CHAPTER XII

ADVERBS ()
I. Special Difficulties. See chapter VII (Declensions) for discussion of the oriin!
for"ation and histor# of ad$er%s& The "atter 'ill co"e up aain in chapter XIII
(Prepositions) 'here the so(called )i"proper* prepositions are treated&
B
ru"ann
+
has
no s#ntactical handlin of the su%,ect! thouh
D
el%r-c.
/
i$es an e0hausti$e presentation
of the "atter& But e$en Del%r-c. i$es less than a pae to the purel# s#ntactical phases
of the ad$er% (p& 123)! 'hereas
4
iner
3
treats the ad$er% onl# under s#nta0&
(a) 5AT6RE 78 THE ADVERB& The first difficult# is in decidin 'hat is an ad$er%&
As sho'n in chapter VII! the ad$er% not onl# has reat $ariet# in its oriin! %ut also
'ide e0pansion in its use& In si"ple truth a lare portion of the )parts of speech* are
ad$er%s& Bru"ann
2
pointedl# sa#s that it is not possi%le to dra' a sharp line %et'een
ad$er%! particle and preposition& The de$elop"ent of ad$er% into preposition!
con,unction! intensi$e particle and e$en inter,ection 'as illustrated in chapter VII 'ith
perhaps sufficient fulness& To this list "a# %e added the neati$e particles 'hich are
reall# ad$er%s& In particular in the Sans.rit is there difficult# in the treat"ent of
Brugmann
BRUGMANN, K., Elements of Comparative Grammar of the IndoGermani! "anguages
#translation $% &right, '()*+.
,,,, 9riechische 9ra""ati.& 3& Aufl& #')--+, the ed. .uoted. Vierte $er"ehrte Aufl& of A.
/hum$ #')'0+.
,,,, 9rundri: der $erl& 9r& d& indo& Sprachen& /& Aufl&! Bde& I, II #'()12')'0+.
,,,, ;ur<e $erleichende 9ra""ati. der indoer"anischen Sprachen #')-3+.
'

Grie!h. Gr., pp. 4*-24*1.
5el$r6!7
5E"BR8CK, B., A%lati$ =ocalis Instru"entalis #'(91+.
,,,, 9rundri: der $erl& 9ra""& d& indo& Sprachen& S#nta0& Bde& III2: #'()0, '()1, ')--+.
,,,, Introdu!tion to the ;tud% of "anguage #'((4+. Einleitun in das Sprachstudiu"& 2&
Aufl& (+>?2)& @& Aufl& #')'0+.
,,,, S#nta.tische 8orschunen& @ Bde& #'(1'2'(((+.
4

:ergl. ;%nt., I, pp. *0*2930.
&iner
&INER, G. B., De $er%oru" cu" praep& co"pos& in 5& T& 6su #'(032'(30+.
,,,, 9ra""& d& neut& Sprachidio"s (+A//)& B& Aufl& $on =-ne"ann #l(91+.
0

