not happen to embrace.
Sometimes, I try to talk about thisto refute
overstatements or at least rene thembut its always
dicult. I can respond when somebody asks a direct
question, like these:
How do you know youre a Four?
What is it like to be a Four?
What distinguishes Fours from other types?
What are typical blind spots for Fours?
Do you think Fours more (self-conscious/emo-
tional/lonely/depressed/original/creative) than other
types?
Questions like these are open-ended and reect
few built-in presuppositions. But very often, the
questions are more like these:
How is envy a problem for you?
Why are Fours such drama queens?
How do you deal with feelings of shame?
Why do Fours pull people toward them and then
push them away?
Te questions are often less direct than these (more
diplomatic), but the basic thrust is the same. Tere
are so many built-in presuppositions (mostly negative
ones) that its hard to avoid answering in a way that
arms some of them. Its the old problem of trying
to come up with a reply to the query, When did you
stop beating your wife? Or like trying to proclaim
your sanity after youve been committed to a men-
tal hospital. If doesnt matter how sane you sound,
people gure youve just got to be crazy. (Must be
that crazy ego self spouting o again.)
But I know from talking to people of all nine
types that Im not alone herethat Im not the only
one who sometimes feels stereotyped instead of just
typed. Yes, we know were a One, a Six, or an Eight,
but what kind of One are we? How are we typical of
our type? How are we not? What about the typical
description of our type puzzles or annoys us?
If we want to know how real people embody their
type, the best way we can do this is to ask them
and then listen carefully to what they say. Tats how
well nd out how people actually experience the type
energy (instead of expecting them to conrm our pre-
existing ideas about their type).
While this is a good move, its not an easy move,
because it can be hard to shed our initial impressions
in favor of something more rened. Once human
beings get used to seeing things in a certain light, it
can be hard for them to see it in any other way. Old
information tends to block out newit takes up all
the space.
Tis brings to mind the classic Zen story about a
master who lls the cup of his disciple until its over-
owing (to show him how you cant put anything
new in a cup thats already full). Science tells us the
same story: that once were got ourselves a pretty
good schema (interpretative framework) for some life
event, they have a hard time seeing that event from
any other point of view. So if were not careful, our
beliefs about type can become self-fullling prophe-
cies: we only hear what we expect to hear. And what
started out as an open system can become closed
Non-Prototypical Typing
But this isnt an inevitable result. It only happens
if we let it happen. Its possible to remind ourselves
that our beliefs about type are just thatbeliefs
and are thus provisional. What we know will always
be incomplete and subject to revision, in minor or
even major ways. And knowing this helps us keep
our minds open to new possibilities.
We all have to start somewhere, to form a rst im-
pression of the enneagram and of our type. Te way
it happened for me was reading Suzanne Zuerchers
book on Tomas Mertonan in-depth prole of a
Four. Within a couple of chapters, I knew this had
to be my type. Although I didnt identify with every-
thing the author said, I identied with enough to feel
certain that Four was home.
But as I read more books, hoping to gain further
(and deeper) insights into my type, I was kind of
disappointed. So many of the descriptions sounded
similar, like they could all be traced back to a single
source. (I didnt realize at the time that this was liter-
ally true.) Few of them said anything strikingly dif-
ferent. And none seemed to be based on self-descrip-
tions of the types by people who identied themselves
as the type.
Still, these descriptions allowed me to form a very
denite mental image of a Four (as well as the other
eight types), so it was a start. But I still had lots of
questions. Why were there attributes listed that I
didnt relate to a whole lot (like the tendency to get
into push/pull relationships) and other attributes
missing that were central to my personality (like per-
severance)? Ten there was the big sin of the Four
envywhich I related to a little bit, but mostly as an
inexplicable longing to be in touch with an deeper
psyche or soul self. And this didnt seem to me to be a
problem in any basic senseit seemed to be as much
of a gift as a burden (although I admit that its not
always easy to bear).
As I studied more, I got a few answers to my ques-
tions. I was able to piece together enough informa-
tion from dierent sources (mostly non-published) to
discover that Im a self-preservation subtype with a
big Five wing. It dawned on me that the Four de-
scriptions are aimed at a not too healthy version of
sexual subtype, which is why we have all the stu
about push/pull tendencies, acting like a drama
queen, and having a powerful competitive streak (the
latter conjures up images of a strong Tree wing). In
some ways, I seem more like an Eight than a Foura
staunch individualist who is determined not to show
emotion, not to ask for help, and always to hide my
sensitive side from the other people. Te Five wing
gives me a keen interest in ideas and systems, as well
as a rather dispassionate, transpersonal outlook on
life. But these traits seldom if ever show up in Four
descriptions. I do have some highly prototypical Four
qualities, as wellan abiding interest in authenticity,
a need to nd meaning in life, and an intensity of pur-
pose that makes me poor company at cocktail parties.