&./h., pp. 3942310.
3

Grie!h. Gr., p. 4*-. <n final in adv. see =raser, Cl. >uarterl%, ')-(, p. 49*.
preposition and con,unction as distinct fro" ad$er%! since the indeclina%le 'ords 'ere
less distinctl# di$ided&
@
But this $aueness applies to other "e"%ers of the Indo(
9er"anic roup&
1
In 9ree. and =atin no distinct line can %e dra'n %et'een ad$er%s and
prepositions&
B
(b) THE 5ARR74ER SE5SE 78 ADVERB& These 'ider and "ore speciali<ed for"s of
the ad$er% "ust %e dropped out of $ie' %efore 'e can do an#thin 'ith the "ere
ad$er% 'hich is not preposition! con,unction! particle nor inter,ection& There is a ood
deal that needs to %e said concernin the s#nta0 of the "ere ad$er%! for! in spite of its
%ein a fi0ed case(for"! it has a $aried and interestin usae in the 9ree. sentence& The
ad$er% has %een treated %# the ra""ars as a sort of printerCs de$il in the sentence& It
has %een i$en the %one that 'as left for the do! if it 'as left&
II. Adverbs with Verbs.
(a) C7DD75EST 6SE& This is indeed the et#"olo# of the 'ord and the "ost
freEuent use of the pure ad$er%& But one cannot sa# that this 'as the oriinal use! as the
na"e "iht suest& The truth is that the ad$er% has such a $aried oriin that
it is difficult to "a.e a eneral re"ar. on the su%,ect that 'ill %e true& 7nl# this "a# %e
said! that so"e ad$er%s %ean to %e used 'ith $er%s! so"e 'ith ad,ecti$es! so"e
a%solutel#! etc& At first the# 'ere not rearded as strictl# ad$er%s! %ut 'ere used
proressi$el# so (cf& ) until 'ith "ost the earlier non(ad$er%ial uses ceased&
(b) 5& T& 6SA9E& 4iner
+
suspects that the 5& T& 'riters did not understand the finer
shades of "eanin in the 9ree. ad$er%s! %ut this is true onl# fro" the point of $ie' of
the Attic literar# st#le and applies to the $ernacular in eneral& But he is 'holl#
riht in insistin on the necessit# of ad$er%s for precise definition in lanuae& The
ra""arians find offence
/
in the ad$er%s of the as in other portions of the
$oca%ular#& So"e of the )poetic* ad$er%s in 4inerCs list are at ho"e in the pap#ri as in
the 5& T&! li.e & A fe' e0a"ples 'ill suffice for the nor"al usae in the 5& T&
See the "a,estic roll of the ad$er%s in He%& +F+! d o Cf&
(Ph& /F/A)! and (He%& +3F+>)! (Ac&
+>F3>) as e0a"ples of co"parison&
(c) PREDICATIVE 6SES 4ITH y A5D & There is nothin out of the 'a# in
the ad$er% 'ith y in + Th& /F+?! u o e i i
u yO& Here the $er% is not a "ere copula& Indeed appears 'ith
the ad$er% also 'hen it has $er%al force& Thus Ou eOd (+ Th& /F+3) is not
eEui$alent to Ou eO & Cf& Ou c eO ( 10 (Eph& 2F/+)&
So also q y q (Dt& +F+A)! q 0 eOu (Dt&
+>F+?)! o i (+ Cor& BF/1)& Cf& + Cor& BFB& The ad$er% in all these instances is
different fro" the ad,ecti$e& Cf& (Ro& >F/?) for a si"ilar predicate
use of the ad$er%& Cf& also u and o Oo i (+ Cor& +2F/@)
and eOd in Dt& +2F33& In Ph& 2F@! o u yyu! the copula is to %e supplied
and here the ad$er% is not far fro" the ad,ecti$e idea& Cf& also o (=u& +2F3/)!
(D.& +/F32)! (Ph& /F1)&
*

&hitne%, ;ans. Gr., p. 3-0.
9

5el$r6!7, :ergl. ;%nt., I, p. *09.
1

Giles, Man., p. 03'.
'

&./h., p. 394.
4

I$., p. 390.
(d) 4ITH "& It has so"e idio"atic constructions 'ith the ad$er% that are difficult
fro" the Enlish point of $ie'& Thus d c (Dt& +2F3@)! and 'ith the
instru"ental case in D.& +F32& Cf& =u& BF/& In Enlish 'e prefer the predicate ad,ecti$e
'ith ha$e (He has it %ad)! 'hereas the 9ree. li.es the ad$er% 'ith c& So
c (D.& @F/3) and in Go& 2F@/ o c the co"parati$e ad$er%& 7ne "ust %e
'illin for the 9ree. to ha$e his standpoint& Cf& c in Ac& BF+ and o
e (D.& BF1)& d c (Ac& +@F31) needs no co""ent& It is a co""on enouh
9ree. idio"& Cf& c! P&Br&D& 2/ (B&C& +1A)&
(e) 4ITH PARTICIP=ES& . (Ac& /2F/1) %elons to the discussion of
participles& But one "a# note here q Oo (Go& +>F33) and u (Ac&
/3F+@)& Cf& also the use of q 'ith qO (Dt& +2F+@)! a "atter that concerns the
aorist tense& But note %oth 0 and q 'ith in + Go& 2F3&
(f) =77SE RE=ATI75 T7 THE VERB or an# other part of the sentence& So e (cf&
c) in Dt& +@F+1 and q e in Go& AF/@! for this accusati$e is reall# ad$er%ial& Cf&
also o o (Ph& 3F+)! (9al& /FB)&
III. Adverbs Used with Other Adverbs. There is! to %e sure! nothin unusual
a%out this either in 9ree. or an# other tonue& So (He%& +/F>)!
i (Ph& +F/3)! o (D.& BF31) are "erel# nor"al uses %arrin
the dou%le co"parati$e in the t'o e0a"ples 'hich! ho'e$er! ha$e their o'n
e0planation& The co"pound ad$er%s! 'hich are co""on in the 5& T& (as d!
D.& BF3BH cf& o in He%& +F+)! call for no "ore e0planation than other
co"pound 'ords& Cf& Oo (Ac& 2F+A)& The 9ree.! li.e the 9er"an! easil# "a.es
co"pound 'ords! and the tendenc# to lon co"pound 'ords ro's 'ith the histor# of
lanuae& See e in + Cor& BF3@& 8or co"pound ad$er%s see chapter VII! II!
(c)& 8or the co"parison of ad$er%s see ib.! II! (e)&
IV. Adverbs with Adjectives. A t#pical illustration is found in + Ti"& 3F+1!
oy y& So y in Re$& +1F+A& The instances are not $er#
nu"erous in the 5& T&! since indeed! especiall# in the 9ospels! the ad,ecti$e is not
e0cessi$el# a%undant& In Ac& /2F/@! o 0 c! the participle %ein %oth $er% and
ad,ecti$e! causes no difficult#& In Ac& /3F/?! u e OO
0! 'e ha$e the ad$er%ial use of as 'ell as e& Cf& e
'ith in + Cor& BF3@&
V. Adverbs with Substantives. Here indeed one "a# recall that the su%stanti$e as
'ell as the ad,ecti$e i$es a %asis for this idio" (cf& Gordan Ri$er)& N0 is a t#pical
e0a"ple in the 5& T& Thus 'e find ( 0 ( (Ro& 3F/1)! p 0 1
(9al& 2F/@)! q q 0 (+ Ti"& 2FA)! o 0 d (/ Ti"& 2F+?)& Here indeed the
ad$er% has $irtuall# the force of the ad,ecti$e! ,ust as the su%stanti$e in this descripti$e
sense a$e rise to the ad,ecti$e& The Enlish can use the sa"e idio" as )the no' ti"e!*
thouh this particular phrase is a'.'ard& The 9ree. has so "uch elasticit# in the "atter
%ecause of the article 'hich i$es it a reat ad$antae o$er the =atin&
+
Cf& also q c
(+ Ti"& @F@)! q c d 1 (9al& 2F/1)! q d (Ph&
3F+2)! o o o (/ Pet& 3F1)&
VI. Adverbs Treated as Substantives.
2
The $er# ad$er%s na"ed a%o$e "a# %e
here appealed to& It is especiall# true of 'ords of place and ti"e& Thus d d
(Go& AF/3)! o (/ Cor& +F+B)! e d (Col& 3F+ f&)! e 0 (Ac& @F3A)! 0 0
'