So when it comes to my typeno surprise!Im a
mix of prototypical and non-prototypical type traits.
I think that the same can be said of all of us. While
there really is an archetypal energy for each type that
is unique, the way that energy shows up is dierent
for every individual. And this is why its really not
unusual to see type exemplars that are highly atypi-
cal in their behavior (in the sense that they deviate,
sometimes dramatically, from the prototype). I know
empathic Ones, intellectual Twos, meditative Trees,
happy Fours, dramatic Fives, peaceful Sixes, boring
Sevens, inhibited Eights, and lively Nines. Tese are
not people who have mistyped themselvestheyre
just people who channel the energy of the type in
directions that are not stereotypical.
And you know what? Ill bet everybody reading
this article knows people like this. (Maybe youre one
yourself.)
We are Extraordinary
Te idea that type does not equal prototype re-
minds us that having a type does not have to rob us
from our uniqueness as individuals. Tis is really im-
portant because it makes people resist learning about
the enneagramthey do not want to be reduced to
just a type.
But I know from talking to people of all
nine types that Im not alone herethat
Im not the only one who sometimes feels
stereotyped instead of just typed. Yes,
we know were a One, a Six, or an Eight, but
what kind of One are we?
enneagram monthly may 2008 21
I recently ran across a fascinating little volume
called You Are Extraordinary. (I think I found it in
the local Goodwill.) Id never seen this book before
or heard of it from anybody. But once I started read-
ing it, I was hooked. Written by a highly-respected
professor of biochemistry, Roger J. Williams, in 1967,
it advances a very simple idea: that there is no average
sort of person. We are all individuals.
Williams doesnt just assert this idea as a philo-
sophical principle, he illustrates it with drawings
of normal human body parts, showing how no two
people have exactly the same kind of liver, thoracic
duct, aortic arch, large intestine placement, blood,
rib attachments, or breathing patterns, as shown in
the illustrations from the book.
Based on what he knows about human biology,
Williams cautions us against over-generalizing when
we describe human tendencies. When talking about
childrens behavior, for example, he says many au-
thors speak of the child as a prototype, implying
that all children are alike and that the prototype,
child, should be our primary concern (p. 215). But
according to Williams, there is no such thing as a
prototypical child; there are only individual children.
And every one of them is unique. If we forget this,
were in danger of trying to apply insights gained
about particular children in particular situations to
all children everywhereand doing so without even
noticing the overgeneralization!
Williams says the tendency to overgeneralize
works in concert with the tendency to oversimplify.
People, he says, like the idea that life at its essence is
simple. Tus, they nd human individuality incon-
venient. But Williams is pleased that individuality is
not something we can get rid of, even if we want to:
Te facts of human individuality give us a guarantee
that life is will never be reduced to formulas; it will
never be simple, cut and dried and completely unin-
teresting (p. 217).
Transforming Stereotypes
Type doesnt have to be uninteresting. It is, in
fact, highly interesting. Especially when we under-
stand what it actually representsand what can tell
us about our deeper, archetypal nature. If we use the
enneagram to learn more about this deeper nature,
its useful to start with a root image or prototype for
each enneagram type, but only as the rst step in a
process that can simultaneously show up our inner
nature (our archetypal roots) and our outward (our
lifes work or calling).
But this prototypical is useful only as a starting
point, because if we stick to the prototype for too
long, we lose the ability to see beyond its narrow
connesand the prototype begins to devolve into
a stereotype.
Of course, nobody likes the idea of stereotyping.
So how can we avoid it?
First, we can be aware of the human tendency to
overgeneralize and try to avoid it when we can. We
can, for example, speak of type tendencies (instead of
speaking of prototypical type traits as though they
must apply to everybody of that typeor even every-
body at a certain level of development).
Second, we can realize that any way we devise to
frame our ideas on the enneagram is both (a) open
to interpretation and (b) incomplete. In this way,
we can avoid getting so committed to any one inter-
pretive framework that we cant appreciate alternative
approaches.
Tird, we can approach the enneagram in a play-
ful and evocative way, allowing ourselves free reign
to play with our ideas about type. Tis is always a
great way to get beyond the limits of our stereotyped
thinking. One way I did this is by collecting images
that reminded me of the types (and actually, also the
subtypes) and making a collage for each type. I also
collected lm clips and shared them with others; then
we shared our thoughts about what wed seen. We
can take the same approach when writing poetry, do-
ing enneagram dances, starting an enneagram diary,
creating cartoons, watching movies, making a list of
words that remind us of our typewell, the list of
fun ways to get playful is pretty much endless. (Right
now, I have two friends who are making a fun video
with type interviews where the aim to nd out new
stu we dont already know.)