Riem. and Goel?er, ;%nt., p. 1)(.
4

Cf. K.G., I, p. **'.
(D.& +3F+>)! eo 0 0 (=u& +F2A) and often& Cf& i i (Dt& /1FB+)! e u (Col&
2F>)& So al'a#s in the 5& T& sa$e once as preposition 'ith eniti$e (Go& 2F@)& It
usuall# has the article (Dt& @F23)! %ut "a# %e used 'ithout it in the no"inati$e case (=u&
+?F/>)& A stri.in instance of the ad$er% treated as su%stanti$e appears in d
o (/ Cor& ++F/A)& 7ther e0a"ples of the ad$er% 'ith the article are d 0
0 (Ro& +F+3)! d (Go& AF/3)! e o (D.& +3F+1)! c( (+ Cor&
@F+/)! o c(O o cO (=u& ++F2?)! o cO (=u& +>F2)& In i
and i yyu (Eph& /F+B) the ad$er% is rather ad,ecti$al in idea& In p c(q
(Ac& /+F+) 'e ha$e to suppl#! of course! q! thouh the te0t of =u& BF++ reads (
c(q& Here the ad$er% is treated rather as an ad,ecti$e! %ut the point of distinction
%et'een the use as su%stanti$e and ad,ecti$e is not al'a#s clear& Cf& also q (Dt&
1F32)! q (Ac& +>F2?)& But it is not "erel# 'hen the ad$er% has the article
that it is treated as a su%stanti$e& Prepositions are used 'ith ad$er%s 'ithout an# article&
Then it is not al'a#s clear 'hether 'e ha$e t'o 'ords or one& Thus editors print c
i as 'ell as (/ Cor& +?F+1)! c 0 as 'ell as
0 (Eph& 3F/?)! c as 'ell as (/ Cor& ++F@)& Cf& c,
, (! and d in + Cor& +@F1& Thus eo (/ Cor& >F/)! e` dO
(D.& +@F3A)! e` d (Dt& /3F3>)! eo oO (Dt& /BF@@)! eo (Ac&
/AF/3)! d (Dt& /?F+)! d (Dt& ++F+/)! c (=u& //F32)! c c
(Dt& +AF/+ f&)! c c( (Ac& /+F@)! c (D.& +2F@2)! o (Dt& +BF+B)! d
(=u& /3F@)! etc& 8or this dou%lin of ad$er%s see o (+ Cor& +2F@) in the real" of
con,unctions&
D
oulton (Prol.! p& >>) finds in the pap#ri o! 7&P& 2A1 (iiIA&D&)! and
note eo (
D
eiss"ann! B. S.! p& //+)&
Moulton
M<U"/<N, @. A., A Grammar of N. /. Gree7. :ol. I, Brolegomena #')-9+. 0d ed. #')-(+.
,,,, Chara!teristi!s of N. /. Gree7 #/he ECpositor, ')-3+.
,,,, Einleitun in die Sprache des 5& T& #')''+.
,,,, Grammati!al Notes from the Bap%ri #/he ECpositor, ')-', pp. 41'24(4D ')-0, pp.
'-32'4', 340230). /he Classi!al RevieE, ')-', pp. 0'201, 303233'D ')-3, pp. '-92
''4, '*'2'**+.
,,,, Introdu!tion to N. /. Gree7 #'()*+. 4d ed. #')-3+.
,,,, "anguage of Christ #AastingsF <nevol. 5. B., ')-)+.
,,,, N. /. Gree7 in the "ight of Modern 5is!over% #Cam$r. Bi$l. Essa%s, ')-), pp. 39'2
*-*+.
,,,, /he ;!ien!e of "anguage #')-0+.
M<U"/<N, &. =., and GE5EN, A. ;., A Con!ordan!e to the Gree7 /estament #'()1+.