Fourth, we could try to cultivate an appreciation of
the factors that potentially account for subtle within-
type dierences (e.g., subtype, wing, inuences due
to connecting points, triadic inuences), family role,
cultural inuences, professional training, other inner
and outer inuences). Tis kind of work has already
been done to some extent but weve only just scratch
the surface so far. Right now, for example, each of the
types seems to be described by reference to just one
(or maybe two) of its subtypes; people in the minor-
ity subtype are therefore less prototypical of the type
(although they may be highly prototypical of their
subtype and/or wing).
Fifth, we can start collecting descriptive data from
people on how type shows up in their lives (making
sure to encourage them to look beyond what theyve
read in enneagram books). Ten we could see which
traits, attitudes, habits, etc. are listed most often and
least often, in an eort to see which ones are most
and least prototypical. I do not think we as a eld
should put most of our emphasis here, however, be-
cause its too tempting to focus on ends rather than
means, and that would take us further away from our
roots than we already are. I would encourage people
to get in touch with their own intuitions about type
and how it works in their own lives before beginning
to collect data on other people.
I think that these kinds of inquiries will allow us to
gain a richer, thicker, more textured understanding
22 may 2008 enneagram monthly
of the typesboth inwardly and outwardly. It will
also help us to avoid stereotyping them as we start to
notice and appreciate atypical behavioral patterns that
have remained mostly invisible until now. It will also
introduce a new level of subtlety and complexity into
the systemnot the kind that confuses but the kind
that illuminates our understanding. Yes, too much
complexity is no good when a eld is very young. But
our eld is not so youngw now have a competent
corpus of enneagram explorers and practitioners who
are well-prepared to take on the challenge of looking
at some of the less obvious attributes of the types.
One thing is certain: if we dont move in the direc-
tion of greater openness, creativity, and complexity, we
will surely move in the opposite directiontowards
greater rigidity, formulation, and simplistication. (I
dont think simplistication is actually a word, but
what I mean is that well move right past simplicity
into simplistic thinking!) Let me say that Im all for
simplicity and practicality in enneagram applications,
but at the same time, I think wed be idiots to forget
the profundities of the system in the interest of pro-
moting its ease of use as a self-help system. We need
to somehow nd a way to move in both directions, so
we manage to avoid either too much obscurity or too
much trivialization. (Te same could be said of the
enneagram from a spiritual and scientic perspective:
to gain the most insight, we need to nd a way to
work from both perspectives simultaneously.)
No eld stands still; it either grows or dies. I think
prototype theory can give us some clues about how to
help our eld grow.
From the rst time I read about it, I saw it as the
product of an extremely creative and searching mind.
So it doesnt surprise me that its originatorEleanor
Roschhas gone on to explore the psyche in ways
designed to take us beyond the frontiers what we al-
ready know. In addition to being a respected academ-
ic thinker, shes a long-term Buddhist meditator. In
recent years, shes become interested in helping psy-
chologists break out of the overly-rational approach
used in academic psychology by encouraging them to
look at the psyche with a more imaginative eye. In
an abstract for a recent article (If You Depict a Bird,
Give it Space to Fly), she speaks of how imaginative
art forms can
inform us about the origins and usefulness of:
play, simulation, cooperation, bonding, empathy,
competition, planning, narrative, fantasy, imagina-
tion, metaphor, morality, symbols, neurology, cogni-
tion, representation, meta-representation and all the
other tools presently deemed necessary for human
development, survival, and reproduction.
4
Rosch has obviously continued to grow in the 35
years since she published her famous article on proto-
type theory in 1973. Lets take her cue and nd ways
to grow in our eld, too.
__________
1 Natural Categories, Cognitive Psychology 4:
(1973) 328-50.
2 However, in her original explorations, Rosch
wondered whether some categories of experience
might actually be natural, rather than socially con-
structed. Examples might include the way we divide
color into seven hues or musical notes into an octave.
Could the enneagram be an example of a natural cat-
egory, too?
3 Forming hierarchical categories gives us a way
to transcend our memory limitations (our ability to
hold in memory a maximum of about seven to nine
pieces of information at a time), so it is an extremely
important cognitive ability. It enables us to create
extremely complex knowledge hierarchies, by orga-
nizing our knowledge into multiple levels where each
level has no more than seven to nine major categories.
But even the most complex knowledge hierarchy
starts with a simple prototype that either becomes
oversimplied (devolving into a stereotype) or more
rened (creating the basis for increasingly subtle and
complex understanding).
4 If You Depict a Bird, Give it Space to Fly: East-
ern Psychologies, the Arts, and Self-Knowledge - Sub-
Stance 30:1&2 SubStance 30.1&2 (2001) 236-253.

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