M<U"/<N and MI""IGAN, "eCi!al Notes from the Bap%ri #/he ECpos., ')-(,+.
,,,, /he :o!a$ular% of the N. /. Illustrated from the Bap%ri and other Non"iterar%
;our!es. Bart I #')'3+, II, III.
VII. The Pregnant Use f Adverbs. Gust as the prepositions and are used
each 'ith $er%s of rest and "otion (and 'ith locati$e or accusati$e)! so ad$er%s
sho' the sa"e a%sence of "inute unifor"it#& ! for instance! is a%sent fro" %oth the
=XX and the 5& T&! as is & Instead 'e find 0 y (Go& 3FA) and yu
y (Go& +3F33)! %ut oO c (Go& 3FA) and O (qO (Dt& +/F22)& So also
c i (Go& +AF3) li.e our )co"e here&* But on the other hand in Ac& //F@! d(
i ! the usual 'ord 'ould %e i& But i is reular in Ac& /+F3&
4iner
+
calls this an )a%use* of lanuae! 'hich is puttin it rather too stronl#! since it
is found in the %est 9ree.& It is larel# a "atter of usae! for 'ith u and O the
ideas of hic and huc had lon coalesced! 'hile c(O, cO, "ean %oth
J'ithoutC (Dt& /3F/B) and Jfro" 'ithoutC (D.& BF+A)! J'ithinC (Dt BF+@) and Jfro"
'ithinC (D.& BF/3)! J%elo'C (Dt& 2F1) and Jfro" %elo'C (Go& AF/3)& Cf& cO
i (Dt& +BF/?) and cOiO (=u& +1F/1)& In Dt& /@F/2! /1! y O
o! 'e ha$e iO "ered into O %# attraction& In i eo q 1
(He%& +3F/2) it is uncertain 'hat standpoint the 'riter ta.es& 4ith 'e ha$e not onl#
the nor"al idio" li.e i q (Ro& 2F+/) and i q l (Ph&
2F//)! %ut the prenant use 'here could ha$e occurred& Thus e e q
(Dt& /2F+B) 'ith 'hich co"pare o o eyo (D.& +3F+1! in Dt& /2F+A)& Cf& o
q o ( 0 in =u& ++F+3! thouh so"e DSS&
/
do not ha$e the second o& The
correlation of ad$er%s %elons to the chapter on Pronouns&
5eissmann
5EI;;MANN, A., Bi$le ;tudies #')-'+. /r. $% A. GrieveD !f. Bi%elstudien #'()*+ and 5eue
Bi%elstudien #'()1+.
,,,, Bi%lische 9rKcitKt etc& #/heol. Runds!hau, <7t. ')'4+.
,,,, Die Hellenisierun des se"itischen Donotheis"us #N. @ahr$. f. d. 7l. Alt., ')-0+.
,,,, Die neut& 8or"el Gin ChristoH #'()4+.
,,,, Die Sprache d& riech& Bi%el #/heol. Runds!hau, ')-9, No. ''9+.
,,,, Die 6reschichte des Christentu"s i" =ichte der Sprachforschun #Intern. &o!h., 0-.
<7t. ')-)+.
,,,, Hellenistisches 9riechisch #Aer?ogAau!7Fs Realen!%!., :II, '())+.
,,,, =icht $o" 7sten #')-(+.
,,,, "ight from the An!ient East #')'-+. /r. $% ;tra!han.
,,,, NeE "ight on the N. /. #')-1+. /r. $% ;tra!han.
,,,, Bap%ri #En!%!. Bi$l., III, ')-4+.
,,,, ;t. Baul in the "ight of ;o!ial and Religious Aistor% #')'4+.
'

&./h., p. 314.
4

Blass, Gr. of N. /. G7., p. 4*(.
VIII. Adverbs as !ar"s f St#le. Thus d is not found in Dar.! =u.e! Ga"es!
Gude nor He%re's! thouh fairl# often in Datthe'! Gohn and Paul& N0! on the other
hand! is freEuent throuhout the 5& T& as a 'hole&
A
%%ott
3
has an interestin discussion
of 0 in Gohn and =u.e& N is found onl# in Acts! Paul and He%re's! the "ost
literar# portions of the 5& T& Then aain Dar. has a%undant use of Ou! %ut not
O! 'hile Datthe' e"plo#s %oth& Gohn uses each onl# three ti"es& A%%ott
+
notes
that 'here$er Datthe' uses Ou it is found in the parallel part of Dar.& lO
pre$ails in =u.e (9ospel and Acts)& A%%ott insists on difference in idea in the t'o
'ords! O (Ji""ediatel#C)! Ou (Jstraiht'a#C)& So in Datthe' o is
e0ceedinl# co""on! 'hile in + Cor& c is rather freEuent! thouh the t'o 'ords
ha$e different ideas& Then aain yyu is "ore co""on in Gohn than all the S#noptists
toether&
/
The conte0t "ust often decide the e0act idea of an ad$er%! as 'ith O
(Go& 2F1)& Cf& u q ( (D.& 2F31)&
I$. The Adverb Distinguished fr% the Adjective.
(a) DI88ERE5T DEA5I59& The ad,ecti$e and the ad$er% often "ean radicall#
different thins& Thus in Go& AF/>! eq o! the ad,ecti$e o "eans that
Jhe did not lea$e "e alone&C As an ad$er%! if the position allo'ed it! it 'ould %e Jnot
onl# did he lea$e! %ut!C etc&! ,ust the opposite& In / Ti"& 2F++ o "eans that =u.e is
alone 'ith Paul& So in =u& /2F+A o "a# %e contrasted 'ith o
(=u& AF@?)& The point is speciall# clear 'ith d and d& Thus in Ac& 3F/1 'e
ha$e i d e! not i u& It is not J#ou as chief!C %ut Jthe thin
is done first for #ou&C So also Ro& /F> (1 d +)& But in + Go&
2F+> note qi eyd, o d qy q& J9od is the first one 'ho
lo$es&C Cf& also qO d o i (Go& /?F2) 'here Gohn is the first one to
co"e to the to"%& In Go& +F2+ the DSS& $ar# %et'een d and d (4& H&)& 7ne
can %ut 'onder here if after all d is not the correct te0t 'ith the i"plication that
Gohn also found his %rother Ga"es& The delicate i"plication "a# ha$e %een easil#
o$erloo.ed %# a scri%e& Cf& also the difference %et'een oOd (D.& BF3@) and
eO o oOo (Ac& +2F+?)& The Enlish has a si"ilar distinction in
)feel %ad* and )feel %adl#!* )loo. %ad* and )loo. %adl#&* 4e use )'ell* in %oth senses&
Cf& ci in + Cor& BF3B&
(b) DI88ERE5CE I5 9REE; A5D E59=ISH IDI7D& But the 9ree. uses the ad,ecti$e
often 'here the Enlish has the ad$er%& That is! the 9ree. prefers the personal
connection of the ad,ecti$e 'ith the su%,ect to the ad$er%ial connection 'ith the $er%&
So 'e ha$e q yq i (D.& 2F/A) and qy (Ac& +/F+?)&
In =u& /+F32 the sa"e construction is found 'ith q q & The ancient
9ree. idio" of the ad,ecti$e rather than the locati$e of ti"e appears in Ac& /AF+3!
A$$ott
ABB<//, E. A., Clue. A Guide through Gree7 to Ae$reE #')-3+.
,,,, @ohannine Grammar #')-9+.
,,,, @ohannine :o!a$ular% #')-*+.
0

@oh. Gr., pp. 44 ff.
'

I$., p. 4-.
4

I$., p. ').
i qO& So oO (=u& /2F//)& The sa"e use of the ad,ecti$e rather than
the ad$er% "eets us in + Cor& >F+B! ye cu 0 c d! ,ust as 'e
see it in the ancient 9ree.& Cf& the =atin nolens volens& See Ro& AF/?& In the 9ree.
has an ad,ecti$e that 'e ha$e to use a phrase for& Thus d (Go& +F/1)!
Jthere stands in the "idst of #ou&C Cf& a $er# different idea in q (Ac& /1F+3)!
J"iddle of the da#&C
$. Adverbial Phrases.
(a) I5CIPIE5T ADVERBS& So"e of these are practicall# ad$er%s! thouh the# retain
the case(inflection and "a# e$en ha$e the article& Thus q e (Go& AF/@)! o o
(Ph& 3F+)! (9al& /FB)! o d (Go& +/F+1)! o o (Go& 1F1/)! o
i (+ Cor& +2F/B)! o O` q (=u& +>F2B)! 0 0 (Eph& 1F+?)! etc&
These e0pressions are not technicall# ad$er%s! thouh ad$er%ial in force& Cf& also the
conate instru"ental li.e (Go& 3F/>)& So 7&P& ++1/! @ (i$&IA&D&)&
(b) PREP7SITI75A= PHRASES& These ad,uncts ha$e the su%stantial force of ad$er%s&
Indeed there is little practical difference in structure %et'een eo (/ Cor& >F/)
and (/ Cor& ++F@)! (Eph& 2F+?) and (D.& +@F3A)& Since the
uncial DSS& had no di$ision %et'een 'ords! 'e ha$e to depend on the ,ud"ent of the
"odern editor and on our o'n for the distinction %et'een an ad$er% li.e q
(=u& +F12) and an ad$er%ial phrase li.e e 0 (+ Cor& +/F+@)& Cf& also
(Ac& BF23)! (/ Cor& +?F+1)! Oo (Ac& 2F+A)& In Ro& BF+3 O`
is used 'ith an ad,ecti$e& 7ther e0a"ples are ` (Dt& +2F+3)! e o (D.&
2F+?)! e cu (Phil& +2)! ` o (He%& +?F+)! (D.& +2FB/)!
q (Col& 3F/3)! ( eq (Go& 1F12)! e` eq (/ Th& /F+3)! o (Ph& /F+1)!
eO (Dt& //F+1)! u (+ Cor& +@F3)! up (Ac& +BF3+)! `
eO (=u& //F@>)! O` q (D.& +2F2>)! (+ Th& @F/)! (Ac&
/1FB)! eo (Ro& ++F/@)! (+ Cor& +/F/B& Cf& ! ++F+A)! e
(He%& >F@)! eo (=u& +2F+A)! o (He%& BF/@)& 4ith 'e
ha$e Euite a list! li.e ee (Dt& +3F/@)! (Dt& +3F2>)! (D.& 1F2B)!
e (=u& 2F3?)! e (=u& +BF++)! o (=u& @F+>)! (D.&
+2F1?)! e (Ac& /BF/B)! (Ph& /F+@)& In D.& +2F3? ad$er% and phrase
occur toether! up p & This is not a co"plete list %# an# "eans! %ut it
'ill suffice to illustrate the point under discussion& A stri.in e0a"ple is found in +
Cor& +/F3+! O` q oo i ! 'here the ad$er%ial phrase has
practicall# the force of an ad,ecti$e 'ith oo& Clearl#! then! "an# of the ad$er%s re'
out of these prepositional phrases li.e (/ Cor& 2F+B)! c (/ Pet& /F3)!
etc& Cf& e$en d (D.& +/F32)&
(c) PARTICIP=ES& So"e participles co"e to %e used ad$er%iall#& This is not "erel#
true of ad$er%s "ade fro" participles! li.e (D.& ++F3/)! oy (+ Ti"&
3F+1)! o (/ Cor& ++F/3)! %ut it also applies to ( (Ro& BF/3)! o 0
c (Ac& /2F/@)! o (+ Cor& +1F1) and $er%als li.e eyd (+ Pet& @F/)&
Besides! the intensi$e use of the participle is ad$er%ial in effect li.e yd y
(He%& 1F+2)& Then aain a case li.e o (Dt& @F++) is in point& Cf& O in
Col& /F+A& See also O i (=u& +>F++) 'hich Blass (Gr. of N. T. Gk.! p& /@A)
co"pares 'ith Oi c (9en& 3AF@)& See chapter on Ver%al 5ouns&
(d) THE VERB 6SED ADVERBIA==L& This is! of course! not true technicall#! %ut onl#
in the result& The old 9ree. idio" 'ith O and O! 'here the participle
e0pressed the chief idea and the $er% 'as su%ordinate! occurs t'ice in the 5& T& So
cOo ( (He%& +3F/) and O y (Dt& +BF/@)& But it "ust
%e %orne in "ind that the 9ree. idio" is perfectl# consistent in this construction! as
Jthe# escaped notice in entertainin!C Jhe ot the start in sa#in&C Cf& O else'here in
5& T& It is not necessar# in Ac& +/F+1! u! to ta.e the $er% as an ad$er% in
sense& It is si"pl#! Jhe continued .noc.in&C The infiniti$e "a# li.e'ise present the
chief idea as in (D.& +2FA)! O (=u& /?F++ f&)! li.e
the He%&

& But in D.& +/F2 'e ha$e the reular 9ree. idio"
+

e& Cf& Ac& +/F3 O i& This idio" is e0ceedinl# co""on in
the =XX&
/
In =u& 1F2A! c O (Jhe du and 'ent deepC)! 'e ha$e an
idio" so"e'hat li.e our Enlish $ernacular )he 'ent and du!* )he has one and done
it!* etc& Cf& Ro& +?F/? e y! Dt& +AF3 e q q yO& But
I dou%t if O 'ith the infiniti$e is to %e ta.en in the 5& T& either ad$er%iall# or as the
"ere e0pleti$e for the future tense& In Go& BF+B Op i "eans Jis 'illin to do&C So
in Go& AF22! etc& The te0t is o%scure in Col& /F+A and there O "a# ha$e an ad$er%ial
force& Blass
+
concei$es that in Dt& 1F@! 0 ... uO! 'e "a# translate
Jladl# pra#&C But 'hat ad$antae has this o$er Jlo$e to pra#!C Jare fond of pra#inCM
'

&./h., p. 39(.
4

C. and ;., ;el. from the "II, p. )1.
'

Gr. of N. /. G7., p. 4*(. Cf. &./h., p. 391.